51
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Renganathan V, Balaji R, Chen S, Chandrasekar N, Maheshwaran S, Kao CR. Bifunctional Nanocomposites Based on SiO
2
/NiS
2
Combination for Electrochemical Sensing and Environmental Catalysis. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vengudusamy Renganathan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology National Taipei University of Technology Taipei Taiwan (ROC) 106
| | - Ramachandran Balaji
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology National Taipei University of Technology Taipei Taiwan (ROC) 106
| | - Shen‐Ming Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology National Taipei University of Technology Taipei Taiwan (ROC) 106
| | - Narendhar Chandrasekar
- Department of Nanoscience and Technology Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College Coimbatore Tamil Nadu India
| | - Selvarasu Maheshwaran
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology National Taipei University of Technology Taipei Taiwan (ROC) 106
| | - C. R. Kao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan 106 (ROC)
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52
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Effects of some ion-specific properties in the electrocoagulation process with aluminum electrodes. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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53
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Dan NH, Le Luu T. Continuous flow sequencing bed biofilm reactor bio-digested landfill leachate treatment using electrocoagulation-persulfate. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 297:113409. [PMID: 34346395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Landfill leachate contains many complex components that have a negative impact on the environment when improperly discharged. This study is the first to treat landfill leachate (after continuous flow sequencing bed biofilm reactor (CF-SBBR) bio-digested) using electrocoagulation (EC) combined with persulfate (PS) on Al and Fe electrodes. The effect of some of the key parameters on the COD, Color, TOC and TN removal efficiencies as part of the EC-PS process were studied using the PS concentration, reaction time, initial pH, current density, and aeration rate. The results show that a PS concentration of 3 g/L improved the COD removal efficiency by 9.0 ± 1.3 % at the Al electrode and 16.0 ± 2.6 % at the Fe electrode. Aeration also improved the COD, TOC and color removal efficiencies by about 10.0 ± 2.3 %, 8.0 ± 1.7 % and 3.0 ± 0.5 % at an optimal aeration rate 3.3 L/min. The optimal operation conditions for the EC-PS process were a PS concentration of 3 g/L, a pH of 2.0 (Al electrode), a pH of 4.0 (Fe electrode), a reaction time of 70 min, a current density of 35 mA/cm2 and an aeration rate of 3.3 L/min. The highest COD, color, TOC and TN removal efficiencies were 46.5 ± 1.8 %, 95.8 ± 2.4 %, 83.5 ± 1.7 %, and 40.9 ± 1.6 % at Al electrode and 54.4 ± 2.3 %, 98.5 ± 2.1 %, 78.6 ± 1.5 % and 57.9 ± 1.1 % at the Fe electrode. The EC-PS working mechanisms involve co-precipitation, an advanced oxidation process (AOPs) using oxidation radicals (HO, SO4-) and flotation. EC-PS is a promising method to treat bio-digested landfill leachate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Hong Dan
- Institute for Environment and Resources, Vietnam National University of Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Tran Le Luu
- Master Program in Water Technology, Reuse, and Management, Vietnamese German University, 2-Le Lai Street, Hoa Phu Ward, Thu Dau Mot City, Binh Duong Province, Viet Nam.
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54
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Lu J, Zhang P, Li J. Electrocoagulation technology for water purification: An update review on reactor design and some newly concerned pollutants removal. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 296:113259. [PMID: 34256295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Water shortage and quality deterioration are plaguing people all over the world. Providing sustainable and affordable treatment solutions to these problems is a need of the hour. Electrocoagulation (EC) technology is a burgeoning alternative for effective water treatment, which offers the virtues such as compact equipment, easy operation, and low sludge production. Compared to other water purification technologies, EC shows excellent removal efficacy for a wide range of contaminants in water and has great potential for addressing limitations of conventional water purification technologies. This review summarizes the latest development of principle, characteristics, and reactor design of EC. The design of key parameters including reactor shape, power supply type, current density, as well as electrode configuration is further elaborated. In particular, typical water treatment systems powered by renewable energy (solar photovoltaic and wind turbine systems) are proposed. Further, this review provides an overview on expanded application of EC in the removal of some newly concerned pollutants in recent years, including arsenite, perfluorinated compounds, pharmaceuticals, oil, bacteria, and viruses. The removal efficiency and mechanisms of these pollutants are also discussed. Finally, future research trend and focus are further recommended. This review can bridge the large knowledge gap for the EC application that is beneficial for environmental researchers and engineers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Lu
- School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, 264005, China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, 264005, China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Economics and Management, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, 264005, China
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55
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Electrocoagulation Process: An Approach to Continuous Processes, Reactors Design, Pharmaceuticals Removal, and Hybrid Systems—A Review. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9101831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrocoagulation (EC) process has been widely studied in recent years to remove a wide range of contaminants present in different types of water: fluorides, arsenic, heavy metals, organic matter, colorants, oils, and recently, pharmaceutical compounds. However, most of the studies have been aimed at understanding the process factors that have the most significant effect on efficiency, and these studies have been mainly on a batch process. Therefore, this review is focused on elucidating the current state of development of this process and the challenges it involves transferring to continuous processes and the recent exploration of its potential use in the removal of pharmaceutical contaminants and its implementation with other technologies.
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56
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Shams M, Balouchi H, Alidadi H, Asadi F, Goharshadi EK, Rezania S, Rtimi S, Anastopoulos I, Bonyadi Z, Mehranzamir K, Giannakoudakis DA. Coupling electrocoagulation and solar photocatalysis for electro- and photo-catalytic removal of carmoisine by Ag/graphitic carbon nitride: Optimization by process modeling and kinetic studies. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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57
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Xu T, Zheng X, Zhou Y, Zhu C, Hu B, Lei X, Zhang X, Yu G. Study on the treatment of Cu 2+-organic compound wastewater by electro-Fenton coupled pulsed AC coagulation. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 280:130679. [PMID: 34162078 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electro-Fenton (EF) coupled with Pulsed alternating current coagulation (PACC) is an effective technology for the treatment of Cu2+-organic wastewater. In this study, the removal efficiency (Re), electrical energy consumption (EEC) and removal mechanism of Cu2+-organic were analyzed and the optimal operation parameters were determined. SEM, EDS, XRD and FTIR were used to characterize the morphology, elemental composition, crystal structure, function groups of sludge produced in the EF-PACC. UV, ESR and GC-MS were employed to determine concentration of organic matter, existence of OH, middle products of decomposed organic matter in EF-PACC, respectively. The results show that under the optimal conditions of initial pH = 2.5, current density (j) = 2 A/m2, initial c(Cu2+) = 50 mg/L, c(chemical oxygen demand, COD) = 500 mg/L, c[H2O2] = 10 mL/L, frequency (f) = 1 Hz, t = 20 min, the Re(Cu2+) can reach 99.59%. Re(COD) is 90.21%, EEC 1.695 × 10-1 kWh/m3, and the amount of produced sludge (Ws) is 0.9283 kg/m3. Compared with single EF and PACC processes, the order of treatment efficiency is EF-PACC > EF > PACC. EF-PACC technique was a highly effective method in the treatment of Cu2+-organic compound wastewater. The EF-PACC coupled process includes that electrolyzed Fe3+ produces electrocoagulation and OH produces degradation of organic compounds. The combined action of the two effects can effectively remove Cu2+-organic from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xiaotong Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yihui Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Chunyou Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Bonian Hu
- Department of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang, 421008, China.
| | - Xiping Lei
- Hunan Zihong Ecology Technology Co., Ltd, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Xueyuan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Gang Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
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58
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Ahmad A, Priyadarshini M, Das S, Ghangrekar MM. Electrocoagulation as an efficacious technology for the treatment of wastewater containing active pharmaceutical compounds: a review. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2021.1972011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Azhan Ahmad
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Monali Priyadarshini
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Sovik Das
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Makarand Madhao Ghangrekar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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59
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Mendoza-Chávez CE, Carabin A, Dirany A, Drogui P, Buelna G, Meza-Montenegro MM, Ulloa-Mercado RG, Diaz-Tenorio LM, Leyva-Soto LA, Gortáres-Moroyoqui P. Statistical optimization of arsenic removal from synthetic water by electrocoagulation system and its application with real arsenic-polluted groundwater. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2021; 42:3463-3474. [PMID: 32072869 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2020.1732472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic presence in the water has become one of the most concerning environmental problems. Electrocoagulation is a technology that offers several advantages over conventional treatments such as chemical coagulation. In the present work, an electrocoagulation system was optimized for arsenic removal at initial concentrations of 100 µg/L using response surface methodology. The effects of studied parameters were determined by a 23 factorial design, whereas treatment time had a positive effect and current intensity had a negative effect on arsenic removal efficiency. With a p-value of 0.1629 and a confidence of level 99%, the type of electrode material did not have a significant effect on arsenic removal. Efficiency over 90% was reached at optimal operating conditions of 0.2 A of current intensity, and 7 min of treatment time using iron as the electrode material. However, the time necessary to accomplish with OMS arsenic guideline of 10 µg/L increased from 7 to 30 min when real arsenic-contaminated groundwater with an initial concentration of 80.2 ± 3.24 µg/L was used. The design of a pilot-scale electrocoagulation reactor was determined with the capacity to meet the water requirement of a 6417 population community in Sonora, Mexico. To provide the 1.0 L/s required, an electrocoagulation reactor with a working volume of 1.79 m3, a total electrode effective surface of 701 m2, operating at a current intensity of 180 A and an operating cost of 0.0208 US$/day was proposed. Based on these results, electrocoagulation can be considered an efficient technology to treat arsenic-contaminated water and meet the drinking water quality standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Erika Mendoza-Chávez
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Ciencias Alimentarias, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora (Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biotecnológica, agropecuaria y ambiental), Ciudad Obregón, México
| | - Anne Carabin
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique - Centre Eau, Terre et Environnement (INRS-ETE), Université du Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Ahmad Dirany
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique - Centre Eau, Terre et Environnement (INRS-ETE), Université du Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Patrick Drogui
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique - Centre Eau, Terre et Environnement (INRS-ETE), Université du Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Gerardo Buelna
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique - Centre Eau, Terre et Environnement (INRS-ETE), Université du Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - María Mercedes Meza-Montenegro
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Ciencias Alimentarias, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora (Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biotecnológica, agropecuaria y ambiental), Ciudad Obregón, México
| | - Ruth Gabriela Ulloa-Mercado
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Ciencias Alimentarias, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora (Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biotecnológica, agropecuaria y ambiental), Ciudad Obregón, México
| | - Lourdes Mariana Diaz-Tenorio
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Ciencias Alimentarias, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora (Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biotecnológica, agropecuaria y ambiental), Ciudad Obregón, México
| | - Luis Alonso Leyva-Soto
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Ciencias Alimentarias, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora (Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biotecnológica, agropecuaria y ambiental), Ciudad Obregón, México
| | - Pablo Gortáres-Moroyoqui
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Ciencias Alimentarias, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora (Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biotecnológica, agropecuaria y ambiental), Ciudad Obregón, México
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60
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Wu X, Li C, Zhou Z, Nie X, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Cao H, Liu B, Zhang N, Said Z, Debnath S, Jamil M, Ali HM, Sharma S. Circulating purification of cutting fluid: an overview. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, ADVANCED MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY 2021; 117:2565-2600. [PMID: 34465936 PMCID: PMC8390089 DOI: 10.1007/s00170-021-07854-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cutting fluid has cooling and lubricating properties and is an important part of the field of metal machining. Owing to harmful additives, base oils with poor biodegradability, defects in processing methods, and unreasonable emissions of waste cutting fluids, cutting fluids have serious pollution problems, which pose challenges to global carbon emissions laws and regulations. However, the current research on cutting fluid and its circulating purification technique lacks systematic review papers to provide scientific technical guidance for actual production. In this study, the key scientific issues in the research achievements of eco-friendly cutting fluid and waste fluid treatment are clarified. First, the preparation and mechanism of organic additives are summarized, and the influence of the physical and chemical properties of vegetable base oils on lubricating properties is analyzed. Then, the process characteristics of cutting fluid reduction supply methods are systematically evaluated. Second, the treatment of oil mist and miscellaneous oil, the removal mechanism and approach of microorganisms, and the design principles of integrated recycling equipment are outlined. The conclusion is concluded that the synergistic effect of organic additives, biodegradable vegetable base oils and recycling purification effectively reduces the environmental pollution of cutting fluids. Finally, in view of the limitations of the cutting fluid and its circulating purification technique, the prospects of amino acid additive development, self-adapting jet parameter supply system, matching mechanism between processing conditions and cutting fluid are put forward, which provides the basis and support for the engineering application and development of cutting fluid and its circulating purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifeng Wu
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520 China
| | - Changhe Li
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520 China
| | - Zongming Zhou
- Hanergy (Qingdao) Lubrication Technology Co., Ltd., Qingdao, 266200 China
| | - Xiaolin Nie
- Nanjing Kerun Lubricants Co., Ltd., Nanjing, 211106 China
| | - Yun Chen
- Chengdu Tool Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610500 China
| | - Yanbin Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520 China
| | - Huajun Cao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044 China
| | - Bo Liu
- Sichuan Future Aerospace Industry LLC., Shifang, 618400 China
| | - Naiqing Zhang
- Shanghai Jinzhao Energy Saving Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200436 China
| | - Zafar Said
- Department of Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272 United Arab Emirates
| | - Sujan Debnath
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Curtin University, 98009 Miri, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Jamil
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016 China
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Ali
- Mechanical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261 Saudi Arabia
| | - Shubham Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Advanced Materials Science, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Regional Center for Extension and Development, Jalandhar, ,144021 India
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61
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Bryszewski KŁ, Rodziewicz J, Mielcarek A, Janczukowicz W, Jóźwiakowski K. Investigation on the improved electrochemical and bio-electrochemical treatment processes of soilless cultivation drainage (SCD). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 783:146846. [PMID: 33872897 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The soilless crop cultivation under cover generates wastewater called soilless cultivation drainage (SCD), being a nutrient-rich overflow. The average concentration of phosphorus- and nitrogen-based pollutants from soilless tomato cultivation usually ranges from 35.4 to 104.0 mg P/L and from 270.0 to 614.9 mg N/L, respectively. In bio-electrochemical reactors, nitrogen and phosphorus are removed via biological denitrification, electrochemical nitrate reduction, bio-electrochemical reduction, and electrocoagulation. The novelty of this study is due to the use of alternating current (AC), which can both mitigate the corrosion on the anode and solve the issue of insoluble oxide build-up on the cathode. Additionally, and crucially, it promotes bacterial growth and activity. The aim of the present study was to determine (1) the effectiveness of soilless cultivation drainage treatment methods that employ biological and electrochemical processes, with consideration given to (2) the quantity and quality of the produced sludge as a potential nutrient-rich product. The bio-electrochemical reactor proved more effective than the electrochemical one and ensured a high TP and TN removal efficiency exceeding 97% and 66%, respectively. The resulting sludge was rich in such elements as calcium, potassium, carbon, phosphorus, and nitrogen, and as such may serve as a viable alternative to conventional mineral fertilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Łukasz Bryszewski
- University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Department of Environment Engineering, Warszawska St. 117a, Olsztyn 10-719, Poland
| | - Joanna Rodziewicz
- University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Department of Environment Engineering, Warszawska St. 117a, Olsztyn 10-719, Poland.
| | - Artur Mielcarek
- University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Department of Environment Engineering, Warszawska St. 117a, Olsztyn 10-719, Poland
| | - Wojciech Janczukowicz
- University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Department of Environment Engineering, Warszawska St. 117a, Olsztyn 10-719, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Jóźwiakowski
- University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Department of Environmental Engineering and Geodesy, Leszczyńskiego St. 7, Lublin 20-069, Poland
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62
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Fabrication of nickel-iron layered double hydroxides using nickel plating wastewater via electrocoagulation, and its use for efficient dye removal. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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63
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Oliveira JT, de Sousa MC, Martins IA, de Sena LMG, Nogueira TR, Vidal CB, Neto EFA, Romero FB, Campos OS, do Nascimento RF. Electrocoagulation/oxidation/flotation by direct pulsed current applied to the removal of antibiotics from Brazilian WWTP effluents. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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64
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Use of Electrocoagulation for Treatment of Pharmaceutical Compounds in Water/Wastewater: A Review Exploring Opportunities and Challenges. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13152105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Increasing dependency on pharmaceutical compounds including antibiotics, analgesics, antidepressants, and other drugs has threatened the environment as well as human health. Their occurrence, transformation, and fate in the environment are causing significant concerns. Several existing treatment technologies are there with their pros and cons for the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater (PWW). Still, electrocoagulation is considered as the modern and decisive technology for treatment. In the EC process, utilizing electricity (AC/DC) and electrodes, contaminants become coagulated with the metal hydroxide and are separated by co-precipitation. The main mechanism is charge neutralization and adsorption of contaminants on the generated flocs. The range of parameters affects the EC process and is directly related to the removal efficiency and its overall operational cost. This process only could be scaled up on the industrial level if process parameters become optimized and energy consumption is reduced. Unfortunately, the removal mechanism of particular pharmaceuticals and complex physiochemical phenomena involved in this process are not fully understood. For this reason, further research and reviews are required to fill the knowledge gap. This review discusses the use of EC for removing pharmaceuticals and focuses on removal mechanism and process parameters, the cost assessment, and the challenges involved in mitigation.
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66
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Kumari S, Kumar RN. River water treatment using electrocoagulation for removal of acetaminophen and natural organic matter. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 273:128571. [PMID: 33268098 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Electrocoagulation (EC) was assessed for removal of acetaminophen and natural organic matter (measured as UV254) from river water. Process was assessed for time, electrode materials, inter electrode distance, and voltage. Best conditions for removal of acetaminophen and UV254 absorbance were 60 min reaction time, aluminum-aluminum electrodes, 2 cm inter electrode distance, and 9 V. Acetaminophen tested at 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 mg L-1 showed that treatment efficiency decreased as the concentration increased. The main mechanism for removal of acetaminophen was H bonding with Al(OH)3 flocs; this was confirmed by XRD and FT-IR spectrum. Pseudo-second order kinetics model exhibited a good fit on experimental data for acetaminophen removal at different concentrations. Univariate ANOVA indicated statistically significant difference between treatments for acetaminophen removal (F2.76 = 136, P = <0.001). A significant linear correlation was found between UV254 absorbance and acetaminophen removal at different concentrations. Preliminary analysis suggest that EC will cost US$ 0.22/m3 for river water treatment. The lab-scale EC process was compared with a full-scale water treatment plant for removal of natural organic matter. Water treatment plant after multiple levels of purification was not able to fully remove UV254 absorbance whereas EC treatment showed good efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Kumari
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, Jharkhand, India
| | - R Naresh Kumar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, Jharkhand, India.
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67
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El-Ezaby KH, El-Gammal MI, Shaaban YA. Using electro- and alum coagulation technologies for treatment of wastewater from fruit juice industry in New Damietta City, Egypt. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:370. [PMID: 34057593 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09149-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Electrocoagulation technology is being increasingly used to treat various types of wastewater over the last several years. This study aimed to investigate the industrial wastewater treatment of a fruit juice factory as an example of food processing industries in New Damietta City, Egypt, by using electrocoagulation technology. This is to solve an environmental problem, represented in the high organic load of these effluents. The electrocoagulation treatment processes were examined by using two electrodes of aluminum (Al) and two electrodes of stainless-steel (SS) and also by using Al as an anode and SS as a cathode. In addition, treatment by alum coagulation was investigated. Results showed that electrocoagulation was more effective than alum coagulation. The use of two combined electrodes of Al as an anode and SS as a cathode resulted in an 83.78% COD removal efficiency, while the use of the alum coagulant yielded 57.57%. Furthermore, total operating cost was calculated, and the amount of hydrogen gas as a subsequent energy alternative was theoretically determined in order to solve the process' power problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled H El-Ezaby
- Environmental Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta, Egypt
| | - Maie I El-Gammal
- Environmental Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta, Egypt
| | - Youmna A Shaaban
- Environmental Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta, Egypt.
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Muhammad Niza N, Abdul Razak N, Yusoff MS, Mohd Zainuri MAA, Emmanuel MI, Mohamed Hussen Shadi A, Mohd Hanif MH, Kamaruddin MA. Hydrodynamic study of bubble characteristics and bubble rise velocities in batch electrocoagulation with vibration-induced electrode plates using the PIV technique. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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69
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Thuy NT, Hoan NX, Van Thanh D, Khoa PM, Tai NT, Hoang PQH, Huy NN. Application of Electrocoagulation for Printing Wastewater Treatment: From Laboratory to Pilot Scale. J ELECTROCHEM SCI TE 2021. [DOI: 10.33961/jecst.2019.00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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70
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Stern CM, Jegede TO, Hulse VA, Elgrishi N. Electrochemical reduction of Cr(VI) in water: lessons learned from fundamental studies and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:1642-1667. [PMID: 33325959 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01165g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Converting toxic Cr(vi) to benign Cr(iii) would offer a solution to decontaminate drinking water. Electrochemical methods are ideally suited to carry out this reduction without added external reductants. Achieving this transformation at low overpotentials requires mediating the transfer of protons and electrons to Cr(vi). In this review thermodynamic parameters will be discussed to understand Cr(vi) speciation in water and identify reduction pathways. The electrochemical reduction of Cr(vi) at bare electrodes is reviewed and mechanistic considerations are discussed. Works on modified electrodes are compared to identify key parameters influencing the reduction. An overview of current applications to Cr(vi) reduction is briefly discussed to link fundamental studies to applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callie M Stern
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 232 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Temitope O Jegede
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 232 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Vanessa A Hulse
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 232 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Noémie Elgrishi
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 232 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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71
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Han X, Qu Y, Li D, Dong Y, Chen D, Yu Y, Ren N, Feng Y. Combined microbial electrolysis cell–iron-air battery system for hydrogen production and swine wastewater treatment. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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72
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Sandoval MA, Fuentes R, Thiam A, Salazar R. Arsenic and fluoride removal by electrocoagulation process: A general review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 753:142108. [PMID: 33207438 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The environmental sector has expressed a growing interest in using electrocoagulation (EC) to treat groundwater/wastewater for drinking/recycling purposes. In the EC process, the electro-dissolution of sacrificial metallic anodes through direct application of current/cell potential dissolves the metals, which precipitate as oxides and hydroxides depending on the electrolyte pH. These particles have large surface areas and can remove pollutants by coagulation. The EC process has been considered an alternative technology due to its versatility, efficiency, low cost, and environmental compatibility. Unfortunately, the lack of knowledge about scaling-up this process has limited its implementation at the industrial scale. The aim of this study is to provide a review of the EC process used for removing arsenic and fluoride from groundwater and wastewater. Approximately 80 published studies were reviewed for this paper. The fundamentals of the EC process and importance of its operating conditions, i.e., electrode material, current density, supporting electrolyte, and pH, are reported in this paper. Additionally, overview of floc characterization and energy consumption are also presented. Finally, this paper also discusses the future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Sandoval
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile USACH, Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Química de los Materiales, Laboratorio de Electroquímica Medio Ambiental, LEQMA, Casilla 40, Correo 33, Santiago, Chile; Universidad de Guanajuato, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Noria Alta S/N, 36050, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.
| | - Rosalba Fuentes
- Universidad de Guanajuato, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Noria Alta S/N, 36050, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Abdoulaye Thiam
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la I+D+i, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Ignacio Valdivieso 2409, P.O. Box 8940577, San Joaquín, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Salazar
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile USACH, Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Química de los Materiales, Laboratorio de Electroquímica Medio Ambiental, LEQMA, Casilla 40, Correo 33, Santiago, Chile.
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73
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Moradi M, Vasseghian Y, Arabzade H, Mousavi Khaneghah A. Various wastewaters treatment by sono-electrocoagulation process: A comprehensive review of operational parameters and future outlook. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128314. [PMID: 33297249 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical processes are a promising alternative to traditional water treatment systems because they have advantages than conventional techniques such as chemical storage, small treatment systems, no alkalinity depletion, remote adjustment, and cost-effectiveness. The most crucial electrochemical method is Electrocoagulation (EC). Through creating cationic species, the EC causes the neutralization of pollutant surface charges and destabilizes suspended, emulsified or dissolved contaminants led to attracting particles of opposite charge and form flocculants. The main drawback of the EC process is a passive film forming on the electrode surface over time. Ultrasonic (US) waves breaking down sediments formed at the electrode surface and generate high amounts of radical species to remove pollutants by creating high-pressure points inside the solution during the cavitation phenomenon. Although EC systems are considered as an exemplary renaissance in water and wastewater treatment, various parameters related to these types of systems in pollutant degradation have not been fully addressed. To present a comprehensive vision of the current state of the art, and progress the treatment efficiency and agitate new studies in these fields, this review aimed to provide an overview of electrocoagulation's application in pollutant degradation, besides the advantages, associated disadvantages and further strategies for improving the performance of this technique. Moreover, this review discussed various parameters affecting the EC/US process, including nanoparticles addition, electrolyte concentration, current intensity, electrode distance, temperature, oxidant addition, pH, pollutant concentration, reaction time, and electrode combination, chloride addition, and ultrasonic frequency. Also, the efficiency of the EC/US process for disinfection, as well as treatment of car-washing, textile, pulp, and paper industry, oily, brewery wastewater, surfactant, humic acid, and heavy metals, are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Moradi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Yasser Vasseghian
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam; The Faculty of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam.
| | - Hossein Arabzade
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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74
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Xu LL, Liu L, Wang KP, Zhao SY, Liu QY, Zhang Y, Wang J. Development of a novel electrocoagulation membrane reactor with electrically conductive membranes as cathode to mitigate membrane fouling. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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75
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Nidheesh PV, Scaria J, Babu DS, Kumar MS. An overview on combined electrocoagulation-degradation processes for the effective treatment of water and wastewater. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:127907. [PMID: 32835972 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrocoagulation (EC) process is found as effective water and wastewater treatment method, as it can able to remove a variety of pollutants, treat various industrial wastewater, and able to handle fluctuations in pollutant quality and quantity. The performance of EC process can be improved significantly in combination with degradation processes. Different combinations of EC process with Fenton, electro-Fenton, photo-Fenton, photocatalysis, sonochemical treatment, ozonation, indirect electrochemical oxidation, anodic oxidation and sulfate radical based advanced oxidation process are found very effective for the treatment of water and wastewater. Enhanced performance of EC process in combination with degradation process was reported in most of the articles.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Nidheesh
- Environmental Impact and Sustainability Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Jaimy Scaria
- Environmental Impact and Sustainability Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - D Syam Babu
- Environmental Impact and Sustainability Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - M Suresh Kumar
- Environmental Impact and Sustainability Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
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76
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Hendaoui K, Trabelsi-Ayadi M, Ayari F. Optimization and mechanisms analysis of indigo dye removal using continuous electrocoagulation. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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77
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Ingelsson M, Yasri N, Roberts EPL. Electrode passivation, faradaic efficiency, and performance enhancement strategies in electrocoagulation-a review. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 187:116433. [PMID: 33002774 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Treating water and wastewater is energy-intensive, and traditional methods that require large amounts of chemicals are often still used. Electrocoagulation (EC), an electrochemical treatment technology, has been proposed as a more economically and environmentally sustainable alternative. In EC, sacrificial metal electrodes are used to produce coagulant in-situ, which offers many benefits over conventional chemical coagulation. However, material precipitation on the electrodes during long term operation induces a passivating effect that decreases treatment performance and increases power requirements. Overcoming this problem is considered to be the greatest challenge facing the development of EC. In this critical review, the studies that have examined the nature of electrode passivation, and its effect on treatment performance are considered. A fundamental approach is used to examine the association between passivation and faradaic efficiency, a surrogate for EC performance. In addition, the strategies that have been proposed to remove or avoid passivation are reviewed, including aggressive ion addition, AC current operation, polarity reversal, ultrasonication, and mechanical cleaning of the electrodes. It is concluded that the success of implementing each method is dependent on critical operating parameters, and careful consideration should be taken when designing an EC system based on the phenomena discussed in this article. In conclusion, this review provides insight into passivation mechanisms, delivers guidelines for sustaining high treatment performance, and offers an outlook for the future development of EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Ingelsson
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Nael Yasri
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Edward P L Roberts
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
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78
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Bajpai M, Katoch SS. Techno-economical optimization using Box-Behnken (BB) design for chemical oxygen demand and chloride reduction from hospital wastewater by electro-coagulation. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2020; 92:2140-2154. [PMID: 32621524 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The study examines the optimum condition of an electro-coagulation (EC) unit for treatment of hospital wastewater (HWW) using iron (Fe) electrodes. The impact of factors such as pH, current, and electrolysis time on COD, chloride, and anode dissolution was investigated. For this purpose, Box-Behnken (BB) design based on the response surface methodology (RSM) was used to design and analyze the results. The predicted value of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and chloride removal at optimum conditions (pH: 7.41, current: 2.64 A and electrolysis time: 41.31 min) were 92.81% and 71.23%, respectively. At same optimum conditions, the value of energy and electrode consumption per kg of COD was 0.06376 kWh/kg COD and 1.362 kg/kg COD, respectively. High value of R2 (i.e., R2 > 99%) for all three responses (Y1 , Y2 , and Y3 ) obtained from ANOVA confirms that the proposed model is valid, accurate, and acceptable. The kinetic study shows linear relationship and follows pseudo-first-order kinetics. Pareto graph shows that the percentage impact of current factor on COD and chloride removal was maximum, that is, 54.984% and 66.79%, respectively. Lastly, the total cost of EC treatment was calculated in terms of COD removal and was found to be 55.47 ₹/kg COD. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Using Fe electrode results in 92.81% COD and 71.23% Chloride removal, respectively. High value of R2 > 99% for all three responses from ANOVA confirms the proposed model is valid. Pareto analysis shows current factor has maximum percentage impact on pollutant removal. Kinetic study shows linear relationship and follows pseudo-first-order kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukul Bajpai
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Hamirpur, Hamirpur, India
| | - Surjit Singh Katoch
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Hamirpur, Hamirpur, India
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79
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Al-Qodah Z, Tawalbeh M, Al-Shannag M, Al-Anber Z, Bani-Melhem K. Combined electrocoagulation processes as a novel approach for enhanced pollutants removal: A state-of-the-art review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 744:140806. [PMID: 32717462 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach using the integration of electrocoagulation, with one or more treatment processes has been recently practiced to improve the removal of colloidal and non-biodegradable pollutants. Several treatment processes including adsorption, chemical coagulation, magnetic field, reverse osmosis, and membrane filtration have been combined with electrocoagulation treatment step to improve pollutants removal efficiency. These combined systems showed the potential to improve the performance of the treatment process. This paper presents a state-of-the-art review for the recent processes available in the literature that combine treatment electrocoagulation with one of the previously mentioned treatment processes. It is found that the removal efficiency of any combined processes is higher than that of any single treatment process and the combined process has up to 20% higher removal efficiency compared to electrocoagulation alone. However, most reported studies were conducted at bench-scale level with synthetic wastewater instead of real wastewater. The main aspects of these combined systems including process mechanism, kinetic models, cost and the scale up of combined processes were discussed and summarized. Finally, several concluding remarks were drawn in view of the literature investigations and the gaps that suggest more studies and insights for future development were addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria Al-Qodah
- Chemical Engineering Department, Al-Balqa Applied University, 11134 Amman, Jordan
| | - Muhammad Tawalbeh
- Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Mohammad Al-Shannag
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Jordan, 11942 Amman, Jordan; Jordan Uranium Mining Company, 11953 Amman, Jordan.
| | - Zaid Al-Anber
- Chemical Engineering Department, Al-Balqa Applied University, 11134 Amman, Jordan
| | - Khalid Bani-Melhem
- Department of Water Management and Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, The Hashemite University, Al-Zarqa, Jordan
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80
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Bajpai M, Singh Katoch S, Singh M. Optimization and economical study of electro-coagulation unit using CCD to treat real graywater and its reuse potential. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:42040-42050. [PMID: 32705548 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10171-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The reclamation of graywater for non-potable purposes has attained utmost importance, particularly in developing nations. The present research aimed to evaluate the optimal condition of electro-coagulation system in treatment of graywater and its reuse. Moreover, the study also evaluates the impact of major operating parameters on pollutant removal and anode dissolution. To achieve this, two-factor (voltage potential and time) and 5-level (- 1, - 0.5, 0, + 0.5, and + 1) full factorial design, based on response surface methodology (RSM) has been executed for the actual design. The data were acquired after conducting 20 experiments, as suggested by RSM (response surface methodology). Design Expert 12.0.8.0 software has been used to design mathematical model to obtain optimum condition (14 V and 47 min) at pH of 7.35, which provides experimental removal efficiency (75.6% chemical oxygen demand, 78.7% total dissolved solids, 93.4% turbidity, and 63.2% chloride) with minimal electrode consumption of 1.38 mg L-1. Adequacy of the model developed has been verified by ANOVA. The operating cost of treating graywater at the optimized condition obtained as 0.7 US$/kg COD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukul Bajpai
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Hamirpur, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, 177005, India.
| | - Surjit Singh Katoch
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Hamirpur, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, 177005, India
| | - Manjari Singh
- Civil Engineering Department, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, 211004, India
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81
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Adsorption of Organic Pollutants from Cold Meat Industry Wastewater by Electrochemical Coagulation: Application of Artificial Neural Networks. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12113040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The cold meat industry is considered to be one of the main sources of organic pollutants in the wastewater of the meat sector due to the complex mixture of protein, fats, and dyes present. This study describes electrochemical coagulation (EC) treatment for the adsorption of organic pollutants reported in cold meat industry wastewater, and an artificial neural network (ANN) was employed to model the adsorption of chemical oxygen demand (COD). To depict the adsorption process, the parameters analyzed were current density (2–6 mA cm−2), initial pH (5–9), temperature (288–308 K), and EC time (0–180 min). The experimental results were fit to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm equations, while the modeling of the adsorption kinetics was evaluated by means of pseudo-first and pseudo-second-order rate laws. The data reveal that current density is the main control parameter in EC treatment, and 60 min are required for an effective adsorption process. The maximum removal of COD was 2875 mg L−1 (82%) when the following conditions were employed: pH = 7, current density = 6 mA cm−2, and temperature of 298 K. Experimental results obey second-order kinetics with values of the constant in the range of 1.176 × 10−5 ≤ k2 (mg COD adsorbed/g-Al.min) ≤ 1.284 × 10−5. The ANN applied in this research established that better COD removal, 3262.70 mg L−1 (93.22%) with R2 = 0.98, was found using the following conditions: EC time of 30.22 min, initial pH = 7.80, and current density = 6 mA cm−2. The maximum adsorption capacity of 621.11 mg g−1 indicates a notable affinity between the organic pollutants and coagulant metallic ions.
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82
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Kilany A, Nosier S, Hussein M, Abdel-Aziz M, Sedahmed G. Combined oil demulsification and copper removal from copper plating plant effluents by electrocoagulation in a new cell design. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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83
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Srikantha H, Shivaswamy M, Mahesh S. Batch electrochemical coagulation of real textile wastewater using Cu-SS and SS-Cu electrode combinations and its settleability aspects. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2020; 82:1467-1483. [PMID: 33079724 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2020.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Copper and stainless steel electrodes were used in batch electrochemical coagulation (BECC) for the treatment of real textile wastewater using 16 electrode combinations. Out of 16 Cu-SS and SS-Cu combinations (eight combinations each), only 4SS and 3SS-1Cu electrodes operated at cell voltage of 18 V and current density of 180 A/m2 gave maximum color and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removals. The COD removal was observed to be 89.37% for 4SS and 72.34% for 3SS 1Cu electrodes from CODo 3,012 mg/L. Color removal was 97% and 98% from its initial value of 1,000 Pt-Co unit for 4SS and 3SS-1Cu combinations. Water quality parameters like total dissolved solids, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, and sulphate reduced from their initial values while using all 4SS and 3SS-1Cu electrode arrangements. Other control factors exercised for optimal operations were ECC floc settling pattern and sludge volume index (SVI). SVI values were found to be <100 mL/g for both electrode combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanumanthappa Srikantha
- School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Jain (Deemed-to-be) University, Jakkasandra Post, Kanakapura Road, Bengaluru 562112, India E-mail:
| | - Mahesh Shivaswamy
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, JSS Science & Technology University, Mysuru 570006, India
| | - Sahana Mahesh
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, JSS Science & Technology University, Mysuru 570006, India
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84
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Łuba M, Mikołajczyk T, Pierożyński B, Smoczyński L, Wojtacha P, Kuczyński M. Electrochemical Degradation of Industrial Dyes in Wastewater through the Dissolution of Aluminum Sacrificial Anode of Cu/Al Macro-Corrosion Galvanic Cell. Molecules 2020; 25:E4108. [PMID: 32911834 PMCID: PMC7571142 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports on the process of industrial-type wastewater purification carried-out through continuous anodic dissolution of aluminum alloy sacrificial anode for artificially aerated Cu-Al alloy galvanic (macro-corrosion) cells and synthetically prepared wastewater solutions. Electrochemical experiments were performed by means of a laboratory size electrolyzer unit, where the electrocoagulation process along with surface-induced electrooxidation phenomena were examined for wastewater containing Acid Mixture and Disperse Red 167 dyes. Final reduction of the dyes concentrations came to 32 and 99% for Acid Mixture and Disperse Red 167, correspondingly. The above was visualized through the employment of electrochemical (cyclic voltammetry and a.c. impedance spectroscopy techniques) and instrumental spectroscopy analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Łuba
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Łódzki Square 4, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.Ł.); (L.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Tomasz Mikołajczyk
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Łódzki Square 4, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.Ł.); (L.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Bogusław Pierożyński
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Łódzki Square 4, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.Ł.); (L.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Lech Smoczyński
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Łódzki Square 4, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.Ł.); (L.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Paweł Wojtacha
- Department of Industrial and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Cieszyński Square 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Mateusz Kuczyński
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Łódzki Square 4, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland; (M.Ł.); (L.S.); (M.K.)
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85
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Maćczak P, Kaczmarek H, Ziegler-Borowska M. Recent Achievements in Polymer Bio-Based Flocculants for Water Treatment. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E3951. [PMID: 32906667 PMCID: PMC7559979 DOI: 10.3390/ma13183951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Polymer flocculants are used to promote solid-liquid separation processes in potable water and wastewater treatment. Recently, bio-based flocculants have received a lot of attention due to their superior advantages over conventional synthetic polymers or inorganic agents. Among natural polymers, polysaccharides show many benefits such as biodegradability, non-toxicity, ability to undergo different chemical modifications, and wide accessibility from renewable sources. The following article provides an overview of bio-based flocculants and their potential application in water treatment, which may be an indication to look for safer alternatives compared to synthetic polymers. Based on the recent literature, a new approach in searching for biopolymer flocculants sources, flocculation mechanisms, test methods, and factors affecting this process are presented. Particular attention is paid to flocculants based on starch, cellulose, chitosan, and their derivatives because they are low-cost and ecological materials, accepted in industrial practice. New trends in water treatment technology, including biosynthetic polymers, nanobioflocculants, and stimulant-responsive flocculants are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Maćczak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (P.M.); (M.Z.-B.)
- Water Supply and Sewage Enterprise LLC, Przemysłowa 4, 99-300 Kutno, Poland
| | - Halina Kaczmarek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (P.M.); (M.Z.-B.)
| | - Marta Ziegler-Borowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (P.M.); (M.Z.-B.)
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86
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Patel SR, Parikh SP. Statistical optimizing of electrocoagulation process for the removal of Cr(VI) using response surface methodology and kinetic study. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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87
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Rafiee P, Hosseini M, Ebrahimi S. The evolution patterns of temperature, pH, and voltage during the removal of chemical oxygen demand from a landfill leachate using electrocoagulation under different conditions. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-020-01846-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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88
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Gafiullina A, Mamelkina M, Vehmaanperä P, Kinnarinen T, Häkkinen A. Pressure filtration properties of sludge generated in the electrochemical treatment of mining waters. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 181:115922. [PMID: 32497753 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, batch electrocoagulation (EC) experiments were performed with synthetic mining water in various conditions in a laboratory-scale 1L reactor. The process was scaled up and the selected results were verified with both synthetic and real mining water in a 70 L reactor. The generated solids were characterized by XRD, SEM, and a laser diffraction particle size analyzer. After preconcentration by settling and decantation, the EC solids were separated by constant pressure filtration at 2-6 bar. In order to improve the separation, various filter aids were used in body-feed and precoat modes. The results show that the overall removal efficiency was the highest with consumable electrode pairs such as Fe/Fe, Al/Al and Fe/Al, and the highest treatment efficiency was achieved with Fe/Al electrodes where 100/100% of the nitrate and 96/87% of the sulfate were removed in small/large-scale experiments. Depending on the dissolved electrode material, different solid species were formed: crystalline primary particles with a minor degree of agglomeration were observed in Fe/Fe slurry, whereas aluminium-containing solids (Al/Al and Fe/Al) were mainly amorphous agglomerates. High values of average specific cake resistances (αav = 2·1012 - 4·1013), average porosities (>90%) and moisture contents (>68 wt%) of filter cakes were obtained for all filtered samples. The highest values of the above-mentioned cake characteristics were observed for aluminium-based solids, which might be explained by its highly amorphous structure. The application of filter aids improved the filterability of the sludges by reducing the average specific cake resistance by as much as 95-96% in the body-feed mode and by 84% in the precoat mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Gafiullina
- Department of Separation Science, LUT School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology, Yliopistonkatu 34, FI, 53850, Lappeenranta, Finland.
| | - Maria Mamelkina
- Department of Separation Science, LUT School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology, Yliopistonkatu 34, FI, 53850, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Paula Vehmaanperä
- Department of Separation Science, LUT School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology, Yliopistonkatu 34, FI, 53850, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Teemu Kinnarinen
- Department of Separation Science, LUT School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology, Yliopistonkatu 34, FI, 53850, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Antti Häkkinen
- Department of Separation Science, LUT School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology, Yliopistonkatu 34, FI, 53850, Lappeenranta, Finland
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89
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Akansha J, Nidheesh PV, Gopinath A, Anupama KV, Suresh Kumar M. Treatment of dairy industry wastewater by combined aerated electrocoagulation and phytoremediation process. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 253:126652. [PMID: 32272308 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As dairy industries has been emerged as one of the most rapidly developing industry in both small as well as large scale, the volume of effluent generated is also very high. In the present study, aerated electrocoagulation combined with phytoremediation treatment was conducted in dairy industry wastewater. Electrocoagulation was performed with aluminium and iron electrodes and effect of various operating parameters such as electrode combination, pH, and voltage were tested. Electrocoagulation was found effective at neutral pH and its efficiency increased with increase in applied voltage. The maximum COD removal efficiency of 86.4% was obtained in case of Al-Fe electrode combination with aeration at 120 min reaction time, initial pH 7, voltage 5 V. Significant growth of Canna indica was observed in electrocoagulation treated wastewater compared to raw dairy wastewater. COD removal of 97% was achieved when combined electrocoagulation and phytoremediation process was used. Thus, it proves to be a proficient method for the treatment of dairy industry wastewater. In addition to the above, bacterial toxicity tests were performed to investigate the toxic nature of wastewater and the results showed that both treated and untreated wastewater favoured bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Akansha
- CSIR National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India; Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - P V Nidheesh
- CSIR National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Ashitha Gopinath
- CSIR National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - K V Anupama
- CSIR National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - M Suresh Kumar
- CSIR National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
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90
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Zaied BK, Rashid M, Nasrullah M, Zularisam AW, Pant D, Singh L. A comprehensive review on contaminants removal from pharmaceutical wastewater by electrocoagulation process. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 726:138095. [PMID: 32481207 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The pharmaceuticals are emergent contaminants, which can create potential threats for human health and the environment. All the pharmaceutical contaminants are becoming enormous in the environment as conventional wastewater treatment cannot be effectively implemented due to toxic and intractable action of pharmaceuticals. For this reason, the existence of pharmaceutical contaminants has brought great awareness, causing significant concern on their transformation, occurrence, risk, and fate in the environments. Electrocoagulation (EC) treatment process is effectively applied for the removal of contaminants, radionuclides, pesticides, and also harmful microorganisms. During the EC process, an electric current is employed directly, and both electrodes are dissoluted partially in the reactor under the special conditions. This electrode dissolution produces the increased concentration of cation, which is finally precipitated as hydroxides and oxides. Different anode materials usage like aluminum, stainless steel, iron, etc. are found more effective in EC operation for efficient removal of pharmaceutical contaminants. Due to the simple procedure and less costly material, EC method is extensively recognized for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment over further conventional treatment methods. The EC process has more usefulness to destabilize the pharmaceutical contaminants with the neutralization of charge and after that coagulating those contaminants to produce flocs. Thus, the review places particular emphasis on the application of EC process to remove pharmaceutical contaminants. First, the operational parameters influencing EC efficiency with the electroanalysis techniques are described. Second, in this review emerging challenges, current developments and techno-economic concerns of EC are highlighted. Finally, future recommendations and prospective on EC are envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Zaied
- Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP), Gambang, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Mamunur Rashid
- Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP), 26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nasrullah
- Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP), Gambang, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia; Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP), Gambang, 26300, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - A W Zularisam
- Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP), Gambang, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Deepak Pant
- Separation and Conversion Technology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, Mol 2400, Belgium
| | - Lakhveer Singh
- Department of Environmental Science, SRM University-AP, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh - 522502, India.
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91
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Turan NB. The application of hybrid electrocoagulation–electrooxidation system for the treatment of dairy wastewater using different electrode connections. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2020.1788596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nouha Bakaraki Turan
- Civil Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler, İstanbul, Turkey
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92
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Xu T, Zhou Y, Hu B, Lei X, Yu G. Comparison between sinusoidal AC coagulation and conventional DC coagulation in removing Cu 2+ from printed circuit board wastewater. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 197:110629. [PMID: 32325329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A new Electrocoagulation (EC) technique, sinusoidal AC coagulation (SACC), is creatively put forward for Cu2+ removal in the wastewater from the printed circuit board (PCB) production in this paper. The removal efficiency of Cu2+ from PCB wastewater and energy consumption are compared by SACC and conventional direct current coagulation (DCC). The optimal process parameters were established through analysis of response surface methodology (RSM). The coagulations containing Cu2+ was characterized by SEM, EDS, TEM,BET, XRD and FTIR. The nano-ferrum collosol, mainly composed of goethite (α-FeOOH) and magnetite (γ-Fe2O3), absorbs the Cu2+ and coagulates to remove Cu2+. The results show that the removal rates of Cu2+ by SACC and DCC are 99.86% and 98.21%, respectively, and the energy consumption is 2.76 × 10-2 kWh⋅m-3 for SACC and 4.42 × 10-2 kWh⋅m-3 for DCC under the optimal process conditions of c0 (Cu2+) = 41.99 mg⋅dm-3, pH = 7.14, j = 0.293 A⋅m-2, t = 16.7 min. The pilot tests indicate that the SACC technique is feasible in industrial application. Cu2+ removal were completed through electrodeposition of Cu2+ on iron electrode, the deposition of Cu(OH)2 and the adsorption of Cu2+ by ferrum collosol. The adsorption follows the pseudo-second order kinetics model well. The maximum saturated adsorption capacity (qmax) of Cu2+ on ferrum collosol produced by SACC is larger than that by DCC. The adsorption of Cu2+ on the ferrum collosol prepared by SACC and DCC are in accordance with Langmuir's adsorption isotherms. The novel SACC technique is a promising technique for the highly-efficient treatment of Cu2+ from PCB wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yihui Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Bonian Hu
- Department of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang, 421008, China.
| | - Xiping Lei
- Hunan Zihong Ecology Technology Co., Ltd, Changsha, 410082, China; Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637002, China
| | - Gang Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
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93
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Chen YM, Jiang WM, Liu Y, Kang Y. Quantitative contribution study and comparison between electrocoagulation, anode-electrocoagulation and chemical coagulation using polymer-flooding sewage. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 250:126128. [PMID: 32088613 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to quantify the contribution of electrocoagulation(EC) mechanisms on emulsified oil removal from polymer-flooding sewage (PFS), and also to quantitatively compare the performance of EC, anode-electrocoagulation(AEC) and chemical coagulation(CC) on PFS treatment. An apparatus which introduced the salt bridge was proposed to help separate the anode and cathode. To quantify the contribution of coagulation and oxidation individually, the EDTA, a chemical addictive which can inhibit the ability of Al3+ was added to shield the effect of coagulation. The experimental results show that in the PFS treatment by EC method, about 80% of emulsified oil in anode zone was removed by coagulation while only 11%-13% was oxidized; In cathode zone, about 13%-14% of the oil was removed by flotation. Besides, the results suggest that the separation of anode and cathode not only result in the low demulsification efficiency but also generated the fragile flocs. During the comparison and contrast of purification performance of EC, AEC and CC, the effects of treatment time and current densities(aluminum doses) on oil removal was investigated, the pH and absorption spectra evolution over time were also analyzed. The results showed that under all conditions studied, the EC performance outperforms AEC and far beyond CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Mei Chen
- College of Pipeline and Civil Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation Safety, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Circle Sea Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation Technology, Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Wen-Ming Jiang
- College of Pipeline and Civil Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation Safety, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Circle Sea Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation Technology, Qingdao, 266580, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Pipeline and Civil Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation Safety, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Circle Sea Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation Technology, Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Ya Kang
- College of Pipeline and Civil Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation Safety, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Circle Sea Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation Technology, Qingdao, 266580, China
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94
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Evaluation of Electrochemical Methods for Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater Treatment. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12125110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the efficiency of different wastewater treatment technologies tested under real conditions is essential for successful decision making by engineers and managers. In this study, real poultry slaughterhouse wastewater coming from defeathering, cooling, and evisceration processes was treated using a lab-scale electrochemical process by use of iron-iron (Fe-Fe), iron-graphite (Fe-Gr) and aluminum-graphite (Al-Gr) electrode combinations. A water quality index (WQI) was developed and used as a tool for evaluating and classifying the effectiveness of different electrode combinations. The Al-Gr electrode combination showed an impressive performance achieving an “excellent” status for all of the three studied sources of wastewater with a WQI ranging from 13 to 34. The Fe-Gr electrode combination showed an “excellent” status performance for the wastewater from the cooling process as classified by the WQI and “good water” class for the defeathering and evisceration processes. The lower performance, which was highly affected by the increase in turbidity, was observed for the Fe-Fe electrode combination with a “poor water” status for the wastewater coming from defeathering and cooling processes and “good water” status for evisceration process.
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95
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Combined Electrocoagulation and Chemical Coagulation in Treating Brewery Wastewater. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12030726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Significant over-strength discharge fees are often imposed on breweries for the disposal of high-strength effluent to sanitary sewers. In this research work, the removal performances of electrocoagulation (EC) compared with operating electrocoagulation and chemical coagulation in sequence (EC-CC) or vice-versa (CC-EC) was examined to determine the capability of treatment in reducing the strength of the wastewater. Optimal operating parameters regarding electrolysis time, initial pH, and applied power were determined in conjunction with nutrient removal performance, electrode consumption and energy usage. Combined EC-CC treatment has been demonstrated to be economically feasible for brewery wastewater applications from an energy consumption perspective due to the efficiency of nutrient removal and the reduction of sewer discharge costs. Treatment by EC-CC at 5 W for 20 min using aluminum electrodes resulted in enhanced and consistent removal efficiencies of 26%, 74%, 76%, and 85% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), reactive phosphorous (RP), total phosphorous (TP) and total suspended solids (TSS), respectively. Energy consumption was the main contributor to operating cost. By considering potential recovered over-strength discharge fees (ODF), EC-CC treatment is economically feasible and beneficial in a brewery wastewater application. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the CC-EC process to remove phosphorous, organics and solids from brewery wastewater at lower power supply, so that the recovered ODF cost for CC-EC at 5 W-EC is 23% higher than at 10 W-EC.
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96
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Nippatlapalli N, Philip L. Assessment of novel rotating bipolar multiple disc electrode electrocoagulation-flotation and pulsed plasma corona discharge for the treatment of textile dyes. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2020; 81:564-570. [PMID: 32385210 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2020.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The current study evaluates the performance of the designed novel electrolytic reactor with rotating bipolar multiple disc electrode (RBDE) in the electrocoagulation-flotation (EC-F) process and a pulsed plasma reactor for the removal of toxic textile dyes. Two different classes of dyes, Methyl Orange (MO), an azo group of dye, and Reactive Blue 19 (RB19), a reactive group of dye, were selected. Efficient removal of both the dyes at a faster rate was obtained with the designed RBDE reactor compared to the EC-F process with static electrodes. RB19 and MO were completely decolourized (100%) within 2 min of electrolysis time with rotating and 6 min with static (non-rotating) electrodes, respectively. Similarly, the maximum chemical oxygen demand removal of 86.4% and 93.2% was obtained for RB19 and MO, respectively, with the rotating electrode EC-F process. On the other hand, complete decolourization was obtained in 10 min and 12 min of pulsed corona discharge for MO (50 mg/L) and RB19 (50 mg/L), respectively. The comparison studies of RBDE and pulsed power plasma reactor (PPT) showed that MO removal was faster than RB19 removal in both RBDE EC-F and PPT processes. Relatively long treatment time was needed for RB19 compared to MO due to its complexity of structure and high solubility. RB19 and MO were completely degraded through pulsed corona discharge without any sludge production. The results show that the designed RBDE reactor performed much better than existing conventional electrocoagulation reactors. The RBDE reactor can be used as a pre-treatment unit for industrial wastewater, which can improve the treatment efficiency and reduces the energy consumption. Plasma technology showed complete degradation of pollutant without sludge production. The formation of a wide variety of reactive oxygen species during corona discharge helps in degrading the pollutants. Plasma technology can be used as a secondary treatment system along with the RBDE as pre-treatment process for complex industrial wastewaters. This will improve the quality of treated effluent and reduce the overall cost of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narasamma Nippatlapalli
- Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai 600 036, India E-mail:
| | - Ligy Philip
- Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai 600 036, India E-mail:
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97
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Removal of nitrates from water by electrocoagulation using a cell with horizontally oriented Al serpentine tube anode. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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98
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Favero AC, Favero BM, Souza FS, Taffarel SR. Treatment of re-refining effluent from lubricating oils by combining electrocoagulation and coagulation-flocculation processes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2019; 55:402-410. [PMID: 31846384 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2019.1702407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A combination of electrocoagulation and coagulation-flocculation processes was used for re-refining effluent from lubricating oils. The efficiency of the process was evaluated based on the chemical oxygen demand (COD), color, and turbidity of the refined effluent. Electrocoagulation (EC) and coagulation-flocculation parameters, such as the initial pH (3.00, 4.41, and 9.00), and current density (4, 9, and 16 A/m2), and the use of aluminum polychloride coagulant and superfloc A300 flocculant were studied. EC performed at pH 9, with a current density of 16 A/m2 and 7 V, resulted in removal efficiencies of 85.14%, 99.81%, and 99.85%, for COD, color, and turbidity, respectively. The removal efficiencies increased to 96%, 99.87%, and 99.94% for COD, color, and turbidity, respectively, by the further coagulation-flocculation treatment in the presence of 13.8 mg/L aluminum polychloride coagulant and 80 mg/L Superfloc A300 flocculant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Favero
- Master in Environmental Impact Assessment, La Salle University, Canoas, Brazil
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99
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Pikaar I, Flugen M, Lin HW, Salehin S, Li J, Donose BC, Dennis PG, Bethke L, Johnson I, Rabaey K, Yuan Z. Full-scale investigation of in-situ iron and alkalinity generation for efficient sulfide control. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 167:115032. [PMID: 31546029 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide induced corrosion of concrete sewer pipes is a major issue for wastewater utilities globally. One of the most commonly used methods to combat hydrogen sulfide is the addition of ferric chloride. While a reliable and effective method, ferric chloride is acidic causing OH&S concerns as well as alkalinity consumption in sewage. This study investigates, under full-scale field conditions, an alternative method for sulfide control by in-situ electrochemical generation of iron ions using sacrificial iron electrodes. This method concomitantly produces alkalinity through cathodic OH- generation, rather than consumption. The gaseous hydrogen sulfide concentrations at the discharge wet well of a real-life rising main (length: ∼1 km in, diameter: 150 mm) decreased from 173 ppm to 43 ppm (90 percentile of peak values), when a current of 0.86 A/m3 of sewage was applied. The 90 percentile peak H2S value was further reduced to 6.6 ppm when the applied current was increased to 1.14 A/m3 sewage. Moreover, methane generation was almost completely inhibited from 25.3 ± 1.46 mg COD/L to 0.06 ± 0.04 mg COD/L. The overall cell voltage remained constant throughout the experimental period clearly showing the stability of the process. Detailed characterization of the down-stream sewer pipe biofilm revealed the complexity of the iron chemistry as the in-situ produced iron ions undergo transformation into a variety of iron species. Overall, this study demonstrates that in-situ generation of iron and alkalinity is an effective alternative method for hydrogen sulfide control in sewers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilje Pikaar
- The University of Queensland, The School of Civil Engineering, QLD, 4072, Australia; The University of Queensland, Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Markus Flugen
- The University of Queensland, The School of Civil Engineering, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Hui-Wen Lin
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taiwan" to "Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sirajus Salehin
- The University of Queensland, The School of Civil Engineering, QLD, 4072, Australia; The University of Queensland, Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jiuling Li
- The University of Queensland, Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Bogdan C Donose
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemical Engineering, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Paul G Dennis
- The University of Queensland, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Lisa Bethke
- The University of Queensland, Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Ian Johnson
- The City of Gold Coast, 833 Southport Nerang Road, Nerang, QLD, 4211, Australia
| | - Korneel Rabaey
- The University of Queensland, Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), QLD, 4072, Australia; Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Zhiguo Yuan
- The University of Queensland, Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), QLD, 4072, Australia
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100
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