51
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Grossman SR, Zhang X, Wang L, Engreitz J, Melnikov A, Rogov P, Tewhey R, Isakova A, Deplancke B, Bernstein BE, Mikkelsen TS, Lander ES. Systematic dissection of genomic features determining transcription factor binding and enhancer function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E1291-E1300. [PMID: 28137873 PMCID: PMC5321001 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1621150114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancers regulate gene expression through the binding of sequence-specific transcription factors (TFs) to cognate motifs. Various features influence TF binding and enhancer function-including the chromatin state of the genomic locus, the affinities of the binding site, the activity of the bound TFs, and interactions among TFs. However, the precise nature and relative contributions of these features remain unclear. Here, we used massively parallel reporter assays (MPRAs) involving 32,115 natural and synthetic enhancers, together with high-throughput in vivo binding assays, to systematically dissect the contribution of each of these features to the binding and activity of genomic regulatory elements that contain motifs for PPARγ, a TF that serves as a key regulator of adipogenesis. We show that distinct sets of features govern PPARγ binding vs. enhancer activity. PPARγ binding is largely governed by the affinity of the specific motif site and higher-order features of the larger genomic locus, such as chromatin accessibility. In contrast, the enhancer activity of PPARγ binding sites depends on varying contributions from dozens of TFs in the immediate vicinity, including interactions between combinations of these TFs. Different pairs of motifs follow different interaction rules, including subadditive, additive, and superadditive interactions among specific classes of TFs, with both spatially constrained and flexible grammars. Our results provide a paradigm for the systematic characterization of the genomic features underlying regulatory elements, applicable to the design of synthetic regulatory elements or the interpretation of human genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon R Grossman
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | | | - Li Wang
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Jesse Engreitz
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | | | | | - Ryan Tewhey
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Alina Isakova
- Institute of Bioengineering, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bart Deplancke
- Institute of Bioengineering, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bradley E Bernstein
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Tarjei S Mikkelsen
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Eric S Lander
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142;
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
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52
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Majoros A, Platanitis E, Kernbauer-Hölzl E, Rosebrock F, Müller M, Decker T. Canonical and Non-Canonical Aspects of JAK-STAT Signaling: Lessons from Interferons for Cytokine Responses. Front Immunol 2017; 8:29. [PMID: 28184222 PMCID: PMC5266721 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signal transduction mediates cytokine responses. Canonical signaling is based on STAT tyrosine phosphorylation by activated JAKs. Downstream of interferon (IFN) receptors, activated JAKs cause the formation of the transcription factors IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3), a heterotrimer of STAT1, STAT2 and interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) subunits, and gamma interferon-activated factor (GAF), a STAT1 homodimer. In recent years, several deviations from this paradigm were reported. These include kinase-independent JAK functions as well as extra- and intranuclear activities of U-STATs without phosphotyrosines. Additionally, transcriptional control by STAT complexes resembling neither GAF nor ISGF3 contributes to transcriptome changes in IFN-treated cells. Our review summarizes the contribution of non-canonical JAK-STAT signaling to the innate antimicrobial immunity imparted by IFN. Moreover, we touch upon functions of IFN pathway proteins beyond the IFN response. These include metabolic functions of IRF9 as well as the regulation of natural killer cell activity by kinase-dead TYK2 and different phosphorylation isoforms of STAT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Majoros
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ekaterini Platanitis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Kernbauer-Hölzl
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix Rosebrock
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathias Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Decker
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Nandipati KC, Subramanian S, Agrawal DK. Protein kinases: mechanisms and downstream targets in inflammation-mediated obesity and insulin resistance. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 426:27-45. [PMID: 27868170 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2878-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Obesity-induced low-grade inflammation (metaflammation) impairs insulin receptor signaling. This has been implicated in the development of insulin resistance. Insulin signaling in the target tissues is mediated by stress kinases such as p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, inhibitor of NF-kB kinase complex β (IKKβ), AMP-activated protein kinase, protein kinase C, Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase, and RNA-activated protein kinase. Most of these kinases phosphorylate several key regulators in glucose homeostasis. The phosphorylation of serine residues in the insulin receptor and IRS-1 molecule results in diminished enzymatic activity in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway. This has been one of the key mechanisms observed in the tissues that are implicated in insulin resistance especially in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2-DM). Identifying the specific protein kinases involved in obesity-induced chronic inflammation may help in developing the targeted drug therapies to minimize the insulin resistance. This review is focused on the protein kinases involved in the inflammatory cascade and molecular mechanisms and their downstream targets with special reference to obesity-induced T2-DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyana C Nandipati
- Department of Surgery, Creighton University School of Medicine, 601 N. 30th Street, Suite # 3700, Omaha, NE, 68131, USA.
- Department of Clinical & Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, 2500, California Plaza, Room # 510, Criss II, Omaha, NE, 68131, USA.
| | - Saravanan Subramanian
- Department of Clinical & Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, 2500, California Plaza, Room # 510, Criss II, Omaha, NE, 68131, USA
| | - Devendra K Agrawal
- Department of Clinical & Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, 2500, California Plaza, Room # 510, Criss II, Omaha, NE, 68131, USA
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54
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Nakka P, Raphael BJ, Ramachandran S. Gene and Network Analysis of Common Variants Reveals Novel Associations in Multiple Complex Diseases. Genetics 2016; 204:783-798. [PMID: 27489002 PMCID: PMC5068862 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.188391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association (GWA) studies typically lack power to detect genotypes significantly associated with complex diseases, where different causal mutations of small effect may be present across cases. A common, tractable approach for identifying genomic elements associated with complex traits is to evaluate combinations of variants in known pathways or gene sets with shared biological function. Such gene-set analyses require the computation of gene-level P-values or gene scores; these gene scores are also useful when generating hypotheses for experimental validation. However, commonly used methods for generating GWA gene scores are computationally inefficient, biased by gene length, imprecise, or have low true positive rate (TPR) at low false positive rates (FPR), leading to erroneous hypotheses for functional validation. Here we introduce a new method, PEGASUS, for analytically calculating gene scores. PEGASUS produces gene scores with as much as 10 orders of magnitude higher numerical precision than competing methods. In simulation, PEGASUS outperforms existing methods, achieving up to 30% higher TPR when the FPR is fixed at 1%. We use gene scores from PEGASUS as input to HotNet2 to identify networks of interacting genes associated with multiple complex diseases and traits; this is the first application of HotNet2 to common variation. In ulcerative colitis and waist-hip ratio, we discover networks that include genes previously associated with these phenotypes, as well as novel candidate genes. In contrast, existing methods fail to identify these networks. We also identify networks for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, in which GWA studies have yet to identify any significant SNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Nakka
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912 Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Benjamin J Raphael
- Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912 Department of Computer Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Sohini Ramachandran
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912 Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
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Kumari M, Wang X, Lantier L, Lyubetskaya A, Eguchi J, Kang S, Tenen D, Roh HC, Kong X, Kazak L, Ahmad R, Rosen ED. IRF3 promotes adipose inflammation and insulin resistance and represses browning. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:2839-54. [PMID: 27400129 PMCID: PMC4966307 DOI: 10.1172/jci86080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The chronic inflammatory state that accompanies obesity is a major contributor to insulin resistance and other dysfunctional adaptations in adipose tissue. Cellular and secreted factors promote the inflammatory milieu of obesity, but the transcriptional pathways that drive these processes are not well described. Although the canonical inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB is considered to be the major driver of adipocyte inflammation, members of the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family may also play a role in this process. Here, we determined that IRF3 expression is upregulated in the adipocytes of obese mice and humans. Signaling through TLR3 and TLR4, which lie upstream of IRF3, induced insulin resistance in murine adipocytes, while IRF3 knockdown prevented insulin resistance. Furthermore, improved insulin sensitivity in IRF3-deficient mice was associated with reductions in intra-adipose and systemic inflammation in the high fat-fed state, enhanced browning of subcutaneous fat, and increased adipose expression of GLUT4. Taken together, the data indicate that IRF3 is a major transcriptional regulator of adipose inflammation and is involved in maintaining systemic glucose and energy homeostasis.
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56
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Yang X, Wu R, Shan W, Yu L, Xue B, Shi H. DNA Methylation Biphasically Regulates 3T3-L1 Preadipocyte Differentiation. Mol Endocrinol 2016; 30:677-87. [PMID: 27144289 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Better understanding the mechanisms underlying adipogenesis may provide novel therapeutic targets in the treatment of obesity. Most studies investigating the mechanisms underlying adipogenesis focus on highly regulated transcriptional pathways; little is known about the epigenetic mechanisms in this process. Here, we determined the role of DNA methylation in regulating 3T3-L1 adipogenesis in early and late stage of differentiation. We found that inhibiting DNA methylation pharmacologically by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC) at early stage of 3T3-L1 differentiation markedly suppressed adipogenesis. This inhibition of adipogenesis by 5-aza-dC was associated with up-regulation of Wnt10a, an antiadipogenic factor, and down-regulation of Wnt10a promoter methylation. In contrast, inhibiting DNA methylation by 5-aza-dC at late stage of differentiation enhanced the lipogenic program. The differential effects of 5-aza-dC on adipogenesis were confirmed by gain or loss of function of DNA methyltransferase 1 using genetic approaches. We further explored the molecular mechanism underlying the enhanced lipogenesis by inhibition of DNA methylation at late stage of differentiation. The Srebp1c promoter is enriched with CpG sites. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that DNA methyltransferase 1 bound to the methylation region at the Srebp1c promoter. Pyrosequencing analysis revealed that the DNA methylation at the key cis-elements of the Srebp1c promoter was down-regulated in adipogenesis. Further, luciferase reporter assays showed that the Srebp1c promoter activity was dramatically up-regulated by the unmethylated promoter compared with the fully methylated promoter. Thus DNA methylation appears to exert a biphasic regulatory role in adipogenesis, promoting differentiation at early stage while inhibiting lipogenesis at late stage of 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosong Yang
- Center for Obesity Reversal and Department of Biology (X.Y., R.W., B.X., H.S.), Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30303; Key Laboratory on Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders (X.Y.), Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China, 437100; School of Pharmacology (R.W., W.S.), Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China, 310014; and Department of Animal and Avian Sciences (L.Y.), University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742
| | - Rui Wu
- Center for Obesity Reversal and Department of Biology (X.Y., R.W., B.X., H.S.), Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30303; Key Laboratory on Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders (X.Y.), Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China, 437100; School of Pharmacology (R.W., W.S.), Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China, 310014; and Department of Animal and Avian Sciences (L.Y.), University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742
| | - Weiguang Shan
- Center for Obesity Reversal and Department of Biology (X.Y., R.W., B.X., H.S.), Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30303; Key Laboratory on Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders (X.Y.), Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China, 437100; School of Pharmacology (R.W., W.S.), Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China, 310014; and Department of Animal and Avian Sciences (L.Y.), University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742
| | - Liqing Yu
- Center for Obesity Reversal and Department of Biology (X.Y., R.W., B.X., H.S.), Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30303; Key Laboratory on Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders (X.Y.), Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China, 437100; School of Pharmacology (R.W., W.S.), Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China, 310014; and Department of Animal and Avian Sciences (L.Y.), University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742
| | - Bingzhong Xue
- Center for Obesity Reversal and Department of Biology (X.Y., R.W., B.X., H.S.), Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30303; Key Laboratory on Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders (X.Y.), Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China, 437100; School of Pharmacology (R.W., W.S.), Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China, 310014; and Department of Animal and Avian Sciences (L.Y.), University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742
| | - Hang Shi
- Center for Obesity Reversal and Department of Biology (X.Y., R.W., B.X., H.S.), Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30303; Key Laboratory on Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders (X.Y.), Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China, 437100; School of Pharmacology (R.W., W.S.), Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China, 310014; and Department of Animal and Avian Sciences (L.Y.), University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742
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Inhibiting DNA methylation switches adipogenesis to osteoblastogenesis by activating Wnt10a. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25283. [PMID: 27136753 PMCID: PMC4853709 DOI: 10.1038/srep25283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Both adipocytes and osteoblasts share the mesodermal lineage that derives from mesenchymal stem cells. Most studies investigating the mechanisms underlying the regulation of adipogenic or osteoblastogenic development focus on transcriptional pathways; little is known about the epigenetic mechanisms in this process. We thus determined the role of 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dC), an inhibitor of DNA methylation, in the lineage determination between adipogenesis and osteoblastogenesis. Inhibiting DNA methylation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes by 5-Aza-dC significantly inhibited adipogenesis whereas promoted osteoblastogenesis. This dual effect of 5-Aza-dC was associated with up-regulation of Wnt10a, a key factor determining the fate of the mesenchymal lineage towards osteoblasts. Consistently, IWP-2, an inhibitor of Wnt proteins, was found to prevent the anti-adipogenic effect of 5-Aza-dC in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and block the osteoblastogenic effect of 5-Aza-dC in ST2 mesenchymal stem cell line. Finally, the Wnt10a 5′-region is enriched with CpG sites, whose methylation levels were markedly reduced by 5-Aza-dC. Thus we conclude that inhibiting DNA methylation by 5-Aza-dC mutual-exclusively regulates the lineage determination of adipogenesis and osteoblastogenesis by demethylating Wnt10a gene and upregulating its expression. Our study defines DNA methylation as a novel mechanism underlying adipocyte and bone cell development.
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58
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Zhang XJ, Zhang P, Li H. Interferon regulatory factor signalings in cardiometabolic diseases. Hypertension 2015; 66:222-47. [PMID: 26077571 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.04898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Zhang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (X.-J.Z., P.Z., H.L.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (X.-J.Z., P.Z., H.L.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, PR China (X.-J.Z.)
| | - Peng Zhang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (X.-J.Z., P.Z., H.L.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (X.-J.Z., P.Z., H.L.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, PR China (X.-J.Z.)
| | - Hongliang Li
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (X.-J.Z., P.Z., H.L.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (X.-J.Z., P.Z., H.L.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, PR China (X.-J.Z.).
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59
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Deep sequencing reveals cell-type-specific patterns of single-cell transcriptome variation. Genome Biol 2015; 16:122. [PMID: 26056000 PMCID: PMC4480509 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-015-0683-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differentiation of metazoan cells requires execution of different gene expression programs but recent single-cell transcriptome profiling has revealed considerable variation within cells of seeming identical phenotype. This brings into question the relationship between transcriptome states and cell phenotypes. Additionally, single-cell transcriptomics presents unique analysis challenges that need to be addressed to answer this question. RESULTS We present high quality deep read-depth single-cell RNA sequencing for 91 cells from five mouse tissues and 18 cells from two rat tissues, along with 30 control samples of bulk RNA diluted to single-cell levels. We find that transcriptomes differ globally across tissues with regard to the number of genes expressed, the average expression patterns, and within-cell-type variation patterns. We develop methods to filter genes for reliable quantification and to calibrate biological variation. All cell types include genes with high variability in expression, in a tissue-specific manner. We also find evidence that single-cell variability of neuronal genes in mice is correlated with that in rats consistent with the hypothesis that levels of variation may be conserved. CONCLUSIONS Single-cell RNA-sequencing data provide a unique view of transcriptome function; however, careful analysis is required in order to use single-cell RNA-sequencing measurements for this purpose. Technical variation must be considered in single-cell RNA-sequencing studies of expression variation. For a subset of genes, biological variability within each cell type appears to be regulated in order to perform dynamic functions, rather than solely molecular noise.
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60
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Hu L, Yang G, Hägg D, Sun G, Ahn JM, Jiang N, Ricupero CL, Wu J, Rodhe CH, Ascherman JA, Chen L, Mao JJ. IGF1 Promotes Adipogenesis by a Lineage Bias of Endogenous Adipose Stem/Progenitor Cells. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2483-95. [PMID: 26010009 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adipogenesis is essential for soft tissue reconstruction following trauma or tumor resection. We demonstrate that CD31(-)/34(+)/146(-) cells, a subpopulation of the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of human adipose tissue, were robustly adipogenic. Insulin growth factor-1 (IGF1) promoted a lineage bias towards CD31(-)/34(+)/146(-) cells at the expense of CD31(-)/34(+)/146(+) cells. IGF1 was microencapsulated in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) scaffolds and implanted in the inguinal fat pad of C57Bl6 mice. Control-released IGF1 induced remarkable adipogenesis in vivo by recruiting endogenous cells. In comparison with the CD31(-)/34(+)/146(+) cells, CD31(-)/34(+)/146(-) cells had a weaker Wnt/β-catenin signal. IGF1 attenuated Wnt/β-catenin signaling by activating Axin2/PPARγ pathways in SVF cells, suggesting IGF1 promotes CD31(-)/34(+)/146(-) bias through tuning Wnt signal. PPARγ response element (PPRE) in Axin2 promoter was crucial for Axin2 upregulation, suggesting that PPARγ transcriptionally activates Axin2. Together, these findings illustrate an Axin2/PPARγ axis in adipogenesis that is particularly attributable to a lineage bias towards CD31(-)/34(+)/146(-) cells, with implications in adipose regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Hu
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,Center for Craniofacial Regeneration (CCR), New York, New York, USA
| | - Guodong Yang
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration (CCR), New York, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Hägg
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration (CCR), New York, New York, USA
| | - Guoming Sun
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration (CCR), New York, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Ahn
- Department of Otolaryngology, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nan Jiang
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration (CCR), New York, New York, USA
| | | | - June Wu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christine Hsu Rodhe
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Ascherman
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jeremy J Mao
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration (CCR), New York, New York, USA
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Xu QQ, Yang DQ, Tuo R, Wan J, Chang MX, Nie P. Gene cloning and induced expression pattern of IRF4 and IRF10 in the Asian swamp eel (Monopterus albus). DONG WU XUE YAN JIU = ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2015; 35:380-8. [PMID: 25297077 DOI: 10.13918/j.issn.2095-8137.2014.5.380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The Asian swamp eel (Monopterus albus) is one of the most economically important freshwater fish in East Asia, but data on the immune genes of M. albus are scarce compared to other commercially important fish. A better understanding of the eel's immune responses may help in developing strategies for disease management, potentially improving yields and mitigating losses. In mammals, interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) play a vital role in both the innate and adaptive immune system; though among teleosts IRF4 and IRF10 have seldom been studied. In this study, we characterized IRF4 and IRF10 from M. albus (maIRF4 and maIRF10) and found that maIRF4 cDNA consists of 1 716 nucleotides encoding a 451 amino acid (aa) protein, while maIRF10 consists of 1 744 nucleotides including an open reading frame (ORF) of 1 236 nt encoding 411 aa. The maIRF10 gene was constitutively expressed at high levels in a variety of tissues, while maIRF4 showed a very limited expression pattern. Expression of maIRF4 and maIRF10 in head kidney, and spleen tissues was significantly up-regulated from 12 h to 48 h post-stimulation with polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and a common pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila. These results suggest that IRF4 and IRF10 play roles in immune responses to both viral and bacterial infections in M. albus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Qing Xu
- School of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434020, China; State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Freshwater Aquaculture, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Dai-Qin Yang
- School of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434020, China; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Freshwater Aquaculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Rui Tuo
- School of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434020, China
| | - Jing Wan
- School of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434020, China
| | - Ming-Xian Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Pin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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62
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Zhang XJ, Jiang DS, Li H. The interferon regulatory factors as novel potential targets in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:5457-76. [PMID: 25131895 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The family of interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) consists of nine members (IRF1-IRF9) in mammals. They act as transcription factors for the interferons and thus exert essential regulatory functions in the immune system and in oncogenesis. Recent clinical and experimental studies have identified critically important roles of the IRFs in cardiovascular diseases, arising from their participation in divergent and overlapping molecular programmes beyond the immune response. Here we review the current knowledge of the regulatory effects and mechanisms of IRFs on the immune system. The role of IRFs and their potential molecular mechanisms as novel stress sensors and mediators of cardiovascular diseases are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Ding-Sheng Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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63
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Zhao GN, Jiang DS, Li H. Interferon regulatory factors: at the crossroads of immunity, metabolism, and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:365-78. [PMID: 24807060 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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64
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Watkins AA, Yasuda K, Wilson GE, Aprahamian T, Xie Y, Maganto-Garcia E, Shukla P, Oberlander L, Laskow B, Menn-Josephy H, Wu Y, Duffau P, Fried SK, Lichtman AH, Bonegio RG, Rifkin IR. IRF5 deficiency ameliorates lupus but promotes atherosclerosis and metabolic dysfunction in a mouse model of lupus-associated atherosclerosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:1467-79. [PMID: 25595782 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Premature atherosclerosis is a severe complication of lupus and other systemic autoimmune disorders. Gain-of-function polymorphisms in IFN regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) are associated with an increased risk of developing lupus, and IRF5 deficiency in lupus mouse models ameliorates disease. However, whether IRF5 deficiency also protects against atherosclerosis development in lupus is not known. In this study, we addressed this question using the gld.apoE(-/-) mouse model. IRF5 deficiency markedly reduced lupus disease severity. Unexpectedly, despite the reduction in systemic immune activation, IRF5-deficient mice developed increased atherosclerosis and also exhibited metabolic dysregulation characterized by hyperlipidemia, increased adiposity, and insulin resistance. Levels of the atheroprotective cytokine IL-10 were reduced in aortae of IRF5-deficient mice, and in vitro studies demonstrated that IRF5 is required for IL-10 production downstream of TLR7 and TLR9 signaling in multiple immune cell types. Chimera studies showed that IRF5 deficiency in bone marrow-derived cells prevents lupus development and contributes in part to the increased atherosclerosis. Notably, IRF5 deficiency in non-bone marrow-derived cells also contributes to the increased atherosclerosis through the generation of hyperlipidemia and increased adiposity. Together, our results reveal a protective role for IRF5 in lupus-associated atherosclerosis that is mediated through the effects of IRF5 in both immune and nonimmune cells. These findings have implications for the proposed targeting of IRF5 in the treatment of autoimmune disease as global IRF5 inhibition may exacerbate cardiovascular disease in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Watkins
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Kei Yasuda
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Gabriella E Wilson
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Tamar Aprahamian
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Yao Xie
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Elena Maganto-Garcia
- Vascular Research Division, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Prachi Shukla
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Lillian Oberlander
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Bari Laskow
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Hanni Menn-Josephy
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Endocrinology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Pierre Duffau
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Susan K Fried
- Endocrinology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Andrew H Lichtman
- Vascular Research Division, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Ramon G Bonegio
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Ian R Rifkin
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118;
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65
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Dempersmier J, Sul HS. Shades of brown: a model for thermogenic fat. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:71. [PMID: 26005433 PMCID: PMC4424901 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is specialized to burn fuels to perform thermogenesis in defense of body temperature against cold. Recent discovery of metabolically active and relevant amounts of BAT in adult humans have made it a potentially attractive target for development of anti-obesity therapeutics. There are two types of brown adipocytes: classical brown adipocytes and brown adipocyte-like cells, so-called beige/brite cells, which arise in white adipose tissue in response to cold and hormonal stimuli. These cells may derive from distinct origins, and while functionally similar, have different gene signatures. Here, we highlight recent advances in the understanding of brown and beige/brite adipocytes as well as transcriptional regulation for development and function of murine brown and beige/brite adipocytes focusing on EBF2, IRF4, and ZFP516, in addition to PRDM16 as a coregulator. We also discuss hormonal regulation of brown and beige/brite adipocytes including several factors secreted from various tissues, including BMP7, FGF21, and irisin, as well as those from BAT itself, such as Nrg4 and adenosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Dempersmier
- Comparative Biochemistry Program, Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Hei Sook Sul
- Comparative Biochemistry Program, Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- *Correspondence: Hei Sook Sul, Comparative Biochemistry Program, Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA,
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66
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IRF8 inhibits C/EBPα activity to restrain mononuclear phagocyte progenitors from differentiating into neutrophils. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4978. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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67
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Kong X, Banks A, Liu T, Kazak L, Rao RR, Cohen P, Wang X, Yu S, Lo JC, Tseng YH, Cypess AM, Xue R, Kleiner S, Kang S, Spiegelman BM, Rosen ED. IRF4 is a key thermogenic transcriptional partner of PGC-1α. Cell 2014; 158:69-83. [PMID: 24995979 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Brown fat can reduce obesity through the dissipation of calories as heat. Control of thermogenic gene expression occurs via the induction of various coactivators, most notably PGC-1α. In contrast, the transcription factor partner(s) of these cofactors are poorly described. Here, we identify interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) as a dominant transcriptional effector of thermogenesis. IRF4 is induced by cold and cAMP in adipocytes and is sufficient to promote increased thermogenic gene expression, energy expenditure, and cold tolerance. Conversely, knockout of IRF4 in UCP1(+) cells causes reduced thermogenic gene expression and energy expenditure, obesity, and cold intolerance. IRF4 also induces the expression of PGC-1α and PRDM16 and interacts with PGC-1α, driving Ucp1 expression. Finally, cold, β-agonists, or forced expression of PGC-1α are unable to cause thermogenic gene expression in the absence of IRF4. These studies establish IRF4 as a transcriptional driver of a program of thermogenic gene expression and energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Kong
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alexander Banks
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Tiemin Liu
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lawrence Kazak
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Rajesh R Rao
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Paul Cohen
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Xun Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Songtao Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Memorial Research Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - James C Lo
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Aaron M Cypess
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ruidan Xue
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sandra Kleiner
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sona Kang
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Bruce M Spiegelman
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Evan D Rosen
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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68
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Hajifathali A, Saba F, Atashi A, Soleimani M, Mortaz E, Rasekhi M. The role of catecholamines in mesenchymal stem cell fate. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 358:651-65. [PMID: 25173883 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1984-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells found in many adult tissues, especially bone marrow (BM) and are capable of differentiation into various lineage cells such as osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes and myocytes. Moreover, MSCs can be mobilized from connective tissue into circulation and from there to damaged sites to contribute to regeneration processes. MSCs commitment and differentiation are controlled by complex activities involving signal transduction through cytokines and catecholamines. There has been an increasing interest in recent years in the neural system, functioning in the support of stem cells like MSCs. Recent efforts have indicated that the catecholamine released from neural and not neural cells could be affected characteristics of MSCs. However, there have not been review studies of most aspects involved in catecholamines-mediated functions of MSCs. Thus, in this review paper, we will try to describe the current state of catecholamines in MSCs destination and discuss strategies being used for catecholamines for migration of these cells to damaged tissues. Then, the role of the nervous system in the induction of osteogenesis, adipogenesis, chondrogenesis and myogenesis from MSCs is discussed. Recent progress in studies of signaling transduction of catecholamines in determination of the final fate of MSCs is highlighted. Hence, the knowledge of interaction between MSCs with the neural system could be applied towards the development of new diagnostic and treatment alternatives for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Hajifathali
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, Taleghani Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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69
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Gubelmann C, Schwalie PC, Raghav SK, Röder E, Delessa T, Kiehlmann E, Waszak SM, Corsinotti A, Udin G, Holcombe W, Rudofsky G, Trono D, Wolfrum C, Deplancke B. Identification of the transcription factor ZEB1 as a central component of the adipogenic gene regulatory network. eLife 2014; 3:e03346. [PMID: 25163748 PMCID: PMC4359378 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a key determinant of whole body metabolism and energy homeostasis. Unraveling the regulatory mechanisms underlying adipogenesis is therefore highly relevant from a biomedical perspective. Our current understanding of fat cell differentiation is centered on the transcriptional cascades driven by the C/EBP protein family and the master regulator PPARγ. To elucidate further components of the adipogenic gene regulatory network, we performed a large-scale transcription factor (TF) screen overexpressing 734 TFs in mouse pre-adipocytes and probed their effect on differentiation. We identified 22 novel pro-adipogenic TFs and characterized the top ranking TF, ZEB1, as being essential for adipogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, its expression levels correlate with fat cell differentiation potential in humans. Genomic profiling further revealed that this TF directly targets and controls the expression of most early and late adipogenic regulators, identifying ZEB1 as a central transcriptional component of fat cell differentiation. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03346.001 The growing rates of obesity and related metabolic diseases are a major public health concern worldwide. People who are overweight or obese are at increased risk for a range of diseases including diabetes and heart disease, which may reduce their quality of life and shorten their lifespans. Obese people have more, larger fat cells than individuals of healthy weight, and so understanding how the body creates fat cells may provide new insights into ways to prevent or treat obesity. Fat cells arise from a population of stem cells that can also give rise to bone cells and cartilage. Some of the proteins—called transcription factors—that work together to turn on the expression of genes needed for a stem cell to become a fat cell have been identified. However, the exact regulatory processes that cause an unspecialized cell to develop into a fat cell remain unclear. Gubelmann et al. set out to identify more of the transcription factors that cause stem cells to become fat cells. A high-throughput, automated process was used to test the effect of over-expressing each of 734 transcription factors in mouse cells that are primed to become fat cells. Twenty-six transcription factors were found to increase the number of these primed cells that became mature fat cells—most of which had not previously been shown to affect how fat cells develop. The most powerful driver of fat cell development was ZEB1: a transcription factor that has previously been implicated in many other biological processes. Most notably, ZEB1 was linked to a transition during development that allows cells to migrate to the correct location in the embryo, but also to a mechanism that allows cancerous cells to spread to new tissues. Using studies of mouse cells and live mice, computational analyses, and biopsies from obese patients, Gubelmann et al. show that ZEB1 regulates numerous other transcription factors that promote the development of fat cells. These include factors that initially set an unspecialized cell on the path to becoming a fat cell and those that guide the changes that occur as the fat cell matures. Further studies will be required to show whether the ZEB1 protein itself is needed to prime stem cells to start becoming fat cells. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03346.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Gubelmann
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Petra C Schwalie
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sunil K Raghav
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eva Röder
- Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Tenagne Delessa
- Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Elke Kiehlmann
- Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian M Waszak
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Corsinotti
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gilles Udin
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wiebke Holcombe
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gottfried Rudofsky
- Ärztlicher Leiter Endokrinologie, Diabetologie und Klinische Ernährung Kantonsspital Olten, Olten, Switzerland
| | - Didier Trono
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Wolfrum
- Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Bart Deplancke
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
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70
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Fabrizi M, Marchetti V, Mavilio M, Marino A, Casagrande V, Cavalera M, Moreno-Navarrete JM, Mezza T, Sorice GP, Fiorentino L, Menghini R, Lauro R, Monteleone G, Giaccari A, Fernandez Real JM, Federici M. IL-21 is a major negative regulator of IRF4-dependent lipolysis affecting Tregs in adipose tissue and systemic insulin sensitivity. Diabetes 2014; 63:2086-96. [PMID: 24430438 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity elicits immune cell infiltration of adipose tissue provoking chronic low-grade inflammation. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are specifically reduced in adipose tissue of obese animals. Since interleukin (IL)-21 plays an important role in inducing and maintaining immune-mediated chronic inflammatory processes and negatively regulates Treg differentiation/activity, we hypothesized that it could play a role in obesity-induced insulin resistance. We found IL-21 and IL-21R mRNA expression upregulated in adipose tissue of high-fat diet (HFD) wild-type (WT) mice and in stromal vascular fraction from human obese subjects in parallel to macrophage and inflammatory markers. Interestingly, a larger infiltration of Treg cells was seen in the adipose tissue of IL-21 knockout (KO) mice compared with WT animals fed both normal diet and HFD. In a context of diet-induced obesity, IL-21 KO mice, compared with WT animals, exhibited lower body weight, improved insulin sensitivity, and decreased adipose and hepatic inflammation. This metabolic phenotype is accompanied by a higher induction of interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), a transcriptional regulator of fasting lipolysis in adipose tissue. Our data suggest that IL-21 exerts negative regulation on IRF4 and Treg activity, developing and maintaining adipose tissue inflammation in the obesity state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fabrizi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Marchetti
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Mavilio
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Marino
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Casagrande
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Cavalera
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy
| | - Josè Maria Moreno-Navarrete
- University Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital of Girona "Dr. Josep Trueta," Institut d'Investigació Biomédica de Girona IdibGi, and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Girona, Spain
| | - Teresa Mezza
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Pio Sorice
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, ItalyDiabetic Care Clinics, Associazione dei Cavalieri Italiani del Sovrano Militare Ordine di Malta (ACI SMOM), Rome, Italy
| | - Loredana Fiorentino
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Menghini
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy
| | - Renato Lauro
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Monteleone
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Giaccari
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, ItalyFondazione Don Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - José Manuel Fernandez Real
- University Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital of Girona "Dr. Josep Trueta," Institut d'Investigació Biomédica de Girona IdibGi, and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Girona, Spain
| | - Massimo Federici
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, ItalyCenter for Atherosclerosis, Department of Medicine, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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71
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Kraus D, Yang Q, Kong D, Banks AS, Zhang L, Rodgers JT, Pirinen E, Pulinilkunnil TC, Gong F, Wang YC, Cen Y, Sauve AA, Asara JM, Peroni OD, Monia BP, Bhanot S, Alhonen L, Puigserver P, Kahn BB. Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase knockdown protects against diet-induced obesity. Nature 2014; 508:258-62. [PMID: 24717514 PMCID: PMC4107212 DOI: 10.1038/nature13198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In obesity and type 2 diabetes, Glut4 glucose transporter expression is decreased selectively in adipocytes. Adipose-specific knockout or overexpression of Glut4 alters systemic insulin sensitivity. Here we show, using DNA array analyses, that nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (Nnmt) is the most strongly reciprocally regulated gene when comparing gene expression in white adipose tissue (WAT) from adipose-specific Glut4-knockout or adipose-specific Glut4-overexpressing mice with their respective controls. NNMT methylates nicotinamide (vitamin B3) using S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) as a methyl donor. Nicotinamide is a precursor of NAD(+), an important cofactor linking cellular redox states with energy metabolism. SAM provides propylamine for polyamine biosynthesis and donates a methyl group for histone methylation. Polyamine flux including synthesis, catabolism and excretion, is controlled by the rate-limiting enzymes ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and spermidine-spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase (SSAT; encoded by Sat1) and by polyamine oxidase (PAO), and has a major role in energy metabolism. We report that NNMT expression is increased in WAT and liver of obese and diabetic mice. Nnmt knockdown in WAT and liver protects against diet-induced obesity by augmenting cellular energy expenditure. NNMT inhibition increases adipose SAM and NAD(+) levels and upregulates ODC and SSAT activity as well as expression, owing to the effects of NNMT on histone H3 lysine 4 methylation in adipose tissue. Direct evidence for increased polyamine flux resulting from NNMT inhibition includes elevated urinary excretion and adipocyte secretion of diacetylspermine, a product of polyamine metabolism. NNMT inhibition in adipocytes increases oxygen consumption in an ODC-, SSAT- and PAO-dependent manner. Thus, NNMT is a novel regulator of histone methylation, polyamine flux and NAD(+)-dependent SIRT1 signalling, and is a unique and attractive target for treating obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kraus
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [2] [3] Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Würzburg University Hospital, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany (D.K.); Department of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Diabetes Research and Treatment, and Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA (Q.Y.); Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland (E.P.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L4L5, USA (T.C.P.); Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China (F.G.); School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland (L.A.)
| | - Qin Yang
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [2] [3] Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Würzburg University Hospital, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany (D.K.); Department of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Diabetes Research and Treatment, and Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA (Q.Y.); Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland (E.P.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L4L5, USA (T.C.P.); Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China (F.G.); School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland (L.A.)
| | - Dong Kong
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Alexander S Banks
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Joseph T Rodgers
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Eija Pirinen
- 1] Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland [2] Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Würzburg University Hospital, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany (D.K.); Department of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Diabetes Research and Treatment, and Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA (Q.Y.); Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland (E.P.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L4L5, USA (T.C.P.); Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China (F.G.); School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland (L.A.)
| | - Thomas C Pulinilkunnil
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [2] Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Würzburg University Hospital, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany (D.K.); Department of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Diabetes Research and Treatment, and Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA (Q.Y.); Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland (E.P.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L4L5, USA (T.C.P.); Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China (F.G.); School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland (L.A.)
| | - Fengying Gong
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [2] Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Würzburg University Hospital, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany (D.K.); Department of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Diabetes Research and Treatment, and Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA (Q.Y.); Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland (E.P.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L4L5, USA (T.C.P.); Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China (F.G.); School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland (L.A.)
| | - Ya-chin Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Yana Cen
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Anthony A Sauve
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - John M Asara
- Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Odile D Peroni
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Brett P Monia
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, 1896 Rutherford Road, Carlsbad, California 92008-7326, USA
| | - Sanjay Bhanot
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, 1896 Rutherford Road, Carlsbad, California 92008-7326, USA
| | - Leena Alhonen
- 1] Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland [2] Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Würzburg University Hospital, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany (D.K.); Department of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Diabetes Research and Treatment, and Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA (Q.Y.); Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland (E.P.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L4L5, USA (T.C.P.); Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China (F.G.); School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland (L.A.)
| | - Pere Puigserver
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Barbara B Kahn
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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72
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Wang XA, Zhang R, She ZG, Zhang XF, Jiang DS, Wang T, Gao L, Deng W, Zhang SM, Zhu LH, Guo S, Chen K, Zhang XD, Liu DP, Li H. Interferon regulatory factor 3 constrains IKKβ/NF-κB signaling to alleviate hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. Hepatology 2014; 59:870-85. [PMID: 24123166 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Obesity and related metabolic diseases associated with chronic low-grade inflammation greatly compromise human health. Previous observations on the roles of interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) in the regulation of metabolism prompted investigation of the involvement of a key family member, IRF3, in metabolic disorders. IRF3 expression in the liver is decreased in animals with diet-induced and genetic obesity. The global knockout (KO) of IRF3 significantly promotes chronic high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hepatic insulin resistance and steatosis; in contrast, adenoviral-mediated hepatic IRF3 overexpression preserves glucose and lipid homeostasis. Furthermore, systemic and hepatic inflammation, which is increased in IRF3 KO mice, is attenuated by the overexpression of hepatic IRF3. Importantly, inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase beta subunit / nuclear factor kappa B (IKKβ/NF-κB) signaling is repressed by IRF3, and hepatic overexpression of the inhibitor of κB-α (IκBα) reverses HFD-induced insulin resistance and steatosis in IRF3 KO mice. Mechanistically, IRF3 interacts with the kinase domain of IKKβ in the cytoplasm and inhibits its downstream signaling. Moreover, deletion of the region of IRF3 responsible for the IRF3/IKKβ interaction inhibits the capacity of IRF3 to preserve glucose and lipid homeostasis. CONCLUSION IRF3 interacts with IKKβ in the cytoplasm to inhibit IKKβ/NF-κB signaling, thus alleviating hepatic inflammation, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-An Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
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73
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Jossart C, Mulumba M, Granata R, Gallo D, Ghigo E, Marleau S, Servant MJ, Ong H. Pyroglutamylated RF-amide peptide (QRFP) gene is regulated by metabolic endotoxemia. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:65-79. [PMID: 24284825 PMCID: PMC5426650 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyroglutamylated RF-amide peptide (QRFP) is involved in the regulation of food intake, thermogenesis, adipogenesis, and lipolysis. The expression of QRFP in adipose tissue is reduced in diet-induced obesity, a mouse model in which plasma concentrations of endotoxins are slightly elevated. The present study investigated the role of metabolic endotoxemia (ME) on QRFP gene regulation. Our results uncovered the expression of QRFP in murine macrophages and cell lines. This expression has been found to be decreased in mice with ME. Low doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) transiently down-regulated QRFP by 59% in RAW264.7 macrophages but not in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The effect of LPS on QRFP expression in macrophages was dependent on the inhibitor of kB kinase and TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon (IFN)-β (TRIF) but not myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88. IFN-β was induced by ME in macrophages. IFN-β sustainably reduced QRFP expression in macrophages (64%) and adipocytes (49%). IFN-γ down-regulated QRFP (74%) in macrophages only. Both IFNs inhibited QRFP secretion from macrophages. LPS-stimulated macrophage-conditioned medium reduced QRFP expression in adipocytes, an effect blocked by IFN-β neutralizing antibody. The effect of IFN-β on QRFP expression was dependent on phosphoinositide 3-kinase, p38 MAPK, and histone deacetylases. The effect of IFN-γ was dependent on MAPK/ERK kinase 1/2 and histone deacetylases. Macrophage-conditioned medium containing increased amounts of QRFP preserved adipogenesis in adipocytes. In conclusion, LPS induces IFN-β release from macrophages, which reduces QRFP expression in both macrophages and adipocytes in an autocrine/paracrine-dependent manner, suggesting QRFP as a potential biomarker in ME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Jossart
- Faculty of Pharmacy (C.J., M.M., S.M., M.J.S., H.O.), Université de Montréal C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Québec, Canada, H3C 3J7; and Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology (R.G., D.G., E.G.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126 Turin, Italy
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74
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Suppression of PPARγ through MKRN1-mediated ubiquitination and degradation prevents adipocyte differentiation. Cell Death Differ 2013; 21:594-603. [PMID: 24336050 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The central regulator of adipogenesis, PPARγ, is a nuclear receptor that is linked to obesity and metabolic diseases. Here we report that MKRN1 is an E3 ligase of PPARγ that induces its ubiquitination, followed by proteasome-dependent degradation. Furthermore, we identified two lysine sites at 184 and 185 that appear to be targeted for ubiquitination by MKRN1. Stable overexpression of MKRN1 reduced PPARγ protein levels and suppressed adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 and C3H10T1/2 cells. In contrast, MKRN1 depletion stimulated adipocyte differentiation in these cells. Finally, MKRN1 knockout MEFs showed an increased capacity for adipocyte differentiation compared with wild-type MEFs, with a concomitant increase of PPARγ and adipogenic markers. Together, these data indicate that MKRN1 is an elusive PPARγ E3 ligase that targets PPARγ for proteasomal degradation by ubiquitin-dependent pathways, and further depict MKRN1 as a novel target for diseases involving PPARγ.
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75
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Birsoy K, Festuccia WT, Laplante M. A comparative perspective on lipid storage in animals. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:1541-52. [PMID: 23658371 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.104992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid storage is an evolutionary conserved process that exists in all organisms from simple prokaryotes to humans. In Metazoa, long-term lipid accumulation is restricted to specialized cell types, while a dedicated tissue for lipid storage (adipose tissue) exists only in vertebrates. Excessive lipid accumulation is associated with serious health complications including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Thus, significant advances have been made over the last decades to dissect out the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in adipose tissue formation and maintenance. Our current understanding of adipose tissue development comes from in vitro cell culture and mouse models, as well as recent approaches to study lipid storage in genetically tractable lower organisms. This Commentary gives a comparative insight into lipid storage in uni- and multi-cellular organisms with a particular emphasis on vertebrate adipose tissue. We also highlight the molecular mechanisms and nutritional signals that regulate the formation of mammalian adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kivanç Birsoy
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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76
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Lo KA, Labadorf A, Kennedy NJ, Han MS, Yap YS, Matthews B, Xin X, Sun L, Davis RJ, Lodish HF, Fraenkel E. Analysis of in vitro insulin-resistance models and their physiological relevance to in vivo diet-induced adipose insulin resistance. Cell Rep 2013; 5:259-70. [PMID: 24095730 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet-induced obesity (DIO) predisposes individuals to insulin resistance, and adipose tissue has a major role in the disease. Insulin resistance can be induced in cultured adipocytes by a variety of treatments, but what aspects of the in vivo responses are captured by these models remains unknown. We use global RNA sequencing to investigate changes induced by TNF-α, hypoxia, dexamethasone, high insulin, and a combination of TNF-α and hypoxia, comparing the results to the changes in white adipose tissue from DIO mice. We found that different in vitro models capture distinct features of DIO adipose insulin resistance, and a combined treatment of TNF-α and hypoxia is most able to mimic the in vivo changes. Using genome-wide DNase I hypersensitivity followed by sequencing, we further examined the transcriptional regulation of TNF-α-induced insulin resistance, and we found that C/EPBβ is a potential key regulator of adipose insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinyui Alice Lo
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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77
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Eguchi J, Kong X, Tenta M, Wang X, Kang S, Rosen ED. Interferon regulatory factor 4 regulates obesity-induced inflammation through regulation of adipose tissue macrophage polarization. Diabetes 2013; 62:3394-403. [PMID: 23835343 PMCID: PMC3781469 DOI: 10.2337/db12-1327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) play functionally diverse roles in the transcriptional regulation of the immune system. We have previously shown that several IRFs are regulators of adipogenesis and that IRF4 is a critical transcriptional regulator of adipocyte lipid handling. However, the functional role of IRF4 in adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) remains unclear, despite high expression there. Here we show that IRF4 expression is regulated in primary macrophages and in ATMs of high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Irf4(-/-) macrophages produce higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α, in response to fatty acids. In coculture experiments, IRF4 deletion in macrophages leads to reduced insulin signaling and glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. To determine the macrophage-specific function of IRF4 in the context of obesity, we generated myeloid cell-specific IRF4 knockout mice, which develop significant insulin resistance on a high-fat diet, despite no difference in adiposity. This phenotype is associated with increased expression of inflammatory genes and decreased insulin signaling in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and liver. Furthermore, Irf4(-/-) ATMs express markers suggestive of enhanced M1 polarization. These findings indicate that IRF4 is a negative regulator of inflammation in diet-induced obesity, in part through regulation of macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Eguchi
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan
| | - Xingxing Kong
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Masafumi Tenta
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan
| | - Xun Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sona Kang
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Evan D. Rosen
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Corresponding author: Evan D. Rosen,
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78
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Wang XA, Zhang R, Zhang S, Deng S, Jiang D, Zhong J, Yang L, Wang T, Hong S, Guo S, She ZG, Zhang XD, Li H. Interferon regulatory factor 7 deficiency prevents diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E485-95. [PMID: 23695216 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00505.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity-related inflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. In this study, we addressed the potential role of interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7), a master regulator of type I interferon-dependent immune responses, in the regulation of energy metabolism. The expression levels of IRF7 were increased in white adipose tissue, liver tissue, and gastrocnemius muscle of both diet-induced obese mice and ob/ob mice compared with their lean counterparts. After feeding a high-fat diet (HFD) for 24 wk, IRF7 knockout (KO) mice showed less weight gain and adiposity than wild-type controls. KO of IRF7 improved glucose and lipid homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Additionally, KO of IRF7 ameliorated diet-induced hepatic steatosis. Next, we assessed the inflammatory state of the IRF7 KO mice on the HFD. These mice showed less macrophage infiltration into multiple organs and were protected from local and systemic inflammation. This study demonstrates a role for IRF7 in diet-induced alterations in energy metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Our results also suggest that IRF7 is involved in the etiology of metabolic abnormalities, which suggests a new strategy for treating obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Adiposity
- Animals
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
- Energy Metabolism
- Fatty Liver/etiology
- Fatty Liver/immunology
- Fatty Liver/metabolism
- Fatty Liver/pathology
- Insulin Resistance
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-7/biosynthesis
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-7/genetics
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-7/metabolism
- Intra-Abdominal Fat/immunology
- Intra-Abdominal Fat/metabolism
- Intra-Abdominal Fat/pathology
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Obese
- Muscle, Skeletal/immunology
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
- Obesity/etiology
- Obesity/immunology
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/pathology
- Random Allocation
- Up-Regulation
- Weight Gain
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-An Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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79
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Wang XA, Zhang R, Jiang D, Deng W, Zhang S, Deng S, Zhong J, Wang T, Zhu LH, Yang L, Hong S, Guo S, Chen K, Zhang XF, She Z, Chen Y, Yang Q, Zhang XD, Li H. Interferon regulatory factor 9 protects against hepatic insulin resistance and steatosis in male mice. Hepatology 2013; 58:603-16. [PMID: 23471885 PMCID: PMC3736732 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Obesity is a calorie-excessive state associated with high risk of diabetes, atherosclerosis, and certain types of tumors. Obesity may induce inflammation and insulin resistance (IR). We found that the expression of interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 9 (IRF9), a major transcription factor mediating IFN responses, was lower in livers of obese mice than in those of their lean counterparts. Furthermore, whole-body IRF9 knockout (KO) mice were more obese and had aggravated IR, hepatic steatosis, and inflammation after chronic high-fat diet feeding. In contrast, adenoviral-mediated hepatic IRF9 overexpression in both diet-induced and genetically (ob/ob) obese mice showed markedly improved hepatic insulin sensitivity and attenuated hepatic steatosis and inflammation. We further employed a yeast two-hybrid screening system to investigate the interactions between IRF9 and its cofactors. Importantly, we identified that IRF9 interacts with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α), an important metabolism-associated nuclear receptor, to activate PPAR-α target genes. In addition, liver-specific PPAR-α overexpression rescued insulin sensitivity and ameliorated hepatic steatosis and inflammation in IRF9 KO mice. CONCLUSION IRF9 attenuates hepatic IR, steatosis, and inflammation through interaction with PPAR-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-An Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Dingsheng Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Wei Deng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Shumin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Shan Deng
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jinfeng Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Li-Hua Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Shufen Hong
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Sen Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Ke Chen
- College of life sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Xiao-Fei Zhang
- College of life sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Zhigang She
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Cancer Center, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Yingjie Chen
- Cardiovascular Division, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Qinglin Yang
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-3360, USA
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhang
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-3360, USA
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China,Correspondence to: Hongliang Li, MD, PhD, Professor and Director, Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, JieFang Road 238, Wuhan 430060, PR China., Tel/Fax: 86-27-88076990;
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80
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Velecela V, Lettice LA, Chau YY, Slight J, Berry RL, Thornburn A, Gunst QD, van den Hoff M, Reina M, Martínez FO, Hastie ND, Martínez-Estrada OM. WT1 regulates the expression of inhibitory chemokines during heart development. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:5083-95. [PMID: 23900076 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The embryonic epicardium is an important source of cardiovascular precursor cells and paracrine factors that are required for adequate heart formation. Signaling pathways regulated by WT1 that promote heart development have started to be described; however, there is little information on signaling pathways regulated by WT1 that could act in a negative manner. Transcriptome analysis of Wt1KO epicardial cells reveals an unexpected role for WT1 in repressing the expression of interferon-regulated genes that could be involved in a negative regulation of heart morphogenesis. Here, we showed that WT1 is required to repress the expression of the chemokines Ccl5 and Cxcl10 in epicardial cells. We observed an inverse correlation of Wt1 and the expression of Cxcl10 and Ccl5 during epicardium development. Chemokine receptor analyses of hearts from Wt1(gfp/+) mice demonstrate the differential expression of their chemokine receptors in GFP(+) epicardial enriched cells and GFP(-) cells. Functional assays demonstrate that CXCL10 and CCL5 inhibit epicardial cells migration and the proliferation of cardiomyocytes respectively. WT1 regulates the expression levels of Cxcl10 and Ccl5 in epicardial cells directly and indirectly through increasing the levels of IRF7. As epicardial cell reactivation after a myocardial damage is linked with WT1 expression, the present work has potential implications in adult heart repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Velecela
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
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81
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Zhou H, Kaplan T, Li Y, Grubisic I, Zhang Z, Wang PJ, Eisen MB, Tjian R. Dual functions of TAF7L in adipocyte differentiation. eLife 2013; 2:e00170. [PMID: 23326641 PMCID: PMC3539393 DOI: 10.7554/elife.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The diverse transcriptional mechanisms governing cellular differentiation and development of mammalian tissue remains poorly understood. Here we report that TAF7L, a paralogue of TFIID subunit TAF7, is enriched in adipocytes and white fat tissue (WAT) in mouse. Depletion of TAF7L reduced adipocyte-specific gene expression, compromised adipocyte differentiation, and WAT development as well. Ectopic expression of TAF7L in myoblasts reprograms these muscle precursors into adipocytes upon induction. Genome-wide mRNA-seq expression profiling and ChIP-seq binding studies confirmed that TAF7L is required for activating adipocyte-specific genes via a dual mechanism wherein it interacts with PPARγ at enhancers and TBP/Pol II at core promoters. In vitro binding studies confirmed that TAF7L forms complexes with both TBP and PPARγ. These findings suggest that TAF7L plays an integral role in adipocyte gene expression by targeting enhancers as a cofactor for PPARγ and promoters as a component of the core transcriptional machinery.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00170.001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
- Li Ka Shing Center For Biomedical and Health Sciences, CIRM Center of Excellence, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Tommy Kaplan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yan Li
- Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Ivan Grubisic
- Li Ka Shing Center For Biomedical and Health Sciences, CIRM Center of Excellence, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Zhengjian Zhang
- Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - P Jeremy Wang
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Michael B Eisen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Robert Tjian
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
- Li Ka Shing Center For Biomedical and Health Sciences, CIRM Center of Excellence, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
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Carroll WX, Kalupahana NS, Booker SL, Siriwardhana N, LeMieux M, Saxton AM, Moustaid-Moussa N. Angiotensinogen gene silencing reduces markers of lipid accumulation and inflammation in cultured adipocytes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:10. [PMID: 23483012 PMCID: PMC3593681 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory adipokines secreted from adipose tissue are major contributors to obesity-associated inflammation and other metabolic dysfunctions. We and others have recently documented the contribution of adipose tissue renin-angiotensin system to the pathogenesis of obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. We hypothesized that adipocyte-derived angiotensinogen (Agt) plays a critical role in adipogenesis and/or lipogenesis as well as inflammation. This was tested using 3T3-L1 adipocytes, stably transfected with Agt-shRNA or scrambled Sc-shRNA as a control. Transfected preadipocytes were differentiated and used to investigate the role of adipose Agt through microarray and PCR analyses and adipokine profiling. As expected, Agt gene silencing significantly reduced the expression of Agt and its hormone product angiotensin II (Ang II), as well as lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Microarray studies identified several genes involved in lipid metabolism and inflammatory pathways which were down-regulated by Agt gene inactivation, such as glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (Gpd1), serum amyloid A 3 (Saa3), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1 (Nod1), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (Stat1). Mouse adipogenesis PCR arrays revealed lower expression levels of adipogenic/lipogenic genes such as peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 (Srebf1), adipogenin (Adig), and fatty acid binding protein 4 (Fabp4). Further, silencing of Agt gene significantly lowered expression of pro-inflammatory adipokines including interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1). In conclusion, this study directly demonstrates critical effects of Agt in adipocyte metabolism and inflammation and further support a potential role for adipose Agt in the pathogenesis of obesity-associated metabolic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting X. Carroll
- Department of Animal Science, University of TennesseeKnoxville, TN, USA
- Obesity Research Center, University of TennesseeKnoxville, TN, USA
| | - Nishan S. Kalupahana
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of PeradeniyaPeradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Suzanne L. Booker
- Department of Animal Science, University of TennesseeKnoxville, TN, USA
- Obesity Research Center, University of TennesseeKnoxville, TN, USA
| | - Nalin Siriwardhana
- Nutritional Sciences Program, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech UniversityLubbock, TX, USA
| | - Monique LeMieux
- Nutritional Sciences Program, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech UniversityLubbock, TX, USA
| | - Arnold M. Saxton
- Department of Animal Science, University of TennesseeKnoxville, TN, USA
- Obesity Research Center, University of TennesseeKnoxville, TN, USA
| | - Naima Moustaid-Moussa
- Nutritional Sciences Program, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech UniversityLubbock, TX, USA
- *Correspondence: Naima Moustaid-Moussa, Nutritional Sciences Program, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, 1301 Akron Street, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA. e-mail:
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83
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Jang GW, Lee KT, Park JE, Kim H, Kim TH, Choi BH, Kim MJ, Lim D. Gene Expression Profiling in Hepatic Tissue of two Pig Breeds. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.5187/jast.2012.54.6.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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84
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Abstract
Both genetic and environmental factors play critical roles in the development of diabetes. Epidemiological evidence and data from clinical studies suggest the persistence of a "metabolic memory" of past exposures to environmental factors or glycemic control. Epigenetic mechanisms are regarded as one of the likeliest candidates underlying these phenomena. On the other hand, owing to the recent elucidation of mechanisms that erase epigenetic marks, it has gradually become recognized that epigenetic regulation is a more dynamic process than previously thought. A technological breakthrough in epigenome research in the past decade was the development of high-throughput sequencing. This new technology lets us investigate the epigenome in a global and comprehensive manner, and provides previously unrecognized findings and insights. This review presents an overview of the recent progress in our understanding of epigenetic regulation in type 1 and type 2 diabetes research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Waki
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
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85
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Epigenetic regulation plays an essential role in cell differentiation, by allowing the establishment and maintenance of the gene-expression pattern of the mature cell type. Because of its importance in chronic diseases, adipogenesis is one of the best-studied differentiation processes. The hormonal and transcriptional cascades governing the differentiation of the adipocytes are well known, but the role of epigenetic mechanisms is only starting to emerge. In this review, we intend to summarize the recently described epigenetic events that participate in adipogenesis and their connections with the main factors that constitute the classical transcriptional cascade. RECENT FINDINGS The advent of high-throughput technologies has made possible the exhaustive analysis of the epigenetic phenomenons taking place during adipogenesis. The cooperative recruitment of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBPβ) and other early proadipogenic transcription factors to transcription factor hotspots shortly after induction of adipogenesis is required to establish a transient epigenomic state that then informs the recruitment of the later adipogenic transcription factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARγ) and C/EBPα to their target genes. SUMMARY Epigenetic marks and chromatin-modifying proteins contribute to adipogenesis and, through regulation of the phenotypic maintenance of the mature adipocytes, to the control of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina M Musri
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain
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86
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Cawthorn WP, Scheller EL, MacDougald OA. Adipose tissue stem cells meet preadipocyte commitment: going back to the future. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:227-46. [PMID: 22140268 PMCID: PMC3269153 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r021089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 539] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) is perhaps the most plastic organ in the body, capable of regeneration following surgical removal and massive expansion or contraction in response to altered energy balance. Research conducted for over 70 years has investigated adipose tissue plasticity on a cellular level, spurred on by the increasing burden that obesity and associated diseases are placing on public health globally. This work has identified committed preadipocytes in the stromal vascular fraction of adipose tissue and led to our current understanding that adipogenesis is important not only for WAT expansion, but also for maintenance of adipocyte numbers under normal metabolic states. At the turn of the millenium, studies investigating preadipocyte differentiation collided with developments in stem cell research, leading to the discovery of multipotent stem cells within WAT. Such adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) are capable of differentiating into numerous cell types of both mesodermal and nonmesodermal origin, leading to their extensive investigation from a therapeutic and tissue engineering perspective. However, the insights gained through studying ASCs have also contributed to more-recent progress in attempts to better characterize committed preadipocytes in adipose tissue. Thus, ASC research has gone back to its roots, thereby expanding our knowledge of preadipocyte commitment and adipose tissue biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Cawthorn
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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87
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Siersbæk R, Nielsen R, Mandrup S. Transcriptional networks and chromatin remodeling controlling adipogenesis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2012; 23:56-64. [PMID: 22079269 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adipocyte differentiation is tightly controlled by a transcriptional cascade, which directs the extensive reprogramming of gene expression required to convert fibroblast-like precursor cells into mature lipid-laden adipocytes. Recent global analyses of transcription factor binding and chromatin remodeling have revealed 'snapshots' of this cascade and the chromatin landscape at specific time-points of differentiation. These studies demonstrate that multiple adipogenic transcription factors co-occupy hotspots characterized by an open chromatin structure and specific epigenetic modifications. Such transcription factor hotspots are likely to represent key signaling nodes which integrate multiple adipogenic signals at specific chromatin sites, thereby facilitating coordinated action on gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Siersbæk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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88
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Loss of regulator of G protein signaling 5 exacerbates obesity, hepatic steatosis, inflammation and insulin resistance. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30256. [PMID: 22272317 PMCID: PMC3260252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The effect of regulator of G protein signaling 5 (RGS5) on cardiac hypertrophy, atherosclerosis and angiogenesis has been well demonstrated, but the role in the development of obesity and insulin resistance remains completely unknown. We determined the effect of RGS5 deficiency on obesity, hepatic steatosis, inflammation and insulin resistance in mice fed either a normal-chow diet (NC) or a high-fat diet (HF). Methodology/Principal Findings Male, 8-week-old RGS5 knockout (KO) and littermate control mice were fed an NC or an HF for 24 weeks and were phenotyped accordingly. RGS5 KO mice exhibited increased obesity, fat mass and ectopic lipid deposition in the liver compared with littermate control mice, regardless of diet. When fed an HF, RGS5 KO mice had a markedly exacerbated metabolic dysfunction and inflammatory state in the blood serum. Meanwhile, macrophage recruitment and inflammation were increased and these increases were associated with the significant activation of JNK, IκBα and NF-κBp65 in the adipose tissue, liver and skeletal muscle of RGS5 KO mice fed an HF relative to control mice. These exacerbated metabolic dysfunction and inflammation are accompanied with decreased systemic insulin sensitivity in the adipose tissue, liver and skeletal muscle of RGS5 KO mice, reflected by weakened Akt/GSK3β phosphorylation. Conclusions/Significance Our data suggest that loss of RGS5 exacerbates HF-induced obesity, hepatic steatosis, inflammation and insulin resistance.
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89
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Waechter V, Schmid M, Herova M, Weber A, Günther V, Marti-Jaun J, Wüst S, Rösinger M, Gemperle C, Hersberger M. Characterization of the Promoter and the Transcriptional Regulation of the Lipoxin A4 Receptor (FPR2/ALX) Gene in Human Monocytes and Macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:1856-67. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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90
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Lim D, Lee KT, Park JE, Kim H, Kim TH, Choi BH, Kim MJ, Park HS, Jang GW. Analysis of gene expression profiles from subcutaneous adipose tissue of two pig breeds. Genes Genomics 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-011-0083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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91
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Gupta RK, Rosen ED, Spiegelman BM. Identifying novel transcriptional components controlling energy metabolism. Cell Metab 2011; 14:739-45. [PMID: 22152302 PMCID: PMC3240865 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of metabolic regulation at the transcriptional level presents different challenges than those encountered in the study of other important problems like development or cancer. Levels of key components like glucose, insulin, and lipids can be modulated but rarely change in an all-or-none fashion, necessitating quantitative techniques that can be applied to multiple tissues and systems. This review examines recent advances in methods for studying transcriptional regulation, with special emphasis on metabolic science. We compare these methods for investigators trying to decide on the best approach for their particular physiological paradigm or model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana K. Gupta
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Evan D. Rosen
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Bruce M. Spiegelman
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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92
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Bi X, Hameed M, Mirani N, Pimenta EM, Anari J, Barnes BJ. Loss of interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) expression in human ductal carcinoma correlates with disease stage and contributes to metastasis. Breast Cancer Res 2011; 13:R111. [PMID: 22053985 PMCID: PMC3326553 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION New signaling pathways of the interleukin (IL) family, interferons (IFN) and interferon regulatory factors (IRF) have recently been found within tumor microenvironments and in metastatic sites. Some of these cytokines stimulate while others inhibit breast cancer proliferation and/or invasion. IRFs, a family of nine mammalian transcription factors, have multiple biologic functions that when dysregulated may contribute to tumorigenesis; most well-known are their roles in regulating/initiating host immunity. Some IRF family members have been implicated in tumorigenesis yet little is still known of their expression in primary human tumors or their role(s) in disease development/progression. IRF5 is one of the newer family members to be studied and has been shown to be a critical mediator of host immunity and the cellular response to DNA damage. Here, we examined the expression of IRF5 in primary breast tissue and determined how loss of expression may contribute to breast cancer development and/or progression. METHODS Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded archival breast tissue specimens from patients with atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH), ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) were examined for their expression of IRF1 and IRF5. Knockdown or overexpression of IRF5 in MCF-10A, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 mammary epithelial cell lines was used to examine the role of IRF5 in growth inhibition, invasion and tumorigenesis. RESULTS Analysis of IRF expression in human breast tissues revealed the unique down-regulation of IRF5 in patients with different grades of DCIS and IDC as compared to IRF1; loss of IRF5 preceded that of IRF1 and correlated with increased invasiveness. Overexpression of IRF5 in breast cancer cells inhibited in vitro and in vivo cell growth and sensitized them to DNA damage. Complementary experiments with IRF5 siRNAs made normal mammary epithelial cells resistant to DNA damage. By 3-D culture, IRF5 overexpression reverted MDA-MB-231 to normal acini-like structures; cells overexpressing IRF5 had decreased CXCR4 expression and were insensitive to SDF-1/CXCL12-induced migration. These findings were confirmed by CXCR4 promoter reporter assays. CONCLUSIONS IRF5 is an important tumor suppressor that regulates multiple cellular processes involved in the conversion of normal mammary epithelial cells to tumor epithelial cells with metastatic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Bi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, New Jersey Medical School, UMDNJ, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
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93
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Lowe
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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94
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Extensive chromatin remodelling and establishment of transcription factor 'hotspots' during early adipogenesis. EMBO J 2011; 30:1459-72. [PMID: 21427703 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipogenesis is tightly controlled by a complex network of transcription factors acting at different stages of differentiation. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) family members are key regulators of this process. We have employed DNase I hypersensitive site analysis to investigate the genome-wide changes in chromatin structure that accompany the binding of adipogenic transcription factors. These analyses revealed a dramatic and dynamic modulation of the chromatin landscape during the first hours of adipocyte differentiation that coincides with cooperative binding of multiple early transcription factors (including glucocorticoid receptor, retinoid X receptor, Stat5a, C/EBPβ and -δ) to transcription factor 'hotspots'. Our results demonstrate that C/EBPβ marks a large number of these transcription factor 'hotspots' before induction of differentiation and chromatin remodelling and is required for their establishment. Furthermore, a subset of early remodelled C/EBP-binding sites persists throughout differentiation and is later occupied by PPARγ, indicating that early C/EBP family members, in addition to their well-established role in activation of PPARγ transcription, may act as pioneering factors for PPARγ binding.
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95
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Transcriptional control of adipose lipid handling by IRF4. Cell Metab 2011; 13:249-59. [PMID: 21356515 PMCID: PMC3063358 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adipocytes store triglyceride during periods of nutritional affluence and release free fatty acids during fasting through coordinated cycles of lipogenesis and lipolysis. While much is known about the acute regulation of these processes during fasting and feeding, less is understood about the transcriptional basis by which adipocytes control lipid handling. Here, we show that interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is a critical determinant of the transcriptional response to nutrient availability in adipocytes. Fasting induces IRF4 in an insulin- and FoxO1-dependent manner. IRF4 is required for lipolysis, at least in part due to direct effects on the expression of adipocyte triglyceride lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase. Conversely, reduction of IRF4 enhances lipid synthesis. Mice lacking adipocyte IRF4 exhibit increased adiposity and deficient lipolysis. These studies establish a link between IRF4 and the disposition of calories in adipose tissue, with consequences for systemic metabolic homeostasis.
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96
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Blanc M, Hsieh WY, Robertson KA, Watterson S, Shui G, Lacaze P, Khondoker M, Dickinson P, Sing G, Rodríguez-Martín S, Phelan P, Forster T, Strobl B, Müller M, Riemersma R, Osborne T, Wenk MR, Angulo A, Ghazal P. Host defense against viral infection involves interferon mediated down-regulation of sterol biosynthesis. PLoS Biol 2011; 9:e1000598. [PMID: 21408089 PMCID: PMC3050939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the protective role of inflammatory processes in modulating lipid metabolism in infection. Here we report an intimate link between the innate immune response to infection and regulation of the sterol metabolic network characterized by down-regulation of sterol biosynthesis by an interferon regulatory loop mechanism. In time-series experiments profiling genome-wide lipid-associated gene expression of macrophages, we show a selective and coordinated negative regulation of the complete sterol pathway upon viral infection or cytokine treatment with IFNγ or β but not TNF, IL1β, or IL6. Quantitative analysis at the protein level of selected sterol metabolic enzymes upon infection shows a similar level of suppression. Experimental testing of sterol metabolite levels using lipidomic-based measurements shows a reduction in metabolic output. On the basis of pharmacologic and RNAi inhibition of the sterol pathway we show augmented protection against viral infection, and in combination with metabolite rescue experiments, we identify the requirement of the mevalonate-isoprenoid branch of the sterol metabolic network in the protective response upon statin or IFNβ treatment. Conditioned media experiments from infected cells support an involvement of secreted type 1 interferon(s) to be sufficient for reducing the sterol pathway upon infection. Moreover, we show that infection of primary macrophages containing a genetic knockout of the major type I interferon, IFNβ, leads to only a partial suppression of the sterol pathway, while genetic knockout of the receptor for all type I interferon family members, ifnar1, or associated signaling component, tyk2, completely abolishes the reduction of the sterol biosynthetic activity upon infection. Levels of the proteolytically cleaved nuclear forms of SREBP2, a key transcriptional regulator of sterol biosynthesis, are reduced upon infection and IFNβ treatment at both the protein and de novo transcription level. The reduction in srebf2 gene transcription upon infection and IFN treatment is also found to be strictly dependent on ifnar1. Altogether these results show that type 1 IFN signaling is both necessary and sufficient for reducing the sterol metabolic network activity upon infection, thereby linking the regulation of the sterol pathway with interferon anti-viral defense responses. These findings bring a new link between sterol metabolism and interferon antiviral response and support the idea of using host metabolic modifiers of innate immunity as a potential antiviral strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Blanc
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Yuan Hsieh
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin A. Robertson
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Systems Biology at Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Watterson
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Systems Biology at Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Guanghou Shui
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Paul Lacaze
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mizanur Khondoker
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Dickinson
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Systems Biology at Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Garwin Sing
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Martín
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Phelan
- Metabolic Signaling Diseases Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Thorsten Forster
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Systems Biology at Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Birgit Strobl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Veterinary University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Veterinary University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolph Riemersma
- Centre for Cardiovascular Disease, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Osborne
- Metabolic Signaling Diseases Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Markus R. Wenk
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ana Angulo
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter Ghazal
- Division of Pathway Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Systems Biology at Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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97
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Preadipocytes of type 2 diabetes subjects display an intrinsic gene expression profile of decreased differentiation capacity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2011; 35:1154-64. [PMID: 21326205 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2010.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are associated with increased adipocyte size, altered secretory pattern and decreased differentiation of preadipocytes. In this study, we identified the underlying molecular processes in preadipocytes of T2DM patients, a characteristic for the development of T2DM. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS Preadipocyte cell cultures were prepared from subcutaneous fat biopsies of seven T2DM patients (age 53 ± 12 years; body mass index (BMI) 34 ± 5 kg m(-2)) and nine control subjects (age 51 ± 12 years; BMI 30 ± 3 kg m(-2)). Microarray analysis was used to identify altered processes between the T2DM and control preadipocytes. RESULTS Gene expression profiling showed changed expression of transcription regulators involved in adipogenesis and in extracellular matrix remodeling, actin cytoskeleton and integrin signaling genes, which indicated decreased capacity to differentiate. Additionally, genes involved in insulin signaling and lipid metabolism were downregulated, and inflammation/apoptosis was upregulated in T2DM preadipocytes. CONCLUSION Decreased expression of genes involved in differentiation can provide a molecular basis for the reduced adipogenesis of preadipocytes of T2DM subjects, leading to reduced formation of adipocytes in subcutaneous fat depots, and ultimately leading to ectopic fat storage.
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98
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Li X, Thomason PA, Withers DJ, Scott J. Bio-informatics analysis of a gene co-expression module in adipose tissue containing the diet-responsive gene Nnat. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2010; 4:175. [PMID: 21187013 PMCID: PMC3022651 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-4-175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Obesity causes insulin resistance in target tissues - skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, liver and the brain. Insulin resistance predisposes to type-2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Adipose tissue inflammation is an essential characteristic of obesity and insulin resistance. Neuronatin (Nnat) expression has been found to be altered in a number of conditions related to inflammatory or metabolic disturbance, but its physiological roles and regulatory mechanisms in adipose tissue, brain, pancreatic islets and other tissues are not understood. Results We identified transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) conserved in the Nnat promoter, and transcription factors (TF) abundantly expressed in adipose tissue. These include transcription factors concerned with the control of: adipogenesis (Pparγ, Klf15, Irf1, Creb1, Egr2, Gata3); lipogenesis (Mlxipl, Srebp1c); inflammation (Jun, Stat3); insulin signalling and diabetes susceptibility (Foxo1, Tcf7l2). We also identified NeuroD1 the only documented TF that controls Nnat expression. We identified KEGG pathways significantly associated with Nnat expression, including positive correlations with inflammation and negative correlations with metabolic pathways (most prominently oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, pyruvate metabolism) and protein turnover. 27 genes, including; Gstt1 and Sod3, concerned with oxidative stress; Sncg and Cxcl9 concerned with inflammation; Ebf1, Lgals12 and Fzd4 involved in adipogenesis; whose expression co-varies with Nnat were identified, and conserved transcription factor binding sites identified on their promoters. Functional networks relating to each of these genes were identified. Conclusions Our analysis shows that Nnat is an acute diet-responsive gene in white adipose tissue and hypothalamus; it may play an important role in metabolism, adipogenesis, and resolution of oxidative stress and inflammation in response to dietary excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhong Li
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Medicine Department, Imperial College London, South Kensington, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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99
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Mikkelsen TS, Xu Z, Zhang X, Wang L, Gimble JM, Lander ES, Rosen ED. Comparative epigenomic analysis of murine and human adipogenesis. Cell 2010; 143:156-69. [PMID: 20887899 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the generation and comparative analysis of genome-wide chromatin state maps, PPARγ and CTCF localization maps, and gene expression profiles from murine and human models of adipogenesis. The data provide high-resolution views of chromatin remodeling during cellular differentiation and allow identification of thousands of putative preadipocyte- and adipocyte-specific cis-regulatory elements based on dynamic chromatin signatures. We find that the specific locations of most such elements differ between the two models, including at orthologous loci with similar expression patterns. Based on sequence analysis and reporter assays, we show that these differences are determined, in part, by evolutionary turnover of transcription factor motifs in the genome sequences and that this turnover may be facilitated by the presence of multiple distal regulatory elements at adipogenesis-dependent loci. We also utilize the close relationship between open chromatin marks and transcription factor motifs to identify and validate PLZF and SRF as regulators of adipogenesis.
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100
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Savitsky D, Tamura T, Yanai H, Taniguchi T. Regulation of immunity and oncogenesis by the IRF transcription factor family. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:489-510. [PMID: 20049431 PMCID: PMC11030943 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0804-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nine interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) compose a family of transcription factors in mammals. Although this family was originally identified in the context of the type I interferon system, subsequent studies have revealed much broader functions performed by IRF members in host defense. In this review, we provide an update on the current knowledge of their roles in immune responses, immune cell development, and regulation of oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Savitsky
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Tomohiko Tamura
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yanai
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Tadatsugu Taniguchi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
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