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Fan CC, Lin TF. N-nitrosamines in drinking water and beer: Detection and risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 200:48-56. [PMID: 29475028 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Occurrence and risk related to nitrosamines, a group of carcinogenic compounds found in some drinking waters and beer, are studied. An analytical method using a solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) along with gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS) was developed to determine seven N-nitrosamines in drinking water and beer, including N-nitrosomethylamine (NMEA), N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine (NDPA), N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPyr), N-nitrosopiperidine (NPip), and N-nitrosodinbutylamine (NDBA). The analysis can be completed in 70 min, and only a 4 mL sample is required, with a detection limit of 0.1-0.8 ng/L for the seven nitrosamines in water and 6-15.7 ng/L in beer. The method was applied to analyze water samples collected from 11 reservoirs and their associated drinking water treatment plants in Taiwan and 10 beer samples from 6 brands with factories located in 6 countries. In the drinking water samples, all seven N-nitrosamines were detected, with NDMA having the highest level at 10.2 ng/L. In the beer samples, NDMA was detected at much lower concentrations (0.12-0.23 μg/L) than the 5 μg/L US standard, while NPip was detected at much higher concentrations (4.1-5.3 μg/L) compared to NDMA. The risk assessment indicates that the risk associated with NDMA is the highest among the studied N-nitrosamines in Taiwan's drinking water, with an average cancer risk of 6.4 × 10-06. For other nitrosamines, the risks are all below 10-6. For the risks associated with N-nitrosamines in beer, NDMA, NDEA, NDPA, and NPip are in the range of 1.5 × 10-05 to 4.6 × 10-04, while that for other nitrosamines are much lower. As for beer, no information for NPip and no modern information for NDEA and NDPA have previously been available, more studies about nitrosamines in beer are suggested for better estimation and control of the risks associated with consumption of beer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Cheng Fan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, No.1, University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tsair-Fuh Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, No.1, University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan, ROC.
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52
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Zou R, Liao X, Zhao L, Yuan B. Reduction of N-nitrosodimethylamine formation from ranitidine by ozonation preceding chloramination: influencing factors and mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:13489-13498. [PMID: 29492817 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1470-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Formation of toxic N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) by chloramination of ranitidine, a drug to block histamine, was still an ongoing issue and posed a risk to human health. In this study, the effect of ozonation prior to chloramination on NDMA formation and the transformation pathway were determined. Influencing factors, including ozone dosages, pH, hydroxyl radical scavenger, bromide, and NOM, were studied. The results demonstrated that small ozone dosage (0.5 mg/L) could effectively control NDMA formation from subsequent chloramination (from 40 to 0.8%). The NDMA molar conversion was not only influenced by pH but also by ozone dosages at various pre-ozonation pH (reached the highest value of 5% at pH 8 with 0.5 mg/L O3 but decreased with the increasing pH with 1 mg/L O3). The NDMA molar yield by chloramination of ranitidine without pre-ozonation was reduced by the presence of bromide ion due to the decomposition of disinfectant. However, due to the formation of brominated intermediate substances (i.e., dimethylamine (DMA), dimethyl-aminomethyl furfuryl alcohol (DFUR)) with higher NDMA molar yield than their parent substances, more NDMA was formed than that without bromide ion upon ozonation. Natural organic matter (NOM) and hydroxyl radical scavenger (tert-butyl alcohol, tBA) enhanced NDMA generation because of the competition of ozone and more ranitidine left. The NDMA reduction mechanism by pre-ozonation during chloramination of ranitidine may be due to the production of oxidation products with less NDMA yield (such as DMA) than parent compound. Based on the result of Q-TOF and GC-MS/MS analysis, three possible transformation pathways were proposed. Different influences of oxidation conditions and water quality parameters suggest that strategies to reduce NDMA formation should vary with drinking water sources and choose optimal ozone dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rusen Zou
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Xiaobin Liao
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Lei Zhao
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Baoling Yuan
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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Fujioka T, Ishida KP, Shintani T, Kodamatani H. High rejection reverse osmosis membrane for removal of N-nitrosamines and their precursors. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 131:45-51. [PMID: 29268083 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Direct potable reuse is becoming a feasible option to cope with water shortages. It requires more stringent water quality assurance than indirect potable reuse. Thus, the development of a high-rejection reverse osmosis (RO) membrane for the removal of one of the most challenging chemicals in potable reuse - N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) - ensures further system confidence in reclaimed water quality. This study aimed to achieve over 90% removal of NDMA by modifying three commercial and one prototype RO membrane using heat treatment. Application of heat treatment to a prototype membrane resulted in a record high removal of 92% (1.1-log) of NDMA. Heat treatment reduced conductivity rejection and permeability, while secondary amines, selected as N-nitrosamine precursors, were still well rejected (>98%) regardless of RO membrane type. This study also demonstrated the highly stable separation performance of the heat-treated prototype membrane under conditions of varying feed temperature and permeate flux. Fouling propensity of the prototype membrane was lower than a commercial RO membrane. This study identified a need to develop highly selective RO membranes with high permeability to ensure the feasibility of using these membranes at full scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Fujioka
- Water and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
| | - Kenneth P Ishida
- Research & Development Department, Orange County Water District, 18700 Ward Street, Fountain Valley, CA 92708, USA
| | - Takuji Shintani
- Division of Advanced Membrane Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kodamatani
- Division of Earth and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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54
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Lim DS, Lim SK, Kim MK, Kwon YC, Roh TH, Choi SM, Yoon S, Kim HS, Lee BM. Formation and inhibition of N-nitrosodiethanolamine in cosmetics under pH, temperature, and fluorescent, ultraviolet, and visual light. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2018; 81:241-253. [PMID: 29473797 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1440172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA), a type of nitrosamine, is a possible human carcinogen that may form in cosmetic products. The aim of this study was to examine the formation and inhibition of NDELA through chemical reactions of secondary amines including mono-ethanolamine, di-ethanolamine (DEA), and tri-ethanolamine (TEA), and sodium nitrite (SN) under varying conditions such as pH, temperature, and fluorescent, ultraviolet (UV), and visual light (VIS) using liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy. In a mixture of TEA and SN under acidic conditions pH 2, residual NDELA concentrations rose significantly under various storage conditions in the following order: 50°C > 40°C > UV (2 W/m2) > VIS (4000 lux) > fluorescent light > 25°C > 10°C. In a mixture of DEA and SN under the same acidic pH 2 conditions, NDELA formation was significantly elevated in the following order: UV (2 W/m2) > VIS (4000 lux) > 50°C > 40°C > fluorescent light > 25°C > 10°C. Inhibition of NDELA formation by d-mannitol, vitamin C (Vit C), or vitamin E (Vit E) was determined under varying conditions of pH, temperature, and fluorescent, UV, and VIS. At high concentrations of 100 or 1000 µg/ml, Vit E significantly decreased residual NDELA compared with control levels under acidic pH 2, but not under basic pH 6. Among various antioxidants, Vit E reacted more effectively with many nitrosating agents such as nitrate and nitrite found in cosmetic products. Therefore, to reduce NDELA, it is recommended that cosmetics be stored under cool/amber conditions and that Vit E or Vit C inhibitors of nitrosation be optimally added to cosmetic formulations at concentrations between 100 and 1000 µg/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duck Soo Lim
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Seung Kwang Lim
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Min Kook Kim
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Yong Chan Kwon
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Roh
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Seul Min Choi
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Sungpil Yoon
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Hyung Sik Kim
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Byung-Mu Lee
- a Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
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55
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Ling R, Yu L, Pham TPT, Shao J, Chen JP, Reinhard M. Catalytic effect of iron on the tolerance of thin-film composite polyamide reverse osmosis membranes to hydrogen peroxide. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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56
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Liu C, Olivares CI, Pinto AJ, Lauderdale CV, Brown J, Selbes M, Karanfil T. The control of disinfection byproducts and their precursors in biologically active filtration processes. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 124:630-653. [PMID: 28822343 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
While disinfection provides hygienically safe drinking water, the disinfectants react with inorganic or organic precursors, leading to the formation of harmful disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Biological filtration is a process in which an otherwise conventional granular filter is designed to remove not only fine particulates but also dissolved organic matters (e.g., DBP precursors) through microbially mediated degradation. Recently, applications of biofiltration in drinking water treatment have increased significantly. This review summarizes the effectiveness of biofiltration in removing DBPs and their precursors and identifies potential factors in biofilters that may control the removal or contribute to formation of DBP and their precursors during drinking water treatment. Biofiltration can remove a fraction of the precursors of halogenated DBPs (trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, haloketones, haloaldehydes, haloacetonitriles, haloacetamides, and halonitromethanes), while also demonstrating capability in removing bromate and halogenated DBPs, except for trihalomethanes. However, the effectiveness of biofiltration mediated removal of nitrosamine and its precursors appears to be variable. An increase in nitrosamine precursors after biofiltration was ascribed to the biomass sloughing off from media or direct nitrosamine formation in the biofilter under certain denitrifying conditions. Operating parameters, such as pre-ozonation, media type, empty bed contact time, backwashing, temperature, and nutrient addition may be optimized to control the regulated DBPs in the biofilter effluent while minimizing the formation of unregulated emerging DBPs. While summarizing the state of knowledge of biofiltration mediated control of DBPs, this review also identifies several knowledge gaps to highlight future research topics of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA
| | - Christopher I Olivares
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA
| | - Ameet J Pinto
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, 269 SN, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Jess Brown
- Carollo Engineers, Inc., 3150 Bristol Street, Suite 500, Costa Mesa, CA 92929, USA
| | - Meric Selbes
- Hazen and Sawyer, Environmental Engineers and Scientists, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA.
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58
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Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water and Evaluation of Potential Health Risks of Long-Term Exposure in Nigeria. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 2017:7535797. [PMID: 28900447 PMCID: PMC5576402 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7535797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Levels of trihalomethanes (THMs) in drinking water from water treatment plants (WTPs) in Nigeria were studied using a gas chromatograph (GC Agilent 7890A with autosampler Agilent 7683B) equipped with electron capture detector (ECD). The mean concentrations of the trihalomethanes ranged from zero in raw water samples to 950 μg/L in treated water samples. Average concentration values of THMs in primary and secondary disinfection samples exceeded the standard maximum contaminant levels. Results for the average THMs concentrations followed the order TCM > BDCM > DBCM > TBM. EPA-developed models were adopted for the estimation of chronic daily intakes (CDI) and excess cancer incidence through ingestion pathway. Higher average intake was observed in adults (4.52 × 10-2 mg/kg-day), while the ingestion in children (3.99 × 10-2 mg/kg-day) showed comparable values. The total lifetime cancer incidence rate was relatively higher in adults than children with median values 244 and 199 times the negligible risk level.
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59
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Li S, Zhang X, Bei E, Yue H, Lin P, Wang J, Zhang X, Chen C. Capability of cation exchange technology to remove proven N-nitrosodimethylamine precursors. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 58:331-339. [PMID: 28774624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursors consist of a positively charged dimethylamine group and a non-polar moiety, which inspired us to develop a targeted cation exchange technology to remove NDMA precursors. In this study, we tested the removal of two representative NDMA precursors, dimethylamine (DMA) and ranitidine (RNTD), by strong acidic cation exchange resin. The results showed that pH greatly affected the exchange efficiency, with high removal (DMA>78% and RNTD>94%) observed at pH<pka-1 when the molar ratio of exchange capacity to precursor was 4. The exchange order was obtained as follows: Ca2+>Mg2+>RNTD+>K+>DMA+>NH4+>Na+. The partition coefficient of DMA+ to Na+ was 1.41±0.26, while that of RNTD+ to Na+ was 12.1±1.9. The pseudo second-order equation fitted the cation exchange kinetics well. Bivalent inorganic cations such as Ca2+ were found to have a notable effect on NA precursor removal in softening column test. Besides DMA and RNTD, cation exchange process also worked well for removing other 7 model NDMA precursors. Overall, NDMA precursor removal can be an added benefit of making use of cation exchange water softening processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixiang Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xulan Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Er Bei
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huihui Yue
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Pengfei Lin
- School of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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60
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Lashgari M, Yamini Y, Basheer C, Lee HK. Ordered mesoporous carbon as sorbent for the extraction of N-nitrosamines in wastewater and swimming pool water. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1513:35-41. [PMID: 28747253 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The analysis and determination of N-nitrosamines (NAs) in water samples are challenging and demanding. In this study, a simple, reliable, and practical methodology is reported for the quantitative determination by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with electron impact ionization (EI) and triple quadrupole analyzer (GC-EI-MS/MS) of eight NAs after micro-solid-phase extraction (μ-SPE) from wastewater and swimming pool water. Thirty milligram of an ordered mesoporous carbonaceous material, oxidative surface-modified CMK-3, enclosed within a porous polypropylene membrane bag, were used as sorbent for μ-SPE. A central composite design approach was applied to optimize the μ-SPE parameters. An isotopically-labeled NA was used as internal standard. Under the optimized conditions, μ-SPE-GC-EI-MS/MS was validated for an NA concentration range of between 0.1-100ng/mL. The precision of the method was evaluated and an average relative standard deviation of 4.8% (n=8) for a standard solution spiked at 50ng/mL of each NA was obtained. The limits of detection were measured to be in the range of 0.005-0.283ng/mL. Domestic wastewater and swimming pool water samples were used to evaluate the applicability of the method. NAs were detected in swimming pool water and wastewater at concentrations of <2ng/mL and 11ng/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Lashgari
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore; Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115175, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yadollah Yamini
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115175, Tehran, Iran
| | - Chanbasha Basheer
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, P.O. Box 1509, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hian Kee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore; National University of Singapore Environmental Research Institute, T-Lab Building #02-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore.
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61
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Woods-Chabane GC, Glover CM, Marti EJ, Dickenson ERV. A novel assay to measure tertiary and quaternary amines in wastewater: An indicator for NDMA wastewater precursors. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 179:298-305. [PMID: 28376393 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the potential of using a novel bulk amine assay as an approximation for the tertiary and quaternary amine load in wastewaters and surface water samples, and this approximation was compared to N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation potential using chloramines. An existing colorimetric method was examined and optimized for the detection of amines in environmental water samples. The method consists of liquid-liquid extraction followed by a catalyzed reaction to form a yet-undefined product that is known to be both a strong chromophore and fluorophore. Previous work verified that this reaction was effectively catalyzed by a number of compounds containing tertiary and quaternary amine moieties. Many tertiary and quaternary compounds are also efficient producers of NDMA under chloramination conditions, and a linear correlation was consequently derived from the bulk amine signals vs. NDMA formation potential in various wastewater samples (R2 = 0.74; n = 24; p-value < 0.05). The results provide evidence that approximately 2% of the tertiary and quaternary amines measured can form NDMA and an estimated 0.01-1.3% of nitrogen in dissolved organic nitrogen originates from these bulk amines. The normalization of NDMA concentration by the amine measurement revealed that ozone effectively destroyed those tertiary and quaternary amine structures more likely to form NDMA in treated wastewater samples. This bulk amine assay illustrates that proxy measurements of tertiary and quaternary amines can be linked to the NDMA formation potential of a given sample, and this approach may prove useful as a characterizing tool for NDMA precursors in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwen C Woods-Chabane
- Southern Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV, 89193-9954, USA.
| | - Caitlin M Glover
- Southern Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV, 89193-9954, USA
| | - Erica J Marti
- Southern Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV, 89193-9954, USA
| | - Eric R V Dickenson
- Southern Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV, 89193-9954, USA.
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62
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Bolyard SC, Reinhart DR. Evaluation of leachate dissolved organic nitrogen discharge effect on wastewater effluent quality. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 65:47-53. [PMID: 28408279 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen is limited more and more frequently in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents because of the concern of causing eutrophication in discharge waters. Twelve leachates from eight landfills in Florida and California were characterized for total nitrogen (TN) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). The average concentration of TN and DON in leachate was approximately 1146mg/L and 40mg/L, respectively. Solid-phase extraction was used to fractionate the DON based on hydrophobic (recalcitrant fraction) and hydrophilic (bioavailable fraction) chemical properties. The average leachate concentrations of bioavailable (bDON) and recalcitrant (rDON) DON were 16.5mg/L and 18.4mg/L, respectively. The rDON fraction was positively correlated, but with a low R2, with total leachate apparent color dissolved UV254, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and humic acid (R2 equals 0.38, 0.49, and 0.40, respectively). The hydrophobic fraction of DON (rDON) was highly colored. This fraction was also associated with over 60% of the total leachate COD. Multiple leachate and wastewater co-treatment simulations were carried out to assess the effects of leachate on total nitrogen wastewater effluent quality using removals for four WWTPs under different scenarios. The calculated pass through of DON suggests that leachate could contribute to significant amounts of nitrogen discharged to aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Bolyard
- Environmental Research & Education Foundation, 3301 Benson Drive, Suite 101, Raleigh, NC 27609, United States.
| | - Debra R Reinhart
- University of Central Florida, Office of Research and Commercialization, 4365 Andromeda Loop N., MH 243, Orlando, FL 32816, United States.
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63
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Boczkaj G, Makoś P, Fernandes A, Przyjazny A. New procedure for the examination of the degradation of volatile organonitrogen compounds during the treatment of industrial effluents. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:1301-1309. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Boczkaj
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering; Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology; Gdansk Poland
| | - Patrycja Makoś
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering; Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology; Gdansk Poland
| | - Andre Fernandes
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering; Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology; Gdansk Poland
| | - Andrzej Przyjazny
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Kettering University; Kettering Flint MI USA
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64
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Ersan MS, Ladner DA, Karanfil T. The control of N-nitrosodimethylamine, Halonitromethane, and Trihalomethane precursors by Nanofiltration. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 105:274-281. [PMID: 27623413 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanofiltration (NF) is a promising technology for removing precursors of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) from source waters prior to oxidant addition in water treatment. The aims of this study were to investigate (i) the removal efficiencies of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), halonitromethane (HNM), and trihalomethane (THM) precursors by NF membranes from different source water types (i.e. surface water, wastewater impacted surface water, and municipal and industrial wastewater treatment effluents), (ii) the impact of membrane type, and (iii) the effects of background water components (i.e., pH, ionic strength, and Ca2+) on the removal of selected DBP precursors from different source waters. The results showed the overall precursor removal efficiencies were 57-83%, 48-87%, and 72-97% for NDMA, HNM, and THM precursors, respectively. The removal of NDMA precursors decreased with the increases in average molecular weight cut off and negative surface charge of NF membranes tested, while the removal of THM precursors was slightly affected. pH changes increased the removal of NDMA precursors, but pH did not affect the removal of THM and HNM precursors in municipal WWTP effluent. On the other hand, pH changes had little or no effect on DBP removal from industrial WWTP effluent. In addition, regardless of the membrane type or background water type/characteristics, ionic strength did not show any impact on DBP precursor removals. Lastly, an increase in Ca2+ concentration enhanced the removal of NDMA precursors while a slight decrease and no effect was observed for THM and HNM precursors, respectively, in municipal WWTP effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut S Ersan
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA
| | - David A Ladner
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA.
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Bei E, Liao X, Meng X, Li S, Wang J, Sheng D, Chao M, Chen Z, Zhang X, Chen C. Identification of nitrosamine precursors from urban drainage during storm events: A case study in southern China. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 160:323-331. [PMID: 27393968 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.06.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The drinking water sources of many cities in southern China are frequently contaminated by upstream urban drainage during storm events, which brings high concentrations of N-nitrosamine (NA) precursors and poses a threat to the safety of drinking water. We conducted two sampling campaigns during the heavy rain season in 2015 in one representative city in southern China. We detected that the concentration of N-nitrosodimethylamine formation potential (NDMA FP) in urban drainage during two storm events was 80-115 ng/L and the total formation potential concentration of nine nitrosamines (TNA9 FP) was 145-165 ng/L. To address the deteriorated water quality, 30 mg/L of powdered activated carbon (PAC) was fed into the water intake. PAC adsorption alone could remove 52% of NDMA FP and 52% of TNA FP, while the subsequent conventional process only removed 8% of TNA FP. We isolated six chemicals (N,N-benzyldimethylamine, 5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-2-furanmethanol, N,N-dimethyl-3-aminophenol, N,N-dimethylethylamine, Ziram, and N,N-dimethylaniline) and confirmed them to be NA precursors. Among these NA precursors, Ziram was identified for the first time as a NA precursor that is formed via chloramination; its molar yield for NDMA was 6.73 ± 0.40%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Er Bei
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiaobin Liao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China
| | - Xiangting Meng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shixiang Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Deyang Sheng
- Dongguan Dongjiang ShuiWu Co., Ltd., Dongguan, Guangdong Province, 523112, China
| | - Meng Chao
- Dongguan Dongjiang ShuiWu Co., Ltd., Dongguan, Guangdong Province, 523112, China
| | - Zhuohua Chen
- Dongguan Dongjiang ShuiWu Co., Ltd., Dongguan, Guangdong Province, 523112, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Mamo J, Insa S, Monclús H, Rodríguez-Roda I, Comas J, Barceló D, Farré MJ. Fate of NDMA precursors through an MBR-NF pilot plant for urban wastewater reclamation and the effect of changing aeration conditions. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 102:383-393. [PMID: 27393963 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The removal of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation potential through a membrane bioreactor (MBR) coupled to a nanofiltration (NF) pilot plant that treats urban wastewater is investigated. The results are compared to the fate of the individual NDMA precursors detected: azithromycin, citalopram, erythromycin, clarithromycin, ranitidine, venlafaxine and its metabolite o-desmethylvenlafaxine. Specifically, the effect of dissolved oxygen in the aerobic chamber of the MBR pilot plant on the removal of NDMA formation potential (FP) and individual precursors is studied. During normal aerobic operation, implying a fully nitrifying system, the MBR was able to reduce NDMA precursors above 94%, however this removal percentage was reduced to values as low as 72% when changing the conditions to minimize nitrification. Removal decreased also for azithromycin (68-59%), citalopram (31-17%), venlafaxine (35-15%) and erythromycin (61-16%) on average during nitrifying versus non-nitrifying conditions. The removal of clarithromycin, o-desmethylvenlafaxine and ranitidine could not be correlated with the nitrification inhibition, as it varied greatly during the experiment time. The MBR pilot plant is coupled to a nanofiltration (NF) system and the results on the rejection of both, NDMA FP and individual precursors, through this system was above 90%. Finally, results obtained for the MBR pilot plant are compared to the percentage of removal by a conventional full scale biological wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) fed with the same influent. During aerobic operation, the removal of NDMA FP by the MBR pilot plant was similar to the full scale WWTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Mamo
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Laboratory (LEQUIA), Institut de Medi Ambient, Campus Montilivi s/n, University of Girona, E-17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sara Insa
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H(2)O Building, Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Hèctor Monclús
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Laboratory (LEQUIA), Institut de Medi Ambient, Campus Montilivi s/n, University of Girona, E-17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ignasi Rodríguez-Roda
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Laboratory (LEQUIA), Institut de Medi Ambient, Campus Montilivi s/n, University of Girona, E-17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H(2)O Building, Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Comas
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Laboratory (LEQUIA), Institut de Medi Ambient, Campus Montilivi s/n, University of Girona, E-17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H(2)O Building, Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H(2)O Building, Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria José Farré
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H(2)O Building, Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain.
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Fujioka T, Takeuchi H, Tanaka H, Nghiem LD, Ishida KP, Kodamatani H. A rapid and reliable technique for N-nitrosodimethylamine analysis in reclaimed water by HPLC-photochemical reaction-chemiluminescence. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 161:104-111. [PMID: 27423127 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.06.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A fast and reliable analytical technique was evaluated and validated for determination of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation and rejection by reverse osmosis (RO) membranes in potable water reuse applications. The analytical instrument used in this study is high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), photochemical reaction (PR) and chemiluminescence (CL) - namely HPLC-PR-CL. Results reported here show that HPLC-PR-CL can be used to measure NDMA with a similar level of accuracy compared to conventional and more time-consuming techniques using gas chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry detection in combination with solid phase extraction. Among key residual chemicals (i.e. monochloramine, hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorite) in reclaimed wastewater, hypochlorite was the only constituent that interfered with the determination of NDMA by HPLC-PR-CL. However, hypochlorite interference was eliminated by adding ascorbic acid as a reducing agent. Direct injection of ultrafiltration (UF)-treated wastewater samples into HPLC-PR-CL also resulted in an underestimation of the NDMA concentration possibly due to interference by organic substances in the UF-treated wastewater. Accurate determination of NDMA concentrations in UF-treated wastewater was achieved by reducing the sample injection volume from 200 to 20 μL, though this increased the method detection limit from 0.2 to 2 ng/L. In contrast, no interference was observed with RO permeate. These results suggest that RO membranes could remove part of substances that interfere with the NDMA analysis by HPLC-PR-CL. In addition, RO treatment experiments demonstrated that HPLC-PR-CL was capable of evaluating near real-time variation in NDMA rejection by RO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Fujioka
- Water and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
| | - Haruka Takeuchi
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
| | - Long D Nghiem
- Strategic Water Infrastructure Laboratory, School of Civil Mining and Environmental Engineering, The University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Kenneth P Ishida
- Orange County Water District, 18700 Ward Street, Fountain Valley, CA 92708, USA
| | - Hitoshi Kodamatani
- Division of Earth and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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68
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Phatthalung WN, Musikavong C, Suttinun O. The presence of aliphatic and aromatic amines in reservoir and canal water as precursors to disinfection by-products. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2016; 51:900-913. [PMID: 27314493 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2016.1191303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This research aimed at determining the dimethylamine (DMA), diethylamine (DEA), dibutylamine (DBA), and aromatic aniline (AN) in reservoir and canal water in the U-Tapao River Basin, Songkhla, Thailand. The trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) and N-nitrosodimethylamine formation potential (NDMA-FP) of the reservoir and canal water were analyzed. Water samples from two reservoirs and raw water from water treatment plants at upstream, midstream, and downstream locations of the canal were collected twice. The analysis of the DMA, DEA, DBA, and AN were conducted using gas chromatography and spectrofluorometry techniques. The DMA, DEA, and DBA levels in the reservoir and canal waters ranged from not detectable (ND) to 10 µg/L and from ND to 21.2 µg/L, respectively. AN was detected from 123 to 129 ng/L and from 112 to 177 ng/L in the reservoir and canal waters, respectively. The DMA, DEA, DBA, and AN exhibited two fluorescent peaks at 230nmEx/345nmEm and 280 nmEx/355nmEm. These two peaks corresponded to the peak positions of tryptophan. Detection limits of DMA, DEA, and DBA for fluorescent analysis were 500 μg/L whereas that of AN and tryptophan were 10 and 0.5 μg/L, respectively. The NDMA-FP measured in all the water samples was lower than the detection limit of 237 ng/L. THMFP ranged from 175 to 248 μg/L and 214 to 429 μg/L was detected in the reservoir and canal waters, respectively. The THMFP/dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of the reservoir and canal waters were comparable within the ranges of 73 to 131 µg THMFP/mg DOC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charongpun Musikavong
- b Department of Civil Engineering , Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University , Songkhla , Thailand
- c Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM) , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Oramas Suttinun
- a Faculty of Environmental Management , Prince of Songkla University , Songkhla , Thailand
- c Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM) , Bangkok , Thailand
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69
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Determination of 15 N-nitrosodimethylamine precursors in different water matrices by automated on-line solid-phase extraction ultra-high-performance-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1458:99-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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70
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Huo ZY, Xie X, Yu T, Lu Y, Feng C, Hu HY. Nanowire-Modified Three-Dimensional Electrode Enabling Low-Voltage Electroporation for Water Disinfection. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:7641-7649. [PMID: 27341009 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
More than 10% of the people in the world still suffer from inadequate access to clean water. Traditional water disinfection methods (e.g., chlorination and ultraviolet radiation) include concerns about the formation of carcinogenic disinfection byproducts (DBPs), pathogen reactivation, and/or excessive energy consumption. Recently, a nanowire-assisted electroporation-disinfection method was introduced as an alternative. Here, we develop a new copper oxide nanowire (CuONW)-modified three-dimensional copper foam electrode using a facile thermal oxidation approach. An electroporation-disinfection cell (EDC) equipped with two such electrodes has achieved superior disinfection performance (>7 log removal and no detectable bacteria in the effluent). The disinfection mechanism of electroporation guarantees an exceedingly low operation voltage (1 V) and level of energy consumption (25 J L(-1)) with a short contact time (7 s). The low operation voltage avoids chlorine generation and thus reduces the potential of DBP formation. Because of irreversible electroporation damage on cell membranes, no regrowth and/or reactivation of bacteria occurs during storage after EDC treatment. Water disinfection using EDCs has great potential for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Yang Huo
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xing Xie
- Linde+Robinson Laboratories, California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 131-24, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Tong Yu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yun Lu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Chao Feng
- Institute for Advanced Study, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute , Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
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71
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Niot-Mansart V, Muhamedi A, Arnould JP. A competitive ELISA detecting 7-methylguanosine adduct induced by N-nitrosodimethylamine exposure. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 24:89-94. [PMID: 15850283 DOI: 10.1191/0960327105ht501oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
N-Nitrosodimethylamine is a chemical compound known to be carcinogenic to animals and probably to humans. It is widespread and it can be found in food, tobacco smoke and in industrial emissions, such as in the rubber industry. N-Nitrosodimethylamine exerts its biological effects after metabolic activation by forming methylating nucleic acids in DNA. The most formed adduct is 7-methylguanosine. Our laboratory has developed and validated a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in order to detect this adduct in DNA exposed to N-nitrosodimethylamine in vitro or in vivo. The imidazole ring-opening (iro) of 7-methylguanosine was required because of its stability. When 7-methylguanosine iro and serum were incubated at 48C, the assay was 35 times more sensitive than at 378C (50% inhibition at 37 fmol 7-methylguanosine iro per well at 48C and 1.28 pmol at 378C) with a lower limit of detection at 1.58 fmol 7-methylguanosine iro. This assay is reproducible, can be routinely performed and is sensitive enough to detect 7-methylguanosine adduct in DNA samples from human exposed to N-nitrosodimethylamine. We aim to use this method in further studies on epidemiological assessment in people at high risk, such as smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Niot-Mansart
- Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, 80 037 Amiens cedex, France.
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72
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He Y, Cheng H. Degradation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and its precursor dimethylamine (DMA) in mineral micropores induced by microwave irradiation. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 94:305-314. [PMID: 26971806 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Removal of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in drinking water treatment poses a significant technical challenge due to its small molecular size, high polarity and water solubility, and poor biodegradability. Degradation of NDMA and its precursor, dimethylamine (DMA), was investigated by adsorbing them from aqueous solution using porous mineral sorbents, followed by destruction under microwave irradiation. Among the mineral sorbents evaluated, dealuminated ZSM-5 exhibited the highest sorption capacities for NDMA and DMA, which decreased with the density of surface cations present in the micropores. In contrast, the degradation rate of the sorbed NDMA increased with the density of surface cations under microwave irradiation. Evolutions of the degradation products and C/N ratio indicate that the sorbed NDMA and DMA could be eventually mineralized under continuous microwave irradiation. The degradation rate was strongly correlated with the bulk temperature of ZSM-5 and microwave power, which is consistent with the mechanism of pyrolysis caused by formation of micro-scale "hot spots" within the mineral micropores under microwave irradiation. Compared to existing treatment options for NDMA removal, microporous mineral sorption coupled with microwave-induced degradation has the unique advantages of being able to simultaneously remove NDMA and DMA and cause their full mineralization, and thus could serve as a promising alternative method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhen He
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hefa Cheng
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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73
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Woods GC, Sadmani AHMA, Andrews SA, Bagley DM, Andrews RC. Rejection of pharmaceutically-based N-nitrosodimethylamine precursors using nanofiltration. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 93:179-186. [PMID: 26905796 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a disinfection by-product (DBP) with many known precursors such as amine-containing pharmaceuticals that can enter the environment via treated wastewater. Reverse osmosis and tight nanofiltration membranes (MW cutoff < 200 Da) are treatment technologies that demonstrate high removal of many compounds, but at relatively high energy costs. Looser membranes (>200 Da) may provide sufficient removal of a wide range of contaminants with lower energy costs. This study examined the rejection of pharmaceuticals that are known NDMA precursors (∼300 Da) using nanofiltration (MW cutoff ∼350 Da). MQ water was compared to two raw water sources, and results illustrated that NDMA precursors (as estimated by formation potential testing) were effectively rejected in all water matrices (>84%). Mixtures of pharmaceuticals vs. single-spiked compounds were found to have no impact on rejection from the membranes used. The use of MQ water vs. surface waters illustrated that natural organic matter, colloids, and inorganic ions present did not significantly impact the rejection of the amine-containing pharmaceuticals. This study illustrates that NDMA formation potential testing can be effectively used for assessing NDMA precursor rejection from more complex samples with multiple and/or unknown NDMA precursors present, such as wastewater matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwen C Woods
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada.
| | - A H M Anwar Sadmani
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada; Department of Civil, Environmental & Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, 12760 Pegasus Drive, Orlando, FL 32816, United States
| | - Susan A Andrews
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - David M Bagley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wyoming, Dept. 3295, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, United States
| | - Robert C Andrews
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
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74
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Woods GC, Dickenson ERV. Natural attenuation of NDMA precursors in an urban, wastewater-dominated wash. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 89:293-300. [PMID: 26706247 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a disinfection by-product (DBP) that is potentially carcinogenic and has been found to occur in drinking water treatment systems impacted with treated wastewater. A major gap in NDMA research is an understanding of the persistence of wastewater-derived precursors within the natural environment. This research sought to fill this knowledge gap by surveying NDMA precursors across the length of a wastewater effluent-dominated wash. Significant precursor reduction (17%) was found to occur from introduction into the wash to a point 9 h downstream. This reduction translates into a half-life of roughly 32 h for bulk NDMA precursors. Further laboratory experiments examining rates of photolysis, biodegradation and loss to sediments, illustrated that both photolytic and biological degradation were effective removal mechanisms for NDMA precursors. Loss to sediments that were acquired from the wash did not appear to reduce NDMA precursors in the water column, although a control conducted with DI water provided evidence that significant NDMA precursors could be released from autoclaved sediments (suggesting that sorption does occur). Microbial experiments revealed that microbes associated with sediments were much more effective at degrading precursors than microbes within the water column. Overall, this study demonstrated that natural processes are capable of attenuating NDMA precursors relatively quickly within the environment, and that utilities might benefit from maximizing source water residency time in the environment, prior to introduction into treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwen C Woods
- Water Quality Research and Development Division, Southern Nevada Water Authority, Henderson, NV 89015, USA.
| | - Eric R V Dickenson
- Water Quality Research and Development Division, Southern Nevada Water Authority, Henderson, NV 89015, USA.
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75
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Umar M, Roddick F, Fan L. Impact of coagulation as a pre-treatment for UVC/H2O2-biological activated carbon treatment of a municipal wastewater reverse osmosis concentrate. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 88:12-19. [PMID: 26454666 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
After coagulation of high salinity reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) with either alum or ferric chloride followed by UVC/H2O2 treatment, biological activated carbon (BAC) was investigated for the removal of DOC. BAC treatment mainly removed low molecular weight (LMW) neutral molecules indicating that biodegradation was the predominant mechanism of organic matter removal. Coagulation with ferric chloride gave greater DOC reductions than alum both as a stand-alone treatment and after the sequence of UVC/H2O2 and BAC treatment. However, overall reduction after the sequence of coagulation, UVC/H2O2 and BAC treatment was only marginally greater for ferric chloride (68%) than for alum (62%). Trihalomethane formation potential and N-Nitrosodimethylamine concentration decreased markedly after UVC/H2O2 treatment. UVC/H2O2 treatment of the ROC led to the generation of extreme toxicity according to the Microtox assay, but no toxicity was observed after BAC, demonstrating its advantage for enabling safe disposal of the treated ROC. Implementation of coagulation as a pre-treatment and BAC as a post-treatment markedly reduced (6-8 times) the electrical energy dose (EED) required for the UVC/H2O2 process. The sequence of coagulation, UVC/H2O2 and BAC treatment was demonstrated as a potential process for the removal of organic matter from high salinity municipal ROC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umar
- School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, 3001 Victoria, Australia
| | - Felicity Roddick
- School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, 3001 Victoria, Australia.
| | - Linhua Fan
- School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, 3001 Victoria, Australia
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76
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Beita-Sandí W, Ersan MS, Uzun H, Karanfil T. Removal of N-nitrosodimethylamine precursors with powdered activated carbon adsorption. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 88:711-718. [PMID: 26584342 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to examine the roles of powdered activated carbon (PAC) characteristics (i.e., surface chemistry, pore size distribution, and surface area) in the removal of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation potential (FP) in surface and wastewater-impacted waters. Also, the effects of natural attenuation of NDMA precursors in surface waters, NDMA FP concentration, and carbon dose on the removal of NDMA FP by PAC were evaluated. Finally, the removal of NDMA FP by PAC at two full-scale DWTPs was monitored. Wastewater-impacted and surface water samples were collected to conduct adsorption experiments using different PACs and activated carbon fibers (ACFs) with a wide range of physicochemical characteristics. The removal efficiency of NDMA FP by PAC was significantly higher in wastewater-impacted than surface waters. Adsorbable NDMA precursors showed a size distribution in the waters tested; the adsorbable fraction included precursors accessing the pore size regions of 10-20 Å and <10 Å. Basic carbons showed higher removal of NDMA FP than acidic carbons on a surface area basis. The overall removal of NDMA FP by PAC on a mass basis depended on the surface area, pore size distribution and pHPZC. Thus, PACs with hybrid characteristics (micro and mesoporous), higher surface areas, and basic surface chemistry are more likely to be effective for NDMA precursor control by PAC adsorption. The application of PAC in DWTPs for taste and odor control resulted in an additional 20% removal of NDMA FP for the PAC doses of 7-10 mg/L. The natural attenuation of NDMA precursors through a combination of processes (biodegradation, photolysis and adsorption) decreased their adsorbability and removal by PAC adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Beita-Sandí
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC, 29625, USA; Research Center of Environmental Pollution (CICA), University of Costa Rica, 2060, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Mahmut Selim Ersan
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC, 29625, USA
| | - Habibullah Uzun
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC, 29625, USA
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC, 29625, USA.
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77
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Prasse C, Stalter D, Schulte-Oehlmann U, Oehlmann J, Ternes TA. Spoilt for choice: A critical review on the chemical and biological assessment of current wastewater treatment technologies. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 87:237-70. [PMID: 26431616 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge we have gained in recent years on the presence and effects of compounds discharged by wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) brings us to a point where we must question the appropriateness of current water quality evaluation methodologies. An increasing number of anthropogenic chemicals is detected in treated wastewater and there is increasing evidence of adverse environmental effects related to WWTP discharges. It has thus become clear that new strategies are needed to assess overall quality of conventional and advanced treated wastewaters. There is an urgent need for multidisciplinary approaches combining expertise from engineering, analytical and environmental chemistry, (eco)toxicology, and microbiology. This review summarizes the current approaches used to assess treated wastewater quality from the chemical and ecotoxicological perspective. Discussed chemical approaches include target, non-target and suspect analysis, sum parameters, identification and monitoring of transformation products, computational modeling as well as effect directed analysis and toxicity identification evaluation. The discussed ecotoxicological methodologies encompass in vitro testing (cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, endocrine disruption, adaptive stress response activation, toxicogenomics) and in vivo tests (single and multi species, biomonitoring). We critically discuss the benefits and limitations of the different methodologies reviewed. Additionally, we provide an overview of the current state of research regarding the chemical and ecotoxicological evaluation of conventional as well as the most widely used advanced wastewater treatment technologies, i.e., ozonation, advanced oxidation processes, chlorination, activated carbon, and membrane filtration. In particular, possible directions for future research activities in this area are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Prasse
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Department of Aquatic Chemistry, Koblenz, Germany; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.
| | - Daniel Stalter
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Jörg Oehlmann
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas A Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Department of Aquatic Chemistry, Koblenz, Germany
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78
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Liao X, Bei E, Li S, Ouyang Y, Wang J, Chen C, Zhang X, Krasner SW, Suffet IHM. Applying the polarity rapid assessment method to characterize nitrosamine precursors and to understand their removal by drinking water treatment processes. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 87:292-298. [PMID: 26433007 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Some N-nitrosamines (NAs) have been identified as emerging disinfection by-products during water treatment. Thus, it is essential to understand the characteristics of the NA precursors. In this study, the polarity rapid assessment method (PRAM) and the classical resin fractionation method were studied as methods to fractionate the NA precursors during drinking water treatment. The results showed that PRAM has much higher selectivity for NA precursors than the resin approach. The normalized N-nitrosodimethylamine formation potential (NDMA FP) and N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) FP of four resin fractions was at the same level as the average yield of the bulk organic matter whereas that of the cationic fraction by PRAM showed 50 times the average. Thus, the cationic fraction was shown to be the most important NDMA precursor contributor. The PRAM method also helped understand which portions of the NA precursor were removed by different water treatment processes. Activated carbon (AC) adsorption removed over 90% of the non-polar PRAM fraction (that sorbs onto the C18 solid phase extraction [SPE] cartridge) of NDMA and NDEA precursors. Bio-treatment removed 80-90% of the cationic fraction of PRAM (that is retained on the cation exchange SPE cartridge) and 40-60% of the non-cationic fractions. Ozonation removed 50-60% of the non-polar PRAM fraction of NA precursors and transformed part of them into the polar fraction. Coagulation and sedimentation had very limited removal of various PRAM fractions of NA precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Liao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Er Bei
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shixiang Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yueying Ouyang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Stuart W Krasner
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, 700 Moreno Avenue, La Verne, CA 91750, USA
| | - I H Mel Suffet
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, UCLA, 90095, USA
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79
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Wang C, Liu S, Wang J, Zhang X, Chen C. Monthly survey of N-nitrosamine yield in a conventional water treatment plant in North China. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 38:142-149. [PMID: 26702978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A sampling campaign was conducted monthly to investigate the occurrence of N-nitrosamines at a conventional water treatment plant in one city in North China. The yield of N-nitrosamines in the treated water indicated precursors changed greatly after the source water switching. Average concentrations of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR), and N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) in the finished water were 6.9, 3.3, and 3.1ng/L, respectively, from June to October when the Luan River water was used as source water, while those of NDMA, N-nitrosomethylethylamine (NMEA), and NPYR in the finished water were 10.1, 4.9, and 4.7ng/L, respectively, from November to next April when the Yellow River was used. NDMA concentration in the finished water was frequently over the 10ng/L, i.e., the notification level of California, USA, which indicated a considerable threat to public health. Weak correlations were observed between N-nitrosamine yield and typical water quality parameters except for the dissolved organic nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkun Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuming Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chao Chen
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Beijing 100084, China.
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80
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Woods GC, Trenholm RA, Hale B, Campbell Z, Dickenson ERV. Seasonal and spatial variability of nitrosamines and their precursor sources at a large-scale urban drinking water system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 520:120-126. [PMID: 25804879 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitrosamines are considered to pose greater health risks than currently regulated DBPs and are subsequently listed as a priority pollutant by the EPA, with potential for future regulation. Denver Water, as part of the EPA's Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule 2 (UCMR2) monitoring campaign, found detectable levels of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) at all sites of maximum residency within the distribution system. To better understand the occurrence of nitrosamines and nitrosamine precursors, Denver Water undertook a comprehensive year-long monitoring campaign. Samples were taken every two weeks to monitor for NDMA in the distribution system, and quarterly sampling events further examined 9 nitrosamines and nitrosamine precursors throughout the treatment and distribution systems. NDMA levels within the distribution system were typically low (>1.3 to 7.2 ng/L) with a remote distribution site (frequently >200 h of residency) experiencing the highest concentrations found. Eight other nitrosamines (N-nitrosomethylethylamine, N-nitrosodiethylamine, N-nitroso-di-n-propylamine, N-nitroso-di-n-butylamine, N-nitroso-di-phenylamine, N-nitrosopyrrolidine, N-nitrosopiperidine, N-nitrosomorpholine) were also monitored but none of these 8, or precursors of these 8 [as estimated with formation potential (FP) tests], were detected anywhere in raw, partially-treated or distribution samples. Throughout the year, there was evidence that seasonality may impact NDMA formation, such that lower temperatures (~5-10°C) produced greater NDMA than during warmer months. The year of sampling further provided evidence that water quality and weather events may impact NDMA precursor loads. Precursor loading estimates demonstrated that NDMA precursors increased during treatment (potentially from cationic polymer coagulant aids). The precursor analysis also provided evidence that precursors may have increased further within the distribution system itself. This comprehensive study of a large-scale drinking water system provides insight into the variability of NDMA occurrence in a chloraminated system, which may be impacted by seasonality, water quality changes and/or the varied origins of NDMA precursors within a given system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwen C Woods
- Southern Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193-9954, USA.
| | - Rebecca A Trenholm
- Southern Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193-9954, USA
| | - Bruce Hale
- Denver Water, 1600 West 12th Avenue, Denver, CO 80204-3412, USA
| | - Zeke Campbell
- Denver Water, 1600 West 12th Avenue, Denver, CO 80204-3412, USA
| | - Eric R V Dickenson
- Southern Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193-9954, USA.
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81
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Gerrity D, Pisarenko AN, Marti E, Trenholm RA, Gerringer F, Reungoat J, Dickenson E. Nitrosamines in pilot-scale and full-scale wastewater treatment plants with ozonation. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 72:251-261. [PMID: 25037928 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ozone-based treatment trains offer a sustainable option for potable reuse applications, but nitrosamine formation during ozonation poses a challenge for municipalities seeking to avoid reverse osmosis and high-dose ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Six nitrosamines were monitored in full-scale and pilot-scale wastewater treatment trains. The primary focus was on eight treatment trains employing ozonation of secondary or tertiary wastewater effluents, but two treatment trains with chlorination or UV disinfection of tertiary wastewater effluent and another with full advanced treatment (i.e., reverse osmosis and advanced oxidation) were also included for comparison. N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR) were the most prevalent nitrosamines in untreated (up to 89 ng/L and 67 ng/L, respectively) and treated wastewater. N-nitrosomethylethylamine (NMEA) and N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) were detected at one facility each, while N-nitrosodipropylamine (NDPrA) and N-nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA) were less than their method reporting limits (MRLs) in all samples. Ozone-induced NDMA formation ranging from <10 to 143 ng/L was observed at all but one site, but the reasons for the variation in formation remain unclear. Activated sludge, biological activated carbon (BAC), and UV photolysis were effective for NDMA mitigation. NMOR was also removed with activated sludge but did not form during ozonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gerrity
- Applied Research and Development Center, Southern Nevada Water Authority, River Mountain Water Treatment Facility, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193-9954, United States; Trussell Technologies, Inc., 380 Stevens Avenue, Suite 308, Solana Beach, CA 92075, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 South Maryland Parkway, Box 454015, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4015, United States.
| | - Aleksey N Pisarenko
- Applied Research and Development Center, Southern Nevada Water Authority, River Mountain Water Treatment Facility, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193-9954, United States; Trussell Technologies, Inc., 380 Stevens Avenue, Suite 308, Solana Beach, CA 92075, United States
| | - Erica Marti
- Applied Research and Development Center, Southern Nevada Water Authority, River Mountain Water Treatment Facility, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193-9954, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 South Maryland Parkway, Box 454015, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4015, United States
| | - Rebecca A Trenholm
- Applied Research and Development Center, Southern Nevada Water Authority, River Mountain Water Treatment Facility, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193-9954, United States
| | - Fred Gerringer
- Trussell Technologies, Inc., 380 Stevens Avenue, Suite 308, Solana Beach, CA 92075, United States
| | - Julien Reungoat
- Advanced Water Management Centre, University of Queensland, Level 4, Gehrmann Building (60), St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Eric Dickenson
- Applied Research and Development Center, Southern Nevada Water Authority, River Mountain Water Treatment Facility, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193-9954, United States.
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82
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Torabi Angaji M, Ghiaee R. Cavitational decontamination of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine waste water. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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83
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Baberschke N, Steinberg CEW, Saul N. Low concentrations of dibromoacetic acid and N-nitrosodimethylamine induce several stimulatory effects in the invertebrate model Caenorhabditis elegans. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 124:122-128. [PMID: 25556763 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Dibromoacetic acid (DBAA) and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) have natural and anthropogenic sources and are ubiquitously distributed in the environment. They are classified as toxic and carcinogenetic and various studies have addressed their effects on vertebrates. Furthermore, there is no information about the whole-organism effects at low concentrations or about their impact on invertebrates. Therefore, these compounds were studied with the model invertebrate Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) at relatively low concentrations. Biological tests (life span, reproduction, body size, thermal stress resistance) as well as biochemical (pro- and antioxidative capacity and lipid peroxidation) and biomolecular assays (transcription of stress genes) were performed. None of the applied concentrations showed a toxic potential. Instead, they extended life span and increased the body length. Both xenobiotics did not cause oxidative stress or DNA damages, or acted as endocrine disruptors. The stimulatory effects on C. elegans were most likely not a result of an induced protective stress response. Instead, an 'energy saving mode', indicated by the reduced transcription of many stress response genes, could have provided additional resources for longevity and growth. Although both substances are potentially toxic at higher doses, the present study underlines the importance of testing lower concentrations and their impact on invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Baberschke
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Biology, Freshwater and Stress Ecology, Späthstr. 80/81, 12437 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christian E W Steinberg
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Biology, Freshwater and Stress Ecology, Späthstr. 80/81, 12437 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Nadine Saul
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Biology, Freshwater and Stress Ecology, Späthstr. 80/81, 12437 Berlin, Germany.
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84
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Abilev M, Kenessov B, Batyrbekova S, Grotenhuis T. Chemical oxidation of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine transformation products in water. CHEMICAL BULLETIN OF KAZAKH NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 2015. [DOI: 10.15328/cb505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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85
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Hanigan D, Zhang J, Herckes P, Zhu E, Krasner S, Westerhoff P. Contribution and Removal of Watershed and Cationic PolymerN-Nitrosodimethylamine Precursors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5942/jawwa.2015.107.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Hanigan
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment; Arizona State University; Tempe Ariz
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Arizona State University; Tempe Ariz
| | - Pierre Herckes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Arizona State University; Tempe Ariz
| | - Eric Zhu
- Louisville Water Company; Louisville Ky
| | - Stuart Krasner
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California; La Verne Calif
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment; Arizona State University; Tempe Ariz
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86
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Sgroi M, Roccaro P, Oelker GL, Snyder SA. N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation at an indirect potable reuse facility. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 70:174-183. [PMID: 25528547 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Full-scale experiments to evaluate N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation and attenuation were performed within an advanced indirect potable reuse (IPR) treatment system, which includes, sequentially: chloramination for membrane fouling control, microfiltration (MF), reverse osmosis (RO), ultraviolet irradiation with hydrogen peroxide (UV/H₂O₂), final chloramination, and pH stabilization. Results of the study demonstrate that while RO does effectively remove the vast majority of NDMA precursors, RO permeate can still contain significant concentrations of NDMA precursors resulting in additional NDMA formation during chloramination. Thus, it is possible for this advanced treatment system to produce water with NDMA levels higher than regional requirements for potable applications (10 ng/L). The presence of H2O2 during UV oxidation reduced NDMA photolysis efficiency and increased NDMA formation (∼22 ng/L) during the secondary chloramination and lime stabilization. This is likely due to formation of UV/H₂O₂ degradation by-products with higher NDMA formation rate than the parent compounds. However, this effect was diminished with higher UV doses. Bench-scale experiments confirmed an enhanced NDMA formation during chloramination after UV/H2O2 treatment of dimethylformamide, a compound detected in RO permeate and used as model precursor in this study. The effect of pre-ozonation for membrane fouling control on NDMA formation was also evaluated at pilot- (ozone-MF-RO) and bench-scale. Relatively large NDMA formation (117-227 ng/L) occurred through ozone application that was dose dependent, whereas chloramination under typical dosages and contact times of IPR systems resulted in only a relatively small increase of NDMA (∼20 ng/L). Thus, this research shows that NDMA formation within a potable water reuse facility can be challenging and must be carefully evaluated and controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Sgroi
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Paolo Roccaro
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Gregg L Oelker
- United Water, Edward C. Little Water Reclamation Facility, 1935 South Hughes Way, El Segundo, CA 90245, USA
| | - Shane A Snyder
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; National University of Singapore, NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), 5A Engineering Drive 1; T-Lab Building, #02-01, 117411 Singapore, Singapore.
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87
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Park SH, Padhye LP, Wang P, Cho M, Kim JH, Huang CH. N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation potential of amine-based water treatment polymers: Effects of in situ chloramination, breakpoint chlorination, and pre-oxidation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 282:133-40. [PMID: 25112551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies show that cationic amine-based water treatment polymers may be important precursors that contribute to formation of the probable human carcinogen N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) during water treatment and disinfection. To better understand how water treatment parameters affect NDMA formation from the polymers, the effects of in situ chloramination, breakpoint chlorination, and pre-oxidation on the NDMA formation from the polymers were investigated. NDMA formation potential (NDMA-FP) as well as dimethylamine (DMA) residual concentration were measured from poly(epichlorohydrin dimethylamine) (polyamine) and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (polyDADMAC) solutions upon reactions with oxidants including free chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ozone, and monochloramine under different treatment conditions. The results supported that dichloramine (NHCl2) formation was the critical factor affecting NDMA formation from the polymers during in situ chloramination. The highest NDMA formation from the polymers occurred near the breakpoint of chlorination. Polymer chain breakdown and transformation of the released DMA and other intermediates were important factors affecting NDMA formation from the polymers in pre-oxidation followed by post-chloramination. Pre-oxidation generally reduced NDMA-FP of the polymers; however, the treatments involving pre-ozonation increased polyDADMAC's NDMA-FP and DMA release. The strategies for reducing NDMA formation from the polymers may include the avoidance of the conditions favorable to NHCl2 formation and the avoidance of polymer exposure to strong oxidants such as ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hyuck Park
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA
| | - Lokesh P Padhye
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Pei Wang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Min Cho
- Advanced Institute of Environmental Bioscience, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbok 570-752, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Ching-Hua Huang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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88
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Chen B, Qian Y, Wu M, Zhu L, Hu B, Li XF. Identification of precursors and mechanisms of tobacco-specific nitrosamine formation in water during chloramination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:459-66. [PMID: 25471701 DOI: 10.1021/es505057h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report here that tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) are produced from specific tobacco alkaloids during water chloramination. To identify the specific precursors for the formation of specific TSNAs in drinking water, we have developed a solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous determination of five TSNAs and three tobacco alkaloids. Using this method, we detected nicotine (NIC) at 15.1 ng/L in a source water. Chloramination of this source water resulted in the formation of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) (0.05 ng/L) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) (0.2 ng/L) along with the reduction of NIC to 1.1 ng/L, suggesting that NNK and NNAL were formed from NIC. To confirm that tobacco alkaloids are the precursors of TSNAs, we chloraminated water-leaching samples of tobacco from three brands of cigarettes and found that the formation of TSNAs coincides with the reduction of the alkaloids. Chloramination of individual alkaloids confirms that NNK and NNAL are produced from NIC, N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) from nornicotine (NOR), and N-nitrosoanabasine (NAB) from anabasine (ANA). Furthermore, we have identified specific intermediates of these reactions and proposed potential pathways of formation of TSNAs from specific alkaloids. These results confirm that NNK and NNAL are the disinfection byproducts (DBPs) resulting from NIC in raw water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Chen
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
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89
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D. Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, JM Palms Center, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research, (IDAEA-CSIC), Carrer Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Postigo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, JM Palms Center, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research, (IDAEA-CSIC), Carrer Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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90
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Liu C, Wang J, Chen W, Zhu H, Bi H. Characterization of DON in IOM derived from M. aeruginosa and its removal by sunlight/immobilized TiO2system. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra04319k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) is now considered as one of the most important precursors of nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs), and the algae cells were the main source of DON in eutrophic water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes
- Ministry of Education
- Hohai University
- Nanjing 210098
- China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes
- Ministry of Education
- Hohai University
- Nanjing 210098
- China
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes
- Ministry of Education
- Hohai University
- Nanjing 210098
- China
| | - Haoqiang Zhu
- College of Environment
- Hohai University
- Nanjing 210098
- China
| | - Hongkai Bi
- Department of Microbiology
- University of Illinois
- Urbana
- USA
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91
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Watson K, Farré MJ, Knight N. Enhanced coagulation with powdered activated carbon or MIEX secondary treatment: a comparison of disinfection by-product formation and precursor removal. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 68:454-466. [PMID: 25462752 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The removal of both organic and inorganic disinfection by-product (DBP) precursors prior to disinfection is important in mitigating DBP formation, with halide removal being particularly important in salinity-impacted water sources. A matrix of waters of variable alkalinity, halide concentration and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration were treated with enhanced coagulation (EC) followed by anion exchange (MIEX resin) or powdered activated carbon (PAC) and the subsequent disinfection by-product formation potentials (DBP-FPs) assessed and compared to DBP-FPs for untreated samples. Halide and DOC removal were also monitored for both treatment processes. Bromide and iodide adsorption by MIEX treatment ranged from 0 to 53% and 4-78%, respectively. As expected, EC and PAC treatments did not remove halides. DOC removal by EC/PAC was 70 ± 10%, while EC/MIEX enabled a DOC removal of 66 ± 12%. Despite the halide removals achieved by MIEX, increases in brominated disinfection by-product (Br-DBP) formation were observed relative to untreated samples, when favourable Br:DOC ratios were created by the treatment. However, the increases in formation were less than what was observed for the EC/PAC treated waters, which caused large increases in Br-DBP formation when high Br-DBP-forming water quality conditions occurred. The formation potential of fully chlorinated DBPs decreased after treatment in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalinda Watson
- Griffith University, Smart Water Research Centre, School of Environment, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
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92
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Liew D, Culbert J, Linge K, Farré MJ, Knight N, Morran J, Halliwell D, Newcombe G, Charrois JWA. National Occurrence of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2015-1190.ch008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Liew
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987 Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
- Australian Water Quality Centre, GPO Box 1751, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
- Advanced Water Management Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Smart Water Research Centre, School of Environment, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Julie Culbert
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987 Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
- Australian Water Quality Centre, GPO Box 1751, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
- Advanced Water Management Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Smart Water Research Centre, School of Environment, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Kathryn Linge
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987 Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
- Australian Water Quality Centre, GPO Box 1751, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
- Advanced Water Management Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Smart Water Research Centre, School of Environment, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Maria José Farré
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987 Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
- Australian Water Quality Centre, GPO Box 1751, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
- Advanced Water Management Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Smart Water Research Centre, School of Environment, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Nicole Knight
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987 Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
- Australian Water Quality Centre, GPO Box 1751, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
- Advanced Water Management Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Smart Water Research Centre, School of Environment, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Jim Morran
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987 Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
- Australian Water Quality Centre, GPO Box 1751, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
- Advanced Water Management Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Smart Water Research Centre, School of Environment, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - David Halliwell
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987 Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
- Australian Water Quality Centre, GPO Box 1751, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
- Advanced Water Management Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Smart Water Research Centre, School of Environment, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Gayle Newcombe
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987 Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
- Australian Water Quality Centre, GPO Box 1751, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
- Advanced Water Management Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Smart Water Research Centre, School of Environment, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Jeffrey W. A. Charrois
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987 Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
- Australian Water Quality Centre, GPO Box 1751, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
- Advanced Water Management Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Smart Water Research Centre, School of Environment, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia
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93
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Woods GC, Dickenson ERV. Evaluation of the Final UCMR2 Database: Nationwide Trends in NDMA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5942/jawwa.2015.107.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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94
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Selbes M, Kim D, Karanfil T. The effect of pre-oxidation on NDMA formation and the influence of pH. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 66:169-179. [PMID: 25203542 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), a probable human carcinogen, is a disinfection by-product that has been detected in chloraminated drinking water systems. Pre-oxidation of the NDMA precursors prior to chloramination can be a viable approach for water utilities to control the NDMA levels. This study examined the effects of (i) commonly used oxidants (i.e., chlorine, chlorine dioxide and ozone) in water treatment, (ii) oxidant concentration and contact time (CT), and (iii) pre-oxidation pH on the formation of NDMA from subsequent chloramination. Fifteen model precursors with NDMA molar yields ranging from approximately 0.1%-90% were examined. Pre-chlorination reduced NDMA formation from most precursors by 10%-50% except quaternary amine polymers (i.e., PolyDADMAC, PolyACRYL, PolyAMINE). Pre-oxidation with chlorine dioxide and ozone achieved the same or higher deactivation of NDMA precursors (e.g., ranitidine) while increasing NDMA formation for some other precursors (e.g., daminozid). The increases with chlorine dioxide exposure were attributed to the release of oxidation products with dimethylamine (DMA) moiety, which may form more NDMA upon chloramination than the unoxidizied parent compound. On the other hand, chlorine dioxide was effective, if a precursors NDMA yield were higher than DMA. The ozone-triggered increases could be related to direct NDMA formation from DMA which are released by ozonation of amines with DMA moiety, amides or hydrazines. However, hydroxyl radicals formed from the decomposition of ozone would be also involved in decomposition of formed NDMA, reducing the overall NDMA levels at longer contact times. pH conditions influenced significantly the effectiveness of deactivation of precursors depending on the type of precursor and oxidant used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meric Selbes
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA
| | - Daekyun Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA.
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95
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Ranea VA. Dimethylamine formation from N-nitrosodimethylamine adsorbed on the Ni{111} surface from first principles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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96
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Lindahl S, Gundersen CB, Lundanes E. A review of available analytical technologies for qualitative and quantitative determination of nitramines. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2014; 16:1825-1840. [PMID: 24898740 DOI: 10.1039/c4em00095a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This review aims to summarize the available analytical methods in the open literature for the determination of some aliphatic and cyclic nitramines. Nitramines covered in this review are the ones that can be formed from the use of amines in post-combustion CO2 capture (PCC) plants and end up in the environment. Since the literature is quite scarce regarding the determination of nitramines in aqueous and soil samples, methods for determination of nitramines in other matrices have also been included. Since the nitramines are found in complex matrices and/or in very low concentration, an extraction step is often necessary before their determination. Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) using dichloromethane and solid phase extraction (SPE) with an activated carbon based material have been the two most common extraction methods. Gas chromatography (GC) or reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) has been used often combined with mass spectrometry (MS) in the final determination step. Presently there is no comprehensive method available that can be used for determination of all nitramines included in this review. The lowest concentration limit of quantification (cLOQ) is in the ng L(-1) range, however, most methods appear to have a cLOQ in the μg L(-1) range, if the cLOQ has been given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Lindahl
- University of Oslo, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway.
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97
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Zhang A, Li Y, Song Y, Lv J, Yang J. Characterization of pharmaceuticals and personal care products as N-nitrosodimethylamine precursors during disinfection processes using free chlorine and chlorine dioxide. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 276:499-509. [PMID: 24929789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide detection of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in aquatic environment and drinking water has caused wide concern in recent years. The possibility for concurrent formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) during disinfection has become another significant concern for water quality. This study demonstrates that a group of PPCPs containing amine groups can serve as NDMA precursors during free chlorine or chlorine dioxide (ClO2) chlorination processes. Selected PPCPs after screening by NDMA yield were further investigated for NDMA formation conditions. High disinfectant dose and initial PPCP concentration resulted in relatively high NDMA formation potential. Linear kinetic models were developed for NDMA formation during chlorination of selected PPCPs. Although the PPCP precursors were removed significantly during chlorination, they were not completely mineralized based on the total organic carbon (TOC) loss. The existence of another possible pathway for direct formation of NDMA from tertiary amine during chlorination was indicated, in which dimethylamine (DMA) was not involved. It is recommended to control the initial PPCP concentrations prior to disinfection and to shorten the contact time to reduce the NDMA formation. ClO2 is suggested to be a proper disinfectant in order to reduce the NDMA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongmei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China; UNEP-Tongji Institute of Environment for Sustainable Development, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
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98
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Liao X, Wang C, Wang J, Zhang X, Chen C, Krasner SW, Suffet IM. Nitrosamine precursor and DOM control in an effluent-affected drinking water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.5942/jawwa.2014.106.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jun Wang
- Tsinghua University; Beijing China
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99
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Poste AE, Grung M, Wright RF. Amines and amine-related compounds in surface waters: a review of sources, concentrations and aquatic toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 481:274-279. [PMID: 24602912 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This review compiles available information on the concentrations, sources, fate and toxicity of amines and amine-related compounds in surface waters, including rivers, lakes, reservoirs, wetlands and seawater. There is a strong need for this information, especially given the emergence of amine-based post-combustion CO2 capture technologies, which may represent a new and significant source of amines to the environment. We identify a broad range of anthropogenic and natural sources of amines, nitrosamines and nitramines to the aquatic environment, and identify some key fate and degradation pathways of these compounds. There were very few data available on amines in surface waters, with reported concentrations often below detection and only rarely exceeding 10 μg/L. Reported concentrations for seawater and reservoirs were below detection or very low, while for lakes and rivers, concentrations spanned several orders of magnitude. The most prevalent and commonly detected amines were methylamine (MA), dimethylamine (DMA), ethylamine (EA), diethylamine (DEA) and monoethanolamine (MEAT). The paucity of data may reflect the analytical challenges posed by determination of amines in complex environmental matrices at ambient levels. We provide an overview of available aquatic toxicological data for amines and conclude that at current environmental concentrations, amines are not likely to be of toxicological concern to the aquatic environment, however, the potential for amines to act as precursors in the formation of nitrosamines and nitramines may represent a risk of contamination of drinking water supplies by these often carcinogenic compounds. More research on the prevalence and toxicity of amines, nitrosamines and nitramines in natural waters is necessary before the environmental impact of new point sources from carbon capture facilities can be adequately quantified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E Poste
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Merete Grung
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Richard F Wright
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
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100
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Zeng T, Wilson CJ, Mitch WA. Effect of chemical oxidation on the sorption tendency of dissolved organic matter to a model hydrophobic surface. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:5118-5126. [PMID: 24697505 DOI: 10.1021/es405257b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The application of chemical oxidants may alter the sorption properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM), such as humic and fulvic acids, proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids, affecting their fate in water treatment processes, including attachment to other organic components, activated carbon, and membranes (e.g., organic fouling). Similar reactions with chlorine (HOCl) and bromine (HOBr) produced at inflammatory sites in vivo affect the fate of biomolecules (e.g., protein aggregation). In this study, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) was used to evaluate changes in the noncovalent interactions of proteins, polysaccharides, fatty acids, and humic and fulvic acids with a model hydrophobic surface as a function of increasing doses of HOCl, HOBr, and ozone (O3). All three oxidants enhanced the sorption tendency of proteins to the hydrophobic surface at low doses but reduced their sorption tendency at high doses. All three oxidants reduced the sorption tendency of polysaccharides and fatty acids to the hydrophobic surface. HOCl and HOBr increased the sorption tendency of humic and fulvic acids to the hydrophobic surface with maxima at moderate doses, while O3 decreased their sorption tendency. The behavior observed with two water samples was similar to that observed with humic and fulvic acids, pointing to the importance of these constituents. For chlorination, the highest sorption tendency to the hydrophobic surface was observed within the range of doses typically applied during water treatment. These results suggest that ozone pretreatment would minimize membrane fouling by DOM, while chlorine pretreatment would promote DOM removal by activated carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zeng
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , 9 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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