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Climate change and abiotic stress mechanisms in plants. Emerg Top Life Sci 2019; 3:165-181. [DOI: 10.1042/etls20180105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Predicted global climatic change will perturb the productivity of our most valuable crops as well as detrimentally impact ecological fitness. The most important aspects of climate change with respect to these effects relate to water availability and heat stress. Over multiple decades, the plant research community has amassed a highly comprehensive understanding of the physiological mechanisms that facilitate the maintenance of productivity in response to drought, flooding, and heat stress. Consequently, the foundations necessary to begin the development of elite crop varieties that are primed for climate change are in place. To meet the food and fuel security concerns of a growing population, it is vital that biotechnological and breeding efforts to harness these mechanisms are accelerated in the coming decade. Despite this, those concerned with crop improvement must approach such efforts with caution and ensure that potentially harnessed mechanisms are viable under the context of a dynamically changing environment.
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52
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Liang J, Wen F, Liu J. Transcriptomic and lipidomic analysis of an EPA-containing Nannochloropsis sp. PJ12 in response to nitrogen deprivation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4540. [PMID: 30872742 PMCID: PMC6418175 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41169-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand genes involved in neutral lipid accumulation upon nitrogen deprivation (ND) in a novel isolate of Nannochloropsis sp. PJ12, we performed comparative transcriptomic and lipidomic analyses of cells under ND and NR (nitrogen replete) conditions. Transcriptomic profiling indicated that, while enzymes involved in TCA cycle in PJ12 under ND condition were upregulated compared to that under NR condition, those involved in Calvin cycle and glycolysis under ND condition were downregulated. Furthermore, we showed that enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis and glycerolipid synthesis were downregulated but not β-oxidation. Lipidomic profiling indicated that, while the level of neutral lipids in ND cells was increased compared to that of NR cells, level of photosynthetic membrane-lipids DGDG and PG was decreased. Taken together, our analysis indicated that TAG accumulation is attributed to the modification of membrane lipids derived primarily from “prokaryotic” pathway and secondarily from “eukaryotic” pathway based on the 16:X or 18:X fatty acid at the sn2 position of the glycerol backbone. We propose that two-phase (NR-ND) growth is ideal for biomass and biofuel production because ND reduces cell growth rate due to the loss of photosynthetic membrane and decreased quantum yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibei Liang
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, ZJ316000, China
| | - Fang Wen
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, ZJ316000, China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, ZJ316000, China. .,Ocean Research Center of Zhoushan, Zhoushan, ZJ316021, China.
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Roy Chowdhuri S, Biswas Raha A, Mitra S, Datta J, Poddar Sarkar M. "Dicranin" in the Membrane Phospholipids of a Dicranaceae and Pottiaceae Moss Member of the Eastern Himalayan Biodiversity Hotspot. Lipids 2018; 53:539-545. [PMID: 30070366 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The phospholipids of two moss samples Oreoweisia laxifolia (Hookf.) Kindb. (family-Dicranaceae Schimp.) and Leptodontium viticulosoides (P. Beauv.) Wijk & Margad (family-Pottiaceae Schimp.) of the Eastern Himalayan Biodiversity Hotspot were investigated to find out any peculiarity in their fatty acid profiles. Detailed analysis of phospholipid classes and the respective fatty acids was performed using high-performance thin-layer chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. An array of different saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were detected in both the samples. Although it has been proposed previously that acetylenic fatty acids are associated only with triacylglycerol of storage lipids, the most striking observation of the present investigation is the abundance of an acetylenic fatty acid, octadeca-6-yn-9,12,15-trienoic acid (18:4a), or Dicranin, in the phospholipids of both the mosses. The position of the triple bond in the hydrocarbon chain of the fatty acids was confirmed by dimethyloxazoline derivatization of fatty acids and their characteristic mass fragmentation pattern. The occurrence of Dicranin in phospholipids and in the Pottiaceae family is reported for the first time, with substantial explanations of the observed results. This may raise the issue of rethinking "Dicranin" as a chemotaxonomic marker of Dicranaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumedha Roy Chowdhuri
- Chemical Signal and Lipidomics Laboratory, Department of Botany, Centre of Advanced Study, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India
| | - Anashuya Biswas Raha
- Chemical Signal and Lipidomics Laboratory, Department of Botany, Centre of Advanced Study, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India
| | - Souvik Mitra
- Department of Botany, Darjeeling Government College, Lebong Cart Rd, Richmond Hill, Darjeeling, 734101, India
| | - Jayashree Datta
- Chemical Signal and Lipidomics Laboratory, Department of Botany, Centre of Advanced Study, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India
| | - Mousumi Poddar Sarkar
- Chemical Signal and Lipidomics Laboratory, Department of Botany, Centre of Advanced Study, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India
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Campe R, Hollenbach E, Kämmerer L, Hendriks J, Höffken HW, Kraus H, Lerchl J, Mietzner T, Tresch S, Witschel M, Hutzler J. A new herbicidal site of action: Cinmethylin binds to acyl-ACP thioesterase and inhibits plant fatty acid biosynthesis. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 148:116-125. [PMID: 29891362 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The prevalent occurrence of herbicide resistant weeds increases the necessity for new site of action herbicides for effective control as well as to relax selection pressure on the known sites of action. As a consequence, interest increased in the unexploited molecule cinmethylin as a new solution for the control of weedy grasses in cereals. Therefore, the mechanism of action of cinmethylin was reevaluated. We applied the chemoproteomic approach cellular Target Profiling™ from Evotec to identify the cinmethylin target in Lemna paucicostata protein extracts. We found three potential targets belonging to the same protein family of fatty acid thioesterases (FAT) to bind to cinmethylin with high affinity. Binding of cinmethylin to FAT proteins from Lemna and Arabidopsis was confirmed by fluorescence-based thermal shift assay. The plastid localized enzyme FAT plays a crucial role in plant lipid biosynthesis, by mediating the release of fatty acids (FA) from its acyl carrier protein (ACP) which is necessary for FA export to the endoplasmic reticulum. GC-MS analysis of free FA composition in Lemna extracts revealed strong reduction of unsaturated C18 as well as saturated C14, and C16 FAs upon treatment with cinmethylin, indicating that FA release for subsequent lipid biosynthesis is the primary target of cinmethylin. Lipid biosynthesis is a prominent target of different herbicide classes. To assess whether FAT inhibition constitutes a new mechanism of action within this complex pathway, we compared physiological effects of cinmethylin to different ACCase and VLCFA synthesis inhibitors and identified characteristic differences in plant symptomology and free FA composition upon treatment with the three herbicide classes. Also, principal component analysis of total metabolic profiling of treated Lemna plants showed strong differences in overall metabolic changes after cinmethylin, ACCase or VLCFA inhibitor treatments. Our results identified and confirmed FAT as the cinmethylin target and validate FAT inhibition as a new site of action different from other lipid biosynthesis inhibitor classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Campe
- BASF SE, Speyerer Straße 2, D-67117 Limburgerhof, Germany.
| | - Eva Hollenbach
- BASF SE, Speyerer Straße 2, D-67117 Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - Lara Kämmerer
- BASF SE, Speyerer Straße 2, D-67117 Limburgerhof, Germany
| | | | | | - Helmut Kraus
- BASF Corporation, 26 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, 27709-3528 NC, United States
| | - Jens Lerchl
- BASF SE, Speyerer Straße 2, D-67117 Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - Thomas Mietzner
- BASF SE, Carl Bosch Straße 38, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Stefan Tresch
- BASF SE, Carl Bosch Straße 38, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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55
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Celik Altunoglu Y, Unel NM, Baloglu MC, Ulu F, Can TH, Cetinkaya R. Comparative identification and evolutionary relationship of fatty acid desaturase (FAD) genes in some oil crops: the sunflower model for evaluation of gene expression pattern under drought stress. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2018.1480421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Celik Altunoglu
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Necdet Mehmet Unel
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Cengiz Baloglu
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Ferhat Ulu
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Tevfik Hasan Can
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Rahmi Cetinkaya
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
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56
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Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the fatty acid desaturase genes in Medicago truncatula. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 499:361-367. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Djanaguiraman M, Boyle DL, Welti R, Jagadish SVK, Prasad PVV. Decreased photosynthetic rate under high temperature in wheat is due to lipid desaturation, oxidation, acylation, and damage of organelles. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:55. [PMID: 29621997 PMCID: PMC5887265 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1263-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High temperature is a major abiotic stress that limits wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) productivity. Variation in levels of a wide range of lipids, including stress-related molecular species, oxidative damage, cellular organization and ultrastructural changes were analyzed to provide an integrated view of the factors that underlie decreased photosynthetic rate under high temperature stress. Wheat plants of cultivar Chinese Spring were grown at optimum temperatures (25/15 °C, maximum/minimum) until the onset of the booting stage. Thereafter, plants were exposed to high temperature (35/25 °C) for 16 d. RESULTS Compared with optimum temperature, a lower photosynthetic rate was observed at high temperature which is an interplay between thylakoid membrane damage, thylakoid membrane lipid composition, oxidative damage of cell organelle, and stomatal and non-stomatal limitations. Triacylglycerol levels were higher under high temperature stress. Polar lipid fatty acyl unsaturation was lower at high temperature, while triacylglycerol unsaturation was the same at high temperature and optimum temperature. The changes in lipid species indicates increases in activities of desaturating, oxidizing, glycosylating and acylating enzymes under high temperature stress. Cumulative effect of high temperature stress led to generation of reactive oxygen species, cell organelle and membrane damage, and reduced antioxidant enzyme activity, and imbalance between reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defense system. CONCLUSIONS Taken together with recent findings demonstrating that reactive oxygen species are formed from and are removed by thylakoid lipids, the data suggest that reactive oxygen species production, reactive oxygen species removal, and changes in lipid metabolism contribute to decreased photosynthetic rate under high temperature stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Djanaguiraman
- Department of Agronomy, 2004 Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
- Department of Crop Physiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
| | - D. L. Boyle
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - R. Welti
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - S. V. K. Jagadish
- Department of Agronomy, 2004 Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - P. V. V. Prasad
- Department of Agronomy, 2004 Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
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58
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Tang G, Xu P, Ma W, Wang F, Liu Z, Wan S, Shan L. Seed-Specific Expression of AtLEC1 Increased Oil Content and Altered Fatty Acid Composition in Seeds of Peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:260. [PMID: 29559985 PMCID: PMC5845668 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the major oil crops and is the fifth largest source of plant oils in the world. Numerous genes participate in regulating the biosynthesis and accumulation of the storage lipids in seeds or other reservoir organs, among which several transcription factors, such as LEAFY COTYLEDON1 (AtLEC1), LEC2, and WRINKLED1 (WRI1), involved in embryo development also control the lipid reservoir in seeds. In this study, the AtLEC1 gene was transferred into the peanut genome and expressed in a seed-specific manner driven by the NapinA full-length promoter or its truncated 230-bp promoter. Four homozygous transgenic lines, two lines with the longer promoter and the other two with the truncated one, were selected for further analysis. The AtLEC1 mRNA level and the corresponding protein accumulation in different transgenic overexpression lines were altered, and the transgenic plants grew and developed normally without any detrimental effects on major agronomic traits. In the developing seeds of transgenic peanuts, the mRNA levels of a series of genes were upregulated. These genes are associated with fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis and lipid accumulation. The former set of genes included the homomeric ACCase A (AhACC II), the BC subunit of heteromeric ACCase (AhBC4), ketoacyl-ACP synthetase (AhKAS II), and stearoyl-ACP desaturase (AhSAD), while the latter ones were the diacylglycerol acyltransferases and oleosins (AhDGAT1, AhDGAT2, AhOle1, AhOle2, and AhOle3). The oil content and seed weight increased by 4.42-15.89% and 11.1-22.2%, respectively, and the levels of major FA components including stearic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid changed significantly in all different lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiying Tang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Bio-Tech Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Pingli Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Bio-Tech Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Wenhua Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Bio-Tech Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Bio-Tech Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhanji Liu
- Shandong Cotton Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Shubo Wan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Bio-Tech Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Lei Shan, Shubo Wan,
| | - Lei Shan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Bio-Tech Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Lei Shan, Shubo Wan,
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59
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Niu Y, Xiang Y. An Overview of Biomembrane Functions in Plant Responses to High-Temperature Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:915. [PMID: 30018629 PMCID: PMC6037897 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Biological membranes are highly ordered structures consisting of mosaics of lipids and proteins. Elevated temperatures can directly and effectively change the properties of these membranes, including their fluidity and permeability, through a holistic effect that involves changes in the lipid composition and/or interactions between lipids and specific membrane proteins. Ultimately, high temperatures can alter microdomain remodeling and instantaneously relay ambient cues to downstream signaling pathways. Thus, dynamic membrane regulation not only helps cells perceive temperature changes but also participates in intracellular responses and determines a cell's fate. Moreover, due to the specific distribution of extra- and endomembrane elements, the plasma membrane (PM) and membranous organelles are individually responsible for distinct developmental events during plant adaptation to heat stress. This review describes recent studies that focused on the roles of various components that can alter the physical state of the plasma and thylakoid membranes as well as the crucial signaling pathways initiated through the membrane system, encompassing both endomembranes and membranous organelles in the context of heat stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Niu
- *Correspondence: Yue Niu, Yun Xiang,
| | - Yun Xiang
- *Correspondence: Yue Niu, Yun Xiang,
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60
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Woodfield HK, Cazenave-Gassiot A, Haslam RP, Guschina IA, Wenk MR, Harwood JL. Using lipidomics to reveal details of lipid accumulation in developing seeds from oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1863:339-348. [PMID: 29275220 PMCID: PMC5791847 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
With dwindling available agricultural land, concurrent with increased demand for oil, there is much current interest in raising oil crop productivity. We have been addressing this issue by studying the regulation of oil accumulation in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L). As part of this research we have carried out a detailed lipidomic analysis of developing seeds. The molecular species distribution in individual lipid classes revealed quite distinct patterns and showed where metabolic connections were important. As the seeds developed, the molecular species distributions changed, especially in the period of early (20 days after flowering, DAF) to mid phase (27DAF) of oil accumulation. The patterns of molecular species of diacylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine and acyl-CoAs were used to predict the possible relative contributions of diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) and phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase to triacylglycerol production. Our calculations suggest that DGAT may hold a more important role in influencing the molecular composition of TAG. Enzyme selectivity had an important influence on the final molecular species patterns. Our data contribute significantly to our understanding of lipid accumulation in the world's third most important oil crop. Lipidomic analysis of developing rapeseed seeds is reported Results show distinct differences between lipid classes Changes in molecular species distributions were found during development The data were used to evaluate the contribution of different synthetic pathways
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amaury Cazenave-Gassiot
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117587, Singapore; Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Richard P Haslam
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | | | - Markus R Wenk
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117587, Singapore; Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore.
| | - John L Harwood
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK.
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Losvik A, Beste L, Glinwood R, Ivarson E, Stephens J, Zhu LH, Jonsson L. Overexpression and Down-Regulation of Barley Lipoxygenase LOX2.2 Affects Jasmonate-Regulated Genes and Aphid Fecundity. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122765. [PMID: 29257097 PMCID: PMC5751364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aphids are pests on many crops and depend on plant phloem sap as their food source. In an attempt to find factors improving plant resistance against aphids, we studied the effects of overexpression and down-regulation of the lipoxygenase gene LOX2.2 in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) on the performance of two aphid species. A specialist, bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) and a generalist, green peach aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer) were studied. LOX2.2 overexpressing lines showed up-regulation of some other jasmonic acid (JA)-regulated genes, and antisense lines showed down-regulation of such genes. Overexpression or suppression of LOX2.2 did not affect aphid settling or the life span on the plants, but in short term fecundity tests, overexpressing plants supported lower aphid numbers and antisense plants higher aphid numbers. The amounts and composition of released volatile organic compounds did not differ between control and LOX2.2 overexpressing lines. Up-regulation of genes was similar for both aphid species. The results suggest that LOX2.2 plays a role in the activation of JA-mediated responses and indicates the involvement of LOX2.2 in basic defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Losvik
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.L.); (L.B.)
| | - Lisa Beste
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.L.); (L.B.)
| | - Robert Glinwood
- Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Emelie Ivarson
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 23053 Alnarp, Sweden; (E.I.); (L.-H.Z.)
| | - Jennifer Stephens
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK;
| | - Li-Hua Zhu
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 23053 Alnarp, Sweden; (E.I.); (L.-H.Z.)
| | - Lisbeth Jonsson
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.L.); (L.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-8-161-211
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Nakamura Y. Plant Phospholipid Diversity: Emerging Functions in Metabolism and Protein-Lipid Interactions. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 22:1027-1040. [PMID: 28993119 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipids are essential components of biological membranes and signal transduction cascades in plants. In recent years, plant phospholipid research was greatly advanced by the characterization of numerous mutants affected in phospholipid biosynthesis and the discovery of a number of functionally important phospholipid-binding proteins. It is now accepted that most phospholipids to some extent have regulatory functions, including those that serve as constituents of biological membranes. Phospholipids are more than an inert end product of lipid biosynthesis. This review article summarizes recent advances on phospholipid biosynthesis with a particular focus on polar head group synthesis, followed by a short overview on protein-phospholipid interactions as an emerging regulatory mechanism of phospholipid function in arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Nakamura
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan 11529, Taiwan; http://ipmb.sinica.edu.tw/index.html/?q=node/972&language=en.
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63
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Li J, Hua J, Zhou Q, Dong C, Wang J, Deng Y, Yuan H, Jiang Y. Comprehensive Lipidome-Wide Profiling Reveals Dynamic Changes of Tea Lipids during Manufacturing Process of Black Tea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:10131-10140. [PMID: 29058896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
As important biomolecules in Camellia sinensis L., lipids undergo substantial changes during black tea manufacture, which is considered to contribute to tea sensory quality. However, limited by analytical capacity, detailed lipid composition and its dynamic changes during black tea manufacture remain unclear. Herein, we performed tea lipidome profiling using high resolution liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS), which allows simultaneous and robust analysis of 192 individual lipid species in black tea, covering 17 (sub)classes. Furthermore, dynamic changes of tea lipids during black tea manufacture were investigated. Significant alterations of lipid pattern were revealed, involved with chlorophyll degradation, metabolic pathways of glycoglycerolipids, and other extraplastidial membrane lipids. To our knowledge, this report presented most comprehensive coverage of lipid species in black tea. This study provides a global and in-depth metabolic map of tea lipidome during black tea manufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Jinjie Hua
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Qinghua Zhou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Chunwang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Jinjin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Yuliang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Haibo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Yongwen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou 310008, China
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Chen Z, Wang J, Chen H, Wen Y, Liu W. Enantioselective Phytotoxicity of Dichlorprop to Arabidopsis thaliana: The Effect of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and the Role of Fe. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:12007-12015. [PMID: 28906105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The ecotoxicology effects of chiral herbicides have long been recognized and have drawn increasing attention. The toxic mechanisms of herbicides in plants are involved in production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cause damage to target enzymes, but the relationship between these two factors in the enantioselectivity of chiral herbicides has rarely been investigated. Furthermore, even though cytochromes P450 enzymes (CYP450s) have been related to the phytotoxicity of herbicides, their roles in the enantioselectivity of chiral herbicides have yet to be explored. To solve this puzzle, the CYP450s suicide inhibitor 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT) was added to an exposure system made from dichlorprop (DCPP) enantiomers in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. The results indicated that different phytotoxicities of DCPP enantiomers by causing oxidative stress and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) damage were observed in the presence and the absence of ABT. The addition of ABT decreased the toxicity of (R)-DCPP but was not significantly affected that of (S)-DCPP, resulting in smaller differences between enantiomers. Furthermore, profound differences were also observed in Fe uptake and distribution, exhibiting different distribution patterns in A. thaliana leaves exposed to DCPP and ABT, which helped bridge the relationship between ROS production and target enzyme ACCase damage through the function of CYP450s. These results offer an opportunity for a more-comprehensive understanding of chiral herbicide action mechanism and provide basic evidence for risk assessments of chiral herbicides in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunwei Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation & Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Bioscience, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jia Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation & Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hui Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation & Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuezhong Wen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation & Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation & Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China
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Barrero-Sicilia C, Silvestre S, Haslam RP, Michaelson LV. Lipid remodelling: Unravelling the response to cold stress in Arabidopsis and its extremophile relative Eutrema salsugineum. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 263:194-200. [PMID: 28818375 PMCID: PMC5567406 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Environmental constraints limit the geographic distribution of many economically important crops. Cold stress is an important abiotic stress that affects plant growth and development, resulting in loss of vigour and surface lesions. These symptoms are caused by, among other metabolic processes, the altered physical and chemical composition of cell membranes. As a major component of cell membranes lipids have been recognized as having a significant role in cold stress, both as a mechanical defence through leaf surface protection and plasma membrane remodelling, and as signal transduction molecules. We present an overview integrating gene expression and lipidomic data published so far in Arabidopsis and its relative the extremophile Eutrema salsugineum. This data enables a better understanding of the contribution of the lipidome in determining the ability to tolerate suboptimal temperature conditions. Collectively this information will allow us to identify the key lipids and pathways responsible for resilience, enabling the development of new approaches for crop tolerance to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susana Silvestre
- Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Richard P Haslam
- Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK.
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Li Q, Shen W, Zheng Q, Tan Y, Gao J, Shen J, Wei Y, Kunst L, Zou J. Effects of eIFiso4G1 mutation on seed oil biosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:966-978. [PMID: 28244172 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid biosynthesis is a primary metabolic pathway that occurs in plastids, whereas the formation of glycerolipid molecules for the majority of cellular membrane systems and the deposition of storage lipid in seeds takes place in the cytosolic compartment. In this report, we present a study of an Arabidopsis mutant, ar21, with a novel seed fatty acid phenotype showing higher contents of eicosanoic acid (20:1) and oleic acid (18:1) and a reduced level of α-linolenic acid (18:3). A combination of map-based cloning and whole-genome sequencing identified the genetic basis underlying the fatty acid phenotype as a lesion in the plant-specific eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIFiso4G1. Transcriptome analysis on developing seeds revealed a reduced level of plastid-encoded genes. Specifically, decreases in both transcript and protein levels of an enzyme involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, the β-subunit of the plastidic heteromeric acetyl-CoA carboxylase (htACCase) encoded by accD, were evident in the mutant. Biochemical assays showed that the developing seeds of the mutant possessed a decreased htACCase activity in the plastid but an elevated activity of homomeric acetyl-CoA carboxylase (hmACCase). These results suggested that the increased 20:1 was attributable at least in part to the enhanced cytosolic hmACCase activity. We also detected a significant repression of FATTY ACID DESATURASE 3 (FAD3) during seed development, which correlated with a decreased 18:3 level in seed oil. Together, our study on a mutant of eIFiso4G1 uncovered multifaceted interactions between the cytosolic and plastidic compartments in seed lipid biosynthesis that impact major seed oil traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0W9, Canada
- Department of Plant Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Wenyun Shen
- National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Qian Zheng
- National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Yifang Tan
- National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Jie Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizi Shan Street, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Jinxiong Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizi Shan Street, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yangdou Wei
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Ljerka Kunst
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jitao Zou
- National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0W9, Canada
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67
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Harwood JL. Inspired by lipids: the Morton Lecture Award Presentation. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:297-302. [PMID: 28408470 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are key molecules for membranes, energy storage and signalling. I have been privileged to have worked in such a diverse field and in organisms from microbes to humans. Here I will describe some of those contrasting areas which range from environmental impacts to food production and on to human health. It has been a fascinating journey which still continues to excite me.
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68
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Lam SM, Tian H, Shui G. Lipidomics, en route to accurate quantitation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:752-761. [PMID: 28216054 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Accurate quantitation is prerequisite for the sustainable development of lipidomics via enabling its applications in various biological and biomedical settings. In this review, the technical considerations and limitations of existent lipidomics technologies, particularly in terms of accurate quantitation; as well as the potential sources of errors along a typical lipidomic workflow that could ultimately give rise to quantitative inaccuracies will be addressed. Furthermore, the pressing need to exercise stricter definitions of terms and protocol standardization pertaining to quantitative lipidomics will be critically discussed, as quantitative accuracy may substantially impact upon the persevering development of lipidomics in the long run. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: BBALIP_Lipidomics Opinion Articles edited by Sepp Kohlwein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin Man Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - He Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China; Lipidall Technologies Company Limited, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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69
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Li Y, Song Y, Xu B, Xie J, Zhang D, Cooke J. Poplar CBF1 functions specifically in an integrated cold regulatory network. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:98-115. [PMID: 28175921 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The C-repeat binding factors (CBFs), also termed dehydration-responsive element-binding protein 1 (DREB1) family members, play crucial roles in the acquisition of stress tolerance, but in trees, the underlying mechanisms of stress tolerance remain elusive. To gain insight into these mechanisms, we isolated five CBF1 orthologs from four poplar sections (Populus spp.) and assessed their expression under drought, cold, heat and salt stress conditions. Globally induced expression in response to cold suggested a correlation between poplar CBF1 expression and the acquisition of cold tolerance. Responses that varied between sections may reflect section-specific stress tolerance mechanisms, suggesting an effect of ecological context on the development of CBF1-mediated stress tolerance in poplar. We then used a genome-wide search strategy in Populus trichocarpa to predict 2263 putative CBF target genes; the identified genes participate in multiple biological processes and pathways. Almost all of the putative target genes contained multiple cis-acting elements that mediate responses to various environmental and endogenous signals, consistent with an important role of CBF1s in an integrated cold regulatory network. Finally, analysis of an association population of 528 individuals of Populus simonii identified six single-nucleotide polymorphisms (false discovery rate Q < 0.10) significantly (P < 0.005) associated with malondialdehyde production and electrolyte leakage, suggesting the potential importance of PsCBF1 in the regulation of some membrane-related functions. Our findings provide new insights into the function of PsCBF1 and shed light on the CBF-mediated regulatory network in poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yuepeng Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, PR China
| | - Baohua Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jianbo Xie
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, PR China
| | - Deqiang Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road, Beijing, PR China
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70
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Sturtevant D, Dueñas ME, Lee YJ, Chapman KD. Three-dimensional visualization of membrane phospholipid distributions in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds: A spatial perspective of molecular heterogeneity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1862:268-281. [PMID: 27919665 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana has been widely used as a model plant to study acyl lipid metabolism. Seeds of A. thaliana are quite small (approximately 500×300μm and weigh ~20μg), making lipid compositional analyses of single seeds difficult to achieve. Here we have used matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) to map and visualize the three-dimensional spatial distributions of two common membrane phospholipid classes, phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylinositol (PI), in single A. thaliana seeds. The 3D images revealed distinct differences in distribution of several molecular species of both phospholipids among different seed tissues. Using data from these 3D reconstructions, the PC and PI mol% lipid profiles were calculated for the embryonic axis, cotyledons, and peripheral endosperm, and these data agreed well with overall quantification of these lipids in bulk seed extracts analyzed by conventional electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). In addition, MALDI-MSI was used to profile PC and PI molecular species in seeds of wild type, fad2-1, fad3-2, fad6-1, and fae1-1 acyl lipid mutants. The resulting distributions revealed previously unobserved changes in spatial distribution of several lipid molecular species, and were used to suggest new insights into biochemical heterogeneity of seed lipid metabolism. These studies highlight the value of mass spectrometry imaging to provide unprecedented spatial and chemical resolution of metabolites directly in samples even as small as a single A. thaliana seeds, and allow for expanded imaging of plant metabolites to improve our understanding of plant lipid metabolism from a spatial perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Sturtevant
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
| | - Maria Emilia Dueñas
- Ames Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University of Science and Technology, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Young-Jin Lee
- Ames Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University of Science and Technology, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Kent D Chapman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
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71
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Tovuu A, Zulfugarov IS, Wu G, Kang IS, Kim C, Moon BY, An G, Lee CH. Rice mutants deficient in ω-3 fatty acid desaturase (FAD8) fail to acclimate to cold temperatures. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 109:525-535. [PMID: 27835850 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the role of ω-3 fatty acid (FA) desaturase (FAD8) during cold acclimation in higher plants, we characterized three independent T-DNA insertional knock-out mutants of OsFAD8 from rice (Oryza sativa L.). At room temperature (28 °C), osfad8 plants exhibited significant alterations in fatty acid (FA) unsaturation for all four investigated plastidic lipid classes. During a 5-d acclimation period at 4 °C, further changes in FA unsaturation in both wild-type (WT) and mutant plants varied according to the type of lipid. We also monitored the fluidity of the thylakoid membrane using a threshold temperature to represent the change in fluorescence. The values were altered significantly by both FAD8 mutation and cold acclimation, suggesting that factors other than FAD8 are involved in C18 FA unsaturation and fluctuations in membrane fluidity. Similarly, significant changes were noted for both the mutant and WT samples in terms of their FA compositions as well as activities related to photosystem (PS) I, PSII, and photoprotection. This included the development of non-photochemical quenching and increased zeaxanthin accumulation. Despite the relatively small changes in FA composition during cold acclimation, cold-inducible FAD8 knock-out mutants displayed strong differences in photoprotective activities and a further drop in membrane fluidity. The mutants were more sensitive than WT to short-term low-temperature stress that resulted in increased production of reactive oxygen species after 5 d of chilling. Taken together, our findings suggest that FA unsaturation by OsFAD8 is crucial for the acclimation of higher plants to low-temperature stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altanzaya Tovuu
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea; Department of Biotechnology, Breeding, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Ismayil S Zulfugarov
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea; Department of Biology, North-Eastern Federal University, 58 Belinsky Str., Yakutsk 677-027, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Russian Federation; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Matbuat Avenue 2a, Baku, AZ 1073, Azerbaijan
| | - Guangxi Wu
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - In Soon Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Choongrak Kim
- Department of Statistics, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Yong Moon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Gynheung An
- Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Hwan Lee
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea.
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72
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Allen JW, DiRusso CC, Black PN. Carbon and Acyl Chain Flux during Stress-induced Triglyceride Accumulation by Stable Isotopic Labeling of the Polar Microalga Coccomyxa subellipsoidea C169. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:361-374. [PMID: 27903654 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.760843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Deriving biofuels and other lipoid products from algae is a promising future technology directly addressing global issues of atmospheric CO2 balance. To better understand the metabolism of triglyceride synthesis in algae, we examined their metabolic origins in the model species, Coccomyxa subellipsoidea C169, using stable isotopic labeling. Labeling patterns arising from [U-13C]glucose, 13CO2, or D2O supplementation were analyzed by GC-MS and/or LC-MS over time courses during nitrogen starvation to address the roles of catabolic carbon recycling, acyl chain redistribution, and de novo fatty acid (FA) synthesis during the expansion of the lipid bodies. The metabolic origin of stress-induced triglyceride was found to be a continuous 8:2 ratio between de novo synthesized FA and acyl chain transfer from pre-stressed membrane lipids with little input from lipid remodeling. Membrane lipids were continually synthesized with associated acyl chain editing during nitrogen stress, in contrast to an overall decrease in total membrane lipid. The incorporation rates of de novo synthesized FA into lipid classes were measured over a time course of nitrogen starvation. The synthesis of triglycerides, phospholipids, and galactolipids followed a two-stage pattern where nitrogen starvation resulted in a 2.5-fold increase followed by a gradual decline. Acyl chain flux into membrane lipids was dominant in the first stage followed by triglycerides. These data indicate that the level of metabolic control that determines acyl chain flux between membrane lipids and triglycerides during nitrogen stress relies primarily on the Kennedy pathway and de novo FA synthesis with limited, defined input from acyl editing reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Allen
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0664
| | - Concetta C DiRusso
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0664
| | - Paul N Black
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0664
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73
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D'Angeli S, Altamura MM. Unsaturated Lipids Change in Olive Tree Drupe and Seed during Fruit Development and in Response to Cold-Stress and Acclimation. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111889. [PMID: 27845749 PMCID: PMC5133888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The olive tree is a plant of economic value for the oil of its drupe. It is a cultigen complex composed of genotypes with differences in cold-hardiness. About 90% of the oil is stored in oil bodies (OBs) in the drupe during the oleogenic phase. Phenols and lipids contribute to oil quality, but the unsaturated fatty acid (FA) fraction is emerging as the most important for quality, because of the very high content in oleic acid, the presence of ω6-linoleic acid and ω3-linolenic acid, and the very low saturated FA content. Another 10% of oil is produced by the seed. Differences in unsaturated FA-enriched lipids exist among seed coat, endosperm, and embryo. Olive oil quality is also affected by the environmental conditions during fruit growth and genotype peculiarities. Production of linoleic and α-linolenic acids, fruit growth, fruit and leaf responses to low temperatures, including cuticle formation, and cold-acclimation are related processes. The levels of unsaturated FAs are changed by FA-desaturase (FAD) activities, involving the functioning of chloroplasts and endoplasmic reticulum. Cold induces lipid changes during drupe and seed development, affecting FADs, but its effect is related to the genotype capability to acclimate to the cold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone D'Angeli
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy.
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74
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Using lipidomics for expanding the knowledge on lipid metabolism in plants. Biochimie 2016; 130:91-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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75
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Labusch C, Effendi Y, Fulda M, Scherer GFE. Transcription of TIR1-Controlled Genes Can be Regulated within 10 Min by an Auxin-Induced Process. Can TIR1 be the Receptor? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:995. [PMID: 27462327 PMCID: PMC4939301 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
ABP1 and TIR1/AFBs are known as auxin receptors. ABP1 is linked to auxin responses several of which are faster than 10 min. TIR1 regulates auxin-induced transcription of early auxin genes also within minutes. We use transcription of such TIR1-dependent genes as indicator of TIR1 activity to show the rapid regulation of TIR1 by exogenous auxin. To this end, we used quantification of transcription of a set of fifteen early auxin-induced reporter genes at t = 10 and t = 30 min to measure this as a TIR1-dependent auxin response. We conducted this study in 22 mutants of auxin transporters (pin5, abcb1, abcb19, and aux1/lax3), protein kinases and phosphatases (ibr5, npr1, cpk3, CPK3-OX, d6pk1, d6pkl1-1, d6pkl3-2, d6pkl1-1/d6pkl2-2, and d6pkl1-1/d6pkl3-2), of fatty acid metabolism (fad2-1, fad6-1, ssi2, lacs4, lacs9, and lacs4/lacs9) and receptors (tir1, tir1/afb2, and tir1/afb3) and compared them to the wild type. After 10 min auxin application, in 18 out of 22 mutants mis-regulated expression of at least one reporter was found, and in 15 mutants transcription of two-to-three out of five selected auxin reporter genes was mis-regulated. After 30 min of auxin application to mutant plants, mis-regulation of reporter genes ranged from one to 13 out of 15 tested reporter genes. Those genes chosen as mutants were themselves not regulated in their expression by auxin for at least 1 h, excluding an influence of TIR1/AFBs on their transcription. The expression of TIR1/AFB genes was also not modulated by auxin for up to 3 h. Together, this excludes a feedback or feedforward of these mutant genes/proteins on TIR1/AFBs output of transcription in this auxin-induced response. However, an auxin-induced response needed an as yet unknown auxin receptor. We suggest that the auxin receptor necessary for the fast auxin-induced transcription modulation could be, instead, ABP1. The alternative hypothesis would be that auxin-induced expression of a protein, initiated by TIR1/AFBs receptors, could initiate these responses and that this unknown protein regulated TIR1/AFB activities within 10 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Labusch
- Abteilung Molekulare Ertragsphysiologie, Institut für Gartenbauliche Produktionssysteme, Leibniz Universität HannoverHannover, Germany
| | - Yunus Effendi
- Abteilung Molekulare Ertragsphysiologie, Institut für Gartenbauliche Produktionssysteme, Leibniz Universität HannoverHannover, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Al Azhar IndonesiaJakarta, Indonesia
| | - Martin Fulda
- Abteilung Biochemie der Pflanzen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institut der Pflanzenwissenschaften, Universität GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Günther F. E. Scherer
- Abteilung Molekulare Ertragsphysiologie, Institut für Gartenbauliche Produktionssysteme, Leibniz Universität HannoverHannover, Germany
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76
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Aznar-Moreno JA, Venegas-Calerón M, Du ZY, Garcés R, Tanner JA, Chye ML, Martínez-Force E, Salas JJ. Characterization of a small acyl-CoA-binding protein (ACBP) from Helianthus annuus L. and its binding affinities. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 102:141-50. [PMID: 26938582 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Acyl-CoA-binding proteins (ACBPs) bind to acyl-CoA esters and promote their interaction with other proteins, lipids and cell structures. Small class I ACBPs have been identified in different plants, such as Arabidopsis thaliana (AtACBP6), Brassica napus (BnACBP) and Oryza sativa (OsACBP1, OsACBP2, OsACBP3), and they are capable of binding to different acyl-CoA esters and phospholipids. Here we characterize HaACBP6, a class I ACBP expressed in sunflower (Helianthus annuus) tissues, studying the specificity of its corresponding recombinant HaACBP6 protein towards various acyl-CoA esters and phospholipids in vitro, particularly using isothermal titration calorimetry and protein phospholipid binding assays. This protein binds with high affinity to de novo synthetized derivatives palmitoly-CoA, stearoyl-CoA and oleoyl-CoA (Kd 0.29, 0.14 and 0.15 μM respectively). On the contrary, it showed lower affinity towards linoleoyl-CoA (Kd 5.6 μM). Moreover, rHaACBP6 binds to different phosphatidylcholine species (dipalmitoyl-PC, dioleoyl-PC and dilinoleoyl-PC), yet it displays no affinity towards other phospholipids like lyso-PC, phosphatidic acid and lysophosphatidic acid derivatives. In the light of these results, the possible involvement of this protein in sunflower oil synthesis is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Aznar-Moreno
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, 141 Chalmers Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Mónica Venegas-Calerón
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. de Utrera Km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Zhi-Yan Du
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Rafael Garcés
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. de Utrera Km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Julian A Tanner
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Mee-Len Chye
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Enrique Martínez-Force
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. de Utrera Km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Joaquín J Salas
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. de Utrera Km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain.
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Wang JJ, Liu HR, Gao J, Huang YJ, Zhang B, Chen KS. Two ω-3 FADs Are Associated with Peach Fruit Volatile Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:464. [PMID: 27043529 PMCID: PMC4848920 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aroma-related volatiles, together with sugars and acids, play an important role in determining fruit flavor quality. Characteristic volatiles of peach fruit are mainly derived from fatty acids such as linoleic acid (18:2) and linolenic acid (18:3). In the present study, six genes encoding fatty acid desaturases (FAD) were cloned, including two ω-6 FAD genes (PpFAD2, PpFAD6) and four ω-3 FAD genes (PpFAD3-1, PpFAD3-2, PpFAD7 and PpFAD8). Heterologous expression of peach FADs in tobacco plants showed that PpFAD3-1, and PpFAD3-2 significantly reduced contents of 18:2, and accumulated significant higher levels of 18:3. In the case of volatiles, transgenic plants produced lower concentrations of hexanal and higher levels of (E)-2-hexenal. Consequently, the ratio of the (E)-2-hexenal and hexanal was about 5- and 3-fold higher than that of wild type (WT) in PpFAD3-1 and PpFAD3-2 transformants, respectively. No significant changes in volatile profiles were observed in transgenic plants overexpressing the four other peach FAD genes. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis showed that ripe fruit had high PpFAD3-1 and low PpFAD3-2 transcript levels. In contrast, high PpFAD3-2 and low PpFAD3-1 transcript levels were observed in young fruit. These results indicate a temporal regulation of these two ω-3 FADs during development and ripening, influencing peach fruit volatile formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Jiao Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Hong-Ru Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Jie Gao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yu-Ji Huang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Kun-Song Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology/Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Rozentsvet OA, Nesterov VN, Bogdanova ES, Tabalenkova GN, Zakhozhiy IG. Biochemical conditionality of differentiation of halophytes by the type of regulation of salt metabolism in Prieltonye. CONTEMP PROBL ECOL+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995425516010133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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79
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Dong CJ, Cao N, Zhang ZG, Shang QM. Characterization of the Fatty Acid Desaturase Genes in Cucumber: Structure, Phylogeny, and Expression Patterns. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149917. [PMID: 26938877 PMCID: PMC4777478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid desaturases (FADs) introduce double bonds into the hydrocarbon chains of fatty acids to produce unsaturated fatty acids, and therefore play a critical role in plant development and acclimation to environmental stresses. In this study, 23 full-length FAD genes in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) were identified through database searches, including three CsFAB2 genes, two CsFAD2 genes, fourteen CsFAD5 genes, and one gene each for CsFAD3, CsFAD4, CsFAD6 and CsFAD7. These cucumber FAD genes were distributed on all seven chromosomes and two additional scaffolds. Based on a phylogenetic analysis, the cucumber FAD proteins were clustered into five subfamilies with their counterparts from other plants. Gene structures and protein sequences were considerably conserved in each subfamily. All three CsFAB2 proteins shared conserved structure with the known plant soluble FAD proteins. The other cucumber FADs belonged to the membrane-bound FADs and contained three highly conserved histidine boxes. Additionally, the putative endoplasmic reticulum retention signal was found at the C-termini of the CsFAD2 and CsFAD3 proteins, while the N-termini of CsFAD4, CsFAD5, CsFAD6, CsFAD7 and three CsFAB2s contained a predicted chloroplast signal peptide, which was consistent with their associated metabolic pathways. Furthermore, a gene expression analysis showed that CsFAD2 and CsFAD3 were universally expressed in all tested tissues, whereas the other cucumber FAD genes were preferentially expressed in the cotyledons or leaves. The tissue-specific expression patterns of cucumber FAD genes were correlated well with the differences in the fatty acid compositions ofroots and leaves. Finally, the cucumber FAD genes showed a cold-induced and heat-repressed expression pattern, although with distinct regulatory time courses among the different CsFAD members, which indicates the potential roles of the FADs in temperature stress resistance in cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Juan Dong
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (CJD); (QMS)
| | - Ning Cao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Gang Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing-Mao Shang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (CJD); (QMS)
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Abstract
Microalgae present a huge and still insufficiently tapped resource of very long-chain omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFA) for human nutrition and medicinal applications. This chapter describes the diversity of unicellular eukaryotic microalgae in respect to VLC-PUFA biosynthesis. Then, we outline the major biosynthetic pathways mediating the formation of VLC-PUFA by sequential desaturation and elongation of C18-PUFA acyl groups. We address the aspects of spatial localization of those pathways and elaborate on the role for VLC-PUFA in microalgal cells. Recent progress in microalgal genetic transformation and molecular engineering has opened the way to increased production efficiencies for VLC-PUFA. The perspectives of photobiotechnology and metabolic engineering of microalgae for altered or enhanced VLC-PUFA production are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Khozin-Goldberg
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel.
| | - Stefan Leu
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel
| | - Sammy Boussiba
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel
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81
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Kanobe C, McCarville MT, O’Neal ME, Tylka GL, MacIntosh GC. Soybean Aphid Infestation Induces Changes in Fatty Acid Metabolism in Soybean. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145660. [PMID: 26684003 PMCID: PMC4684210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) is one of the most important insect pests of soybeans in the North-central region of the US. It has been hypothesized that aphids avoid effective defenses by inhibition of jasmonate-regulated plant responses. Given the role fatty acids play in jasmonate-induced plant defenses, we analyzed the fatty acid profile of soybean leaves and seeds from aphid-infested plants. Aphid infestation reduced levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids in leaves with a concomitant increase in palmitic acid. In seeds, a reduction in polyunsaturated fatty acids was associated with an increase in stearic acid and oleic acid. Soybean plants challenged with the brown stem rot fungus or with soybean cyst nematodes did not present changes in fatty acid levels in leaves or seeds, indicating that the changes induced by aphids are not a general response to pests. One of the polyunsaturated fatty acids, linolenic acid, is the precursor of jasmonate; thus, these changes in fatty acid metabolism may be examples of "metabolic hijacking" by the aphid to avoid the induction of effective defenses. Based on the changes in fatty acid levels observed in seeds and leaves, we hypothesize that aphids potentially induce interference in the fatty acid desaturation pathway, likely reducing FAD2 and FAD6 activity that leads to a reduction in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Our data support the idea that aphids block jasmonate-dependent defenses by reduction of the hormone precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Kanobe
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Michael T. McCarville
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Matthew E. O’Neal
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Gregory L. Tylka
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Gustavo C. MacIntosh
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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82
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Kobayashi N, Barnes A, Jensen T, Noel E, Andlay G, Rosenberg JN, Betenbaugh MJ, Guarnieri MT, Oyler GA. Comparison of biomass and lipid production under ambient carbon dioxide vigorous aeration and 3% carbon dioxide condition among the lead candidate Chlorella strains screened by various photobioreactor scales. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 198:246-255. [PMID: 26398668 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chlorella species from the UTEX collection, classified by rDNA-based phylogenetic analysis, were screened based on biomass and lipid production in different scales and modes of culture. The lead candidate strains of C. sorokiniana UTEX 1230 and C. vulgaris UTEX 395 and 259 were compared between conditions of vigorous aeration with filtered atmospheric air and 3% CO2 shake-flask cultivation. The biomass of UTEX 1230 produced 2 times higher at 652 mg L(-1) dry weight under both ambient CO2 vigorous aeration and 3% CO2 conditions, while UTEX 395 and 259 under 3% CO2 increased to 3 times higher at 863 mg L(-1) dry weight than ambient CO2 vigorous aeration. The triacylglycerol contents of UTEX 395 and 259 increased more than 30 times to 30% dry weight with 3% CO2, indicating that additional CO2 is essential for both biomass and lipid accumulation in UTEX 395 and 259.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Kobayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States
| | - Austin Barnes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States
| | - Travis Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States
| | - Eric Noel
- School of Biological Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1104 T Street, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States
| | - Gunjan Andlay
- Synaptic Research, 1448 South Rolling Road, Baltimore, MD 21227, United States
| | - Julian N Rosenberg
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, John Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, John Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States
| | - Michael T Guarnieri
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, United States
| | - George A Oyler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States; Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, John Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States; Synaptic Research, 1448 South Rolling Road, Baltimore, MD 21227, United States
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83
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Wang LH, Chen HK, Jhu CS, Cheng JO, Fang LS, Chen CS. Different strategies of energy storage in cultured and freshly isolated Symbiodinium sp. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2015; 51:1127-1136. [PMID: 26987007 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The endosymbiotic relationship between cnidarians and Symbiodinium is critical for the survival of coral reefs. In this study, we developed a protocol to rapidly and freshly separate Symbiodinium from corals and sea anemones. Furthermore, we compared these freshly-isolated Symbiodinium with cultured Symbiodinium to investigate host and Symbiodinium interaction. Clade B Symbiodinium had higher starch content and lower lipid content than those of clades C and D in both freshly isolated and cultured forms. Clade C had the highest lipid content, particularly when associated with corals. Moreover, the coral-associated Symbiodinium had higher protein content than did cultured and sea anemone-associated Symbiodinium. Regarding fatty acid composition, cultured Symbiodinium and clades B, C, and D shared similar patterns, whereas sea anemone-associated Symbiodinium had a distinct pattern compared coral-associated Symbiodinium. Specifically, the levels of monounsaturated fatty acids were lower than those of the saturated fatty acids, and the level of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were the highest in all examined Symbiodinium. Furthermore, PUFAs levels were higher in coral-associated Symbiodinium than in cultured Symbiodinium. These results altogether indicated that different Symbiodinium clades used different energy storage strategies, which might be modified by hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hsueh Wang
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, 2 Houwan Road, Checheng, Pingtung, 944, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, 974, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Kai Chen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 704, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Sian Jhu
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, 974, Taiwan
| | - Jing-O Cheng
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, 2 Houwan Road, Checheng, Pingtung, 944, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Shing Fang
- Department of Sports, Health and Leisure, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung, 833, Taiwan
| | - Chii-Shiarng Chen
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, 2 Houwan Road, Checheng, Pingtung, 944, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, 974, Taiwan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 704, Taiwan
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84
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Román Á, Hernández ML, Soria-García Á, López-Gomollón S, Lagunas B, Picorel R, Martínez-Rivas JM, Alfonso M. Non-redundant Contribution of the Plastidial FAD8 ω-3 Desaturase to Glycerolipid Unsaturation at Different Temperatures in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:1599-611. [PMID: 26079601 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plastidial ω-3 desaturase FAD7 is a major contributor to trienoic fatty acid biosynthesis in the leaves of Arabidopsis plants. However, the precise contribution of the other plastidial ω-3 desaturase, FAD8, is poorly understood. Fatty acid and lipid analysis of several ω-3 desaturase mutants, including two insertion lines of AtFAD7 and AtFAD8, showed that FAD8 partially compensated the disruption of the AtFAD7 gene at 22 °C, indicating that FAD8 was active at this growth temperature, contrasting to previous observations that circumscribed the FAD8 activity at low temperatures. Our data revealed that FAD8 had a higher selectivity for 18:2 acyl-lipid substrates and a higher preference for lipids other than galactolipids, particularly phosphatidylglycerol, at any of the temperatures studied. Differences in the mechanism controlling AtFAD7 and AtFAD8 gene expression at different temperatures were also detected. Confocal microscopy and biochemical analysis of FAD8-YFP over-expressing lines confirmed the chloroplast envelope localization of FAD8. Co-localization experiments suggested that FAD8 and FAD7 might be located in close vicinity in the envelope membrane. FAD8-YFP over-expressing lines showed a specific increase in 18:3 fatty acids at 22 °C. Together, these results indicate that the function of both plastidial ω-3 desaturases is coordinated in a non-redundant manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Román
- Estación Experimental de Aula Dei (EEAD-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, Ctra. Utrera km. 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - María L Hernández
- Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, Ctra. Utrera km. 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Ángel Soria-García
- Estación Experimental de Aula Dei (EEAD-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sara López-Gomollón
- Estación Experimental de Aula Dei (EEAD-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Beatriz Lagunas
- Estación Experimental de Aula Dei (EEAD-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rafael Picorel
- Estación Experimental de Aula Dei (EEAD-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José Manuel Martínez-Rivas
- Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, Ctra. Utrera km. 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Miguel Alfonso
- Estación Experimental de Aula Dei (EEAD-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain.
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85
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Chen G, Woodfield HK, Pan X, Harwood JL, Weselake RJ. Acyl-Trafficking During Plant Oil Accumulation. Lipids 2015; 50:1057-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4069-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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86
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Gao J, Wallis JG, Browse J. Mutations in the Prokaryotic Pathway Rescue the fatty acid biosynthesis1 Mutant in the Cold. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:442-452. [PMID: 26224803 PMCID: PMC4577428 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) fatty acid biosynthesis1 (fab1) mutant has increased levels of the saturated fatty acid 16:0 due to decreased activity of 3-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) synthase II. In fab1 leaves, phosphatidylglycerol, the major chloroplast phospholipid, contains up to 45% high-melting-point molecular species (molecules that contain only 16:0, 16:1-trans, and 18:0), a trait associated with chilling-sensitive plants, compared with less than 10% in wild-type Arabidopsis. Although they do not exhibit typical chilling sensitivity, when exposed to low temperatures (2°C-6°C) for long periods, fab1 plants do suffer collapse of photosynthesis, degradation of chloroplasts, and eventually death. A screen for suppressors of this low-temperature phenotype has identified 11 lines, some of which contain additional alterations in leaf-lipid composition relative to fab1. Here, we report the identification of two suppressor mutations, one in act1, which encodes the chloroplast acyl-ACP:glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, and one in lpat1, which encodes the chloroplast acyl-ACP:lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase. These enzymes catalyze the first two steps of the prokaryotic pathway for glycerolipid synthesis, so we investigated whether other mutations in this pathway would rescue the fab1 phenotype. Both the gly1 mutation, which reduces glycerol-3-phosphate supply to the prokaryotic pathway, and fad6, which is deficient in the chloroplast 16:1/18:1 fatty acyl desaturase, were discovered to be suppressors. Analyses of leaf-lipid compositions revealed that mutations at all four of the suppressor loci result in reductions in the proportion of high-melting-point molecular species of phosphatidylglycerol relative to fab1. We conclude that these reductions are likely the basis for the suppressor phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpeng Gao
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Clark Hall, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340
| | - James G Wallis
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Clark Hall, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340
| | - John Browse
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Clark Hall, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340
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87
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Wang Y, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Prakash C, He G, Yin D. Insights into the novel members of the FAD2 gene family involved in high-oleate fluxes in peanut. Genome 2015; 58:375-83. [DOI: 10.1139/gen-2015-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The FAD2 gene family is functionally responsible for the conversion of oleic acid to linoleic acid in oilseed plants. Multiple members of the FAD gene are known to occur in several oilseed species. In this study, six novel full-length cDNA sequences (named as AhFAD2-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, and -6) were identified in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), an analysis of which revealed open reading frames of 379, 383, 394, or 442 amino acids. Sequence comparisons showed that AhFAD2-1 and AhFAD2-2 shared 76% identity, while AhFAD2-2, -3, and -4 displayed highly significant homology. There was only 27% identity overlap between the microsomal ω-6 fatty acid desaturase and the chloroplast ω-6 fatty acid desaturase encoded by AhFAD2-1, -2, -3, -4, and AhFAD2-5, -6, respectively. The phylogeny tree of FAD2 transcripts showed five major groups, and AhFAD2-1 was clearly separated from other groups. Analysis of AhFAD2-1 and AhFAD2-2 transcript distribution in different peanut tissues showed that the AhFAD2-1 gene showed upward of a 70-fold increase in expression of fatty acid than the AhFAD2-2 gene in peanut developing seeds, while the AhFAD2-2 gene expressed most abundantly in peanut flowers. Because the AhFAD2-1 gene played a major role in the conversion of oleic to linoleic acid during seed development, the identification of this novel member in this study would facilitate the further genetic manipulation of peanut oil quality. The implications of overall results also suggest that there may be more candidate genes controlling levels of oleate acid in developing seeds. Results also may be due to the presence of complex gene networks controlling the fluxes between the endoplasmic reticulum and the chloroplast within the peanut cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xingguo Zhang
- Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yongli Zhao
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA
| | - C.S. Prakash
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA
| | - Guohao He
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA
| | - Dongmei Yin
- Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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88
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McGlew K, Shaw V, Zhang M, Kim RJ, Yang W, Shorrosh B, Suh MC, Ohlrogge J. An annotated database of Arabidopsis mutants of acyl lipid metabolism. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:519-32. [PMID: 25487439 PMCID: PMC4371839 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1710-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We have constructed and annotated a web-based database of over 280 Arabidopsis genes that have characterized mutants associated with Arabidopsis acyl lipid metabolism. Mutants have played a fundamental role in gene discovery and in understanding the function of genes involved in plant acyl lipid metabolism. The first mutant in Arabidopsis lipid metabolism (fad4) was described in 1985. Since that time, characterization of mutants in more than 280 genes associated with acyl lipid metabolism has been reported. This review provides a brief background and history on identification of mutants in acyl lipid metabolism, an analysis of the distribution of mutants in different areas of acyl lipid metabolism and presents an annotated database (ARALIPmutantDB) of these mutants. The database provides information on the phenotypes of mutants, pathways and enzymes/proteins associated with the mutants, and allows rapid access via hyperlinks to summaries of information about each mutant and to literature that provides information on the lipid composition of the mutants. In addition, the database of mutants is integrated within the ARALIP plant acyl lipid metabolism website ( http://aralip.plantbiology.msu.edu ) so that information on mutants is displayed on and can be accessed from metabolic pathway maps. Mutants for at least 30% of the genes in the database have multiple names, which have been compiled here to reduce ambiguities in searches for information. The database should also provide a tool for exploring the relationships between mutants in acyl lipid-related genes and their lipid phenotypes and point to opportunities for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen McGlew
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Vincent Shaw
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Meng Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ryeo Jin Kim
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757 Republic of Korea
| | - Weili Yang
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | | | - Mi Chung Suh
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757 Republic of Korea
| | - John Ohlrogge
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
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89
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Allen DK, Bates PD, Tjellström H. Tracking the metabolic pulse of plant lipid production with isotopic labeling and flux analyses: Past, present and future. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 58:97-120. [PMID: 25773881 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism is comprised of networks of chemical transformations, organized into integrated biochemical pathways that are the basis of cellular operation, and function to sustain life. Metabolism, and thus life, is not static. The rate of metabolites transitioning through biochemical pathways (i.e., flux) determines cellular phenotypes, and is constantly changing in response to genetic or environmental perturbations. Each change evokes a response in metabolic pathway flow, and the quantification of fluxes under varied conditions helps to elucidate major and minor routes, and regulatory aspects of metabolism. To measure fluxes requires experimental methods that assess the movements and transformations of metabolites without creating artifacts. Isotopic labeling fills this role and is a long-standing experimental approach to identify pathways and quantify their metabolic relevance in different tissues or under different conditions. The application of labeling techniques to plant science is however far from reaching it potential. In light of advances in genetics and molecular biology that provide a means to alter metabolism, and given recent improvements in instrumentation, computational tools and available isotopes, the use of isotopic labeling to probe metabolism is becoming more and more powerful. We review the principal analytical methods for isotopic labeling with a focus on seminal studies of pathways and fluxes in lipid metabolism and carbon partitioning through central metabolism. Central carbon metabolic steps are directly linked to lipid production by serving to generate the precursors for fatty acid biosynthesis and lipid assembly. Additionally some of the ideas for labeling techniques that may be most applicable for lipid metabolism in the future were originally developed to investigate other aspects of central metabolism. We conclude by describing recent advances that will play an important future role in quantifying flux and metabolic operation in plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doug K Allen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, MO 63132, United States; Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, MO 63132, United States.
| | - Philip D Bates
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, United States
| | - Henrik Tjellström
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States; Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
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90
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van Eerden FJ, de Jong DH, de Vries AH, Wassenaar TA, Marrink SJ. Characterization of thylakoid lipid membranes from cyanobacteria and higher plants by molecular dynamics simulations. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1848:1319-30. [PMID: 25749153 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The thylakoid membrane is mainly composed of non-common lipids, so called galactolipids. Despite the importance of these lipids for the function of the photosynthetic reaction centers, the molecular organization of these membranes is largely unexplored. Here we use multiscale molecular dynamics simulations to characterize the thylakoid membrane of both cyanobacteria and higher plants. We consider mixtures of up to five different galactolipids plus phosphatidylglycerol to represent these complex membranes. We find that the different lipids generally mix well, although nanoscale heterogeneities are observed especially in case of the plant membrane. The fluidity of the cyanobacterial membrane is markedly reduced compared to the plant membrane, even considering elevated temperatures at which thermophilic cyanobacteria are found. We also find that the plant membrane more readily undergoes a phase transformation to an inverted hexagonal phase. We furthermore characterized the conformation and dynamics of the cofactors plastoquinone and plastoquinol, revealing of the fast flip-flop rates for the non-reduced form. Together, our results provide a molecular view on the dynamical organization of the thylakoid membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris J van Eerden
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Djurre H de Jong
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Alex H de Vries
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tsjerk A Wassenaar
- Computational Biology, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91052 Erlangen Germany
| | - Siewert J Marrink
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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91
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Lim JM, Vikramathithan J, Hwangbo K, Ahn JW, Park YI, Choi DW, Jeong WJ. Threonine 286 of fatty acid desaturase 7 is essential for ω-3 fatty acid desaturation in the green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:66. [PMID: 25699037 PMCID: PMC4318421 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acid desaturases catalyze the conversion of dienoic fatty acids (C18:2 and C16:2) into trienoic fatty acids (C18:3 and C16:3), accounting for more than 50% of the total fatty acids in higher plants and the green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Here, we describe a Thr residue located in the fourth transmembrane domain of fatty acid desaturase 7 (FAD7) that is essential for the biosynthesis of ω-3 fatty acids in C. reinhardtii. The ω-3 fatty acid deficiency in strain CC-620, which contains a putative missense mutation at Thr286 of CrFAD7, was recovered by the overexpression of CC-125 CrFAD7. A Ser substitution in position 286 was able to partially complement the phenotype of the ω-3 fatty acid deficiency, but other substitution variants, such as Tyr, His, Cys, and Gly, failed to do so. Prediction of the phosphorylation target site revealed that Thr286 may be phosphorylated. Analysis of the structural conformation of CC-620 CrFAD7 via topology prediction (and bends in the helix) shows that this missense mutation may collapse the catalytic structure of CrFAD7. Taken together, this study suggests that Thr286 is essential for the maintaining the catalytic structure of CrFAD7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Min Lim
- Sustainable Bioresource Center, Korea Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jayaraman Vikramathithan
- Sustainable Bioresource Center, Korea Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kwon Hwangbo
- Sustainable Bioresource Center, Korea Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Daejeon, South Korea ; Department of Biological Science, Chungnam National University Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Joon-Woo Ahn
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute - Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - Youn-Il Park
- Department of Biological Science, Chungnam National University Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Dong-Woog Choi
- Department of Biology Education, Chonnam National University South Korea
| | - Won-Joong Jeong
- Sustainable Bioresource Center, Korea Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Daejeon, South Korea
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92
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Li Q, Zheng Q, Shen W, Cram D, Fowler DB, Wei Y, Zou J. Understanding the biochemical basis of temperature-induced lipid pathway adjustments in plants. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:86-103. [PMID: 25564555 PMCID: PMC4330585 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.134338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Glycerolipid biosynthesis in plants proceeds through two major pathways compartmentalized in the chloroplast and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The involvement of glycerolipid pathway interactions in modulating membrane desaturation under temperature stress has been suggested but not fully explored. We profiled glycerolipid changes as well as transcript dynamics under suboptimal temperature conditions in three plant species that are distinctively different in the mode of lipid pathway interactions. In Arabidopsis thaliana, a 16:3 plant, the chloroplast pathway is upregulated in response to low temperature, whereas high temperature promotes the eukaryotic pathway. Operating under a similar mechanistic framework, Atriplex lentiformis at high temperature drastically increases the contribution of the eukaryotic pathway and correspondingly suppresses the prokaryotic pathway, resulting in the switch of lipid profile from 16:3 to 18:3. In wheat (Triticum aestivum), an 18:3 plant, low temperature also influences the channeling of glycerolipids from the ER to chloroplast. Evidence of differential trafficking of diacylglycerol moieties from the ER to chloroplast was uncovered in three plant species as another layer of metabolic adaptation under temperature stress. We propose a model that highlights the predominance and prevalence of lipid pathway interactions in temperature-induced lipid compositional changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Qian Zheng
- National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Wenyun Shen
- National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Dustin Cram
- National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - D Brian Fowler
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Yangdou Wei
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Jitao Zou
- National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada
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93
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Capovilla G, Schmid M, Posé D. Control of flowering by ambient temperature. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:59-69. [PMID: 25326628 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The timing of flowering is a crucial decision in the life cycle of plants since favourable conditions are needed to maximize reproductive success and, hence, the survival of the species. It is therefore not surprising that plants constantly monitor endogenous and environmental signals, such as day length (photoperiod) and temperature, to adjust the timing of the floral transition. Temperature in particular has been shown to have a tremendous effect on the timing of flowering: the effect of prolonged periods of cold, called the vernalization response, has been extensively studied and the underlying epigenetic mechanisms are reasonably well understood in Arabidopsis thaliana. In contrast, the effect of moderate changes in ambient growth temperature on the progression of flowering, the thermosensory pathway, is only starting to be understood on the molecular level. Several genes and molecular mechanisms underlying the thermosensory pathway have already been identified and characterized in detail. At a time when global temperature is rising due to climate change, this knowledge will be pivotal to ensure crop production in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Capovilla
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Spemannstr. 35, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Schmid
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Spemannstr. 35, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - David Posé
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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94
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Zhang J, Li J, Garcia-Ruiz H, Bates PD, Mirkov TE, Wang X. A stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase, NbSACPD-C, is critical for ovule development in Nicotiana benthamiana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 80:489-502. [PMID: 25155407 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase (SACPD) activity is essential for production of the major unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) in plant lipids. We report here the characterization of three SACPD genes from Nicotiana benthamiana, NbSACPD-A, -B, and -C. All three genes share high similarity to AtSSI2/FAB2 (Suppressor of Salicylic acid-Insensitivity2/Fatty Acid Biosynthesis2), the primary SACPD isoform in Arabidopsis. Knocking down the expression of individual or combinations of NbSACPDs by an artificial microRNA approach resulted in significantly reduced accumulation of 18C UFAs and elevated levels of 18:0-FA (Fatty acids) in leaves, indicating that all three genes participated in fatty acid desaturation. The triple knockdown (KD) plants displayed severe growth phenotypes, including spontaneous cell death and dwarfing. While no vegetative morphologic abnormality was observed in NbSACPD-A, -B, or -C KD plants, strikingly, NbSACPD-C KD plants produced small fruits with aborted ovules. Reciprocal crosses with wild-type and NbSACPD-C KD plants revealed that knocking down NbSACPD-C expression caused female, but not male, sterility. Furthermore, arrested ovule development and significantly altered lipid composition in ovaries were observed in NbSACPD-C KD plants, consistent with the predominant NbSACPD-C expression in ovules. The ovule development defect was fully complemented by coexpressing an amiRNA-resistant NbSACPD-C variant in the NbSACPD-C KD background, further supporting a specific requirement for NbSACPD-C in female fertility. Our results thus indicated that NbSACPD-C plays a critical role maintaining membrane lipid composition in ovule development for female fertility in N. benthamiana, complementing and extending prior understanding on the well-demonstrated roles of SACPDs in biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantao Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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95
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Membrane lipid remodelling of Meconopsis racemosa after its introduction into lowlands from an alpine environment. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106614. [PMID: 25184635 PMCID: PMC4153668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane lipids, which determine the integrity and fluidity of membranes, are sensitive to environmental changes. The influence of stresses, such as cold and phosphorus deficiency, on lipid metabolism is well established. However, little is known about how plant lipid profiles change in response to environmental changes during introduction, especially when plants are transferred from extreme conditions to moderate ones. Using a lipidomics approach, we profiled the changes in glycerolipid molecules upon the introduction of the alpine ornamental species Meconopsis racemosa from the alpine region of Northwest Yunnan to the lowlands of Kunming, China. We found that the ratios of digalactosyldiacylglycerol/monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG/MGDG) and phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine (PC/PE) remained unchanged. Introduction of M. racemosa from an alpine environment to a lowland environment results in two major effects. The first is a decline in the level of plastidic lipids, especially galactolipids. The second, which concerns a decrease of the double-bond index (DBI) and could make the membrane more gel-like, is a response to high temperatures. Changes in the lipidome after M. racemosa was introduced to a lowland environment were the reverse of those that occur when plants are exposed to phosphorus deficiency or cold stress.
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96
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97
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Mehrshahi P, Johnny C, DellaPenna D. Redefining the metabolic continuity of chloroplasts and ER. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 19:501-7. [PMID: 24679997 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
As a hub for plant metabolism, plastids extensively exchange metabolites with the extraplastid environment. For polar metabolites, membrane transporters mediate this exchange, but for many plastid-synthesized nonpolar compounds, such transporters remain elusive. Here, we discuss recent data from transorganellar complementation studies that demonstrate that enzymes in one organelle can directly access nonpolar metabolites from a companion organelle. We propose that a mechanism, based on hemifused-membranes at plastid-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contact sites, facilitates interorganellar interactions and allows enzymes direct, transporter-independent access to a range of nonpolar compounds in both organelle membranes. In a wider context, interorganellar metabolism at hemifusion interfaces would allow evolution of membrane-spanning pathways for the many thousands of nonpolar metabolites in the plant kingdom to be uncoupled from coevolution with nonpolar metabolite transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Mehrshahi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Cassandra Johnny
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Dean DellaPenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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98
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Guschina IA, Everard JD, Kinney AJ, Quant PA, Harwood JL. Studies on the regulation of lipid biosynthesis in plants: application of control analysis to soybean. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1838:1488-500. [PMID: 24565795 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Although there is much knowledge of the enzymology (and genes coding the proteins) of lipid biosynthesis in higher plants, relatively little attention has been paid to regulation. We have demonstrated the important role for cholinephosphate cytidylyltransferase in the biosynthesis of the major extra-plastidic membrane lipid, phosphatidylcholine. We followed this work by applying control analysis to light-induced fatty acid synthesis. This was the first such application to lipid synthesis in any organism. The data showed that acetyl-CoA carboxylase was very important, exerting about half of the total control. We then applied metabolic control analysis to lipid accumulation in important oil crops - oilpalm, olive, and rapeseed. Recent data with soybean show that the block of fatty acid biosynthesis reactions exerts somewhat more control (63%) than lipid assembly although both are clearly very important. These results suggest that gene stacks, targeting both parts of the overall lipid synthesis pathway will be needed to increase significantly oil yields in soybean. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane Structure and Function: Relevance in the Cell's Physiology, Pathology and Therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John D Everard
- DuPont Agricultural Biotechnology, P.O. Box 80353, Wilmington, DE 19880, USA
| | - Anthony J Kinney
- DuPont Agricultural Biotechnology, P.O. Box 80353, Wilmington, DE 19880, USA
| | - Patti A Quant
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - John L Harwood
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK.
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99
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Ramesh AM, Kesari V, Rangan L. Characterization of a stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase gene from potential biofuel plant, Pongamia pinnata L. Gene 2014; 542:113-21. [PMID: 24680703 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A new full length cDNA clone encoding stearoyl-ACP desaturase (SAD) was isolated from seeds of Pongamia pinnata, an oil yielding legume plant. The cDNA clone (PpSAD) contained a single open reading frame of 1182-bp coding for 393 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 45.04 kDa, and shares similarity with SAD from other plants. Characteristics of the deduced protein were predicted and analyzed using molecular homology modeling; its three dimensional structure strongly resembled the crystal structure of Ricinus communis (RcSAD). Southern blot analysis indicated that 'sad' is a multiple copy gene and was a member of a small gene family. Expression analysis using quantitative real-time PCR revealed that the gene showed marked distinct expression during different stages of seed developments. The results of the expression analysis in this study, combined with existing research, suggest that 'sad' gene may be involved in the regulation of plant seed growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aadi Moolam Ramesh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781 039, India.
| | - Vigya Kesari
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781 039, India.
| | - Latha Rangan
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781 039, India.
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100
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Shahid M, Pourrut B, Dumat C, Nadeem M, Aslam M, Pinelli E. Heavy-metal-induced reactive oxygen species: phytotoxicity and physicochemical changes in plants. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 232:1-44. [PMID: 24984833 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-06746-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
As a result of the industrial revolution, anthropogenic activities have enhanced there distribution of many toxic heavy metals from the earth's crust to different environmental compartments. Environmental pollution by toxic heavy metals is increasing worldwide, and poses a rising threat to both the environment and to human health.Plants are exposed to heavy metals from various sources: mining and refining of ores, fertilizer and pesticide applications, battery chemicals, disposal of solid wastes(including sewage sludge), irrigation with wastewater, vehicular exhaust emissions and adjacent industrial activity.Heavy metals induce various morphological, physiological, and biochemical dysfunctions in plants, either directly or indirectly, and cause various damaging effects. The most frequently documented and earliest consequence of heavy metal toxicity in plants cells is the overproduction of ROS. Unlike redox-active metals such as iron and copper, heavy metals (e.g, Pb, Cd, Ni, AI, Mn and Zn) cannot generate ROS directly by participating in biological redox reactions such as Haber Weiss/Fenton reactions. However, these metals induce ROS generation via different indirect mechanisms, such as stimulating the activity of NADPH oxidases, displacing essential cations from specific binding sites of enzymes and inhibiting enzymatic activities from their affinity for -SH groups on the enzyme.Under normal conditions, ROS play several essential roles in regulating the expression of different genes. Reactive oxygen species control numerous processes like the cell cycle, plant growth, abiotic stress responses, systemic signalling, programmed cell death, pathogen defence and development. Enhanced generation of these species from heavy metal toxicity deteriorates the intrinsic antioxidant defense system of cells, and causes oxidative stress. Cells with oxidative stress display various chemical,biological and physiological toxic symptoms as a result of the interaction between ROS and biomolecules. Heavy-metal-induced ROS cause lipid peroxidation, membrane dismantling and damage to DNA, protein and carbohydrates. Plants have very well-organized defense systems, consisting of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidation processes. The primary defense mechanism for heavy metal detoxification is the reduced absorption of these metals into plants or their sequestration in root cells.Secondary heavy metal tolerance mechanisms include activation of antioxidant enzymes and the binding of heavy metals by phytochelatins, glutathione and amino acids. These defense systems work in combination to manage the cascades of oxidative stress and to defend plant cells from the toxic effects of ROS.In this review, we summarized the biochemiCal processes involved in the over production of ROS as an aftermath to heavy metal exposure. We also described the ROS scavenging process that is associated with the antioxidant defense machinery.Despite considerable progress in understanding the biochemistry of ROS overproduction and scavenging, we still lack in-depth studies on the parameters associated with heavy metal exclusion and tolerance capacity of plants. For example, data about the role of glutathione-glutaredoxin-thioredoxin system in ROS detoxification in plant cells are scarce. Moreover, how ROS mediate glutathionylation (redox signalling)is still not completely understood. Similarly, induction of glutathione and phytochelatins under oxidative stress is very well reported, but it is still unexplained that some studied compounds are not involved in the detoxification mechanisms. Moreover,although the role of metal transporters and gene expression is well established for a few metals and plants, much more research is needed. Eventually, when results for more metals and plants are available, the mechanism of the biochemical and genetic basis of heavy metal detoxification in plants will be better understood. Moreover, by using recently developed genetic and biotechnological tools it may be possible to produce plants that have traits desirable for imparting heavy metal tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari, 61100, Pakistan
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