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Samuel R, Duda DG, Fukumura D, Jain RK. Vascular diseases await translation of blood vessels engineered from stem cells. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:309rv6. [PMID: 26468328 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa1805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) might pave the way toward a long-sought solution for obtaining sufficient numbers of autologous cells for tissue engineering. Several methods exist for generating endothelial cells or perivascular cells from hiPSCs in vitro for use in the building of vascular tissue. We discuss current developments in the generation of vascular progenitor cells from hiPSCs and the assessment of their functional capacity in vivo, opportunities and challenges for the clinical translation of engineered vascular tissue, and modeling of vascular diseases using hiPSC-derived vascular progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Samuel
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Centre for Stem Cell Research, Christian Medical College, Bagayam, Vellore 632002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dan G Duda
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Dai Fukumura
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Rakesh K Jain
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Small Molecules Facilitate Single Factor-Mediated Hepatic Reprogramming. Cell Rep 2016; 15:814-829. [PMID: 27149847 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that defined factors could lead to the direct conversion of fibroblasts into induced hepatocyte-like cells (iHeps). However, reported conversion efficiencies are very low, and the underlying mechanism of the direct hepatic reprogramming is largely unknown. Here, we report that direct conversion into iHeps is a stepwise transition involving the erasure of somatic memory, mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition, and induction of hepatic cell fate in a sequential manner. Through screening for additional factors that could potentially enhance the conversion kinetics, we have found that c-Myc and Klf4 (CK) dramatically accelerate conversion kinetics, resulting in remarkably improved iHep generation. Furthermore, we identified small molecules that could lead to the robust generation of iHeps without CK. Finally, we show that Hnf1α supported by small molecules is sufficient to efficiently induce direct hepatic reprogramming. This approach might help to fully elucidate the direct conversion process and also facilitate the translation of iHep into the clinic.
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Mustafa HN. The role of curcumin in streptozotocin-induced hepatic damage and the trans-differentiation of hepatic stellate cells. Tissue Cell 2016; 48:81-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Genetic lineage tracing identifies endocardial origin of liver vasculature. Nat Genet 2016; 48:537-43. [PMID: 27019112 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The hepatic vasculature is essential for liver development, homeostasis and regeneration, yet the developmental program of hepatic vessel formation and the embryonic origin of the liver vasculature remain unknown. Here we show in mouse that endocardial cells form a primitive vascular plexus surrounding the liver bud and subsequently contribute to a substantial portion of the liver vasculature. Using intersectional genetics, we demonstrate that the endocardium of the sinus venosus is a source for the hepatic plexus. Inhibition of endocardial angiogenesis results in reduced endocardial contribution to the liver vasculature and defects in liver organogenesis. We conclude that a substantial portion of liver vessels derives from the endocardium and shares a common developmental origin with coronary arteries.
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Takahashi Y, Takebe T, Taniguchi H. Engineering pancreatic tissues from stem cells towards therapy. Regen Ther 2016; 3:15-23. [PMID: 31245468 PMCID: PMC6581807 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic islet transplantation is performed as a potential treatment for type 1 diabetes mellitus. However, this approach is significantly limited due to the critical shortage of islet sources. Recently, a number of publications have developed protocols for directed β-cell differentiation of pluripotent cells, such as embryonic stem (ES) or induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Decades of studies have led to the development of modified protocols that recapitulate molecular developmental cues by combining various growth factors and small molecules with improved efficiency. However, the later step of pancreatic differentiation into functional β-cells has yet to be satisfactory in vitro, highlighting alternative approach by recapitulating spatiotemporal multicellular interaction in three-dimensional (3D) culture. Here, we summarize recent progress in the directed differentiation into pancreatic β-cells with a focus on both two-dimensional (2D) and 3D differentiation settings. We also discuss the potential transplantation strategies in combination with current bioengineering approaches towards diabetes therapy. Transplantation of stem cell derived pancreatic progenitors is a possible approach for generating mature β-cell in vivo. Promise of 3-D (or 4-D) culture has started to be explored by reconstituting pancreatic tissue structures. Self-condensation culture is a basic technique of integrating multiple heterotypic lineages including vasculatures. Bioengineering approach has been combined for developing effective transplant strategies.
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Key Words
- 2D, two-dimensional
- 3D, three-dimensional
- BMP, bone morphogenic protein
- Diabetes
- ES, embryonic stem
- FGF, fibroblast growth factors
- Heterotypic cellular interaction
- IBMIR, instant blood-mediated reaction
- ILV, indolactam V
- Ngn3, neurogenin 3
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase
- PIPAAm, poly-N-isopropylacrylamide
- PVA, polyvinyl alcohol
- Pancreas
- Pdx1, pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1
- Ptf1a, pancreatic transcription factor 1a
- Regenerative medicine
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- Vascularization
- iPS, induced pluripotent stem
- iPS/ES cell
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinobu Takahashi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku 3-9, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Takanori Takebe
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku 3-9, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan.,Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Kanazawa-ku 3-9, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229- 3039, USA
| | - Hideki Taniguchi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku 3-9, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan.,Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Kanazawa-ku 3-9, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
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Baptista PM, Moran EC, Vyas D, Ribeiro MH, Atala A, Sparks JL, Soker S. Fluid Flow Regulation of Revascularization and Cellular Organization in a Bioengineered Liver Platform. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2016; 22:199-207. [PMID: 26772270 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2015.0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Modeling of human liver development, especially cellular organization and the mechanisms underlying it, is fundamental for studying liver organogenesis and congenital diseases, yet there are no reliable models that mimic these processes ex vivo. DESIGN Using an organ engineering approach and relevant cell lines, we designed a perfusion system that delivers discrete mechanical forces inside an acellular liver extracellular matrix scaffold to study the effects of mechanical stimulation in hepatic tissue organization. RESULTS We observed a fluid flow rate-dependent response in cell distribution within the liver scaffold. Next, we determined the role of nitric oxide (NO) as a mediator of fluid flow effects on endothelial cells. We observed impairment of both neovascularization and liver tissue organization in the presence of selective inhibition of endothelial NO synthase. Similar results were observed in bioengineered livers grown under static conditions. CONCLUSION Overall, we were able to unveil the potential central role of discrete mechanical stimulation through the NO pathway in the revascularization and cellular organization of a bioengineered liver. Last, we propose that this organ bioengineering platform can contribute significantly to the identification of physiological mechanisms of liver organogenesis and regeneration and improve our ability to bioengineer livers for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M Baptista
- 1 Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences , Winston-Salem, North Carolina.,2 University of Zaragoza , Zaragoza, Spain .,3 IIS Aragón , CIBERehd, Zaragoza, Spain .,4 Aragon Health Sciences Institute (IACS) , Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Emma C Moran
- 1 Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences , Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Dipen Vyas
- 1 Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences , Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Maria H Ribeiro
- 5 Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), University of Lisbon , Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anthony Atala
- 1 Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences , Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jessica L Sparks
- 6 Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University , Oxford, Ohio
| | - Shay Soker
- 1 Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences , Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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Hen G, Nicenboim J, Mayseless O, Asaf L, Shin M, Busolin G, Hofi R, Almog G, Tiso N, Lawson ND, Yaniv K. Venous-derived angioblasts generate organ-specific vessels during zebrafish embryonic development. Development 2015; 142:4266-78. [PMID: 26525671 PMCID: PMC4689221 DOI: 10.1242/dev.129247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Formation and remodeling of vascular beds are complex processes orchestrated by multiple signaling pathways. Although it is well accepted that vessels of a particular organ display specific features that enable them to fulfill distinct functions, the embryonic origins of tissue-specific vessels and the molecular mechanisms regulating their formation are poorly understood. The subintestinal plexus of the zebrafish embryo comprises vessels that vascularize the gut, liver and pancreas and, as such, represents an ideal model in which to investigate the early steps of organ-specific vessel formation. Here, we show that both arterial and venous components of the subintestinal plexus originate from a pool of specialized angioblasts residing in the floor of the posterior cardinal vein (PCV). Using live imaging of zebrafish embryos, in combination with photoconvertable transgenic reporters, we demonstrate that these angioblasts undergo two phases of migration and differentiation. Initially, a subintestinal vein forms and expands ventrally through a Bone Morphogenetic Protein-dependent step of collective migration. Concomitantly, a Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-dependent shift in the directionality of migration, coupled to the upregulation of arterial markers, is observed, which culminates with the generation of the supraintestinal artery. Together, our results establish the zebrafish subintestinal plexus as an advantageous model for the study of organ-specific vessel development and provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms controlling its formation. More broadly, our findings suggest that PCV-specialized angioblasts contribute not only to the formation of the early trunk vasculature, but also to the establishment of late-forming, tissue-specific vascular beds. Highlighted article: A specialized pool of angioblasts is the origin of the zebrafish subintestinal plexus, a structure that gives rise to the organ-specific vessels of the gut, liver and pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Hen
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Julian Nicenboim
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Oded Mayseless
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Lihee Asaf
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Masahiro Shin
- Program in Gene Function and Expression, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Giorgia Busolin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova I-35131, Italy
| | - Roy Hofi
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Gabriella Almog
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Natascia Tiso
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova I-35131, Italy
| | - Nathan D Lawson
- Program in Gene Function and Expression, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Karina Yaniv
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Nelson DA, Larsen M. Heterotypic control of basement membrane dynamics during branching morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2015; 401:103-9. [PMID: 25527075 PMCID: PMC4465071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many mammalian organs undergo branching morphogenesis to create highly arborized structures with maximized surface area for specialized organ function. Cooperative cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions that sculpt the emerging tissue architecture are guided by dynamic basement membranes. Properties of the basement membrane are reciprocally controlled by the interacting epithelial and mesenchymal cell populations. Here we discuss how basement membrane remodeling is required for branching morphogenesis to regulate cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesions that are required for cell patterning during morphogenesis and how basement membrane impacts morphogenesis by stimulation of cell patterning, force generation, and mechanotransduction. We suggest that in addition to creating mature epithelial architecture, remodeling of the epithelial basement membrane during branching morphogenesis is also essential to promote maturation of the stromal mesenchyme to create mature organ structure. Recapitulation of developmental cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions are of critical importance in tissue engineering and regeneration strategies that seek to restore organ function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre A Nelson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, 1400 Washington Ave, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Melinda Larsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, 1400 Washington Ave, Albany, NY 12222, USA.
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Havrilak JA, Shannon JM. Branching of lung epithelium in vitro occurs in the absence of endothelial cells. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:553-63. [PMID: 25581492 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early lung morphogenesis is driven by tissue interactions. Signals from the lung mesenchyme drive epithelial morphogenesis, but which individual mesenchymal cell types are influencing early epithelial branching and differentiation remains unclear. It has been shown that endothelial cells are involved in epithelial repair and regeneration in the adult lung, and they may also play a role in driving early lung epithelial branching. These data, in combination with evidence that endothelial cells influence early morphogenetic events in the liver and pancreas, led us to hypothesize that endothelial cells are necessary for early lung epithelial branching. RESULTS We blocked vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling in embryonic day (E) 12.5 lung explants with three different VEGF receptor inhibitors (SU5416, Ki8751, and KRN633) and found that in all cases the epithelium was able to branch despite the loss of endothelial cells. Furthermore, we found that distal lung mesenchyme depleted of endothelial cells retained its ability to induce terminal branching when recombined with isolated distal lung epithelium (LgE). Additionally, isolated E12.5 primary mouse lung endothelial cells, or human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC-L), were not able to induce branching when recombined with LgE. CONCLUSIONS Our observations support the conclusion that endothelial cells are not required for early lung branching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Havrilak
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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61
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Shim JH, Kim J, Han J, An SY, Jang YJ, Son J, Woo DH, Kim SK, Kim JH. Pancreatic Islet-Like Three-Dimensional Aggregates Derived From Human Embryonic Stem Cells Ameliorate Hyperglycemia in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice. Cell Transplant 2014; 24:2155-68. [PMID: 25397866 DOI: 10.3727/096368914x685438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported the in vitro differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into pancreatic endoderm. Here we demonstrate that islet-like three-dimensional (3D) aggregates can be derived from the pancreatic endoderm by optimizing our previous protocol. Sequential treatment with Wnt3a, activin A, and noggin induced a transient upregulation of T and MixL1, followed by increased expression of endodermal genes, including FOXA2, SOX17, and CXCR4. Subsequent treatment with retinoic acid highly upregulated PDX1 expression. We also show that inhibition of sonic hedgehog signaling by bFGF/activin βB and cotreatment with VEGF and FGF7 produced many 3D cellular clusters that express both SOX17 and PDX1. We found for the first time that proteoglycans and vimentin(+) mesenchymal cells were mainly localized in hESC-derived PDX1(+) clusters. Importantly, treatment with chlorate, an inhibitor of proteoglycan sulfation, together with inhibition of Notch signaling significantly increased the expression of Neurog3 and NeuroD1, promoting a transition from PDX1(+) progenitor cells toward mature pancreatic endocrine cells. Purified dithizone(+) 3D aggregates generated by our refined protocol produced pancreatic hormones and released insulin in response to both glucose and pharmacological drugs in vitro. Furthermore, the islet-like 3D aggregates decreased blood glucose levels and continued to exhibit pancreatic features after transplantation into diabetic mice. Generation of islet-like 3D cell aggregates from human pluripotent stem cells may overcome the shortage of cadaveric donor islets for future cases of clinical islet transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joong-Hyun Shim
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Endothelial cells provide a notch-dependent pro-tumoral niche for enhancing breast cancer survival, stemness and pro-metastatic properties. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112424. [PMID: 25380486 PMCID: PMC4224483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Treating metastasis has been challenging due to tumors complexity and heterogeneity. This complexity is partly related to the crosstalk between tumor and its microenvironment. Endothelial cells -the building blocks of tumor vasculature- have been shown to have additional roles in cancer progression than angiogenesis and supplying oxygen and nutrients. Here, we show an alternative role for endothelial cells in supporting breast cancer growth and spreading independent of their vascular functions. Using endothelial cells and breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB231 and MCF-7, we developed co-culture systems to study the influence of tumor endothelium on breast tumor development by both in vitro and in vivo approaches. Our results demonstrated that endothelial cells conferred survival advantage to tumor cells under complete starvation and enriched the CD44HighCD24Low/- stem cell population in tumor cells. Moreover, endothelial cells enhanced the pro-metastatic potential of breast cancer cells. The in vitro and in vivo results concordantly confirmed a role for endothelial Jagged1 to promote breast tumor through notch activation. Here, we propose a role for endothelial cells in enhancing breast cancer progression, stemness, and pro-metastatic traits through a perfusion-independent manner. Our findings may be beneficial in developing novel therapeutic approaches.
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63
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Weizman A, Michael I, Wiesel-Motiuk N, Rezania A, Levenberg S. The effect of endothelial cells on hESC-derived pancreatic progenitors in a 3D environment. Biomater Sci 2014; 2:1706-1714. [PMID: 32481949 DOI: 10.1039/c4bm00304g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Generating transplantable β-like-cells from human embryonic stem cells (hESC) could serve as an ideal cell-based therapy for treatment of type 1 diabetes, which is characterized by the destruction of insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells. There are several protocols for differentiating hESCs into pancreatic or endocrine precursors. However, so far, production of mature, functional β-like-cells has been achieved mainly by transplanting hESC derived pancreatic progenitors (PPs) and allowing several months for maturation to occur in vivo. One approach, believed to have potential in promoting differentiation into β-like-cells prior to transplantation, is culturing PPs alongside blood vessels. Endothelium and blood vessels have been shown to direct pancreatic development during embryogenesis and also induce endocrine differentiation in vitro. Here we designed a three-dimensional (3D) construct utilizing highly porous polymeric scaffolds that mimic natural conditions and provide cells with mechanical support, and used it in the differentiation protocol. Clusters of hESC derived pancreatic precursor cells were embedded within the scaffolds along with human endothelial cells (ECs) and fibroblasts forming vessel-like networks. Culturing these clusters with ECs for one week significantly increased the population of PPs, characterized by co-expression of the pancreatic markers Pdx1 and Nkx6.1 and also highly induced Ngn3 expression which indicates commitment to endocrine fate. The presence of fibroblasts, however, reduced this cell population. Three months upon implantation of constructs containing clusters and ECs or clusters alone, implanted mice retained normal blood glucose levels after treatment with STZ, while un-implanted mice became diabetic. These findings may lay the foundation for creating an optimal tissue-construct that will support PPs' maturation in vitro and enhance graft function upon implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Weizman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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64
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Takebe T, Kobayashi S, Suzuki H, Mizuno M, Chang YM, Yoshizawa E, Kimura M, Hori A, Asano J, Maegawa J, Taniguchi H. Transient vascularization of transplanted human adult-derived progenitors promotes self-organizing cartilage. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:4325-34. [PMID: 25202983 DOI: 10.1172/jci76443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Millions of patients worldwide are affected by craniofacial deformations caused by congenital defects or trauma. Current surgical interventions have limited therapeutic outcomes; therefore, methods that would allow cartilage restoration are of great interest. A number of studies on embryonic limb development have shown that chondrogenesis is initiated by cellular condensation, during which mesenchymal progenitors aggregate and form 3D structures. Here, we demonstrated efficient regeneration of avascular elastic cartilage from in vitro-grown mesenchymal condensation, which recapitulated the early stages of chondrogenesis, including transient vascularization. After transplantation of vascularized condensed progenitors into immunodeficient mice, we used an intravital imaging approach to follow cartilage maturation. We determined that endothelial cells are present inside rudimentary cartilage (mesenchymal condensation) prior to cartilage maturation. Recreation of endothelial interactions in culture enabled a recently identified population of adult elastic cartilage progenitors to generate mesenchymal condensation in a self-driven manner, without requiring the support of exogenous inductive factors or scaffold materials. Moreover, the culture-grown 3D condensed adult-derived progenitors were amenable to storage via simple freezing methods and efficiently reconstructed 3D elastic cartilage upon transplantation. Together, our results indicate that transplantation of endothelialized and condensed progenitors represents a promising approach to realizing a regenerative medicine treatment for craniofacial deformations.
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Woik N, Dietz CT, Schäker K, Kroll J. Kelch-like ECT2-interacting protein KLEIP regulates late-stage pulmonary maturation via Hif-2α in mice. Dis Model Mech 2014; 7:683-92. [PMID: 24785085 PMCID: PMC4036475 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.014266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) caused by preterm delivery is a major clinical problem with limited mechanistic insight. Late-stage embryonic lung development is driven by hypoxia and the hypoxia-inducible transcription factors Hif-1α and Hif-2α, which act as important regulators for lung development. Expression of the BTB-and kelch-domain-containing (BTB-kelch) protein KLEIP (Kelch-like ECT2-interacting protein; also named Klhl20) is controlled by two hypoxia response elements, and KLEIP regulates stabilization and transcriptional activation of Hif-2α. Based on the available data, we hypothesized an essential role for KLEIP in murine lung development and function. Therefore, we have performed a functional, histological, mechanistic and interventional study in embryonic and neonatal KLEIP−/− mice. Here, we show that about half of the KLEIP−/− neonates die due to respiratory failure that is caused by insufficient aeration, reduced septal thinning, reduced glycogenolysis, type II pneumocyte immaturity and reduced surfactant production. Expression analyses in embryonic day (E) 18.5 lungs identified KLEIP in lung capillaries, and showed strongly reduced mRNA and protein levels for Hif-2α and VEGF; such reduced levels are associated with embryonic endothelial cell apoptosis and lung bleedings. Betamethasone injection in pregnant females prevented respiratory failure in KLEIP−/− neonates, normalized lung maturation, vascularization, aeration and function, and increased neonatal Hif-2α expression. Thus, the experimental study shows that respiratory failure in KLEIP−/− neonates is determined by insufficient angiocrine Hif-2α–VEGF signaling and that betamethasone activates this newly identified signaling cascade in late-stage embryonic lung development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Woik
- Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis, Center for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM), Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany. Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian T Dietz
- Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis, Center for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM), Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schäker
- Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis, Center for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM), Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany. Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Kroll
- Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis, Center for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM), Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany. Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Samokhvalov IM. Deconvoluting the ontogeny of hematopoietic stem cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:957-78. [PMID: 23708646 PMCID: PMC11113969 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1364-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Two different models describe the development of definitive hematopoiesis and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). In one of these, the visceral yolk sac serves as a starting point of relatively lengthy developmental process culminating in the fetal liver hematopoiesis. In another, the origin of adult hematopoiesis is split between the yolk sac and the dorsal aorta, which has a peculiar capacity to generate definitive HSCs. Despite a large amount of experimental data consistent with the latter view, it becomes increasingly unsustainable in the light of recent cell tracing studies. Moreover, analysis of the published studies supporting the aorta-centered version uncovers significant caveats in standard experimental approach and argumentation. As a result, the theory cannot offer feasible cellular mechanisms of the HSC emergence. This review summarizes key efforts to discern the developmental pathway of the adult-type HSCs and attempts to put forward a hypothesis on the inflammatory mechanisms of hematopoietic ontogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor M Samokhvalov
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Science, 190 Kai Yuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, China,
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Reinert RB, Cai Q, Hong JY, Plank JL, Aamodt K, Prasad N, Aramandla R, Dai C, Levy SE, Pozzi A, Labosky PA, Wright CVE, Brissova M, Powers AC. Vascular endothelial growth factor coordinates islet innervation via vascular scaffolding. Development 2014; 141:1480-91. [PMID: 24574008 DOI: 10.1242/dev.098657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurovascular alignment is a common anatomical feature of organs, but the mechanisms leading to this arrangement are incompletely understood. Here, we show that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling profoundly affects both vascularization and innervation of the pancreatic islet. In mature islets, nerves are closely associated with capillaries, but the islet vascularization process during embryonic organogenesis significantly precedes islet innervation. Although a simple neuronal meshwork interconnects the developing islet clusters as they begin to form at E14.5, the substantial ingrowth of nerve fibers into islets occurs postnatally, when islet vascularization is already complete. Using genetic mouse models, we demonstrate that VEGF regulates islet innervation indirectly through its effects on intra-islet endothelial cells. Our data indicate that formation of a VEGF-directed, intra-islet vascular plexus is required for development of islet innervation, and that VEGF-induced islet hypervascularization leads to increased nerve fiber ingrowth. Transcriptome analysis of hypervascularized islets revealed an increased expression of extracellular matrix components and axon guidance molecules, with these transcripts being enriched in the islet-derived endothelial cell population. We propose a mechanism for coordinated neurovascular development within pancreatic islets, in which endocrine cell-derived VEGF directs the patterning of intra-islet capillaries during embryogenesis, forming a scaffold for the postnatal ingrowth of essential autonomic nerve fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel B Reinert
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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68
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Arterbery AS, Bogue CW. Endodermal and mesenchymal cross talk: a crossroad for the maturation of foregut organs. Pediatr Res 2014; 75:120-6. [PMID: 24192700 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2013.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The developmental stages of each foregut organ are intimately linked to the development of the other foregut organs such that the ultimate function of any one foregut organ, such as the metabolic function of the liver, depends on organizational changes associated with the maturation of multiple foregut organs. These changes include: (i) proliferation of the intrahepatic bile ducts and hepatoblasts within the liver coinciding with parenchymal expansion, (ii) elongation of extrahepatic bile ducts, which allows for proper gallbladder (GB) formation, and (iii) duodenal elongation and rotation, which coincides with all of the above to connect the intrahepatic, extrahepatic, and pancreatic ductal systems with the intestine. It is well established that cross talk between endodermal and mesenchymal components of the foregut occurs, particularly regarding the vascularization of developing organs. Furthermore, genetic mutations in mesenchymal and hepatic compartments of the developing foregut result in similar foregut pathologies: hypoplastic liver, absence of GB, biliary atresia (intrahepatic and/or extrahepatic), and failure of gut elongation and rotation. Finally, these shared pathologies can be linked to deficiencies in genes specific to the septum transversum mesenchyme (Hes1, Hlx, and Foxf1) or liver (Hhex and Hnf6), illustrating the complexity of such cross talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S Arterbery
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Clifford W Bogue
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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69
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Cechin S, Alvarez-Cubela S, Giraldo JA, Molano RD, Villate S, Ricordi C, Pileggi A, Inverardi L, Fraker CA, Domínguez-Bendala J. Influence of in vitro and in vivo oxygen modulation on β cell differentiation from human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 3:277-89. [PMID: 24375542 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The possibility of using human embryonic stem (hES) cell-derived β cells as an alternative to cadaveric islets for the treatment of type 1 diabetes is now widely acknowledged. However, current differentiation methods consistently fail to generate meaningful numbers of mature, functional β cells. In order to address this issue, we set out to explore the role of oxygen modulation in the maturation of pancreatic progenitor (PP) cells differentiated from hES cells. We have previously determined that oxygenation is a powerful driver of murine PP differentiation along the endocrine lineage of the pancreas. We hypothesized that targeting physiological oxygen partial pressure (pO2) levels seen in mature islets would help the differentiation of PP cells along the β-cell lineage. This hypothesis was tested both in vivo (by exposing PP-transplanted immunodeficient mice to a daily hyperbaric oxygen regimen) and in vitro (by allowing PP cells to mature in a perfluorocarbon-based culture device designed to carefully adjust pO2 to a desired range). Our results show that oxygen modulation does indeed contribute to enhanced maturation of PP cells, as evidenced by improved engraftment, segregation of α and β cells, body weight maintenance, and rate of diabetes reversal in vivo, and by elevated expression of pancreatic endocrine makers, β-cell differentiation yield, and insulin production in vitro. Our studies confirm the importance of oxygen modulation as a key variable to consider in the design of β-cell differentiation protocols and open the door to future strategies for the transplantation of fully mature β cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirlene Cechin
- Diabetes Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, and Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
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70
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Patel VN, Hoffman MP. Salivary gland development: a template for regeneration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2013; 25-26:52-60. [PMID: 24333774 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian salivary gland develops as a highly branched structure designed to produce and secrete saliva. This review will focus on research on mouse submandibular gland development and the translation of this basic research toward therapy for patients suffering from salivary hypofunction. Here we review the most recent literature that has enabled a better understanding of the mechanisms of salivary gland development. Additionally, we discuss approaches proposed to restore salivary function using gene and cell-based therapy. Increasing our understanding of the developmental mechanisms involved during development is critical to design effective therapies for regeneration and repair of damaged glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali N Patel
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Matthew P Hoffman
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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71
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Conditional deletion of p53 and Rb in the renin-expressing compartment of the pancreas leads to a highly penetrant metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma. Oncogene 2013; 33:5706-15. [PMID: 24292676 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to model human pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs) in animals have been moderately successful, with minimal evidence for glucagonomas or metastatic spread. The renin gene, although classically associated with expression in the kidney, is also expressed in many other extrarenal tissues including the pancreas. To induce tumorigenesis within rennin-specific tissues, floxed alleles of p53 and Rb were selectively abrogated using Cre-recombinase driven by the renin promoter. The primary neoplasm generated is a highly metastatic islet cell carcinoma of the pancreas. Lineage tracing identifies descendants of renin-expressing cells as pancreatic alpha cells despite a lack of active renin expression in the mature pancreas. Both primary and metastatic tumors express high levels of glucagon; furthermore, an increased level of glucagon is found in the serum, identifying the pancreatic cancer as a functional glucagonoma. This new model is highly penetrant and exhibits robust frequency of metastases to the lymph nodes and the liver, mimicking human disease, and provides a useful platform for better understanding pancreatic endocrine differentiation and development, as well as islet cell carcinogenesis. The use of fluorescent reporters for lineage tracing of the cells contributing to disease initiation and progression provides an unique opportunity to dissect the timeline of disease, examining mechanisms of the metastatic process, as well as recovering primary and metastatic cells for identifying cooperating mutations that are necessary for progression of disease.
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72
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D'Hoker J, De Leu N, Heremans Y, Baeyens L, Minami K, Ying C, Lavens A, Chintinne M, Stangé G, Magenheim J, Swisa A, Martens G, Pipeleers D, van de Casteele M, Seino S, Keshet E, Dor Y, Heimberg H. Conditional hypovascularization and hypoxia in islets do not overtly influence adult β-cell mass or function. Diabetes 2013; 62:4165-73. [PMID: 23974922 PMCID: PMC3837025 DOI: 10.2337/db12-1827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that vascularization and oxygenation of pancreatic islets are essential for the maintenance of an optimal β-cell mass and function and that signaling by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is crucial for pancreas development, insulin gene expression/secretion, and (compensatory) β-cell proliferation. A novel mouse model was designed to allow conditional production of human sFlt1 by β-cells in order to trap VEGF and study the effect of time-dependent inhibition of VEGF signaling on adult β-cell fate and metabolism. Secretion of sFlt1 by adult β-cells resulted in a rapid regression of blood vessels and hypoxia within the islets. Besides blunted insulin release, β-cells displayed a remarkable capacity for coping with these presumed unfavorable conditions: even after prolonged periods of blood vessel ablation, basal and stimulated blood glucose levels were only slightly increased, while β-cell proliferation and mass remained unaffected. Moreover, ablation of blood vessels did not prevent β-cell generation after severe pancreas injury by partial pancreatic duct ligation or partial pancreatectomy. Our data thus argue against a major role of blood vessels to preserve adult β-cell generation and function, restricting their importance to facilitating rapid and adequate insulin delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joke D'Hoker
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nico De Leu
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Heremans
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc Baeyens
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kohtaro Minami
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Cai Ying
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Astrid Lavens
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie Chintinne
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Geert Stangé
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Judith Magenheim
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry and Human Genetics, Institute of Medical Research, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Avital Swisa
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry and Human Genetics, Institute of Medical Research, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Geert Martens
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daniel Pipeleers
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Susumo Seino
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Eli Keshet
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry and Human Genetics, Institute of Medical Research, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yuval Dor
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry and Human Genetics, Institute of Medical Research, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Harry Heimberg
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Corresponding author: Harry Heimberg,
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73
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Talavera-Adame D, Gupta A, Kurtovic S, Chaiboonma KL, Arumugaswami V, Dafoe DC. Bone morphogenetic protein-2/-4 upregulation promoted by endothelial cells in coculture enhances mouse embryoid body differentiation. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:3252-60. [PMID: 23924071 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) provide inductive signals for cell differentiation in vivo. However, it is unknown if these cells promote such differentiation in vitro and the signals involved. We investigated whether ECs are able to enhance the differentiation of the three germ layers and the underlying mechanisms. We established a coculture system of mouse embryoid bodies (EBs) and ECs. Then, we analyzed the expression of markers representative of the three germ layers, such as PDX-1, proinsulin, insulin1 (endoderm), nestin, neurofilament light (ectoderm), CD31, cardiotin, and cardiac troponin I (mesoderm) in EBs cultured alone (controls) or with ECs. A significant increase of these markers was observed in EBs cocultured with ECs compared to controls. The cocultured EBs also exhibited more robust vascular networks similar to those EBs treated with bone morphogenetic protein-2 or -4 (BMP-2 or -4). Therefore, the role of these peptides in the differentiation was investigated. We found a significant upregulation of BMP-2/-4 and BMP receptor 1A in EBs treated with EC conditioned medium (EC-CM) at early or middle stages of EB development. Recombinant human BMP-2 and BMP-4 exerted similar effects than EC-CM in the expression of BMPs or in the upregulation of the three germ layer specific markers. BMP-2/-4 antagonists, such as noggin and chordin-like-1, respectively inhibited the EC-CM inductive effects. These results demonstrate that ECs enhance the differentiation in vitro of cells that derived from the three germ layers and that BMP-2/-4 play a central role in this process.
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74
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Wei R, Yang J, Hong TP. Relationship between vascular endothelial cells and pancreatic islet development and stem cell differentiation. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2013; 21:2493-2499. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v21.i25.2493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As the main components of the pancreatic islet niche, endothelial cells participate in many processes of pancreatic development, including pancreatic cell fate decision, endocrine pancreatic cell differentiation and proliferation, and spatial distribution of the pancreas. On different occasions, endothelial cells play disparate roles by cross-talking with islet cells to influence endocrine pancreatic cell differentiation and islet morphology and function. Cytokines such as hepatocyte growth factor and sphingosine-1-phosphate as well as the extracellular matrixes such as laminin and collagen Ⅳ, which are produced and/or secreted by endothelial cells, play important roles in the regulation of islet development and function. Furthermore, endothelial cells are involved in the balance between self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells. Application of endothelial cells to induce the differentiation of stem cells into functional islet cells may be one of the most promising approaches to cell replacement therapy for diabetes.
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75
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Zhou X, Barsky LW, Adams GB. Placental growth factor expression is required for bone marrow endothelial cell support of primitive murine hematopoietic cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67861. [PMID: 23936296 PMCID: PMC3732288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Two distinct microenvironmental niches that regulate hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell physiology in the adult bone marrow have been proposed; the endosteal and the vascular niche. While extensive studies have been performed relating to molecular interactions in the endosteal niche, the mechanisms that regulate hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell interaction with bone marrow endothelial cells are less well defined. Here we demonstrate that endothelial cells derived from the bone marrow supported hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells to a higher degree than other endothelial or stromal cell populations. This support was dependant upon placental growth factor expression, as genetic knockdown of mRNA levels reduced the ability of endothelial cells to support hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in vitro. Furthermore, using an in vivo model of recovery from radiation induced myelosuppression, we demonstrate that bone marrow endothelial cells were able to augment the recovery of the hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. However, this effect was diminished when the same cells with reduced placental growth factor expression were administered, possibly owing to a reduced homing of the cells to the bone marrow vasculature. Our data suggest that placental growth factor elaborated from bone marrow endothelial cells mediates the regulatory effects of the vascular niche on hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhou
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Lora W. Barsky
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Gregor B. Adams
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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76
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Moss LG, Caplan TV, Moss JB. Imaging beta cell regeneration and interactions with islet vasculature in transparent adult zebrafish. Zebrafish 2013; 10:249-57. [PMID: 23682836 PMCID: PMC3673648 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2012.0813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood vessel networks provide nutrients and gaseous exchange that are essential for functions. Pancreatic islet capillaries deliver oxygen to endocrine cells while transporting hormones to organs and peripheral locations throughout the body. We have developed a zebrafish diabetes model in which adult islets can be followed in vivo during beta cell regeneration while calibrating changes in beta cell mass and fasting blood glucose levels. After genetic ablation, beta cells are initially dysfunctional or dying, and blood glucose levels increase fourfold. During a 2-week period, hyperglycemia eventually normalizes as beta cell mass regenerates. We show that mCherry-fluorescent, insulin-positive beta cells re-emerge in close contact with the vascular endothelium. Alterations in the dense vascular network of zebrafish islets were visualized by the expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in endothelial cells derived from the Fli transcription factor promoter. The rapid destruction and regeneration of beta cell mass was evaluated in the same animal over time, providing a functional model for investigating the interactions of islet cell types with vascular cells as well as the consequences of hyperglycemia on other tissues. Regenerating adult zebrafish can be utilized as vertebrate, metabolically active models for generating new insights into treatments for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry G Moss
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC 27704, USA
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77
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Monahan-Earley R, Dvorak AM, Aird WC. Evolutionary origins of the blood vascular system and endothelium. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11 Suppl 1:46-66. [PMID: 23809110 PMCID: PMC5378490 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Every biological trait requires both a proximate and evolutionary explanation. The field of vascular biology is focused primarily on proximate mechanisms in health and disease. Comparatively little attention has been given to the evolutionary basis of the cardiovascular system. Here, we employ a comparative approach to review the phylogenetic history of the blood vascular system and endothelium. In addition to drawing on the published literature, we provide primary ultrastructural data related to the lobster, earthworm, amphioxus, and hagfish. Existing evidence suggests that the blood vascular system first appeared in an ancestor of the triploblasts over 600 million years ago, as a means to overcome the time-distance constraints of diffusion. The endothelium evolved in an ancestral vertebrate some 540-510 million years ago to optimize flow dynamics and barrier function, and/or to localize immune and coagulation functions. Finally, we emphasize that endothelial heterogeneity evolved as a core feature of the endothelium from the outset, reflecting its role in meeting the diverse needs of body tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Monahan-Earley
- The Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Ann M. Dvorak
- The Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
| | - William C. Aird
- The Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cover, ME 04672
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78
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Bergthorsson JT, Magnusson MK, Gudjonsson T. Endothelial-rich microenvironment supports growth and branching morphogenesis of prostate epithelial cells. Prostate 2013; 73:884-96. [PMID: 23280591 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of epithelial organs depends on interaction between the epithelium and the underlying mesenchyme including the vasculature. The aim of this study was to explore the morphogenic effect of endothelial cells on prostate epithelial cell lines in 3D culture and to establish an in vitro model for prostate branching morphogenesis. METHODS A panel of eleven cell lines originating in normal or malignant prostate and primary prostate epithelial cells were cultured in reconstituted basement membrane (rBM) matrix with or without non-proliferating but metabolically active endothelial cells. Morphogenesis was evaluated by phase contrast microscopy and further characterized by immunocyto/histocemistry and confocal microscopy. RESULTS Endothelial cells induced clonogenic potential of most prostate cell lines and formation of branching and mesenchymal-like colonies. One of the normal-derived cell lines in the panel (PZ-HPV-7) displayed unique properties in rBM culture by forming large and complex branching structures resembling the ductal architecture of the prostate. This ability was highly dependent on epithelial seeding density and soluble factors derived from the endothelial cells. High seeding density suppressed branching of PZ-HPV-7 but survival was compromised at low density in the absence of endothelium. CONCLUSIONS We have generated an endothelial-based clonogenic assay to study prostate epithelial morphogenesis in three-dimensional context. This assay will be important tool to study prostate epithelial-endothelial interactions in 3D context and open up possibilities to study molecular regulation of prostate morphogenesis and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Thor Bergthorsson
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
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79
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Wilfinger A, Arkhipova V, Meyer D. Cell type and tissue specific function of islet genes in zebrafish pancreas development. Dev Biol 2013; 378:25-37. [PMID: 23518338 PMCID: PMC3657195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Isl1 is a LIM homeobox transcription factor showing conserved expression in the developing and mature vertebrate pancreas. So far, functions of pancreatic Isl1 have mainly been studied in the mouse, where Isl1 has independent functions during formation of exocrine and endocrine tissues. Here, we take advantage of a recently described isl1 mutation in zebrafish to address pancreatic isl1 functions in a non-mammalian system. Isl1 in zebrafish, as in mouse, shows transient expression in mesenchyme flanking the pancreatic endoderm, and continuous expression in all endocrine cells. In isl1 mutants, endocrine cells are specified in normal numbers but more than half of these cells fail to establish expression of endocrine hormones. By using a lineage tracking approach that highlights cells leaving cell cycle early in development, we show that isl1 functions are different in first and second wave endocrine cells. In isl1 mutants, early forming first wave cells show virtually no glucagon expression and a reduced number of cells expressing insulin and somatostatin, while in the later born second wave cells somatostatin expressing cells are strongly reduced and insulin and glucagon positive cells form in normal numbers. Isl1 mutant zebrafish also display a smaller exocrine pancreas. We find that isl1 expression in the pancreatic mesenchyme overlaps with that of the related genes isl2a and isl2b and that pancreatic expression of isl-genes is independent of each other. As a combined block of two or three isl1/2 genes results in a dose-dependent reduction of exocrine tissue, our data suggest that all three genes cooperatively contribute to non-cell autonomous exocrine pancreas extension. The normal expression of the pancreas mesenchyme markers meis3, fgf10 and fgf24 in isl1/2 depleted embryos suggests that this activity is independent of isl-gene function in pancreatic mesenchyme formation as was found in mouse. This indicates species-specific differences in the requirement for isl-genes in pancreatic mesenchyme formation. Overall, our data reveal a novel interaction of isl1 and isl2 genes in exocrine pancreas expansion and cell type specific requirements during endocrine cell maturation. • Overlapping functions of islet1, islet2a and islet2b in exocrine pancreas formation. • Islet1/2a/2b are not required for pancreatic mesenchyme formation. • Islet1 but not islet2a/b is required for endocrine cell maturation. • Endocrine cell types are differently affected by the loss of islet1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Wilfinger
- Institute for Molecular Biology/ CMBI, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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80
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Direct differentiation of hepatic stem-like WB cells into insulin-producing cells using small molecules. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1185. [PMID: 23378917 PMCID: PMC3560354 DOI: 10.1038/srep01185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that experimental induction of hepatocytes into pancreatic cells provides new cell transplantation therapy prospects for type 1 diabetes mellitus. Stepwise differentiation from rat liver epithelial stem-like WB-F344 cells (WB cells) into functional insulin-secreting cells will identify key steps in β-cell development and may yet prove useful for transplantation therapy for diabetic patients. An essential step in this protocol was the generation of pancreatic precursor cell that express Pdx1 based on induction by a combination of 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, trichostatin A, retinoic acid, and a mix of insulin, transferrin and selenite. The Pdx1-expressing cells express other pancreatic markers and contribute to endocrine cells in vitro and in vivo. This study indicates an efficient chemical protocol for differentiating WB cells into functional insulin-producing cells using small molecules, and represents a promising hepatocyte-based treatment for diabetes mellitus.
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81
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Hahnfeldt P. The host support niche as a control point for tumor dormancy: implications for tumor development and beyond. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 734:19-35. [PMID: 23143973 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-1445-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
An increasingly appreciated focus of carcinogenesis research is on mechanisms governing tumor growth after the fact of cancer cell creation. Of particular interest are dynamical interactions between tumor and host cell populations that can themselves strongly impact the fate of established cancer lesions. Regardless of tumor type, all cancers face the common problem of having to breach the barrier of angiogenic competency in order to advance from a microscopic lesion to symptomatic disease. If pre-angiogenic tumor cells are held in dormancy due to cell cycle arrest, this will postpone the need to traverse this higher-level barrier. On the other hand, the barrier itself may prove limiting to a tumor at its diffusion-limited size, creating a population-level dormancy characterized by balanced proliferation and cell death. In both cases of dormancy, the "angiogenic switch" has not yet occurred. We here describe and mathematically quantify an underappreciated third dormancy state defined by an angiogenic balance following the angiogenic switch. In this state we term "post-vascular dormancy," a tumor has attained angiogenic competency, but again demonstrates balanced proliferation and cell death because ambient pro- and anti-angiogenic influences are offsetting. Interestingly, autopsies have shown virtually all of us carry latent tumors in pre- or post-vascular states, many of which lie under the threshold of routine clinical detection. We show how, in the post-vascular case, tumor latency can arise from an elaborate mechanism of self-controlled growth, mediated through the tumor-vascular interaction. Underlying this observation is the finding that a tumor produces both angiogenesis stimulators and inhibitors, with the latter having greater influence, both locally and systemically, as the tumor grows-a mechanism we hypothesize is an aberrant co-option of normal organogenic regulation. That a tumor can limit its own growth raises the prospect that chronic therapies aimed at suppressing this tumor-host dynamic may compare favorably to current strategies which often yield favorable short-term responses but fail to deliver long-term tumor suppression.
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82
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The effect of Nigella sativa on the diabetic liver in male albino rats with a special focus on the role of hepatic oval cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1097/01.ehx.0000420213.66657.1d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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83
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Matthaei H, Wu J, Dal Molin M, Debeljak M, Lingohr P, Katabi N, Klimstra DS, Adsay NV, Eshleman JR, Schulick RD, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Hruban RH, Maitra A. GNAS codon 201 mutations are uncommon in intraductal papillary neoplasms of the bile duct. HPB (Oxford) 2012; 14:677-83. [PMID: 22954004 PMCID: PMC3461374 DOI: 10.1111/j.1477-2574.2012.00504.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activating point mutations of GNAS at codon 201 have been detected in approximately two thirds of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) of the pancreas. Intraductal papillary neoplasms of the bile ducts (IPNBs) morphologically resemble pancreatic IPMNs. This study sought to assess the mutational status of GNAS at codon 201 in IPNBs. METHODS Thirty-four patients were included. DNA from microdissected IPNBs was subjected to a polymerase chain reaction and ligation method for the detection of GNAS mutations at codon 201 and of KRAS mutations at codon 12. Mutational status was compared with clinical and pathologic data. RESULTS The IPNBs had a median diameter of 3.5 cm and were located intrahepatically (n= 6), extrahepatically (n= 13), both intra- and extrahepatically (n= 4) or in the gallbladder (intracystic papillary neoplasms, n= 11). Most exhibited pancreatobiliary differentiation (n= 20), high-grade dysplasia (n= 26) and an associated adenocarcinoma (n= 20). Analysis of GNAS codon 201 identified only one mutant sample in a multifocal intestinal subtype intrahepatic IPNB with high-grade dysplasia. Six lesions harboured a KRAS codon 12 mutation. CONCLUSIONS GNAS codon 201 mutations are uncommon in IPNBs, by contrast with pancreatic IPMNs. More comprehensive molecular profiling is needed to uncover the pathways involved in IPNB development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanno Matthaei
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA,Department of Surgery, University of BonnBonn, Germany
| | - Jian Wu
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA,State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Cell Engineering Research Center & Department of Cell Biology, The Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Marco Dal Molin
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marija Debeljak
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Nora Katabi
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer CenterNew York, NY, USA
| | - David S Klimstra
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer CenterNew York, NY, USA
| | - N Volkan Adsay
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of MedicineAtlanta, GA, USA
| | - James R Eshleman
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA,Department of Oncology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard D Schulick
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA,Department of Surgery, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth W Kinzler
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bert Vogelstein
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA,Department of Oncology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ralph H Hruban
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA,Department of Oncology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anirban Maitra
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA,Department of Oncology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 (T2DM) are common diseases. To date, it is widely accepted that all forms of DM lead to the loss of beta cells. Therefore, to avoid the debilitating comorbidities when glycemic control cannot be fully achieved, some would argue that beta cell replacement is the only way to cure the disease. Due to organ donor shortage, other cell sources for beta cell replacement strategies have to be employed. Pluripotent stem cells, including embryonic stem (ES) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells offer a valuable alternative to provide the necessary cells to substitute organ transplants but also to serve as a model to study the onset and progression of the disease, resulting in better treatment regimens. This review will summarize recent progress in the establishment of pluripotent stem cells, their differentiation into the pancreatic lineage with a focus on two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) differentiation settings, the special role of iPS cells in the analysis of genetic predispositions to diabetes, and techniques that help to move current approaches to clinical applications. Particular attention, however, is also given to the long-term challenges that have to be addressed before ES or iPS cell-based therapies will become a broadly accepted treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insa S Schroeder
- JRG Stem Cell Research, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06108, Halle/Saale, Germany.
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85
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Baiguera S, Ribatti D. Endothelialization approaches for viable engineered tissues. Angiogenesis 2012; 16:1-14. [PMID: 23010872 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-012-9307-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
One of the main limitation in obtaining thick, 3-dimensional viable engineered constructs is the inability to provide a sufficient and functional blood vessel system essential for the in vitro survival and the in vivo integration of the construct. Different strategies have been proposed to simulate the ingrowth of new blood vessels into engineered tissue, such as the use of growth factors, fabrication scaffold technologies, in vivo prevascularization and cell-based strategies, and it has been demonstrated that endothelial cells play a central role in the neovascularization process and in the control of blood vessel function. In particular, different "environmental" settings (origin, presence of supporting cells, biomaterial surface, presence of hemodynamic forces) strongly influence endothelial cell function, angiogenic potential and the in vivo formation of durable vessels. This review provides an overview of the different techniques developed so far for the vascularization of tissue-engineered constructs (with their advantages and pitfalls), focusing the attention on the recent development in the cell-based vascularization strategy and the in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Baiguera
- BIOAIRLab, European Center for Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Careggi, Florence, Italy.
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86
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Cleveland MH, Sawyer JM, Afelik S, Jensen J, Leach SD. Exocrine ontogenies: on the development of pancreatic acinar, ductal and centroacinar cells. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 23:711-9. [PMID: 22743232 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes our current understanding of exocrine pancreas development, including the formation of acinar, ductal and centroacinar cells. We discuss the transcription factors associated with various stages of exocrine differentiation, from multipotent progenitor cells to fully differentiated acinar and ductal cells. Within the branching epithelial tree of the embryonic pancreas, this involves the progressive restriction of multipotent pancreatic progenitor cells to either a central "trunk" domain giving rise to the islet and ductal lineages, or a peripheral "tip" domain giving rise to acinar cells. This review also discusses the soluble morphogens and other signaling pathways that influence these events. Finally, we examine centroacinar cells as an enigmatic pancreatic cell type whose lineage remains uncertain, and whose possible progenitor capacities continue to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan H Cleveland
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
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87
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Wat MJ, Beck TF, Hernández-García A, Yu Z, Veenma D, Garcia M, Holder AM, Wat JJ, Chen Y, Mohila CA, Lally KP, Dickinson M, Tibboel D, de Klein A, Lee B, Scott DA. Mouse model reveals the role of SOX7 in the development of congenital diaphragmatic hernia associated with recurrent deletions of 8p23.1. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:4115-25. [PMID: 22723016 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrent microdeletions of 8p23.1 that include GATA4 and SOX7 confer a high risk of both congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and cardiac defects. Although GATA4-deficient mice have both CDH and cardiac defects, no humans with cardiac defects attributed to GATA4 mutations have been reported to have CDH. We were also unable to identify deleterious GATA4 sequence changes in a CDH cohort. This suggested that haploinsufficiency of another 8p23.1 gene may contribute, along with GATA4, to the development of CDH. To determine if haploinsufficiency of SOX7-another transcription factor encoding gene-contributes to the development of CDH, we generated mice with a deletion of the second exon of Sox7. A portion of these Sox7(Δex2/+) mice developed retrosternal diaphragmatic hernias located in the anterior muscular portion of the diaphragm. Anterior CDH is also seen in Gata4(+/-) mice and has been described in association with 8p23.1 deletions in humans. Immunohistochemistry revealed that SOX7 is expressed in the vascular endothelial cells of the developing diaphragm and may be weakly expressed in some diaphragmatic muscle cells. Sox7(Δex2/Δex2) embryos die prior to diaphragm development with dilated pericardial sacs and failure of yolk sac remodeling suggestive of cardiovascular failure. Similar to our experience screening GATA4, no clearly deleterious SOX7 sequence changes were identified in our CDH cohort. We conclude that haploinsufficiency of Sox7 or Gata4 is sufficient to produce anterior CDH in mice and that haploinsufficiency of SOX7 and GATA4 may each contribute to the development of CDH in individuals with 8p23.1 deletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret J Wat
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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88
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Hybrid Cellular Spheroids From Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Insulin-Secreting Cell Lines. Transplant Proc 2012; 44:1095-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2012.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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89
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Abstract
The pancreas is characterized by a major component, an exocrine and ductal system involved in digestion, and a minor component, the endocrine islets represented by islet micro-organs that tightly regulate glucose homoeostasis. Pancreatic organogenesis is strictly co-ordinated by transcription factors that are expressed sequentially to yield functional islets capable of maintaining glucose homoeostasis. Angiogenesis and innervation complete islet development, equipping islets to respond to metabolic demands. Proper regulation of this triad of processes during development is critical for establishing functional islets.
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90
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Izumida Y, Aoki T, Yasuda D, Koizumi T, Suganuma C, Saito K, Murai N, Shimizu Y, Hayashi K, Odaira M, Kusano T, Kushima M, Kudano M. Hepatocyte growth factor is constitutively produced by donor-derived bone marrow cells and promotes regeneration of pancreatic beta-cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 333:273-82. [PMID: 15950193 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.05.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2005] [Accepted: 05/17/2005] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that the transplantation of bone marrow cells following diabetes induced by streptozotocin can support the recovery of pancreatic b-cell mass and a partial reversal of hyperglycemia. To address this issue, we examined whether the c-Met/hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) signaling pathway was involved in the recovery of b-cell injury after bone marrow transplantation (BMT). In this model, donor-derived bone marrow cells were positive for HGF immunoreactivity in the recipient spleen, liver, lung, and pancreas as well as in the host hepatocytes. Indeed, plasma HGF levels were maintained at a high value.The frequency of c-Met expression and its proliferative activity and differentiative response in the pancreatic ductal cells in the BMT group were greater than those in the PBS-treated group, resulting in an elevated number of endogenous insulin-producing cells. The induction of the c-Met/HGF signaling pathway following BMT promotes pancreatic regeneration in diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Izumida
- Department of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Showa University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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91
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Reusens B, Theys N, Dumortier O, Goosse K, Remacle C. Maternal malnutrition programs the endocrine pancreas in progeny. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 94:1824S-1829S. [PMID: 21562089 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.110.000729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes arises when the endocrine pancreas fails to secrete sufficient insulin to cope with metabolic demands resulting from β cell secretory dysfunction, decreased β cell mass, or both. Epidemiologic studies have shown strong relations between poor fetal and early postnatal nutrition and susceptibility to diabetes later in life. Animal models have been established, and studies have shown that a reduction in the availability of nutrients during fetal development programs the endocrine pancreas and insulin-sensitive tissues. We investigated several modes of early malnutrition in rats. Regardless of the type of diet investigated, whether there was a deficit in calories or protein in food or even in the presence of a high-fat diet, malnourished pups were born with a defect in their β cell population, with fewer β cells that did not secrete enough insulin and that were more vulnerable to oxidative stress; such populations of β cells will never completely recover. Despite the similar endpoint, the cellular and physiologic mechanisms that contribute to alterations in β cell mass differ depending on the nature of the nutritional insult. Hormones that are operative during fetal life, such as insulin, insulin-like growth factors, and glucocorticoids; specific molecules, such as taurine; and islet vascularization have been implicated as possible factors in amplifying this defect. The molecular mechanisms responsible for intrauterine programming of β cells are still elusive, but among them the programming of mitochondria may be a strong central candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Reusens
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Life Sciences Institute, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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92
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Pirlo RK, Wu P, Liu J, Ringeisen B. PLGA/hydrogel biopapers as a stackable substrate for printing HUVEC networks via BioLP. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 109:262-73. [PMID: 21830203 DOI: 10.1002/bit.23295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Two major challenges in tissue engineering are mimicking the native cell-cell arrangements of tissues and maintaining viability of three-dimension (3D) tissues thicker than 300 µm. Cell printing and prevascularization of engineered tissues are promising approaches to meet these challenges. However, the printing technologies used in biofabrication must balance the competing parameters of resolution, speed, and volume, which limit the resolution of thicker 3D structures. We suggest that high-resolution conformal printing techniques can be used to print 2D patterns of vascular cells onto biopaper substrates which can then be stacked to form a thicker tissue construct. Towards this end we created 1 cm × 1 cm × 300 µm biopapers to be used as the transferable, stackable substrate for cell printing. 3.6% w/v poly-lactide-co-glycolide was dissolved in chloroform and poured into molds filled with NaCl crystals. The salt was removed with DI water and the scaffolds were dried and loaded with a Collagen Type I or Matrigel. SEM of the biopapers showed extensive porosity and gel loading throughout. Biological laser printing (BioLP) was used to deposit human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in a simple intersecting pattern to the surface of the biopapers. The cells differentiated and stretched to form networks preserving the printed pattern. In a separate experiment to demonstrate "stackability," individual biopapers were randomly seeded with HUVECs and cultured for 1 day. The mechanically stable and viable biopapers were then stacked and cultured for 4 days. Three-dimensional confocal microscopy showed cell infiltration and survival in the compound multilayer constructs. These results demonstrate the feasibility of stackable "biopapers" as a scaffold to build 3D vascularized tissues with a 2D cell-printing technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Kirk Pirlo
- National Research Council Research Associate, Washington, Districto of Columbia 20001, USA
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93
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Hill DJ. Nutritional programming of pancreatic β-cell plasticity. World J Diabetes 2011; 2:119-26. [PMID: 21954415 PMCID: PMC3180528 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v2.i8.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 08/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutritional insufficiency during pregnancy has been shown to alter the metabolism of the offspring and can increase the risk of type 2 diabetes. The phenotype in the offspring involves changes to the morphology and functional capacity of the endocrine pancreas, and in the supporting islet microvasculature. Pancreatic β-cells possess a plastic potential and can partially recover from catastrophic loss. This is partly due to the existence of progenitors within the islets and the ability to generate new islets by neogenesis from the pancreatic ducts. This regenerative capacity is induced by bone marrow-derived stem cells, including endothelial cell progenitors and is associated with increased angiogenesis within the islets. Nutritional insults in early life, such as feeding a low protein diet to the mother, impair the regenerative capacity of the β-cells. The mechanisms underlying this include a reduced ability of β-cells to differentiate from the progenitor population, changes in the inductive signals from the microvasculature and an altered presence of endothelial progenitors. Statin treatment within animal models was associated with angiogenesis in the islet microvasculature, improved vascular function and an increase in β-cell mass. This demonstrates that reversal of the impaired β-cell phenotype observed following nutritional insult in early life is potentially possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Hill
- David J Hill, Department of Medicine, Physiology and Pharmacology, and Paediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
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94
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Zoldan J, Lytton-Jean AKR, Karagiannis ED, Deiorio-Haggar K, Bellan LM, Langer R, Anderson DG. Directing human embryonic stem cell differentiation by non-viral delivery of siRNA in 3D culture. Biomaterials 2011; 32:7793-800. [PMID: 21835461 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) hold great potential as a resource for regenerative medicine. Before achieving therapeutic relevancy, methods must be developed to control stem cell differentiation. It is clear that stem cells can respond to genetic signals, such as those imparted by nucleic acids, to promote lineage-specific differentiation. Here we have developed an efficient system for delivering siRNA to hESCs in a 3D culture matrix using lipid-like materials. We show that non-viral siRNA delivery in a 3D scaffolds can efficiently knockdown 90% of GFP expression in GFP-hESCs. We further show that this system can be used as a platform for directing hESC differentiation. Through siRNA silencing of the KDR receptor gene, we achieve concurrent downregulation (60-90%) in genes representative of the endoderm germ layer and significant upregulation of genes representative of the mesoderm germ layer (27-90 fold). This demonstrates that siRNA can direct stem cell differentiation by blocking genes representative of one germ layer and also provides a particularly powerful means to isolate the endoderm germ layer from the mesoderm and ectoderm. This ability to inhibit endoderm germ layer differentiation could allow for improved control over hESC differentiation to desired cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Zoldan
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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95
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Mortensen AH, MacDonald JW, Ghosh D, Camper SA. Candidate genes for panhypopituitarism identified by gene expression profiling. Physiol Genomics 2011; 43:1105-16. [PMID: 21828248 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00080.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the transcription factors PROP1 and PIT1 (POU1F1) lead to pituitary hormone deficiency and hypopituitarism in mice and humans. The dysmorphology of developing Prop1 mutant pituitaries readily distinguishes them from those of Pit1 mutants and normal mice. This and other features suggest that Prop1 controls the expression of genes besides Pit1 that are important for pituitary cell migration, survival, and differentiation. To identify genes involved in these processes we used microarray analysis of gene expression to compare pituitary RNA from newborn Prop1 and Pit1 mutants and wild-type littermates. Significant differences in gene expression were noted between each mutant and their normal littermates, as well as between Prop1 and Pit1 mutants. Otx2, a gene critical for normal eye and pituitary development in humans and mice, exhibited elevated expression specifically in Prop1 mutant pituitaries. We report the spatial and temporal regulation of Otx2 in normal mice and Prop1 mutants, and the results suggest Otx2 could influence pituitary development by affecting signaling from the ventral diencephalon and regulation of gene expression in Rathke's pouch. The discovery that Otx2 expression is affected by Prop1 deficiency provides support for our hypothesis that identifying molecular differences in mutants will contribute to understanding the molecular mechanisms that control pituitary organogenesis and lead to human pituitary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda H Mortensen
- Department of Human Genetics, Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5618, USA
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96
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Yebra M, Diaferia GR, Montgomery AMP, Kaido T, Brunken WJ, Koch M, Hardiman G, Crisa L, Cirulli V. Endothelium-derived Netrin-4 supports pancreatic epithelial cell adhesion and differentiation through integrins α2β1 and α3β1. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22750. [PMID: 21829502 PMCID: PMC3146510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Netrins have been extensively studied in the developing central nervous system as pathfinding guidance cues, and more recently in non-neural tissues where they mediate cell adhesion, migration and differentiation. Netrin-4, a distant relative of Netrins 1-3, has been proposed to affect cell fate determination in developing epithelia, though receptors mediating these functions have yet to be identified. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using human embryonic pancreatic cells as a model of developing epithelium, here we report that Netrin-4 is abundantly expressed in vascular endothelial cells and pancreatic ductal cells, and supports epithelial cell adhesion through integrins α2β1 and α3β1. Interestingly, we find that Netrin-4 recognition by embryonic pancreatic cells through integrins α2β1 and α3β1 promotes insulin and glucagon gene expression. In addition, full genome microarray analysis revealed that fetal pancreatic cell adhesion to Netrin-4 causes a prominent down-regulation of cyclins and up-regulation of negative regulators of the cell cycle. Consistent with these results, a number of other genes whose activities have been linked to developmental decisions and/or cellular differentiation are up-regulated. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Given the recognized function of blood vessels in epithelial tissue morphogenesis, our results provide a mechanism by which endothelial-derived Netrin-4 may function as a pro-differentiation cue for adjacent developing pancreatic cell populations expressing adhesion receptors α2β1 and α3β1 integrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Yebra
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Giuseppe R. Diaferia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Anthony M. P. Montgomery
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas Kaido
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - William J. Brunken
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Manuel Koch
- Center for Biochemistry, Institute for Oral and Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gary Hardiman
- Biomedical Genomics Microarray Facility (BIOGEM), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Laura Crisa
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Vincenzo Cirulli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Godlewski G, Gaubert J, Cristol-Gaubert R, Radi M, Baecker V, Travo P, Prudhomme M, Prat-Pradal D. Moving and fusion of the pancreatic buds in the rat embryos during the embryonic period (carnegie stages 13–17) by a three-dimensional computer-assisted reconstruction. Surg Radiol Anat 2011; 33:659-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00276-011-0800-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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98
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Talavera-Adame D, Ng TT, Gupta A, Kurtovic S, Wu GD, Dafoe DC. Characterization of microvascular endothelial cells isolated from the dermis of adult mouse tails. Microvasc Res 2011; 82:97-104. [PMID: 21570988 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2011.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Dermal microvascular endothelial cells (DMECs) play an important role in physiological and pathophysiological processes such as wound healing, cell differentiation, antigen-presentation, inflammation, tumor metastasis, and diabetes. The study of these processes requires a suitable and accessible in vitro model, such as murine DMECs (mDMECs). However, since these cells are difficult to isolate and propagate, some of their properties are not fully characterized. We isolated these cells from C57BL/6J adult mouse tail skin and purified them using magnetic sorting. Then, we tested several culture conditions and oxygen concentrations for mDMEC growth and propagation. After obtaining optimal culture conditions, we characterized the expression of EC markers and compared such expression with an established murine microvascular EC line (EOMA). Our results indicate that mDMECs isolated from mouse tails expressed most of the characteristic EC markers such as von Willebrand Factor (vWF), CD31, Tie1, Tie2, ANGPT1, ANGPT2, FLK-1, FLT-1, and VEGF-A. Further characterization demonstrated that these cells also expressed proteins involved in organogenesis such as bone morphogenetic proteins-2, -4 (BMP-2/-4), and their receptor (BMPR1A). Surprisingly, higher expression of vWF, ANGPT1, and BMP-2 was observed in mDMECs compared to EOMA cells. For mDMEC in vitro propagation, we found a twofold increase in cell proliferation in cells that grew at 1% O(2) compared to those cells that grew at standard 20% O(2.) Therefore, the method described herein for mDMECs isolation and propagation allowed us to analyze in more detail their biological properties that can be relevant for the study of pathological processes using mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dodanim Talavera-Adame
- Regenerative Medicine Institute and Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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99
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Bilardo CM, Timmerman E, De Medina PGR, Clur SA. Low-resistance hepatic artery flow in first-trimester fetuses: an ominous sign. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2011; 37:438-443. [PMID: 20922779 DOI: 10.1002/uog.7766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Low-resistance hepatic artery (HA) flow has been reported in severely growth-restricted fetuses. The same finding has been incidentally observed in first-trimester fetuses with enlarged nuchal translucency (NT). The aim of this study was to investigate HA flow in first-trimester fetuses. METHODS Crown-rump length (CRL), NT, ductus venosus (DV) pulsatility index for veins (PIV) and HA pulsatility index (PI) were measured prospectively in fetuses at increased risk on first-trimester assessment for aneuploidy and in a control group of low-risk fetuses. Outcome of pregnancy was known in all cases. Independent sample t-test was used for intergroup comparison. RESULTS NT, DV-PIV and HA-PI were measured prospectively in 59 fetuses. Thirty-four had an enlarged NT and underwent karyotyping, which was abnormal in 16 cases (trisomy 21, n = 12; trisomy 18, n = 3; 47,XXY, n = 1). Two pregnancies were terminated in view of fetal anomalies. In three other infants an abnormality was confirmed after birth (Noonan syndrome, unspecified genetic syndrome and cardiac defect). The remaining 13 fetuses with enlarged NT and the 25 with normal NT had an uneventful pregnancy outcome. HA-PI was significantly and inversely correlated with NT and DV-PIV. Mean HA-PI was significantly lower in fetuses with adverse outcome (chromosomal anomalies 1.60; chromosomally normal fetuses with adverse outcome 1.66) than in controls (2.03). CONCLUSIONS Low-resistance HA flow can be observed in first-trimester fetuses and, based on its association with adverse outcome, it can be regarded as an ominous sign.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Bilardo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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100
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Hofmann JJ, Zovein AC, Koh H, Radtke F, Weinmaster G, Iruela-Arispe ML. Jagged1 in the portal vein mesenchyme regulates intrahepatic bile duct development: insights into Alagille syndrome. Development 2010; 137:4061-72. [PMID: 21062863 DOI: 10.1242/dev.052118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the human Notch ligand jagged 1 (JAG1) result in a multi-system disorder called Alagille syndrome (AGS). AGS is chiefly characterized by a paucity of intrahepatic bile ducts (IHBD), but also includes cardiac, ocular, skeletal, craniofacial and renal defects. The disease penetration and severity of the affected organs can vary significantly and the molecular basis for this broad spectrum of pathology is unclear. Here, we report that Jag1 inactivation in the portal vein mesenchyme (PVM), but not in the endothelium of mice, leads to the hepatic defects associated with AGS. Loss of Jag1 expression in SM22α-positive cells of the PVM leads to defective bile duct development beyond the initial formation of the ductal plate. Cytokeratin 19-positive cells are detected surrounding the portal vein, yet they are unable to form biliary tubes, revealing an instructive role of the vasculature in liver development. These findings uncover the cellular basis for the defining feature of AGS, identify mesenchymal Jag1-dependent and -independent stages of duct development, and provide mechanistic information for the role of Jag1 in IHBD formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Hofmann
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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