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Gaalema DE, Dube S, Potter A, Elliott RJ, Mahoney K, Sigmon SC, Higgins ST, Ades PA. The effect of executive function on adherence with a cardiac secondary prevention program and its interaction with an incentive-based intervention. Prev Med 2019; 128:105865. [PMID: 31662210 PMCID: PMC6939881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.105865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Participation in secondary prevention programs such as cardiac rehabilitation (CR) reduces morbidity, mortality, and hospitalizations while improving quality of life. Executive function (EF) is a complex set of cognitive abilities that control and regulate behavior. EF predicts many health-related behaviors, but how EF interacts with interventions to improve treatment adherence is not well understood. The objective of this study is to examine if EF predicts CR treatment adherence and how EF interacts with an intervention to improve adherence. Data were collected from 2013 to 2018 in Vermont, USA. 130 Medicaid-enrolled individuals who had experienced a qualifying cardiac event were enrolled in a controlled clinical trial and randomized 1:1 to receive financial incentives for completing secondary prevention sessions or to usual care. In this secondary analysis, effects of EF on CR adherence (defined as completing ≥30/36 sessions) were examined in 112 participants (57 usual care, 55 intervention) who completed an EF battery. Delay-discounting, a measure of impulsivity, predicted CR adherence (p = 0.01) and interacted with the incentive intervention, such that those who exhibited greater discounting of future rewards benefitted more from the intervention than those who discounted less (F(1, 104) = 5.23, p = 0.02). Better cognitive flexibility, measured with the trail-making-task, also predicted CR adherence (p = 0.02). While EF has been associated with adherence to a variety of treatment regimens, this interaction between an incentive-based intervention to promote treatment adherence and EF is novel. This work illustrates the value of considering individual differences in EF when designing and implementing interventions to promote health-related behavior change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diann E Gaalema
- University of Vermont, United States of America; Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Burlington, VT, United States of America.
| | - Sarahjane Dube
- University of Vermont, United States of America; Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Potter
- University of Vermont, United States of America; Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | | | | | - Stacey C Sigmon
- University of Vermont, United States of America; Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - Stephen T Higgins
- University of Vermont, United States of America; Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - Philip A Ades
- University of Vermont, United States of America; University of Vermont Medical Center, United States of America; Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Burlington, VT, United States of America
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Lighthall NR. Neural mechanisms of decision-making in aging. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2019; 11:e1519. [PMID: 31608583 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The present review synthesizes findings on decision neuroscience and aging by focusing on decision processes that have been extensively studied in neuroeconomics and critically assessing the driving mechanisms of age-related change. The paper first highlights age-related changes to key brain structures that have been implicated in decision-making, then, reviews specific decision components and discusses investigations of age-related changes to their neural mechanisms. The review also weighs evidence for organic brain aging versus age-related changes to social and psychological factors in mediating age effects. Reviewed findings are discussed in the context of theories and frameworks that have been used to explain trajectories of change in decision-making across adulthood. This article is categorized under: Psychology > Development and Aging Psychology > Reasoning and Decision-Making Neuroscience > Cognition.
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Cai XL, Weigl M, Liu BH, Cheung EFC, Ding JH, Chan RCK. Delay discounting and affective priming in individuals with negative schizotypy. Schizophr Res 2019; 210:180-187. [PMID: 30598400 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that patients with schizophrenia and individuals with schizotypy experience decreased anticipatory pleasure. However, it is unclear whether this decrease is contributed by altered reward processing at the proximal or distal future. In order to investigate the preference for receiving rewards in the proximal or distal future for individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, individuals with either high or low levels of negative schizotypy performed a delay discounting task under positive, neutral and negative affective priming conditions. Compared with individuals with low levels of negative schizotypy, individuals with high levels of schizotypy exhibited increased delay discounting, preferring to choose immediate but smaller rewards instead of delayed but larger rewards across all three affective priming conditions. Negative affective priming elevated discounting for both groups compared with both the positive and neutral affective conditions. After dividing delayed temporal distance into the proximal and distal future, the results showed that individuals with high levels of negative schizotypy exhibited more preference for immediate but smaller rewards in the distal instead of proximal future compared with controls. Our results suggest that individuals with high levels of negative schizotypy have altered anticipatory reward processing, which is mainly attributed to alterations in representing rewards in the distal future. These findings extend the alterations in representing reward values from schizophrenia patients to schizotypal individuals, and suggest that diminished anticipatory pleasure in schizophrenia spectrum disorders may be due to changes in processing anticipatory rewards in the distal future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Lu Cai
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, 100101, PR China; Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Michael Weigl
- Experimental Neuropsychology Unit, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Bing-Hui Liu
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, 100101, PR China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Eric F C Cheung
- Castle Peak Hospital, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, PR China
| | - Jin-Hong Ding
- Department of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100037, PR China.
| | - Raymond C K Chan
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, 100101, PR China; Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China.
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Mongillo P, Scandurra A, Eatherington CJ, D'Aniello B, Marinelli L. Development of a Spatial Discount Task to Measure Impulsive Choices in Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9070469. [PMID: 31340470 PMCID: PMC6680670 DOI: 10.3390/ani9070469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Impulsivity is believed to play a role in problematic behaviors in dogs. In this study, we developed a test to assess dogs’ tendency to make impulsive choices, that is their preference for smaller immediate reward instead of larger, but harder to obtain ones. Dogs were first trained that a bowl presented on a certain side always contained a large food amount, whereas the one presented on the opposite side (although at the same distance from the dog) contained less food. Then, the bowl with less food was progressively placed closer to the dog. As expected, dogs’ choices to feed from the bowl with less food increased as the distance of the latter decreased. Choices did not depend on factors that could interfere, such as dogs’ level of motivation for food, training experience, or learning ability. This indicates that the test is likely to be actually assessing impulsivity, not other traits. Also, female dogs were more likely to make impulsive choices than males, in accordance with what is known in humans and rodents, supporting the validity of the test. The test was completed in less than 1 h, making it a valid option to assess impulsivity in dogs in various contexts. Abstract Impulsive choices reflect an individual’s tendency to prefer a smaller immediate reward over a larger delayed one. Here, we have developed a behavioural test which can be easily applied to assess impulsive choices in dogs. Dogs were trained to associate one of two equidistant locations with a larger food amount when a smaller amount was presented in the other location, then the smaller amount was placed systematically closer to the dog. Choices of the smaller amount, as a function of distance, were considered a measure of the dog’s tendency to make impulsive choices. All dogs (N = 48) passed the learning phase and completed the entire assessment in under 1 h. Choice of the smaller food amount increased as this was placed closer to the dog. Choices were independent from food motivation, past training, and speed of learning the training phase; supporting the specificity of the procedure. Females showed a higher probability of making impulsive choices, in agreement with analogue sex differences found in human and rodent studies, and supporting the external validity of our assessment. Overall, the findings support the practical applicability and represent a first indication of the validity of this method, making it suitable for investigations into impulsivity in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Mongillo
- Laboratorio di Etologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione, Università degli Studi di Padova. Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Anna Scandurra
- Laboratorio di Etologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione, Università degli Studi di Padova. Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia, Edificio 7, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Carla Jade Eatherington
- Laboratorio di Etologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione, Università degli Studi di Padova. Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Biagio D'Aniello
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia, Edificio 7, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Lieta Marinelli
- Laboratorio di Etologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione, Università degli Studi di Padova. Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
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Yee DM, Adams S, Beck A, Braver TS. Age-Related Differences in Motivational Integration and Cognitive Control. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 19:692-714. [PMID: 30980339 PMCID: PMC6599483 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-019-00713-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Motivational incentives play an influential role in value-based decision-making and cognitive control. A compelling hypothesis in the literature suggests that the motivational value of diverse incentives are integrated in the brain into a common currency value signal that influences decision-making and behavior. To investigate whether motivational integration processes change during healthy aging, we tested older (N = 44) and younger (N = 54) adults in an innovative incentive integration task paradigm that establishes dissociable and additive effects of liquid (e.g., juice, neutral, saltwater) and monetary incentives on cognitive task performance. The results reveal that motivational incentives improve cognitive task performance in both older and younger adults, providing novel evidence demonstrating that age-related cognitive control deficits can be ameliorated with sufficient incentive motivation. Additional analyses revealed clear age-related differences in motivational integration. Younger adult task performance was modulated by both monetary and liquid incentives, whereas monetary reward effects were more gradual in older adults and more strongly impacted by trial-by-trial performance feedback. A surprising discovery was that older adults shifted attention from liquid valence toward monetary reward throughout task performance, but younger adults shifted attention from monetary reward toward integrating both monetary reward and liquid valence by the end of the task, suggesting differential strategic utilization of incentives. These data suggest that older adults may have impairments in incentive integration and employ different motivational strategies to improve cognitive task performance. The findings suggest potential candidate neural mechanisms that may serve as the locus of age-related change, providing targets for future cognitive neuroscience investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie M Yee
- Cognitive Control and Psychopathology Laboratory, Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1125, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
| | - Sarah Adams
- Cognitive Control and Psychopathology Laboratory, Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1125, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Asad Beck
- Cognitive Control and Psychopathology Laboratory, Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1125, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Todd S Braver
- Cognitive Control and Psychopathology Laboratory, Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1125, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
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56
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Kreher MA, Johnson SA, Mizell JM, Chetram DK, Guenther DT, Lovett SD, Setlow B, Bizon JL, Burke SN, Maurer AP. The perirhinal cortex supports spatial intertemporal choice stability. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 162:36-46. [PMID: 31125611 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In order to optimize outcomes in the face of uncertainty, one must recall past experiences and extrapolate to the future by assigning values to different choice outcomes. This behavior requires an interplay between memory and reward valuation, necessitating communication across many brain regions. At the anatomical nexus of this interplay is the perirhinal cortex (PRC). The PRC is densely connected to the amygdala and orbital frontal cortex, regions that have been implicated in reward-based decision making, as well as the hippocampus. Thus, the PRC could serve as a hub for integrating memory, reward, and prediction. The PRC's role in value-based decision making, however, has not been empirically examined. Therefore, we tested the role of the PRC in a spatial delay discounting task, which allows rats to choose between a 1-s delay for a small food reward and a variable delay for a large food reward, with the delay to the large reward increasing after choice of each large reward and decreasing after each small reward. The rat can therefore adjust the delay by consecutively choosing the same reward or stabilize the delay by alternating between sides. The latter has been shown to occur once the 'temporal cost' of the large reward is established and is a decision-making process termed 'exploitation'. When the PRC was bilaterally inactivated with the GABA(A) agonist muscimol, rats spent fewer trials successfully exploiting to maintain a fixed delay compared to the vehicle control condition. Moreover, PRC inactivation resulted in an increased number of vicarious trial and error (VTE) events at the choice point, where rats had to decide between the two rewards. These behavioral patterns suggest that the PRC is critical for maintaining stability in linking a choice to a reward outcome in the face of a variable cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Kreher
- McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - S A Johnson
- McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - J-M Mizell
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - D K Chetram
- McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - D T Guenther
- McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - S D Lovett
- McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - B Setlow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - J L Bizon
- McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - S N Burke
- McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Intittute on Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - A P Maurer
- McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, United States; Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
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57
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Abstract
The many tools that social and behavioral scientists use to gather data from their fellow humans have, in most cases, been honed on a rarefied subset of humanity: highly educated participants with unique capacities, experiences, motivations, and social expectations. Through this honing process, researchers have developed protocols that extract information from these participants with great efficiency. However, as researchers reach out to broader populations, it is unclear whether these highly refined protocols are robust to cultural differences in skills, motivations, and expected modes of social interaction. In this paper, we illustrate the kinds of mismatches that can arise when using these highly refined protocols with nontypical populations by describing our experience translating an apparently simple social discounting protocol to work in rural Bangladesh. Multiple rounds of piloting and revision revealed a number of tacit assumptions about how participants should perceive, understand, and respond to key elements of the protocol. These included facility with numbers, letters, abstract number lines, and 2D geometric shapes, and the treatment of decisions as a series of isolated events. Through on-the-ground observation and a collaborative refinement process, we developed a protocol that worked both in Bangladesh and among US college students. More systematic study of the process of adapting common protocols to new contexts will provide valuable information about the range of skills, motivations, and modes of interaction that participants bring to studies as we develop a more diverse and inclusive social and behavioral science.
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58
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Hernandez CM, Orsini CA, Labiste CC, Wheeler AR, Ten Eyck TW, Bruner MM, Sahagian TJ, Harden SW, Frazier CJ, Setlow B, Bizon JL. Optogenetic dissection of basolateral amygdala contributions to intertemporal choice in young and aged rats. eLife 2019; 8:46174. [PMID: 31017572 PMCID: PMC6530979 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Across species, aging is associated with an increased ability to choose delayed over immediate gratification. These experiments used young and aged rats to test the role of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) in intertemporal decision making. An optogenetic approach was used to inactivate the BLA in young and aged rats at discrete time points during choices between levers that yielded a small, immediate vs. a large, delayed food reward. BLA inactivation just prior to decisions attenuated impulsive choice in both young and aged rats. In contrast, inactivation during receipt of the small, immediate reward increased impulsive choice in young rats but had no effect in aged rats. BLA inactivation during the delay or intertrial interval had no effect at either age. These data demonstrate that the BLA plays multiple, temporally distinct roles during intertemporal choice, and show that the contribution of BLA to choice behavior changes across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caesar M Hernandez
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
| | - Caitlin A Orsini
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
| | - Chase C Labiste
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
| | - Alexa-Rae Wheeler
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
| | - Tyler W Ten Eyck
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
| | - Matthew M Bruner
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
| | - Todd J Sahagian
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
| | - Scott W Harden
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
| | - Charles J Frazier
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
| | - Barry Setlow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
| | - Jennifer L Bizon
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
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Nan X, Qin Y. How Thinking about the Future Affects Our Decisions in the Present: Effects of Time Orientation and Episodic Future Thinking on Responses to Health Warning Messages. HUMAN COMMUNICATION RESEARCH 2019; 45:148-168. [PMID: 30930526 PMCID: PMC6430190 DOI: 10.1093/hcr/hqy017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Past research has consistently shown that people have the tendency to discount future outcomes. However, most health messages emphasize the long-term consequences of behaviors. Building upon past research on temporal discounting, time orientation, and construal level, the current research examines how dispositional time orientation (present and future) predicts health behavior intentions and the impact of situationally-activated future orientation through episodic future thinking on the persuasiveness of long-term health warnings. An online experiment was conducted with 946 African American smokers randomly assigned to engage in either future thinking or present thinking prior to viewing a series of graphic cigarette warning labels. Results suggested that a stronger present time orientation predicts greater intentions to smoke, while a stronger future time orientation predicts greater intentions to quit smoking. Additionally, future (vs. present) thinking significantly increased intentions to quit smoking through enhanced perceived self-efficacy for quitting smoking. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Nan
- Department of Communication, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Yan Qin
- Department of Communication, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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60
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Kim BK, Zauberman G. Psychological time and intertemporal preference. Curr Opin Psychol 2019; 26:90-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Tull MT, Forbes CN, Weiss NH, Gratz KL. An investigation of the effect of trauma script exposure on risk-taking among patients with substance use disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder. J Anxiety Disord 2019; 62:77-85. [PMID: 30639994 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Studies show that patients with substance use disorders (SUD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are at high risk for engaging in risky behaviors. However, these studies do not speak to the context in which these behaviors are more likely to occur. This study examined whether SUD patients with current PTSD, compared to those without a history of PTSD, are more likely to exhibit risk-taking on a laboratory-based risk-taking task, the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), following exposure to a personalized trauma script versus a neutral script. The sample consisted of 122 trauma-exposed SUD patients with and without PTSD. Participants were administered a series of diagnostic interviews and personalized trauma scripts were created. On separate days, participants were exposed to a neutral or trauma script, followed by the IGT. Contrary to expectations, PTSD-SUD patients exhibited significantly greater risk-taking after the neutral (vs. trauma) script than those without PTSD. Moreover, whereas SUD patients without PTSD evidenced stability in IGT performance across scripts, those with PTSD exhibited significantly lower risk-taking on the IGT following the trauma (vs. neutral) script. Results provide support for the context dependent nature of risk-taking in PTSD-SUD patients and suggest they may become more risk averse in the context of trauma-related distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Tull
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.
| | | | - Nicole H Weiss
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Kim L Gratz
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
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Rosenbaum GM, Hartley CA. Developmental perspectives on risky and impulsive choice. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180133. [PMID: 30966918 PMCID: PMC6335462 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data suggest that risk taking in the real world increases from childhood into adolescence and declines into adulthood. However, developmental patterns of behaviour in laboratory assays of risk taking and impulsive choice are inconsistent. In this article, we review a growing literature using behavioural economic approaches to understand developmental changes in risk taking and impulsivity. We present findings that have begun to elucidate both the cognitive and neural processes that contribute to risky and impulsive choice, as well as how age-related changes in these neurocognitive processes give rise to shifts in choice behaviour. We highlight how variability in task parameters can be used to identify specific aspects of decision contexts that may differentially influence risky and impulsive choice behaviour across development. This article is part of the theme issue 'Risk taking and impulsive behaviour: fundamental discoveries, theoretical perspectives and clinical implications'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail M. Rosenbaum
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Catherine A. Hartley
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
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63
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Belisle J, Dixon MR, Rowsey KE. The influence of contrived motivating operations on social discounting: Relative economic hardship affects choice. J Appl Behav Anal 2019; 52:408-421. [PMID: 30693951 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-six participants were given three social discounting surveys, and each survey was preceded by one of three contrived hypothetical scenarios. In each scenario, the participant was asked to consider situations in which either the participant (SELF), a hypothetical other (OTHER), or both the participant and the hypothetical other (BOTH) were experiencing economic hardship (i.e., needed money to avoid a negative outcome). Results replicate previous research suggesting that the probability of participants foregoing the money decreased across social distance in the BOTH and OTHER conditions; however, no discounting was observed for median responses in the SELF condition. In addition, the highest area under the curve and lowest s values were associated with the OTHER condition, and the inverse results were observed for the SELF condition. Taken together, these results suggest that relative economic hardship may act as a motivating operation affecting social discounting with the potential for further translational utility.
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64
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Abstract
The National Institute of Mental Health launched the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative to better understand dimensions of behavior and identify targets for treatment. Examining dimensions across psychiatric illnesses has proven challenging, as reliable behavioral paradigms that are known to engage specific neural circuits and translate across diagnostic populations are scarce. Delay discounting paradigms seem to be an exception: they are useful for understanding links between neural systems and behavior in healthy individuals, with potential for assessing how these mechanisms go awry in psychiatric illnesses. This article reviews relevant literature on delay discounting (or the rate at which the value of a reward decreases as the delay to receipt increases) in humans, including methods for examining it, its putative neural mechanisms, and its application in psychiatric research. There exist rigorous and reproducible paradigms to evaluate delay discounting, standard methods for calculating discount rate, and known neural systems probed by these paradigms. Abnormalities in discounting have been associated with psychopathology ranging from addiction (with steep discount rates indicating relative preference for immediate rewards) to anorexia nervosa (with shallow discount rates indicating preference for future rewards). The latest research suggests that delay discounting can be manipulated in the laboratory. Extensively studied in cognitive neuroscience, delay discounting assesses a dimension of behavior that is important for decision-making and is linked to neural substrates and to psychopathology. The question now is whether manipulating delay discounting can yield clinically significant changes in behavior that promote health. If so, then delay discounting could deliver on the RDoC promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina M Lempert
- Department of Psychology,University of Pennsylvania,Philadelphia, PA,USA
| | - Joanna E Steinglass
- Department of Psychiatry,Columbia University Medical Center,New York, NY,USA
| | - Anthony Pinto
- Department of Psychiatry,Columbia University Medical Center,New York, NY,USA
| | - Joseph W Kable
- Department of Psychology,University of Pennsylvania,Philadelphia, PA,USA
| | - Helen Blair Simpson
- Department of Psychiatry,Columbia University Medical Center,New York, NY,USA
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Martín J, Brañas-Garza P, Espín AM, Gamella JF, Herrmann B. The appropriate response of Spanish Gitanos: short-run orientation beyond current socio-economic status. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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66
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Soares AR, Esteves M, Moreira PS, Cunha AM, Guimarães MR, Carvalho MM, Raposo-Lima C, Morgado P, Carvalho AF, Coimbra B, Melo A, Rodrigues AJ, Salgado AJ, Pêgo JM, Cerqueira JJ, Costa P, Sousa N, Almeida A, Leite-Almeida H. Trait determinants of impulsive behavior: a comprehensive analysis of 188 rats. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17666. [PMID: 30518850 PMCID: PMC6281674 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35537-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Impulsivity is a naturally occurring behavior that, when accentuated, can be found in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders. The expression of trait impulsivity has been shown to change with a variety of factors, such as age and sex, but the existing literature does not reflect widespread consensus regarding the influence of modulating effects. We designed the present study to investigate, in a cohort of significant size (188 rats), the impact of four specific parameters, namely sex, age, strain and phase of estrous cycle, using the variable delay-to-signal (VDS) task. This cohort included (i) control animals from previous experiments; (ii) animals specifically raised for this study; and (iii) animals previously used for breeding purposes. Aging was associated with a general decrease in action impulsivity and an increase in delay tolerance. Females generally performed more impulsive actions than males but no differences were observed regarding delay intolerance. In terms of estrous cycle, no differences in impulsive behavior were observed and regarding strain, Wistar Han animals were, in general, more impulsive than Sprague-Dawley. In addition to further confirming, in a substantial study cohort, the decrease in impulsivity with age, we have demonstrated that both the strain and sex influences modulate different aspects of impulsive behavior manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rosa Soares
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Madalena Esteves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Pedro Silva Moreira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Cunha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Marco Rafael Guimarães
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Miguel Murteira Carvalho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Catarina Raposo-Lima
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Pedro Morgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana Franky Carvalho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Department of General Surgery, Hospital of Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Coimbra
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António Melo
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana João Rodrigues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António José Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - José Miguel Pêgo
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - João José Cerqueira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Patrício Costa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Armando Almeida
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Hugo Leite-Almeida
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal. .,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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Chen Z, Guo Y, Zhang S, Feng T. Pattern classification differentiates decision of intertemporal choices using multi-voxel pattern analysis. Cortex 2018; 111:183-195. [PMID: 30503997 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In daily life, individuals frequently make trade-offs between the small-but-immediate benefits and large-but-delayed profits. This type of decision is known as intertemporal choice. Previous studies have uncovered the neurobiological mechanism of the intertemporal choice, but it still remains unclear how the patterns of brain activity predict the decisions of intertemporal choices. To fill this gap, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), in conjunction with the machine learning technique of multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA), to ascertain the predictive capability of the neuronal pattern for classifying individuals' intertemporal decisions across two independent samples. To further probe how this neuronal pattern worked in predicting individual intertemporal decision, we drew on the Power Atlas to examine the accuracies of classification within each regional mask as well. Classification findings showed that the pattern of neuronal activity over the whole-brain can correctly classify the accuracies of individual decisions up to 84.3%. Encouragingly, further analysis shows that the neuronal information encoded in three brain functional networks can predict individuals' decisions with significant discriminative power in cross-samples, namely the valuation network (e.g., striatum), the cognitive control network (e.g., dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) and the episodic prospection network (e.g., amygdala, parahippocampus gyrus, insula). Collectively, these findings advance our comprehension of the neuronal mechanism of human intertemporal decisions, and substantially reshape our understanding for this cardinal behaviour from behavioural-brain scheme to brain-behavioural configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Chen
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiqun Guo
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shunmin Zhang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingyong Feng
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, China.
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O'Donnell S, Daniel TO, Koroschetz J, Kilanowski C, Otminski A, Bickel WK, Epstein LH. Do process simulations during episodic future thinking enhance the reduction of delay discounting for middle income participants and those living in poverty? JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2018; 32:231-240. [PMID: 34334945 DOI: 10.1002/bdm.2108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Two studies examined whether episodic future thinking (EFT; pre-experiencing future events) reduces discounting of future rewards (DD). No studies have investigated whether process simulations (i.e., simulating the process of executing a future event) amplify EFT's reduction of DD. Study 1 examined the effect of incorporating process simulations into EFT (N = 42, M age = 43.27; 91% female, family income = $75,976) using a 2 × 2 factorial design with type of episodic thinking (process, nonprocess/general) and temporal perspective (EFT, episodic recent thinking) as between-subjects factors. Study 2 replicated Study 1 in a sample of adults living in poverty (N = 36; M age = 38.44, 88% female; family income = $25,625). The results of both studies showed EFT reduced DD, but process-oriented EFT did not amplify the effect of EFT. Our findings suggest the key ingredient in EFT's effect on DD is self-projection into the future. This was also the first study to show EFT improves DD in a sample living in poverty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara O'Donnell
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Tinuke Oluyomi Daniel
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Jordynn Koroschetz
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Colleen Kilanowski
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Aris Otminski
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Warren K Bickel
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia, United States
| | - Leonard H Epstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States
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Stein JS, Heckman BW, Pope DA, Perry ES, Fong GT, Cummings KM, Bickel WK. Delay discounting and e-cigarette use: An investigation in current, former, and never cigarette smokers. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 191:165-173. [PMID: 30121475 PMCID: PMC6390278 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smokers show greater delay discounting (devaluation of delayed consequences) than non-smokers, suggesting that rapid devaluation of the future contributes to tobacco use through a mechanism in which tobacco-related health consequences are too delayed to discourage smoking. However, little work has quantified delay discounting in relation to electronic cigarette (EC) use, a tobacco product that many users believe to pose fewer negative health consequences than cigarettes. METHODS We assessed discounting of delayed monetary rewards in a web-based sample of 976 participants, stratified by both EC use (current and never) and cigarette use (current, former, and never). RESULTS Controlling for demographic variance, current EC users generally showed greater discounting than never EC users (p = .019). Current cigarette smokers also showed greater discounting than former and never smokers (p < .001). However, the between-group difference for EC use was much smaller (ηp2 = .006) than for cigarette use (ηp2 = .026). Moreover, differences in discounting in relation to EC use were not statistically apparent in most pairwise comparisons. Most notably, the difference between former smokers who achieved smoking cessation by transitioning to ECs (i.e., exclusive EC users) and those who have never used ECs or cigarettes was nonsignificant and small (ηp2 = .010). CONCLUSIONS The smaller effect size for the association between delay discounting and current EC use, relative to current cigarette use, suggests that public perception of ECs as a safer alternative to cigarettes attenuates the role of delay discounting in decisions to use ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Stein
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, United States,Corresponding author at: Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, 2 Riverside Cir, Roanoke, VA 24018, United States. (J.S. Stein)
| | - Bryan W. Heckman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Derek A. Pope
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Elan S. Perry
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Geoffrey T. Fong
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - K. Michael Cummings
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Warren K. Bickel
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, United States
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70
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Hampton WH, Asadi N, Olson IR. Good Things for Those Who Wait: Predictive Modeling Highlights Importance of Delay Discounting for Income Attainment. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1545. [PMID: 30233449 PMCID: PMC6129952 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Income is a primary determinant of social mobility, career progression, and personal happiness. It has been shown to vary with demographic variables like age and education, with more oblique variables such as height, and with behaviors such as delay discounting, i.e., the propensity to devalue future rewards. However, the relative contribution of each these salary-linked variables to income is not known. Further, much of past research has often been underpowered, drawn from populations of convenience, and produced findings that have not always been replicated. Here we tested a large (n = 2,564), heterogeneous sample, and employed a novel analytic approach: using three machine learning algorithms to model the relationship between income and age, gender, height, race, zip code, education, occupation, and discounting. We found that delay discounting is more predictive of income than age, ethnicity, or height. We then used a holdout data set to test the robustness of our findings. We discuss the benefits of our methodological approach, as well as possible explanations and implications for the prominent relationship between delay discounting and income.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H. Hampton
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Decision Neuroscience, College of Liberal Arts, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nima Asadi
- Computer Science, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ingrid R. Olson
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Decision Neuroscience, College of Liberal Arts, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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71
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Duffy KA, McLaughlin KA, Green PA. Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: proposed psychological and neural mechanisms. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1428:151-169. [PMID: 30011075 PMCID: PMC6158062 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Early life adversity (ELA) is associated with poorer health in adulthood, an association explained, at least in part, by increased engagement in health-risk behaviors (HRBs). In this review, we make the case that ELA influences brain development in ways that increase the likelihood of engaging in HRBs. We argue that ELA alters neural circuitry underpinning cognitive control as well as emotional processing, including networks involved in processing threat and reward. These neural changes are associated psychologically and behaviorally with heightened emotional reactivity, blunted reward responsivity, poorer emotion regulation, and greater delay discounting. We then demonstrate that these adaptations to ELA are associated with an increased risk of smoking cigarettes, drinking alcohol, and eating high-fat, high-sugar foods. Furthermore, we explore how HRBs affect the brain in ways that reinforce addiction and further explain clustering of HRBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korrina A. Duffy
- Basic Biobehavioral and Psychological Sciences Branch, Behavioral Research Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Paige A. Green
- Basic Biobehavioral and Psychological Sciences Branch, Behavioral Research Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Mori M, Tsutsui-Kimura I, Mimura M, Tanaka KF. 5-HT 3 antagonists decrease discounting rate without affecting sensitivity to reward magnitude in the delay discounting task in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:2619-2629. [PMID: 29955899 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4954-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Impulsive choice has often been evaluated in rodents according to the proportion of choices for the delayed large magnitude reinforcer (%large choice) in a delay-discounting task (DDT). However, because %large choice is influenced by both sensitivity to reinforcer magnitude and sensitivity to delayed reinforcement (i.e., discounting rate), distinctively evaluating such discounting parameters represents a critical issue demanding methods to determine each parameter in rats. The serotonin (5-HT) system is well known to be involved in impulsive choice; nevertheless, only a few studies have distinguished discounting parameters and investigated how 5-HT modulators affect discounting rate. OBJECTIVE Here, we performed a discounting parameter analysis in mice and examined the effects of various 5-HT modulators on discounting rate. METHODS We set up DDTs with different delay schedules to determine which schedule could address delay-discounting rates in mice. We examined the effect of the following drugs on impulsive choice: a 5-HT reuptake inhibitor (paroxetine), a 5-HT1A receptor agonist (8-OH-DPAT), and two 5-HT3 receptor antagonists (granisetron and ondansetron). RESULTS Mice showed typical delay discounting at the shorter delay schedules (up to 4 s delay). The %large choice under shorter, but not longer, schedules followed an exponential function and allowed us to derive discounting rates. We selected a DDT with a 4-s delay schedule for further experiments. Granisetron and ondansetron, but not paroxetine or 8-OH-DPAT, decreased discounting rates without affecting sensitivity to reinforcer magnitude. CONCLUSION We found that a method to calculate discounting rates in rats is also applicable to mouse models. We also provided evidence that 5-HT3 antagonism controls impulsive choice in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Mori
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Iku Tsutsui-Kimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan. .,Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA. .,JSPS Overseas Research Fellow, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan.
| | - Masaru Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kenji F Tanaka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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Kingsnorth AP, Whelan ME, Sanders JP, Sherar LB, Esliger DW. Using Digital Health Technologies to Understand the Association Between Movement Behaviors and Interstitial Glucose: Exploratory Analysis. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2018; 6:e114. [PMID: 29724703 PMCID: PMC5958285 DOI: 10.2196/mhealth.9471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute reductions in postprandial glucose excursions because of movement behaviors have been demonstrated in experimental studies but less so in free-living settings. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to explore the nature of the acute stimulus-response model between accelerometer-assessed physical activity, sedentary time, and glucose variability over 13 days in nondiabetic adults. METHODS This study measured physical activity, sedentary time, and interstitial glucose continuously over 13 days in 29 participants (mean age in years: 44.9 [SD 9.1]; female: 59%, 17/29; white: 90%, 26/29; mean body mass index: 25.3 [SD 4.1]) as part of the Sensing Interstitial Glucose to Nudge Active Lifestyles (SIGNAL) research program. Daily minutes spent sedentary, in light activity, and moderate to vigorous physical activity were associated with daily mean glucose, SD of glucose, and mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE) using generalized estimating equations. RESULTS After adjustment for covariates, sedentary time in minutes was positively associated with a higher daily mean glucose (mmol/L; beta=0.0007; 95% CI 0.00030-0.00103; P<.001), SD of glucose (mmol/L; beta=0.0006; 95% CI 0.00037-0.00081; P<.001), and MAGE (mmol/L; beta=0.002; 95% CI 0.00131-0.00273; P<.001) for those of a lower fitness. Additionally, light activity was inversely associated with mean glucose (mmol/L; beta=-0.0004; 95% CI -0.00078 to -0.00006; P=.02), SD of glucose (mmol/L; beta=-0.0006; 95% CI -0.00085 to -0.00039; P<.001), and MAGE (mmol/L; beta=-0.002; 95% CI -0.00285 to -0.00146; P<.001) for those of a lower fitness. Moderate to vigorous physical activity was only inversely associated with mean glucose (mmol/L; beta=-0.002; 95% CI -0.00250 to -0.00058; P=.002). CONCLUSIONS Evidence of an acute stimulus-response model was observed between sedentary time, physical activity, and glucose variability in low fitness individuals, with sedentary time and light activity conferring the most consistent changes in glucose variability. Further work is required to investigate the coupling of movement behaviors and glucose responses in larger samples and whether providing these rich data sources as feedback could induce lifestyle behavior change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Kingsnorth
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Maxine E Whelan
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - James P Sanders
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.,Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren B Sherar
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.,Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Dale W Esliger
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.,Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Prior research has provided substantial insight into individuals' intertemporal preferences (i.e., preferences about delayed rewards). In the present study, we instead investigated the preferences of small groups of individuals asked to express collective intertemporal decisions. The paradigm consisted of three phases. During the precollaboration and postcollaboration phases, participants completed an intertemporal decision task individually. During the collaboration phase, participants completed a similar task in small groups, reaching mutually-agreed-upon decisions. The results suggest that group preferences were systematically related to the mean of the group members' precollaboration preferences. In addition, collaborative decision making altered the group members' intertemporal preferences. Specifically, individuals' postcollaboration preferences converged toward the preferences of their respective groups. Furthermore, we found that individuals' postcollaboration preferences were independently related to both their precollaboration preferences and the preferences of the other group members, suggesting that individuals' postcollaboration preferences represented a revision of their precollaboration preferences based on the preferences observed in other group members. In Experiment 2, we demonstrated that similar patterns of results were found whether participants were making matching judgments or binary choices.
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Leahey TM, LaRose JG, Mitchell MS, Gilder CM, Wing RR. Small Incentives Improve Weight Loss in Women From Disadvantaged Backgrounds. Am J Prev Med 2018; 54:e41-e47. [PMID: 29338951 PMCID: PMC5818321 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Women from lower-income backgrounds have the highest rates of obesity. Thus, effective programs for this high-risk population are urgently needed. Evidence suggests that adding financial incentives to treatment helps to engage and promote health behavior change in lower-income populations; however, this has never been tested in women for obesity treatment. The purpose of this study was to examine whether adding small financial incentives to Internet weight loss treatment yields better weight loss outcomes in women from lower-income backgrounds compared with the same treatment without incentives. Weight losses in lower-versus higher-income women were also compared. METHODS Data were pooled from two randomized trials in which women (N=264) received either Internet behavioral weight loss treatment (IBWL) or IBWL plus incentives (IBWL+$). Weight was objectively assessed. Data were collected and analyzed from 2011 to 2017. RESULTS Women from lower-income backgrounds had significantly better weight loss outcomes in IBWL+$ compared with IBWL alone (6.4 [SD=4.9%] vs 2.6 [SD=4.6%], p=0.01). Moreover, a greater percentage achieved a ≥5% weight loss in IBWL+$ vs IBWL alone (52.6% vs 38.1%, p=0.01). Interestingly, the comparison between lower-income versus higher-income groups showed that, in IBWL alone, women with lower income achieved significantly poorer weight losses (3.4 [SD=4.2%] vs 4.9 [SD=4.0%], p=0.03). By contrast, in IBWL+$, weight loss outcomes did not differ by income status (5.0 [SD=5.6%] vs 5.3 [SD=3.8%], p=0.80), and a similar percentage of lower- versus higher-income women achieved a ≥5% weight loss (52.6% vs 53.8%, p=0.93). CONCLUSIONS An Internet behavioral weight loss program plus financial incentives may be an effective strategy to promote excellent weight losses in women with lower income, thereby enhancing equity in treatment outcomes in a vulnerable, high-risk population. These data also provide important evidence to support federally funded incentive initiatives for lower-income, underserved populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tricia M Leahey
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut.
| | - Jessica Gokee LaRose
- Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Marc S Mitchell
- Department of Kinesiology, Western University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carnisha M Gilder
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Rena R Wing
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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Alquist JL, Price MM, Hancock D, Talley AE, Cukrowicz K. Exposure to negative stereotypes impairs older adults’ self-control. SELF AND IDENTITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2018.1437069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mindi M. Price
- Psychological Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - David Hancock
- Psychological Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | | | - Kelly Cukrowicz
- Psychological Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Plantinga A, Krijnen JMT, Zeelenberg M, Breugelmans SM. Evidence for Opportunity Cost Neglect in the Poor. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2018; 31:65-73. [PMID: 29353963 PMCID: PMC5763356 DOI: 10.1002/bdm.2041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
People often neglect opportunity costs: They do not fully take into account forgone alternatives outside of a particular choice set. Several scholars have suggested that poor people should be more likely to spontaneously consider opportunity costs, because budget constraints should lead to an increased focus on trade-offs. We did not find support for this hypothesis in five high-powered experiments (total N = 2325). The experiments used different products (both material and experiential) with both high and low prices (from $8.50 to $249.99) and different methods of reminding participants of opportunity costs. High-income and low-income participants showed an equally strong decrease in willingness to buy when reminded of opportunity costs, implying that both the rich and the poor neglect opportunity costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnoud Plantinga
- Department of Social Psychology/TIBER Tilburg University Tilburg The Netherlands
| | - Job M T Krijnen
- Anderson School of Management University of California Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Marcel Zeelenberg
- Department of Social Psychology/TIBER Tilburg University Tilburg The Netherlands.,Department of Marketing Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Seger M Breugelmans
- Department of Social Psychology/TIBER Tilburg University Tilburg The Netherlands
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78
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A Measure of Delay Discounting Within the Academic Domain. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.2074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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79
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Madden GJ, Price J, Wengreen H. Change and Maintaining Change in School Cafeterias: Economic and Behavioral-Economic Approaches to Increasing Fruit and Vegetable Consumption. NEBRASKA SYMPOSIUM ON MOTIVATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96920-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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80
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Thoma MV, Maercker A, Forstmeier S. Evidence for Different Trajectories of Delay Discounting in Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment and Mild Alzheimer's Disease. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2017; 72:956-965. [PMID: 26896423 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbw010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To examine whether delay discounting (DD) develops differently within individuals diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or mild Alzheimer's disease (AD). Method We set out to study trajectories of DD in N = 111 older adults (Mage = 75.2 years, range: 55-94, 53% female) with MCI (n = 64) or mild AD (n = 47). Data were repeatedly assessed on three measurement times over a period of 2 years. Results Results indicated a meaningful difference in the trajectories of DD between MCI and mild AD (t = 2.99, p = .004), with AD patients displaying higher DD rates compared with MCI. Lower intelligence (t = -2.50, p = .013) was related to higher DD. We also found reward-dependent group differences in DD (small: p = .079; medium: p = .258; large: p = .007). Age, functional ability, general cognitive ability, living situation, and marital status were not meaningfully linked to DD (all non significant). Further explorative analyses revealed an increase in DD in patients whose cognitive symptoms had progressed at time 2, compared with more stable courses of mild AD or MCI (diagnosed at time 2). Discussion Our results point toward an increase in DD as a function of advanced cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam V Thoma
- Department of Psychopathology and Clinical Intervention.,University Research Priority Program "Dynamics of Healthy Aging", University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Maercker
- Department of Psychopathology and Clinical Intervention.,University Research Priority Program "Dynamics of Healthy Aging", University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Forstmeier
- Department of Psychopathology and Clinical Intervention.,Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Siegen, Germany
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81
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Eppinger B, Heekeren HR, Li SC. Age Differences in the Neural Mechanisms of Intertemporal Choice Under Subjective Decision Conflict. Cereb Cortex 2017; 28:3764-3774. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Eppinger
- Department of Psychology, Chair of Lifespan Developmental Neuroscience,Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 17, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke West, Montreal, QC, Canada
- PERFORM centre, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke West, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hauke R Heekeren
- Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shu-Chen Li
- Department of Psychology, Chair of Lifespan Developmental Neuroscience,Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 17, Dresden, Germany
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82
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Hernandez CM, Vetere LM, Orsini CA, McQuail JA, Maurer AP, Burke SN, Setlow B, Bizon JL. Decline of prefrontal cortical-mediated executive functions but attenuated delay discounting in aged Fischer 344 × brown Norway hybrid rats. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 60:141-152. [PMID: 28946018 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that prefrontal cortex (PFC) function declines with age, aged individuals generally show an enhanced ability to delay gratification, as evident by less discounting of delayed rewards in intertemporal choice tasks. The present study was designed to evaluate relationships between 2 aspects of PFC-dependent cognition (working memory and cognitive flexibility) and intertemporal choice in young (6 months) and aged (24 months) Fischer 344 × brown Norway F1 hybrid rats. Rats were also evaluated for motivation to earn rewards using a progressive ratio task. As previously reported, aged rats showed attenuated discounting of delayed rewards, impaired working memory, and impaired cognitive flexibility compared with young. Among aged rats, greater choice of delayed reward was associated with preserved working memory, impaired cognitive flexibility, and less motivation to work for food. These relationships suggest that age-related changes in PFC and incentive motivation contribute to variance in intertemporal choice within the aged population. Cognitive impairments mediated by PFC are unlikely, however, to fully account for the enhanced ability to delay gratification that accompanies aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren M Vetere
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Caitlin A Orsini
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Joseph A McQuail
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Andrew P Maurer
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sara N Burke
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Barry Setlow
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jennifer L Bizon
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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83
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Bangma DF, Fuermaier ABM, Tucha L, Tucha O, Koerts J. The effects of normal aging on multiple aspects of financial decision-making. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182620. [PMID: 28792973 PMCID: PMC5549929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Financial decision-making (FDM) is crucial for independent living. Due to cognitive decline that accompanies normal aging, older adults might have difficulties in some aspects of FDM. However, an improved knowledge, personal experience and affective decision-making, which are also related to normal aging, may lead to a stable or even improved age-related performance in some other aspects of FDM. Therefore, the present explorative study examines the effects of normal aging on multiple aspects of FDM. METHODS One-hundred and eighty participants (range 18-87 years) were assessed with eight FDM tests and several standard neuropsychological tests. Age effects were evaluated using hierarchical multiple regression analyses. The validity of the prediction models was examined by internal validation (i.e. bootstrap resampling procedure) as well as external validation on another, independent, sample of participants (n = 124). Multiple regression and correlation analyses were applied to investigate the mediation effect of standard measures of cognition on the observed effects of age on FDM. RESULTS On a relatively basic level of FDM (e.g., paying bills or using FDM styles) no significant effects of aging were found. However more complex FDM, such as making decisions in accordance with specific rules, becomes more difficult with advancing age. Furthermore, an older age was found to be related to a decreased sensitivity for impulsive buying. These results were confirmed by the internal and external validation analyses. Mediation effects of numeracy and planning were found to explain parts of the association between one aspect of FDM (i.e. Competence in decision rules) and age; however, these cognitive domains were not able to completely explain the relation between age and FDM. CONCLUSION Normal aging has a negative influence on a complex aspect of FDM, however, other aspects appear to be unaffected by normal aging or improve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien F. Bangma
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anselm B. M. Fuermaier
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lara Tucha
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver Tucha
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke Koerts
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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84
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Age and impulsive behavior in drug addiction: A review of past research and future directions. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 164:106-117. [PMID: 28778737 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Impulsive behavior is implicated in the initiation, maintenance, and relapse of drug-seeking behaviors involved in drug addiction. Research shows that changes in impulsive behavior across the lifespan contribute to drug use and addiction. The goal of this review is to examine existing research on the relationship between impulsive behavior and drug use across the lifespan and to recommend directions for future research. Three domains of impulsive behavior are explored in this review: impulsive behavior-related personality traits, delay discounting, and prepotent response inhibition. First, we present previous research on these three domains of impulsive behavior and drug use across developmental stages. Then, we discuss how changes in impulsive behavior across the lifespan are implicated in the progression of drug use and addiction. Finally, we discuss the relatively limited attention given to middle-to-older adults in the current literature, consider the validity of the measures used to assess impulsive behavior in middle-to-older adulthood, and suggest recommendations for future research.
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85
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Sommer C, Garbusow M, Jünger E, Pooseh S, Bernhardt N, Birkenstock J, Schad DJ, Jabs B, Glöckler T, Huys QM, Heinz A, Smolka MN, Zimmermann US. Strong seduction: impulsivity and the impact of contextual cues on instrumental behavior in alcohol dependence. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1183. [PMID: 28763064 PMCID: PMC5611726 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-related cues acquire incentive salience through Pavlovian conditioning and then can markedly affect instrumental behavior of alcohol-dependent patients to promote relapse. However, it is unclear whether similar effects occur with alcohol-unrelated cues. We tested 116 early-abstinent alcohol-dependent patients and 91 healthy controls who completed a delay discounting task to assess choice impulsivity, and a Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) paradigm employing both alcohol-unrelated and alcohol-related stimuli. To modify instrumental choice behavior, we tiled the background of the computer screen either with conditioned stimuli (CS) previously generated by pairing abstract pictures with pictures indicating monetary gains or losses, or with pictures displaying alcohol or water beverages. CS paired to money gains and losses affected instrumental choices differently. This PIT effect was significantly more pronounced in patients compared to controls, and the group difference was mainly driven by highly impulsive patients. The PIT effect was particularly strong in trials in which the instrumental stimulus required inhibition of instrumental response behavior and the background CS was associated to monetary gains. Under that condition, patients performed inappropriate approach behavior, contrary to their previously formed behavioral intention. Surprisingly, the effect of alcohol and water pictures as background stimuli resembled that of aversive and appetitive CS, respectively. These findings suggest that positively valenced background CS can provoke dysfunctional instrumental approach behavior in impulsive alcohol-dependent patients. Consequently, in real life they might be easily seduced by environmental cues to engage in actions thwarting their long-term goals. Such behaviors may include, but are not limited to, approaching alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sommer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - M Garbusow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - E Jünger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - S Pooseh
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - N Bernhardt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - J Birkenstock
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - D J Schad
- Social and Preventive Medicine, Area of Excellence Cognitive Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - B Jabs
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Zentrum für Psychische Gesundheit Weißer Hirsch, Dresden, Germany
| | - T Glöckler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Zentrum für Psychische Gesundheit Weißer Hirsch, Dresden, Germany
| | - Q M Huys
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zürich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, Switzerland,Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - A Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - M N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - U S Zimmermann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Fetscherstraße 74, Dresden 01307, Germany. E-mail:
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86
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Delay Discounting Rates are Temporally Stable in an Equivalent Present Value Procedure Using Theoretical and Area under the Curve Analyses. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03395804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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87
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88
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89
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Schwenke D, Dshemuchadse M, Vesper C, Bleichner MG, Scherbaum S. Let's decide together: Differences between individual and joint delay discounting. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176003. [PMID: 28426708 PMCID: PMC5398579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study addressed the question whether or not social collaboration has an effect on delay discounting, the tendency to prefer sooner but smaller over later but larger delivered rewards. We applied a novel paradigm in which participants executed choices between two gains in an individual and in a dyadic decision-making condition. We observed how participants reached mutual consent via joystick movement coordination and found lower discounting and a higher decisions' efficiency. In order to establish the underlying mechanism for dyadic variation, we further tested whether these differences emerge from social facilitation or inner group interchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Schwenke
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maja Dshemuchadse
- Fakultät Sozialwissenschaften, Hochschule Zittau-Görlitz, Görlitz, Germany
| | - Cordula Vesper
- Department of Cognitive Science, Central European University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Stefan Scherbaum
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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90
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Sasse LK, Peters J, Brassen S. Cognitive Control Modulates Effects of Episodic Simulation on Delay Discounting in Aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:58. [PMID: 28352226 PMCID: PMC5348631 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhancing prospective thinking by tagging the future with specific episodic events has been shown to reduce delay discounting in young age (“tag-effect”). So far, it is unclear whether such beneficial effect extends to old adulthood. Since the general ability of future thinking and cognitive control are crucial modulators of temporal discounting in young age, potential age-related decline in these functions might impact on the effect. We focused on this issue by combining functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with an established intertemporal choice task including episodic “tags” in healthy older participants. Future thinking ability was assessed using autobiographical interviews for future event simulations and a visual search task was applied to assess participants’ cognitive control ability. In contrast to previous data in young adults, the group of older participants did not benefit from tagging the future with episodic events. Older participants’ cognitive control function was directly associated with discounting rates in the episodic conditions: the less the older adults were able to focus their attention the less they benefited from the inclusion of episodic events. Consistent with this, imaging results revealed that: (a) subjective value (SV) signals in the hippocampus and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) as well as; (b) hippocampal-striatal coupling during the episodic condition were positively related to participants’ control capacity. Our findings highlight the critical role of executive functioning for the simultaneous integration of episodic information with future value computation in aging. Boosting delay gratification by including episodic tags might hence be limited in older individuals with pronounced decline in distraction control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Sasse
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Peters
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany; Department of Psychology, University of CologneCologne, Germany
| | - Stefanie Brassen
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg, Germany
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91
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Temporal preference in individuals reporting chronic pain: discounting of delayed pain-related and monetary outcomes. Pain 2017; 157:1724-1732. [PMID: 27075431 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Opioid therapy for pain is associated with an increased risk for substance use disorders. This study's purpose was to determine the association between opioid misuse propensity (Screener and Opioid Assessment for Patients in Pain-Revised) and delay discounting (DD), a behavioral process linked to substance use disorders, which quantifies the extent to which outcomes are devalued because of their delay. Participants reporting chronic pain (N = 249) answered pain and opioid use questions and then completed 4 DD tasks. Each of these tasks assessed either money or pain consequences, framed as either rewards or punishments. Each task involved hypothetical choices between immediate smaller vs delayed larger consequences. The extant Monetary Choice Questionnaire assessed DD of money rewards, and a modified version assessed discounting of money losses (immediate smaller loss vs larger delayed loss). Based on the Monetary Choice Questionnaire, the novel Pain Relief Choice Questionnaire assessed choices between an immediate short duration of pain relief vs a longer duration of pain relief. Similarly, the novel Additional Pain Choice Questionnaire assessed choices between an immediate short duration of additional pain vs a longer duration of additional pain. Discounting of both additional pain and money losses were significantly associated with high Screener and Opioid Assessment for Patients in Pain-Revised scores-indicating participants at greatest risk for opioid misuse discount future punishments rather than future rewards compared with those at low risk. Measures of DD may have promise in more accurately identifying individuals at highest risk for opioid misuse during chronic opioid therapy.
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92
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Nettle D. Does Hunger Contribute to Socioeconomic Gradients in Behavior? Front Psychol 2017; 8:358. [PMID: 28344567 PMCID: PMC5344891 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research has uncovered many examples of socioeconomic gradients in behavior and psychological states. As yet there is no theoretical consensus on the nature of the causal processes that produce these gradients. Here, I present the hunger hypothesis, namely the claim that part of the reason that people of lower socioeconomic position behave and feel as they do is that they are relatively often hungry. The hunger hypothesis applies in particular to impulsivity-hyperactivity, irritability-aggression, anxiety, and persistent narcotic use, all of which have been found to show socioeconomic gradients. I review multiple lines of evidence showing that hunger produces strong increases in these outcomes. I also review the literatures on food insufficiency and food insecurity to show that, within affluent societies, the poor experience a substantial burden of hunger, despite obtaining sufficient or excess calories on average. This leads to the distinctive prediction that hunger is an important mediator of the relationships between socioeconomic variables and the behavioral/psychological outcomes. This approach has a number of far-reaching implications, not least that some behavioral and psychological differences between social groups, though persistent under current economic arrangements, are potentially highly reversible with changes to the distribution of financial resources and food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nettle
- Centre for Behaviour and Evolution, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle, UK
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93
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Chen Y, Yang Q. How do cancer risk perception, benefit perception of quitting, and cancer worry influence quitting intention among current smokers: A study using the 2013 HINTS. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2016.1271033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Chen
- Department of Communication Studies, Sam Houston State University, Hunstville, TX, USA
| | - Qinghua Yang
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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94
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Mishra S, Lalumière ML. Associations Between Delay Discounting and Risk-Related Behaviors, Traits, Attitudes, and Outcomes. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Mishra
- Faculty of Business Administration; University of Regina; Regina Saskatchewan Canada
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95
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McClelland J, Dalton B, Kekic M, Bartholdy S, Campbell IC, Schmidt U. A systematic review of temporal discounting in eating disorders and obesity: Behavioural and neuroimaging findings. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:506-528. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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96
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Kekic M, Bartholdy S, Cheng J, McClelland J, Boysen E, Musiat P, O'Daly OG, Campbell IC, Schmidt U. Increased temporal discounting in bulimia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:1077-1081. [PMID: 27301653 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is evidence that people with eating disorders display altered intertemporal choice behavior (the degree of preference for immediate rewards over delayed rewards). Compared to healthy controls (HC), individuals with anorexia nervosa and binge-eating disorder show decreased and increased rates of temporal discounting (TD; the devaluation of delayed rewards), respectively. This is the first study to investigate TD in people with bulimia nervosa (BN). METHOD Thirty-nine individuals with BN (2 men) and 53 HC (9 men) completed a hypothetical monetary TD task. Over 80 binary choices, participants chose whether they would prefer to receive a smaller amount of money available immediately or a larger amount available in 3 months. Self-reported ability to delay gratification (the behavioral opposite of TD) was also measured. RESULTS Individuals with BN showed greater TD (i.e., a preference for smaller-sooner rewards) and a decreased self-reported capacity to delay gratification relative to HC. Experimental groups did not differ in age, gender ratio, or BMI. DISCUSSION Increased rates of TD may contribute to some of the core symptoms of BN that appear to involve making choices between immediate and delayed rewards (i.e., binge-eating and compensatory behaviors). Altered intertemporal choice behavior could therefore be a relevant target for intervention in this patient group. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:1077-1081).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kekic
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Savani Bartholdy
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jiumu Cheng
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica McClelland
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Boysen
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Musiat
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Owen G O'Daly
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Iain C Campbell
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Seaman KL, Gorlick MA, Vekaria KM, Hsu M, Zald DH, Samanez-Larkin GR. Adult age differences in decision making across domains: Increased discounting of social and health-related rewards. Psychol Aging 2016; 31:737-746. [PMID: 27831713 PMCID: PMC5127408 DOI: 10.1037/pag0000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although research on aging and decision making continues to grow, the majority of studies examine decisions made to maximize monetary earnings or points. It is not clear whether these results generalize to other types of rewards. To investigate this, we examined adult age differences in 92 healthy participants aged 22 to 83. Participants completed 9 hypothetical discounting tasks, which included 3 types of discounting factors (time, probability, effort) across 3 reward domains (monetary, social, health). Participants made choices between a smaller magnitude reward with a shorter time delay/higher probability/lower level of physical effort required and a larger magnitude reward with a longer time delay/lower probability/higher level of physical effort required. Older compared with younger individuals were more likely to choose options that involved shorter time delays or higher probabilities of experiencing an interaction with a close social partner or receiving health benefits from a hypothetical drug. These findings suggest that older adults may be more motivated than young adults to obtain social and health rewards immediately and with certainty. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ming Hsu
- Haas School of Business, University of California Berkeley
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98
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McDevitt MA, Dunn RM, Spetch ML, Ludvig EA. When good news leads to bad choices. J Exp Anal Behav 2016; 105:23-40. [PMID: 26781050 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pigeons and other animals sometimes deviate from optimal choice behavior when given informative signals for delayed outcomes. For example, when pigeons are given a choice between an alternative that always leads to food after a delay and an alternative that leads to food only half of the time after a delay, preference changes dramatically depending on whether the stimuli during the delays are correlated with (signal) the outcomes or not. With signaled outcomes, pigeons show a much greater preference for the suboptimal alternative than with unsignaled outcomes. Key variables and research findings related to this phenomenon are reviewed, including the effects of durations of the choice and delay periods, probability of reinforcement, and gaps in the signal. We interpret the available evidence as reflecting a preference induced by signals for good news in a context of uncertainty. Other explanations are briefly summarized and compared.
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99
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Lebeau G, Consoli SM, Le Bouc R, Sola-Gazagnes A, Hartemann A, Simon D, Reach G, Altman JJ, Pessiglione M, Limosin F, Lemogne C. Delay discounting of gains and losses, glycemic control and therapeutic adherence in type 2 diabetes. Behav Processes 2016; 132:42-48. [PMID: 27663668 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Delay discounting is the tendency to prefer smaller, sooner rewards to larger, later ones. Poor adherence in type 2 diabetes could be partially explained by a discounted value of health, as a function of delay. Delay discounting can be described with a hyperbolic model characterized by a coefficient, k. The higher k, the less future consequences are taken into account when making decisions. This study aimed to determine whether k would be correlated with glycated hemoglobin and adherence in type 2 diabetes. METHODS Ninety-three patients were recruited in two diabetology departments. Delay discounting coefficients were measured with a computerized task. HbA1c was recorded and adherence was assessed by questionnaires. Potential socio-demographic and clinical confounding factors were collected. RESULTS There was a positive correlation between delay discounting of gains and HbA1c (r=0.242, P=0.023). This association remained significant after adjusting for potential confounding factors (F=4.807, P=0.031, η2=0.058). This association was partially mediated by adherence to medication (β=0.048, 95% CI [0.004-0.131]). CONCLUSIONS Glycemic control is associated with delay discounting in patients suffering from type 2 diabetes. Should these findings be replicated with a prospective design, they could lead to new strategies to improve glycemic control among these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaële Lebeau
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculty of Medicine, Paris, France; Inserm U894, Center for Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Paris, France; AP-HP, West Paris University Hospitals, Department of Psychiatry, Paris, France.
| | - Silla M Consoli
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculty of Medicine, Paris, France; AP-HP, West Paris University Hospitals, Department of Psychiatry, Paris, France
| | - Raphael Le Bouc
- Inserm U1127, CNRS U7225, Brain and Spine Institute, "Motivation, Brain and Behavior" Team, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France; AP-HP, Neurology Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | - Agnès Hartemann
- Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France; AP-HP, Diabetology Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Simon
- Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France; AP-HP, Diabetology Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Gerard Reach
- AP-HP, Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases Department, Avicenne Hospital, Bobigny, France; Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Altman
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculty of Medicine, Paris, France; AP-HP, West Paris University Hospitals, Diabetology Department, Paris, France
| | - Mathias Pessiglione
- Inserm U1127, CNRS U7225, Brain and Spine Institute, "Motivation, Brain and Behavior" Team, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Limosin
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculty of Medicine, Paris, France; Inserm U894, Center for Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Paris, France; AP-HP, West Paris University Hospitals, Department of Psychiatry, Paris, France
| | - Cédric Lemogne
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculty of Medicine, Paris, France; Inserm U894, Center for Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Paris, France; AP-HP, West Paris University Hospitals, Department of Psychiatry, Paris, France
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100
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Coelho S, Guerreiro M, Chester C, Silva D, Maroco J, Paglieri F, de Mendonça A. Delay discounting in mild cognitive impairment. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2016; 39:336-346. [DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2016.1226269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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