51
|
The Role of Cannabinoids in Bone Metabolism: A New Perspective for Bone Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212374. [PMID: 34830256 PMCID: PMC8621131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel interest has arisen in recent years regarding bone, which is a very complex and dynamic tissue deputed to several functions ranging from mechanical and protective support to hematopoiesis and calcium homeostasis maintenance. In order to address these tasks, a very refined, continuous remodeling process needs to occur involving the coordinated action of different types of bone cells: osteoblasts (OBs), which have the capacity to produce newly formed bone, and osteoclasts (OCs), which can remove old bone. Bone remodeling is a highly regulated process that requires many hormones and messenger molecules, both at the systemic and the local level. The whole picture is still not fully understood, and the role of novel actors, such as the components of the endocannabinoids system (ECS), including endogenous cannabinoid ligands (ECs), cannabinoid receptors (CBRs), and the enzymes responsible for endogenous ligand synthesis and breakdown, is extremely intriguing. This article reviews the connection between the ECS and skeletal health, supporting the potential use of cannabinoid receptor ligands for the treatment of bone diseases associated with accelerated osteoclastic bone resorption, including osteoporosis and bone metastasis.
Collapse
|
52
|
Abolghasemi A, Manca C, Iannotti FA, Shen M, Leblanc N, Lacroix S, Martin C, Flamand N, Di Marzo V, Silvestri C. Assessment of the Effects of Dietary Vitamin D Levels on Olanzapine-Induced Metabolic Side Effects: Focus on the Endocannabinoidome-Gut Microbiome Axis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12361. [PMID: 34830242 PMCID: PMC8620071 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is associated with poor mental health and dysmetabolism. Several metabolic abnormalities are associated with psychotic diseases, which can be compounded by atypical antipsychotics that induce weight gain and insulin resistance. These side-effects may be affected by vitamin D levels. The gut microbiota and endocannabinoidome (eCBome) are significant regulators of both metabolism and mental health, but their role in the development of atypical antipsychotic drug metabolic side-effects and their interaction with vitamin D status is unknown. We studied the effects of different combinations of vitamin D levels and atypical antipsychotic drug (olanzapine) exposure on whole-body metabolism and the eCBome-gut microbiota axis in female C57BL/6J mice under a high fat/high sucrose (HFHS) diet in an attempt to identify a link between the latter and the different metabolic outputs induced by the treatments. Olanzapine exerted a protective effect against diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance, largely independent of dietary vitamin D status. These changes were concomitant with olanzapine-mediated decreases in Trpv1 expression and increases in the levels of its agonists, including various N-acylethanolamines and 2-monoacylglycerols, which are consistent with the observed improvement in adiposity and metabolic status. Furthermore, while global gut bacteria community architecture was not altered by olanzapine, we identified changes in the relative abundances of various commensal bacterial families. Taken together, changes of eCBome and gut microbiota families under our experimental conditions might contribute to olanzapine and vitamin D-mediated inhibition of weight gain in mice on a HFHS diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armita Abolghasemi
- Centre de Recherche, l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (A.A.); (C.M.); (M.S.); (N.L.); (S.L.); (C.M.); (N.F.); (V.D.M.)
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Joint International Unit between the National Research Council (CNR) of Italy and Université Laval on Chemical and Biomolecular Research on the Microbiome and Its Impact on Metabolic Health and Nutrition (UMI-MicroMeNu), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Claudia Manca
- Centre de Recherche, l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (A.A.); (C.M.); (M.S.); (N.L.); (S.L.); (C.M.); (N.F.); (V.D.M.)
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Joint International Unit between the National Research Council (CNR) of Italy and Université Laval on Chemical and Biomolecular Research on the Microbiome and Its Impact on Metabolic Health and Nutrition (UMI-MicroMeNu), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Fabio A. Iannotti
- Joint International Unit between the National Research Council (CNR) of Italy and Université Laval on Chemical and Biomolecular Research on the Microbiome and Its Impact on Metabolic Health and Nutrition (UMI-MicroMeNu), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Council of Research (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche), 80087 Pozzuoli, Italy;
| | - Melissa Shen
- Centre de Recherche, l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (A.A.); (C.M.); (M.S.); (N.L.); (S.L.); (C.M.); (N.F.); (V.D.M.)
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Nadine Leblanc
- Centre de Recherche, l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (A.A.); (C.M.); (M.S.); (N.L.); (S.L.); (C.M.); (N.F.); (V.D.M.)
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sébastien Lacroix
- Centre de Recherche, l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (A.A.); (C.M.); (M.S.); (N.L.); (S.L.); (C.M.); (N.F.); (V.D.M.)
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Cyril Martin
- Centre de Recherche, l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (A.A.); (C.M.); (M.S.); (N.L.); (S.L.); (C.M.); (N.F.); (V.D.M.)
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre de Recherche, l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (A.A.); (C.M.); (M.S.); (N.L.); (S.L.); (C.M.); (N.F.); (V.D.M.)
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Centre de Recherche, l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (A.A.); (C.M.); (M.S.); (N.L.); (S.L.); (C.M.); (N.F.); (V.D.M.)
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Joint International Unit between the National Research Council (CNR) of Italy and Université Laval on Chemical and Biomolecular Research on the Microbiome and Its Impact on Metabolic Health and Nutrition (UMI-MicroMeNu), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Joint International Unit between the National Research Council (CNR) of Italy and Université Laval on Chemical and Biomolecular Research on the Microbiome and Its Impact on Metabolic Health and Nutrition (UMI-MicroMeNu), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Council of Research (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche), 80087 Pozzuoli, Italy;
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- École de Nutrition, Faculté des Sciences de L’agriculture et de L’alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Cristoforo Silvestri
- Centre de Recherche, l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (A.A.); (C.M.); (M.S.); (N.L.); (S.L.); (C.M.); (N.F.); (V.D.M.)
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Joint International Unit between the National Research Council (CNR) of Italy and Université Laval on Chemical and Biomolecular Research on the Microbiome and Its Impact on Metabolic Health and Nutrition (UMI-MicroMeNu), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Mutlu B, Puigserver P. Controversies surrounding peripheral cannabinoid receptor 1 in fatty liver disease. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:154147. [PMID: 34779413 DOI: 10.1172/jci154147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB-1) antagonists are potential candidates for treating obesity and metabolic complications. Despite clear metabolic benefits, unwanted side effects in the brain pose issues for patients. With the hope of overcoming this obstacle, CB-1 in peripheral tissues has become a potential drug target. Previous studies had suggested that liver CB-1 would be an excellent target to prevent development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NAFLD). However, in this issue of the JCI, Wang et al. showed that CB-1 was barely detectable in the liver and deletion of CB-1 in hepatocytes provided no metabolic benefits against NAFLD. These contradictory results raise substantial concerns about the potential benefits of peripheral CB-1 blockers against NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beste Mutlu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pere Puigserver
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Wei Q, Lee JH, Wu CS, Zang QS, Guo S, Lu HC, Sun Y. Metabolic and inflammatory functions of cannabinoid receptor type 1 are differentially modulated by adiponectin. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:1750-1764. [PMID: 34754376 PMCID: PMC8554371 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i10.1750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antagonists of cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1) have been shown to promote body weight loss and improve insulin sensitivity. Cannabinoids decrease adiponectin, and CB1 blocker increase adiponectin. However, the mediators of CB1 actions are not well defined.
AIM To investigate whether the beneficial effects of CB1 inhibition are, at least in part, mediated by adiponectin.
METHODS We compared metabolic and inflammatory phenotypes of wild-type (WT) mice, CB1-null (CB1-/-) and CB1/adiponectin double-knockout (DKO) mice. We assessed the insulin sensitivity using insulin tolerance test and glucose tolerance test, and inflammation using flow cytometry analysis of macrophages.
RESULTS CB1-/- mice exhibited significantly reduced body weight and fat mass when compared to WT mice. While no significance was found in total daily food intake and locomotor activity, CB1-/- mice showed increased energy expenditure, enhanced thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT), and improved insulin sensitivity compared to WT mice. DKO showed no difference in body weight, adiposity, nor insulin sensitivity; only showed a modestly elevated thermogenesis in BAT compared to CB1-/- mice. The metabolic phenotype of DKO is largely similar to CB1-/- mice, suggesting that adiponectin is not a key mediator of the metabolic effects of CB1. Interestingly, CB1-/- mice showed reduced pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization in both peritoneal macrophages and adipose tissue macrophages compared to WT mice; in contrast, DKO mice exhibited increased pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization in these macrophages compared to CB1-/- mice, suggesting that adiponectin is an important mediator of the inflammatory effect of CB1.
CONCLUSION Our findings reveal that CB1 functions through both adiponectin-dependent and adiponectin-independent mechanisms: CB1 regulates energy metabolism in an adiponectin-independent manner, and inflammation in an adiponectin-dependent manner. The differential effects of adiponectin on CB1-mediated metabolic and inflammatory functions should be taken into consideration in CB1 antagonist utilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wei
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Pediatrics, USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Jong Han Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
- Department of Marine Bioindustry, Hanseo University, Seosan 31962, South Korea
| | - Chia-Shan Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX 7743, United States
| | - Qun S Zang
- Department of Surgery, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Health Science Campus, Maywood, IL 60153, United States
| | - Shaodong Guo
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX 7743, United States
| | - Hui-Chen Lu
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Linda and Jack Gill Center of for Biomolecular Science, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Yuxiang Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX 7743, United States
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Haddad M. The Impact of CB1 Receptor on Nuclear Receptors in Skeletal Muscle Cells. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2021; 28:457-470. [PMID: 35366244 PMCID: PMC8830471 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology28040029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids are abundant signaling compounds; their influence predominantly arises via engagement with the principal two G-protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2. One suggested theory is that cannabinoids regulate a variety of physiological processes within the cells of skeletal muscle. Earlier publications have indicated that expression of CB1 receptor mRNA and protein has been recognized within myotubes and tissues of skeletal muscle from both murines and humans, thus representing a potentially significant pathway which plays a role in the control of skeletal muscular activities. The part played by CB1 receptor activation or inhibition with respect to these functions and relevant to targets in the periphery, especially skeletal muscle, is not fully delineated. Thus, the aim of the current research was to explore the influence of CB1 receptor stimulation and inhibition on downstream signaling of the nuclear receptor, NR4A, which regulates the immediate impacts of arachidonyl-2′-chloroethylamide (ACEA) and/or rimonabant in the cells of skeletal muscle. Murine L6 skeletal muscle cells were used in order to clarify additional possible molecular signaling pathways which contribute to alterations in the CB1 receptor. Skeletal muscle cells have often been used; it is well-documented that they express cannabinoid receptors. Quantitative real-time probe-based polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays are deployed in order to assess the gene expression characteristics of CB1 receptor signaling. In the current work, it is demonstrated that skeletal muscle cells exhibit functional expression of CB1 receptors. This can be deduced from the qRT-PCR assays; triggering CB1 receptors amplifies both NR4A1 and NR4A3 mRNA gene expression. The impact of ACEA is inhibited by the selective CB1 receptor antagonist, rimonabant. The present research demonstrated that 10 nM of ACEA notably amplified mRNA gene expression of NR4A1 and NR4A3; this effect was suppressed by the addition of 100 nM rimonabant. Furthermore, the CB1 receptor antagonist led to the downregulation of mRNA gene expression of NR4A1, NR4A2 and NR4A3. In conclusion, in skeletal muscle, CB1 receptors were recognized to be important moderators of NR4A1 and NR4A3 mRNA gene expression; these actions may have possible clinical benefits. Thus, in skeletal muscle cells, a possible physiological expression of CB1 receptors was identified. It is as yet unknown whether these CB1 receptors contribute to pathways underlying skeletal muscle biological function and disease processes. Further research is required to fully delineate their role(s).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Haddad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, P.O. Box 1, Amman 19392, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Xiong Y, Lim CS. Understanding the Modulatory Effects of Cannabidiol on Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11091211. [PMID: 34573232 PMCID: PMC8472755 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11091211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disease, is characterized by progressive cognitive impairment. The deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau is considered the hallmark of AD pathology. Many therapeutic approaches such as Food and Drug Administration-approved cholinesterase inhibitors and N–methyl–D–aspartate receptor antagonists have been used to intervene in AD pathology. However, current therapies only provide limited symptomatic relief and are ineffective in preventing AD progression. Cannabidiol (CBD), a phytocannabinoid devoid of psychoactive responses, provides neuroprotective effects through both cannabinoid and noncannabinoid receptors. Recent studies using an AD mouse model have suggested that CBD can reverse cognitive deficits along with Aβ-induced neuroinflammatory, oxidative responses, and neuronal death. Furthermore, CBD can reduce the accumulation of Aβ and hyperphosphorylation of tau, suggesting the possibility of delaying AD progression. Particularly, the noncannabinoid receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, has been suggested to be involved in multiple functions of CBD. Therefore, understanding the underlying mechanisms of CBD is necessary for intervening in AD pathology in depth and for the translation of preclinical studies into clinical settings. In this review, we summarize recent studies on the effect of CBD in AD and suggest problems to be overcome for the therapeutic use of CBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinyi Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan 54538, Korea;
- Department of Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332000, China
| | - Chae-Seok Lim
- Department of Pharmacology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan 54538, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-63-850-6765; Fax: +82-63-850-7262
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Bisogno T, Lauritano A, Piscitelli F. The Endocannabinoid System: A Bridge between Alzheimer's Disease and Gut Microbiota. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:934. [PMID: 34575083 PMCID: PMC8470731 DOI: 10.3390/life11090934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that progresses from mild cognitive impairment to severe dementia over time. The main clinical hallmarks of the disease (e.g., beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles) begin during preclinical AD when cognitive deficits are not yet apparent. Hence, a more profound understanding of AD pathogenesis is needed to develop new therapeutic strategies. In this context, the endocannabinoid (eCB) system and the gut microbiome are increasingly emerging as important players in maintaining the general homeostasis and the health status of the host. However, their interaction has come to light just recently with gut microbiota regulating the eCB tone at both receptor and enzyme levels in intestinal and adipose tissues. Importantly, eCB system and gut microbiome, have been suggested to play a role in AD in both animal and human studies. Therefore, the microbiome gut-brain axis and the eCB system are potential common denominators in the AD physiopathology. Hence, the aim of this review is to provide a general overview on the role of both the eCB system and the microbiome gut-brain axis in AD and to suggest possible mechanisms that underlie the potential interplay of these two systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Bisogno
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Farmacologia Traslazionale, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Area Della Ricerca di Roma 2 Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Lauritano
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy;
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Rahmanian M, Lotfi Yaghin N, Alizadeh M. Blood Level of 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), Neuropeptide Y and Omentin and Their Correlation with Food Habits in Obese Women. Galen Med J 2021; 9:e1721. [PMID: 34466576 PMCID: PMC8343500 DOI: 10.31661/gmj.v9i0.1721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite growing concern about the increasing global burden of obesity, there are still many uncertainties in understanding the pathogenesis of this disease. This study aimed to investigate the serum levels of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and omentin, concerning dietary patterns in obese women. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was carried on an equal number of obese (case group) and normal-weight women (n=45 each). Dietary intake was determined based on the food frequency questionnaire. Serum levels of 2-AG, NPY, and omentin were determined using ELISA. Results: The obese group showed significantly higher 2-AG and NPY levels than the controls(P<0.001). There were significant positive correlations between the serum level of 2-AG and calorie intake (r=0.219, P=0.038), carbohydrates (r=0.238, P=0.024), fat (r=0.227, P=0.032), saturated fatty acids (r=0.272, P=0.009), and monounsaturated fatty acids (r=0.265, P=0.012). Conclusion: Our study revealed that dietary patterns, in particular, the type of fatty acids used may influence levels of 2-AG, NPY, and omentin, which all are involved in pathways resulting in obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mozhdeh Rahmanian
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Neda Lotfi Yaghin
- Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Alizadeh
- Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Correspondence to: Mohammad Alizadeh, Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Attar Nishabouri St., Tabriz, I.R. Iran Telephone Number: 0098-41-33362117 Email Address:
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Lowe H, Toyang N, Steele B, Bryant J, Ngwa W. The Endocannabinoid System: A Potential Target for the Treatment of Various Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9472. [PMID: 34502379 PMCID: PMC8430969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Endocannabinoid System (ECS) is primarily responsible for maintaining homeostasis, a balance in internal environment (temperature, mood, and immune system) and energy input and output in living, biological systems. In addition to regulating physiological processes, the ECS directly influences anxiety, feeding behaviour/appetite, emotional behaviour, depression, nervous functions, neurogenesis, neuroprotection, reward, cognition, learning, memory, pain sensation, fertility, pregnancy, and pre-and post-natal development. The ECS is also involved in several pathophysiological diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. In recent years, genetic and pharmacological manipulation of the ECS has gained significant interest in medicine, research, and drug discovery and development. The distribution of the components of the ECS system throughout the body, and the physiological/pathophysiological role of the ECS-signalling pathways in many diseases, all offer promising opportunities for the development of novel cannabinergic, cannabimimetic, and cannabinoid-based therapeutic drugs that genetically or pharmacologically modulate the ECS via inhibition of metabolic pathways and/or agonism or antagonism of the receptors of the ECS. This modulation results in the differential expression/activity of the components of the ECS that may be beneficial in the treatment of a number of diseases. This manuscript in-depth review will investigate the potential of the ECS in the treatment of various diseases, and to put forth the suggestion that many of these secondary metabolites of Cannabis sativa L. (hereafter referred to as "C. sativa L." or "medical cannabis"), may also have potential as lead compounds in the development of cannabinoid-based pharmaceuticals for a variety of diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry Lowe
- Biotech R & D Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona 99999, Jamaica; (H.L.); (J.B.)
- Vilotos Pharmaceuticals Inc., Baltimore, MD 21202, USA;
- Flavocure Biotech Inc., Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Ngeh Toyang
- Vilotos Pharmaceuticals Inc., Baltimore, MD 21202, USA;
- Flavocure Biotech Inc., Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Blair Steele
- Biotech R & D Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona 99999, Jamaica; (H.L.); (J.B.)
| | - Joseph Bryant
- Biotech R & D Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona 99999, Jamaica; (H.L.); (J.B.)
| | - Wilfred Ngwa
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Benchoula K, Parhar IS, Hwa WE. The molecular mechanism of vgf in appetite, lipids, and insulin regulation. Pharmacol Res 2021; 172:105855. [PMID: 34461221 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is an indication of an imbalance between energy expenditure and food intake. It is a complicated disease of epidemic proportions as it involves many factors and organs. Sedentary lifestyles and overeating have caused a substantial rise in people with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Thus, the discovery of successful and sustainable therapies for these chronic illnesses is critical. However, the mechanisms of obesity and diabetes and the crosstalk between these diseases are still ambiguous. Numerous studies are being done to study these mechanisms, with updates made frequently. VGF peptide and its derivatives are anticipated to have a role in the development of obesity and diabetes. However, contradictory studies have produced conflicting findings on the function of VGF. Therefore, in this review, we attempt to clarify and explain the role of VGF peptides in the brain, pancreas, and adipose tissue in the development of obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Benchoula
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 1, Jalan Taylors, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ishwar S Parhar
- Monash University (Malaysia), BRIMS, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wong Eng Hwa
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 1, Jalan Taylors, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Turcott JG, Zatarain-Barrón ZL, Cárdenas Fernández D, Castañares Bolaños DT, Arrieta O. Appetite stimulants for patients with cancer: current evidence for clinical practice. Nutr Rev 2021; 80:857-873. [PMID: 34389868 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of neoplastic diseases has increased worldwide, with an estimated global burden of 19.3 million incident cases and 10 million deaths in 2020-a considerable increase compared with 9.6 million deaths in 2018. One of the most prevalent problems faced by patients with cancer and their physicians is malnutrition. It is estimated that patients with cancer have important nutritional alterations in 25% to 70% of cases, which directly affects many spheres of patient care and well-being, including quality of life, treatment toxicity, and survival outcomes. Despite the overwhelming need to address this pressing issue, current evidence in terms of pharmacologic interventions for cancer-related anorexia remains inconclusive, and there is no current standard of care for patients with cancer-related anorexia. Nonetheless, international guidelines recommend promoting anabolism through nutritional, physical, and pharmacologic therapies. In this review, the available information is summarized regarding pharmacologic therapies to treat cancer-related anorexia and findings are highlighted from a clinical stance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny G Turcott
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Oscar Arrieta
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Association of CNR1 and INSIG2 polymorphisms with antipsychotics-induced weight gain: a prospective nested case-control study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15304. [PMID: 34315947 PMCID: PMC8316361 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94700-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Weight gain is a frequent and severe adverse reaction in patients taking antipsychotics. The objective was to further investigate in a natural setting influential risk factors associated with clinically significant weight gain. An observational follow-up study was conducted. Patients when initiating treatment with whatever antipsychotic were included; a structured questionnaire was applied at baseline, 3 and 6 months later; a blood sample was obtained. In a nested case-control approach, patients with an increase ≥ 7% of their initial weight were considered as cases, the remaining, as controls. The results showed that, out of 185 patients, 137 completed the 6-month follow-up (cases, 38; controls, 99). Weight gain gradually and significantly increased in cases (baseline, 65.0 kg; 6 months, 74.0 kg) but not in controls (65.6 kg and 65.8 kg, respectively). Age (adjusted OR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.96-0.99, p = 0.004), olanzapine (adjusted OR = 2.98, 95% CI = 1.13-7.80, p = 0.027) and quetiapine (adjusted OR = 0.25, 95% = 0.07-0.92, p = 0.037) significantly associated with weight gain. An association was also found for the CNR1 (rs1049353) and INSIG2 (rs7566605) polymorphisms. In conclusion, an increased risk of antipsychotics-induced weight gain was observed for younger age and olanzapine, and a relative lower risk for quetiapine. A potential role of CNR1 rs1049353 and INSIG2 rs7566605 polymorphisms is suggested.
Collapse
|
63
|
Bourdy R, Hertz A, Filliol D, Andry V, Goumon Y, Mendoza J, Olmstead MC, Befort K. The endocannabinoid system is modulated in reward and homeostatic brain regions following diet-induced obesity in rats: a cluster analysis approach. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60:4621-4633. [PMID: 34165614 PMCID: PMC8222960 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02613-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Increased availability of high-calorie palatable food in most countries has resulted in overconsumption of these foods, suggesting that excessive eating is driven by pleasure, rather than metabolic need. The behavior contributes to the rise in eating disorders, obesity, and associated pathologies like diabetes, cardiac disease, and cancers. The mesocorticolimbic dopamine and homeostatic circuits are interconnected and play a central role in palatable food intake. The endocannabinoid system is expressed in these circuits and represents a potent regulator of feeding, but the impact of an obesogenic diet on its expression is not fully known. Methods Food intake and body weight were recorded in male Wistar rats over a 6-week free-choice regimen of high fat and sugar; transcriptional regulations of the endocannabinoid system were examined post-mortem in brain reward regions (prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, and arcuate nucleus). K-means cluster analysis was used to classify animals based on individual sensitivity to obesity and palatable food intake. Endocannabinoid levels were quantified in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. Gene expression in dopamine and homeostatic systems, including ghrelin and leptin receptors, and classical homeostatic peptides, were also investigated. Results The free-choice high-fat -and sugar diet induced hyperphagia and obesity in rats. Cluster analysis revealed that the propensity to develop obesity and excessive palatable food intake was differently associated with dopamine and endocannabinoid system gene expression in reward and homeostatic brain regions. CB2 receptor mRNA was increased in the nucleus accumbens of high sugar consumers, whereas CB1 receptor mRNA was decreased in obesity prone rats. Conclusions Transcriptional data are consistent with observations of altered dopamine function in rodents that have access to an obesogenic diet and point to cannabinoid receptors as GPCR targets involved in neuroplasticity mechanisms associated with maladaptive intake of palatable food. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00394-021-02613-0.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Bourdy
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives Et Adaptatives (LNCA), UMR7364, Université́ de Strasbourg, CNRS, 12 rue Goethe, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alexandra Hertz
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives Et Adaptatives (LNCA), UMR7364, Université́ de Strasbourg, CNRS, 12 rue Goethe, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Dominique Filliol
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives Et Adaptatives (LNCA), UMR7364, Université́ de Strasbourg, CNRS, 12 rue Goethe, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Virginie Andry
- Institut Des Neurosciences Cellulaires Et Intégratives (INCI), UPR3212, CNRS, 8 Allée du Général Rouvillois, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yannick Goumon
- Institut Des Neurosciences Cellulaires Et Intégratives (INCI), UPR3212, CNRS, 8 Allée du Général Rouvillois, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jorge Mendoza
- Institut Des Neurosciences Cellulaires Et Intégratives (INCI), UPR3212, CNRS, 8 Allée du Général Rouvillois, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mary C Olmstead
- Department of Psychology, Center for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Katia Befort
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives Et Adaptatives (LNCA), UMR7364, Université́ de Strasbourg, CNRS, 12 rue Goethe, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Rahman SMK, Uyama T, Hussain Z, Ueda N. Roles of Endocannabinoids and Endocannabinoid-like Molecules in Energy Homeostasis and Metabolic Regulation: A Nutritional Perspective. Annu Rev Nutr 2021; 41:177-202. [PMID: 34115519 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-043020-090216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is involved in signal transduction in mammals. It comprises principally G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous agonists, called endocannabinoids, as well as the enzymes and transporters responsible for the metabolism of endocannabinoids. Two arachidonic acid-containing lipid molecules, arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, function as endocannabinoids. N-acylethanolamines and monoacylglycerols, in which the arachidonic acid chain is replaced with a saturated or monounsaturated fatty acid, are not directly involved in the endocannabinoid system but exhibit agonistic activities for other receptors. These endocannabinoid-like molecules include palmitoylethanolamide, oleoylethanolamide (OEA), and 2-oleoylglycerol. Endocannabinoids stimulate feeding behavior and the anabolism of lipids and glucose, while OEA suppresses appetite. Both central and peripheral systems are included in these nutritional and metabolic contexts. Therefore, they have potential in the treatment and prevention of obesity. We outline the structure, metabolism, and biological activities of endocannabinoids and related molecules, and focus on their involvement in energy homeostasis and metabolic regulation. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nutrition, Volume 41 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Khaledur Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; , , .,Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore-7408, Bangladesh
| | - Toru Uyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; , ,
| | - Zahir Hussain
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; , , .,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Center for Pharmacogenetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA;
| | - Natsuo Ueda
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; , ,
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Ahmed I, Rehman SU, Shahmohamadnejad S, Zia MA, Ahmad M, Saeed MM, Akram Z, Iqbal HMN, Liu Q. Therapeutic Attributes of Endocannabinoid System against Neuro-Inflammatory Autoimmune Disorders. Molecules 2021; 26:3389. [PMID: 34205169 PMCID: PMC8199938 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, various sites like cannabinoid receptors (CBR) having a binding affinity with cannabinoids are distributed on the surface of different cell types, where endocannabinoids (ECs) and derivatives of fatty acid can bind. The binding of these substance(s) triggers the activation of specific receptors required for various physiological functions, including pain sensation, memory, and appetite. The ECs and CBR perform multiple functions via the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1); cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2), having a key effect in restraining neurotransmitters and the arrangement of cytokines. The role of cannabinoids in the immune system is illustrated because of their immunosuppressive characteristics. These characteristics include inhibition of leucocyte proliferation, T cells apoptosis, and induction of macrophages along with reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion. The review seeks to discuss the functional relationship between the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and anti-tumor characteristics of cannabinoids in various cancers. The therapeutic potential of cannabinoids for cancer-both in vivo and in vitro clinical trials-has also been highlighted and reported to be effective in mice models in arthritis for the inflammation reduction, neuropathic pain, positive effect in multiple sclerosis and type-1 diabetes mellitus, and found beneficial for treating in various cancers. In human models, such studies are limited; thereby, further research is indispensable in this field to get a conclusive outcome. Therefore, in autoimmune disorders, therapeutic cannabinoids can serve as promising immunosuppressive and anti-fibrotic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ishtiaq Ahmed
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China;
- School of Medical Science, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia;
| | - Saif Ur Rehman
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China;
| | - Shiva Shahmohamadnejad
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14176-13151, Iran;
| | - Muhammad Anjum Zia
- Enzyme Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; (M.A.Z.); (M.M.S.)
| | - Muhammad Ahmad
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (SBBUVAS), Sakrand 67210, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Muzammal Saeed
- Enzyme Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; (M.A.Z.); (M.M.S.)
| | - Zain Akram
- School of Medical Science, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia;
| | - Hafiz M. N. Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, 64849 Monterrey, Mexico;
| | - Qingyou Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China;
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
New Disulfiram Derivatives as MAGL-Selective Inhibitors. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113296. [PMID: 34070869 PMCID: PMC8199291 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is a key enzyme in the human endocannabinoid system. It is also the main enzyme responsible for the conversion of 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) to arachidonic acid (AA), a precursor of prostaglandin synthesis. The inhibition of MAGL activity would be beneficial for the treatment of a wide range of diseases, such as inflammation, neurodegeneration, metabolic disorders and cancer. Here, the author reports the pharmacological evaluation of new disulfiram derivatives as potent inhibitors of MAGL. These analogues displayed high inhibition selectivity over fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), another endocannabinoid-hydrolyzing enzyme. In particular, compound 2i inhibited MAGL in the low micromolar range. However, it did not show any inhibitory activity against FAAH.
Collapse
|
67
|
Armeli F, Bonucci A, Maggi E, Pinto A, Businaro R. Mediterranean Diet and Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Neglected Role of Nutrition in the Modulation of the Endocannabinoid System. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060790. [PMID: 34073983 PMCID: PMC8225112 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are a widespread cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, characterized by neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and neuronal depletion. The broad-spectrum neuroprotective activity of the Mediterranean diet is widely documented, but it is not yet known whether its nutritional and caloric balance can induce a modulation of the endocannabinoid system. In recent decades, many studies have shown how endocannabinoid tone enhancement may be a promising new therapeutic strategy to counteract the main hallmarks of neurodegeneration. From a phylogenetic point of view, the human co-evolution between the endocannabinoid system and dietary habits could play a key role in the pro-homeostatic activity of the Mediterranean lifestyle: this adaptive balance among our ancestors has been compromised by the modern Western diet, resulting in a “clinical endocannabinoid deficiency syndrome”. This review aims to evaluate the evidence accumulated in the literature on the neuroprotective, immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties of the Mediterranean diet related to the modulation of the endocannabinoid system, suggesting new prospects for research and clinical interventions against neurodegenerative diseases in light of a nutraceutical paradigm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Armeli
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica, 79, 04100 Latina, Italy; (F.A.); (A.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Alessio Bonucci
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica, 79, 04100 Latina, Italy; (F.A.); (A.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Elisa Maggi
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica, 79, 04100 Latina, Italy; (F.A.); (A.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Alessandro Pinto
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Rita Businaro
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica, 79, 04100 Latina, Italy; (F.A.); (A.B.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Isaac AR, de Velasco PC, Fraga KYD, Tavares-do-Carmo MDG, Campos RMP, Iannotti FA, Verde R, Martins DBG, Santos TA, Ferreira BK, de Mello FG, Di Marzo V, Andrade-da-Costa BLDS, de Melo Reis RA. Maternal omega-3 intake differentially affects the endocannabinoid system in the progeny`s neocortex and hippocampus: Impact on synaptic markers. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 96:108782. [PMID: 34038760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and the endocannabinoid system (ECS) modulate several functions through neurodevelopment including synaptic plasticity mechanisms. The interplay between n-3PUFA and the ECS during the early stages of development, however, is not fully understood. This study investigated the effects of maternal n-3PUFA supplementation (n-3Sup) or deficiency (n-3Def) on ECS and synaptic markers in postnatal offspring. Female rats were fed with a control, n-3Def, or n-3Sup diet from 15 days before mating and during pregnancy. The cerebral cortex and hippocampus of mothers and postnatal 1-2 days offspring were analyzed. In the mothers, a n-3 deficiency reduced CB1 receptor (CB1R) protein levels in the cortex and increased CB2 receptor (CB2R) in both cortex and hippocampus. In neonates, a maternal n-3 deficiency reduced the hippocampal CB1R amount while it increased CB2R. Additionally, total GFAP isoform expression was increased in both cortex and hippocampus in neonates of the n-3Def group. Otherwise, maternal n-3 supplementation increased the levels of n-3-derived endocannabinoids, DHEA and EPEA, in the cortex and hippocampus and reduced 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG) concentrations in the cortex of the offspring. Furthermore, maternal n-3 supplementation also increased PKA phosphorylation in the cortex and ERK phosphorylation in the hippocampus. Synaptophysin immunocontent in both regions was also increased. In vitro assays showed that the increase of synaptophysin in the n-3Sup group was independent of CB1R activation. The findings show that variations in maternal dietary omega-3 PUFA levels may impact differently on the ECS and molecular markers in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of the progeny.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alinny Rosendo Isaac
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | - Karla Yasmin Dias Fraga
- Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro (INJC), Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria das Graças Tavares-do-Carmo
- Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro (INJC), Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raquel Maria Pereira Campos
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabio Arturo Iannotti
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare (ICB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Roberta Verde
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare (ICB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Danyelly Bruneska Gondim Martins
- Grupo de Bioinformática e prospecção molecular, Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Thaysa Aragão Santos
- Grupo de Bioinformática e prospecção molecular, Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Bruna Klippel Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando Garcia de Mello
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare (ICB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; Canada Exellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, CRIUCPQ and NUTRISS-INAF Universitè Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | | | - Ricardo Augusto de Melo Reis
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Role of the Endocannabinoid System in the Adipose Tissue with Focus on Energy Metabolism. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061279. [PMID: 34064024 PMCID: PMC8224009 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is involved in a wide range of processes including the control of energy acquisition and expenditure. Endocannabinoids and their receptors are present in the central nervous system but also in peripheral tissues, notably the adipose tissues. The endocannabinoid system interacts with two main hormones regulating appetite, namely leptin and ghrelin. The inhibitory effect of the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) antagonist rimonabant on fat mass suggested that the endocannabinoid system can also have a peripheral action in addition to its effect on appetite reduction. Thus, several investigations have focused on the peripheral role of the endocannabinoid system in the regulation of metabolism. The white adipose tissue stores energy as triglycerides while the brown adipose tissue helps to dissipate energy as heat. The endocannabinoid system regulates several functions of the adipose tissues to favor energy accumulation. In this review we will describe the presence of the endocannabinoid system in the adipose tissue. We will survey the role of the endocannabinoid system in the regulation of white and brown adipose tissue metabolism and how the eCB system participates in obesity and metabolic diseases.
Collapse
|
70
|
Mizuno I, Matsuda S. The role of endocannabinoids in consolidation, retrieval, reconsolidation, and extinction of fear memory. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:984-1003. [PMID: 33954935 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00246-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are involved in various physiological functions, including synaptic plasticity and memory, and some psychiatric disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), through the activation of cannabinoid (CB) receptors. Patients with PTSD often show excessive fear memory and impairment of fear extinction (FE). It has been reported that the stability of acquired fear memory is altered through multiple memory stages, such as consolidation and reconsolidation. FE also affects the stability of fear memory. Each stage of fear memory formation and FE are regulated by different molecular mechanisms, including the CB system. However, to the best of our knowledge, no review summarizes the role of the CB system during each stage of fear memory formation and FE. In this review, we summarize the roles of endocannabinoids in fear memory formation and FE. Moreover, based on the summary, we propose a new hypothesis for the role of endocannabinoids in fear regulation, and discuss treatment for PTSD using CB system-related drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ikumi Mizuno
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165, Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| | - Shingo Matsuda
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165, Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan. .,Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan. .,Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Siomek-Gorecka A, Dlugosz A, Czarnecki D. The Molecular Basis of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD). Genetics, Epigenetics, and Nutrition in AUD: An Amazing Triangle. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084262. [PMID: 33924016 PMCID: PMC8072802 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a very common and complex disease, as alcohol is the most widely used addictive drug in the world. This disorder has an enormous impact on public health and social and private life, and it generates a huge number of social costs. Alcohol use stimulates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responses and is the cause of many physical and social problems (especially liver disease and cancer), accidental injury, and risky sexual behavior. For years, researchers have been trying to identify the genetic basis of alcohol use disorder, the molecular mechanisms responsible for its development, and an effective form of therapy. Genetic and environmental factors are known to contribute to the development of AUD, and the expression of genes is a complicated process that depends on epigenetic modulations. Dietary nutrients, such as vitamins, may serve as one these modulators, as they have a direct impact on epigenomes. In this review, we connect gathered knowledge from three emerging fields-genetics, epigenetics, and nutrition-to form an amazing triangle relating to alcohol use disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Siomek-Gorecka
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-095 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-52-585-37-48
| | - Anna Dlugosz
- Department of Engineering and Chemical and Food Analytics, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, UTP University of Science and Technology, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Damian Czarnecki
- Department of Preventive Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-821 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
DiPatrizio NV. Endocannabinoids and the Gut-Brain Control of Food Intake and Obesity. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041214. [PMID: 33916974 PMCID: PMC8067588 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut-brain signaling controls food intake and energy homeostasis, and its activity is thought to be dysregulated in obesity. We will explore new studies that suggest the endocannabinoid (eCB) system in the upper gastrointestinal tract plays an important role in controlling gut-brain neurotransmission carried by the vagus nerve and the intake of palatable food and other reinforcers. A focus will be on studies that reveal both indirect and direct interactions between eCB signaling and vagal afferent neurons. These investigations identify (i) an indirect mechanism that controls nutrient-induced release of peptides from the gut epithelium that directly interact with corresponding receptors on vagal afferent neurons, and (ii) a direct mechanism via interactions between eCBs and cannabinoid receptors expressed on vagal afferent neurons. Moreover, the impact of diet-induced obesity on these pathways will be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas V DiPatrizio
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Sallam NA, Borgland SL. Insulin and endocannabinoids in the mesolimbic system. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12965. [PMID: 33856071 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Easy access to palatable food and an abundance of food-related cues exacerbate non-homeostatic feeding. The metabolic and economical sequelae of non-homeostatic feeding outweigh those of homeostatic feeding and contribute significantly to the global obesity pandemic. The mesolimbic dopamine system is the primary central circuit that governs the motivation to consume food. Insulin and endocannabinoids (eCBs) are two major, presumably opposing, players in regulating homeostatic and non-homeostatic feeding centrally and peripherally. Insulin is generally regarded as a postprandial satiety signal, whereas eCBs mainly function as pre-prandial orexinergic signals. In this review, we discuss the effects of insulin and eCB-mediated actions within the mesolimbic pathways. We propose that insulin and eCBs have regional- and time course-dependent roles. We discuss their mechanisms of actions in the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens, as well as how their mechanisms converge to finely tune dopaminergic activity and food intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nada A Sallam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Stephanie L Borgland
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Gastelum C, Perez L, Hernandez J, Le N, Vahrson I, Sayers S, Wagner EJ. Adaptive Changes in the Central Control of Energy Homeostasis Occur in Response to Variations in Energy Status. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2728. [PMID: 33800452 PMCID: PMC7962960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy homeostasis is regulated in coordinate fashion by the brain-gut axis, the homeostatic energy balance circuitry in the hypothalamus and the hedonic energy balance circuitry comprising the mesolimbcortical A10 dopamine pathway. Collectively, these systems convey and integrate information regarding nutrient status and the rewarding properties of ingested food, and formulate it into a behavioral response that attempts to balance fluctuations in consumption and food-seeking behavior. In this review we start with a functional overview of the homeostatic and hedonic energy balance circuitries; identifying the salient neural, hormonal and humoral components involved. We then delve into how the function of these circuits differs in males and females. Finally, we turn our attention to the ever-emerging roles of nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)-two neuropeptides that have garnered increased recognition for their regulatory impact in energy homeostasis-to further probe how the imposed regulation of energy balance circuitry by these peptides is affected by sex and altered under positive (e.g., obesity) and negative (e.g., fasting) energy balance states. It is hoped that this work will impart a newfound appreciation for the intricate regulatory processes that govern energy homeostasis, as well as how recent insights into the N/OFQ and PACAP systems can be leveraged in the treatment of conditions ranging from obesity to anorexia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Gastelum
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (C.G.); (L.P.); (J.H.); (N.L.); (I.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Lynnea Perez
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (C.G.); (L.P.); (J.H.); (N.L.); (I.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Jennifer Hernandez
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (C.G.); (L.P.); (J.H.); (N.L.); (I.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Nikki Le
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (C.G.); (L.P.); (J.H.); (N.L.); (I.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Isabella Vahrson
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (C.G.); (L.P.); (J.H.); (N.L.); (I.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Sarah Sayers
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (C.G.); (L.P.); (J.H.); (N.L.); (I.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Edward J. Wagner
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (C.G.); (L.P.); (J.H.); (N.L.); (I.V.); (S.S.)
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Myers MN, Zachut M, Tam J, Contreras GA. A proposed modulatory role of the endocannabinoid system on adipose tissue metabolism and appetite in periparturient dairy cows. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:21. [PMID: 33663611 PMCID: PMC7934391 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00549-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To sustain the nutrient demands of rapid fetal growth, parturition, and milk synthesis, periparturient dairy cows mobilize adipose tissue fatty acid stores through lipolysis. This process induces an inflammatory response within AT that is resolved as lactation progresses; however, excessive and protracted lipolysis compounds the risk for metabolic and inflammatory diseases. The suppression of lipolytic action and inflammation, along with amplification of adipogenesis and lipogenesis, serve as prospective therapeutic targets for improving the health of periparturient dairy cows. Generally, the activation of cannabinoid receptors by endocannabinoids enhances adipogenesis and lipogenesis, suppresses lipolysis, and increases appetite in mammals. These biological effects of activating the endocannabinoid system open the possibility of harnessing the endocannabinoid system through nutritional intervention in dairy herds as a potential tool to improve dairy cows' health, although much is still to be revealed in this context. This review summarizes the current knowledge surrounding the components of the endocannabinoid system, elaborates on the metabolic effects of its activation, and explores the potential to modulate its activity in periparturient dairy cows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madison N Myers
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Maya Zachut
- Department of Ruminant Science, Institute of Animal Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization / Volcani Center, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel.
| | - Joseph Tam
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9112001, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - G Andres Contreras
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Yang B, Sanches-Padilla J, Kondapalli J, Morison SL, Delpire E, Awatramani R, Surmeier DJ. Locus coeruleus anchors a trisynaptic circuit controlling fear-induced suppression of feeding. Neuron 2021; 109:823-838.e6. [PMID: 33476548 PMCID: PMC9272546 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The circuit mechanisms underlying fear-induced suppression of feeding are poorly understood. To help fill this gap, mice were fear conditioned, and the resulting changes in synaptic connectivity among the locus coeruleus (LC), the parabrachial nucleus (PBN), and the central nucleus of amygdala (CeA)-all of which are implicated in fear and feeding-were studied. LC neurons co-released noradrenaline and glutamate to excite PBN neurons and suppress feeding. LC neurons also suppressed inhibitory input to PBN neurons by inducing heterosynaptic, endocannabinoid-dependent, long-term depression of CeA synapses. Blocking or knocking down endocannabinoid receptors in CeA neurons prevented fear-induced depression of CeA synaptic transmission and fear-induced suppression of feeding. Altogether, these studies demonstrate that LC neurons play a pivotal role in modulating the circuitry that underlies fear-induced suppression of feeding, pointing to new ways of alleviating stress-induced eating disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Yang
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Javier Sanches-Padilla
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jyothisri Kondapalli
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sage L Morison
- Department of Neurology and Center for Genetic Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rajeshwar Awatramani
- Department of Neurology and Center for Genetic Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - D James Surmeier
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Ivanov I, Kakularam KR, Shmendel EV, Rothe M, Aparoy P, Heydeck D, Kuhn H. Oxygenation of endocannabinoids by mammalian lipoxygenase isoforms. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158918. [PMID: 33662546 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids, such as anandamide (ANA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2AG), are lipid-signaling molecules that can be oxidized by lipid-peroxidizing enzymes, and this oxidation alters the bioactivity of these lipid mediators. Here, under strictly comparable experimental conditions, we explored whether ANA and 2AG function as substrates for four human (ALOX15, ALOX15B, ALOX12, ALOX5) and three mice Alox isoforms (Alox15, Alox12, Alox5) and compared the rates of product formation with those of arachidonic acid oxygenation. Except for ALOX5, the two endocannabinoids were more efficiently oxygenated than arachidonic acid by human ALOX isoforms. Mice Alox15 oxygenated ANA more efficiently than arachidonic acid, but the other mice Alox isoforms exhibited reduced reaction rates for endocannabinoid conversion. Like its human ortholog, mice Alox5 did not oxygenate ANA, but the formation of 5-HETE-containing 2AG derivatives was observed for this enzyme. 1AG and 2AG were similarly effective substrates for human ALOX isoforms. Molecular docking studies, the pattern of oxygenation products, and site-directed mutagenesis experiments suggested a similar substrate alignment of arachidonic acid and endocannabinoids at the active site of ALOX15 orthologs. The product specificity of arachidonic acid oxygenation was conserved for endocannabinoid metabolization, and the triad concept describing the molecular basis for the reaction specificity of ALOX15 orthologs is applicable for endocannabinoid oxygenation. Taken together, these data indicate that, except for ALOX5 orthologs, endocannabinoids are suitable substrates for most mammalian ALOX isoforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Ivanov
- MIREA Russian Technological University, Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, Vernadskogo pr. 86, 119571 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Kumar R Kakularam
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt University Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Elena V Shmendel
- MIREA Russian Technological University, Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, Vernadskogo pr. 86, 119571 Moscow, Russia
| | - Michael Rothe
- Lipidomix GmbH, Robert-Roessle-Str., 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Polamarasetty Aparoy
- Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy, Visakhapatnam 530003, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Dagmar Heydeck
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt University Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hartmut Kuhn
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt University Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Rohbeck E, Eckel J, Romacho T. Cannabinoid Receptors in Metabolic Regulation and Diabetes. Physiology (Bethesda) 2021; 36:102-113. [PMID: 33595385 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00029.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for developing effective drugs to combat the obesity and Type 2 diabetes mellitus epidemics. The endocannabinoid system plays a major role in energy homeostasis. It comprises the cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2), endogenous ligands called endocannabinoids and their metabolizing enzymes. Because the CB1 receptor is overactivated in metabolic alterations, pharmacological blockade of the CB1 receptor arose as a promising candidate to treat obesity. However, because of the wide distribution of CB1 receptors in the central nervous system, their negative central effects halted further therapeutic use. Although the CB2 receptor is mostly peripherally expressed, its role in metabolic homeostasis remains unclear. This review discusses the potential of CB1 and CB2 receptors at the peripheral level to be therapeutic targets in metabolic diseases. We focus on the impact of pharmacological intervention and/or silencing on peripheral cannabinoid receptors in organs/tissues relevant for energy homeostasis. Moreover, we provide a perspective on novel therapeutic strategies modulating these receptors. Targeting CB1 with peripherally restricted antagonists, neutral antagonists, inverse agonists, or monoclonal antibodies could represent successful strategies. CB2 agonism has shown promising results at preclinical level. Beyond classic antagonism and agonism targeting orthosteric sites, the recently described crystal structures of CB1 and CB2 open new possibilities for therapeutic interventions with negative and positive allosteric modulators. The challenge of simultaneously targeting CB1 and CB2 might be possible by developing dual-steric ligands. The future will tell whether these promising strategies result in a renaissance of the cannabinoid receptors as therapeutic targets in metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Rohbeck
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Juergen Eckel
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tania Romacho
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Lopez Trinidad LM, Martinez R, Kapravelou G, Galisteo M, Aranda P, Porres JM, Lopez-Jurado M. Caloric restriction, physical exercise, and CB1 receptor blockade as an efficient combined strategy for bodyweight control and cardiometabolic status improvement in male rats. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4286. [PMID: 33608628 PMCID: PMC7896079 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83709-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is critically associated with the development of insulin resistance and related cardiovascular and kidney diseases. Several strategies for weight loss have been developed but most of them exhibit a post-intervention rebound effect. Here, we aimed to design combined weight-loss strategies of caloric restriction, physical exercise, and administration of a CB1 receptor blocker to inhibit food intake that also accomplish the objectives of lost-weight maintenance and improvement of cardiovascular and renal function. Diet-induced obesity (DIO) was generated in Sprague Dawley rats for 12 weeks to test the effects of single or combined strategies (i.e. caloric restriction, mixed training protocol, and/or administration of appetite suppressant) on caloric intake, body weight, cardiovascular and renal functionality resulting from a weight-loss intervention period of 3 weeks followed by 6 weeks of weight maintenance. Consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) caused a significant increase in body weight (5th week of the experimental period) and led to the development of insulin resistance, cardiovascular, and renal alterations. The different interventions tested, resulted in a significant body weight loss and improved glucose metabolism, aerobic capacity, electrocardiographic parameters, vascular expression of adhesion molecules and inflammatory mediators, and renal functionality, reaching values similar to the control normocaloric group or even improving them. Successful maintenance of lost weight was achieved along a 6-week maintenance period in addition to adequate health status. In conclusion, the weight-loss and maintenance intervention strategies tested were efficient at reversing the obesity-related alterations in body weight, glucose metabolism, aerobic capacity, cardiovascular and renal functionality. The beneficial action was very consistent for caloric restriction and physical exercise, whereas administration of a CB1 receptor blocker complemented the effects of the prior interventions in some parameters like body weight or aerobic capacity, and showed specific actions in renal status, increasing glomerular filtration rate and diuresis. Overall, the novelty of our study relies on the easy implementation of combined strategies for effective weight management that resulted in significant health benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa M. Lopez Trinidad
- grid.4489.10000000121678994Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INyTA), Centre for Biomedical Research, Centre for Research in Sport and Health (IMUDS), Universidad de Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento S/N. Armilla (18100), Granada, Spain
| | - Rosario Martinez
- grid.4489.10000000121678994Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INyTA), Centre for Biomedical Research, Centre for Research in Sport and Health (IMUDS), Universidad de Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento S/N. Armilla (18100), Granada, Spain
| | - Garyfallia Kapravelou
- grid.4489.10000000121678994Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INyTA), Centre for Biomedical Research, Centre for Research in Sport and Health (IMUDS), Universidad de Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento S/N. Armilla (18100), Granada, Spain
| | - Milagros Galisteo
- grid.4489.10000000121678994Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Biohealth Research Institute, Centre for Biomedical Research, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Pilar Aranda
- grid.4489.10000000121678994Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INyTA), Centre for Biomedical Research, Centre for Research in Sport and Health (IMUDS), Universidad de Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento S/N. Armilla (18100), Granada, Spain
| | - Jesus M. Porres
- grid.4489.10000000121678994Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INyTA), Centre for Biomedical Research, Centre for Research in Sport and Health (IMUDS), Universidad de Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento S/N. Armilla (18100), Granada, Spain
| | - Maria Lopez-Jurado
- grid.4489.10000000121678994Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INyTA), Centre for Biomedical Research, Centre for Research in Sport and Health (IMUDS), Universidad de Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento S/N. Armilla (18100), Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Peng H, Shahidi F. Cannabis and Cannabis Edibles: A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:1751-1774. [PMID: 33555188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis is an excellent natural source of fiber and various bioactive cannabinoids. So far, at least 120 cannabinoids have been identified, and more novel cannabinoids are gradually being unveiled by detailed cannabis studies. However, cannabinoids in both natural and isolated forms are especially vulnerable to oxygen, heat, and light. Therefore, a diversity of cannabinoids is associated with their chemical instability to a large extent. The research status of structural conversion of cannabinoids is introduced. On the other hand, the use of drug-type cannabis and the phytocannabinoids thereof has been rapidly popularized and plays an indispensable role in both medical therapy and daily recreation. The recent legalization of edible cannabis further extends its application into the food industry. The varieties of legal edible cannabis products in the current commercial market are relatively monotonous due to rigorous restrictions under the framework of Cannabis Regulations and infancy of novel developments. Meanwhile, patents/studies related to the safety and quality assurance systems of cannabis edibles are still rare and need to be developed. Furthermore, along with cannabinoids, many phytochemicals such as flavonoids, lignans, terpenoids, and polysaccharides exist in the cannabis matrix, and these may exhibit prebiotic/probiotic properties and improve the composition of the gut microbiome. During metabolism and excretion, the bioactive phytochemicals of cannabis, mostly the cannabinoids, may be structurally modified during enterohepatic detoxification and gut fermentation. However, the potential adverse effects of both acute and chronic exposure to cannabinoids and their vulnerable groups have been clearly recognized. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the chemistry, metabolism, toxicity, commercialization, and regulations regarding cannabinoid edibles is reviewed and updated in this contribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Peng
- Department of Biochemistry Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada A1B 3X9
| | - Fereidoon Shahidi
- Department of Biochemistry Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada A1B 3X9
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Bertrand JA, Woodward DF, Sherwood JM, Spenlehauer A, Silvestri C, Piscitelli F, Marzo VD, Yamazaki M, Sakimura K, Inoue Y, Watanabe K, Overby DR. Deletion of the gene encoding prostamide/prostaglandin F synthase reveals an important role in regulating intraocular pressure. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2021; 165:102235. [PMID: 33418484 PMCID: PMC9251352 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Prostamide/prostaglandin F synthase (PM/PGFS) is an enzyme with very narrow substrate specificity and is dedicated to the biosynthesis of prostamide F2α and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α.). The importance of this enzyme, relative to the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) series, in providing functional tissue prostamide F2α levels was determined by creating a line of PM/PGFS gene deleted mice. Deletion of the gene encoding PM/PGFS (Fam213b / Prxl2b) was accomplished by a two exon disruption. Prostamide F2α levels in wild type (WT) and PM/PGFS knock-out (KO) mice were determined by LC/MS/MS. Deletion of Fam213b (Prxl2b) had no observed effect on behavior, appetite, or fertility. In contrast, tonometrically measured intraocular pressure was significantly elevated by approximately 4 mmHg in PM/PGFS KO mice compared to littermate WT mice. Outflow facility was measured in enucleated mouse eyes using the iPerfusion system. No effect on pressure dependent outflow facility occurred, which is consistent with the effects of prostamide F2α and PGF2α increasing outflow through the unconventional pathway. The elevation of intraocular pressure caused by deletion of the gene encoding the PM/PGFS enzyme likely results from a diversion of the endoperoxide precursor pathway to provide increased levels of those prostanoids known to raise intraocular pressure, namely prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) and thromboxane A2 (TxA2). It follows that PM/PGFS may serve an important regulatory role in the eye by providing PGF2α and prostamide F2α to constrain the influence of those prostanoids that raise intraocular pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques A Bertrand
- Dept. of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - David F Woodward
- Dept. of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; JeniVision Inc., 5270, California Ave., Irvine, CA 92617, United States.
| | - Joseph M Sherwood
- Dept. of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Spenlehauer
- Dept. of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Cristoforo Silvestri
- Département de Médecine, Université Laval, 1050 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, 2725 chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 4G5
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Via Campi Flegrei, 34 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Département de Médecine, Université Laval, 1050 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, 2725 chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 4G5; Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Via Campi Flegrei, 34 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Université Laval, 2425 Rue de l'Agriculture Bureau 1122, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6; Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels, 440 Boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - Maya Yamazaki
- Dept. of Cellular Neurobiology (currently Dept. of Animal Model Development), Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585 Japan; Dept of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Dept. of Cellular Neurobiology (currently Dept. of Animal Model Development), Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585 Japan
| | - Yoko Inoue
- Dept. of Cellular Neurobiology (currently Dept. of Animal Model Development), Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585 Japan
| | - Kikuko Watanabe
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, 651-2180, Japan
| | - Darryl R Overby
- Dept. of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
What Role Does the Endocannabinoid System Play in the Pathogenesis of Obesity? Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020373. [PMID: 33530406 PMCID: PMC7911032 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is an endogenous signaling system formed by specific receptors (cannabinoid type 1 and type 2 (CB1 and CB2)), their endogenous ligands (endocannabinoids), and enzymes involved in their synthesis and degradation. The ECS, centrally and peripherally, is involved in various physiological processes, including regulation of energy balance, promotion of metabolic process, food intake, weight gain, promotion of fat accumulation in adipocytes, and regulation of body homeostasis; thus, its overactivity may be related to obesity. In this review, we try to explain the role of the ECS and the impact of genetic factors on endocannabinoid system modulation in the pathogenesis of obesity, which is a global and civilizational problem affecting the entire world population regardless of age. We also emphasize that the search for potential new targets for health assessment, treatment, and the development of possible therapies in obesity is of great importance.
Collapse
|
83
|
Gomez-Pinilla F, Cipolat RP, Royes LFF. Dietary fructose as a model to explore the influence of peripheral metabolism on brain function and plasticity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166036. [PMID: 33508421 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.166036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
High consumption of fructose has paralleled an explosion in metabolic disorders including obesity and type 2 diabetes. Even more problematic, sustained consumption of fructose is perceived as a threat for brain function and development of neurological disorders. The action of fructose on peripheral organs is an excellent model to understand how systemic physiology impacts the brain. Given the recognized action of fructose on liver metabolism, here we discuss mechanisms by which fructose can impact the brain by interacting with liver and other organs. The interaction between peripheral and central mechanisms is a suitable target to reduce the pathophysiological consequences of neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Gomez-Pinilla
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, University of California Los Angeles, USA; Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, University of California Los Angeles, USA.
| | - Rafael Parcianello Cipolat
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Center of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Freire Royes
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Center of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Depommier C, Flamand N, Pelicaen R, Maiter D, Thissen JP, Loumaye A, Hermans MP, Everard A, Delzenne NM, Di Marzo V, Cani PD. Linking the Endocannabinoidome with Specific Metabolic Parameters in an Overweight and Insulin-Resistant Population: From Multivariate Exploratory Analysis to Univariate Analysis and Construction of Predictive Models. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010071. [PMID: 33466285 PMCID: PMC7824762 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The global obesity epidemic continues to rise worldwide. In this context, unraveling new interconnections between biological systems involved in obesity etiology is highly relevant. Dysregulation of the endocannabinoidome (eCBome) is associated with metabolic complications in obesity. This study aims at deciphering new associations between circulating endogenous bioactive lipids belonging to the eCBome and metabolic parameters in a population of overweight or obese individuals with metabolic syndrome. To this aim, we combined different multivariate exploratory analysis methods: canonical correlation analysis and principal component analysis, revealed associations between eCBome subsets, and metabolic parameters such as leptin, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). Subsequent construction of predictive regression models according to the linear combination of selected endocannabinoids demonstrates good prediction performance for NEFA. Descriptive approaches reveal the importance of specific circulating endocannabinoids and key related congeners to explain variance in the metabolic parameters in our cohort. Analysis of quartiles confirmed that these bioactive lipids were significantly higher in individuals characterized by important levels for aforementioned metabolic variables. In conclusion, by proposing a methodology for the exploration of large-scale data, our study offers additional evidence of the existence of an interplay between eCBome related-entities and metabolic parameters known to be altered in obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Depommier
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, Av. E. Mounier, 73 B1.73.11, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (C.D.); (R.P.); (A.E.); (N.M.D.)
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (N.F.); (V.D.M.)
| | - Rudy Pelicaen
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, Av. E. Mounier, 73 B1.73.11, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (C.D.); (R.P.); (A.E.); (N.M.D.)
| | - Dominique Maiter
- Pôle EDIN, Institut de Recherches Expérimentales et Cliniques, UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (D.M.); (J.-P.T.); (A.L.); (M.P.H.)
- Division of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Jean-Paul Thissen
- Pôle EDIN, Institut de Recherches Expérimentales et Cliniques, UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (D.M.); (J.-P.T.); (A.L.); (M.P.H.)
- Division of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Audrey Loumaye
- Pôle EDIN, Institut de Recherches Expérimentales et Cliniques, UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (D.M.); (J.-P.T.); (A.L.); (M.P.H.)
- Division of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Michel P. Hermans
- Pôle EDIN, Institut de Recherches Expérimentales et Cliniques, UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (D.M.); (J.-P.T.); (A.L.); (M.P.H.)
- Division of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Amandine Everard
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, Av. E. Mounier, 73 B1.73.11, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (C.D.); (R.P.); (A.E.); (N.M.D.)
| | - Nathalie M. Delzenne
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, Av. E. Mounier, 73 B1.73.11, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (C.D.); (R.P.); (A.E.); (N.M.D.)
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (N.F.); (V.D.M.)
- Centre NUTRISS, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Patrice D. Cani
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, Av. E. Mounier, 73 B1.73.11, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (C.D.); (R.P.); (A.E.); (N.M.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-2-764-73-97
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Hypothalamic endocannabinoids in obesity: an old story with new challenges. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:7469-7490. [PMID: 34718828 PMCID: PMC8557709 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The crucial role of the hypothalamus in the pathogenesis of obesity is widely recognized, while the precise molecular and cellular mechanisms involved are the focus of intense research. A disrupted endocannabinoid system, which critically modulates feeding and metabolic functions, through central and peripheral mechanisms, is a landmark indicator of obesity, as corroborated by investigations centered on the cannabinoid receptor CB1, considered to offer promise in terms of pharmacologically targeted treatment for obesity. In recent years, novel insights have been obtained, not only into relation to the mode of action of CB receptors, but also CB ligands, non-CB receptors, and metabolizing enzymes considered to be part of the endocannabinoid system (particularly the hypothalamus). The outcome has been a substantial expansion in knowledge of this complex signaling system and in drug development. Here we review recent literature, providing further evidence on the role of hypothalamic endocannabinoids in regulating energy balance and the implication for the pathophysiology of obesity. We discuss how these lipids are dynamically regulated in obesity onset, by diet and metabolic hormones in specific hypothalamic neurons, the impact of gender, and the role of endocannabinoid metabolizing enzymes as promising targets for tackling obesity and related diseases.
Collapse
|
86
|
Zhao Y, Wang Y, Wang H, Hu B, Luo Z, Zhang F. A computational prospective on isoform-selective CB2 inhibitors. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02296b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The strategy of enlarging the molecular size, increasing hydrogen bond interactions with the key residues of CB2, and furthering geometric distribution of hydrophobic groups would improve the selectivity towards CB2 receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhao
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- People's Republic of China
| | - Huibin Wang
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- People's Republic of China
| | - Baichun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering
| | - Zhaohu Luo
- Wuya College of Innovation
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- People's Republic of China
| | - Fengjiao Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
On the Role of Central Type-1 Cannabinoid Receptor Gene Regulation in Food Intake and Eating Behaviors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22010398. [PMID: 33401515 PMCID: PMC7796374 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Different neuromodulatory systems are involved in long-term energy balance and body weight and, among these, evidence shows that the endocannabinoid system, in particular the activation of type-1 cannabinoid receptor, plays a key role. We here review current literature focusing on the role of the gene encoding type-1 cannabinoid receptors in the CNS and on the modulation of its expression by food intake and specific eating behaviors. We point out the importance to further investigate how environmental cues might have a role in the development of obesity as well as eating disorders through the transcriptional regulation of this gene in order to prevent or to treat these pathologies.
Collapse
|
88
|
Riquelme-Sandoval A, de Sá-Ferreira CO, Miyakoshi LM, Hedin-Pereira C. New Insights Into Peptide Cannabinoids: Structure, Biosynthesis and Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:596572. [PMID: 33362550 PMCID: PMC7759141 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.596572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Classically, the endocannabinoid system (ECS) consists of endogenous lipids, of which the best known are anandamide (AEA) and 2 arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), their enzyme machinery for synthesis and degradation and their specific receptors, cannabinoid receptor one (CB1) and cannabinoid receptor two (CB2). However, endocannabinoids also bind to other groups of receptors. Furthermore, another group of lipids are considered to be endocannabinoids, such as the fatty acid ethanolamides, the fatty acid primary amides and the monoacylglycerol related molecules. Recently, it has been shown that the hemopressin peptide family, derived from α and β chains of hemoglobins, is a new family of cannabinoids. Some studies indicate that hemopressin peptides are expressed in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues and act as ligands of these receptors, thus suggesting that they play a physiological role. In this review, we examine new evidence on lipid endocannabinoids, cannabinoid receptors and the modulation of their signaling pathways. We focus our discussion on the current knowledge of the pharmacological effects, the biosynthesis of the peptide cannabinoids and the new insights on the activation and modulation of cannabinoid receptors by these peptides. The novel peptide compounds derived from hemoglobin chains and their non-classical activation of cannabinoid receptors are only starting to be uncovered. It will be exciting to follow the ensuing discoveries, not only in reference to what is already known of the classical lipid endocannabinoids revealing more complex aspects of endocannabinoid system, but also as to its possibilities as a future therapeutic tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Riquelme-Sandoval
- Laboratory of Cellular Neuroanatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Caio O de Sá-Ferreira
- Laboratory of Cellular Neuroanatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leo M Miyakoshi
- Laboratory of Cellular Neuroanatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cecilia Hedin-Pereira
- Laboratory of Cellular Neuroanatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,VPPCB-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Pruszynska-Oszmalek E, Sassek M, Szczepankiewicz D, Nowak KW, Kolodziejski PA. Short-term administration of spexin in rats reduces obesity by affecting lipolysis and lipogenesis: An in vivo and in vitro study. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 299:113615. [PMID: 32950584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to characterize the role of spexin (SPX) in maintaining glucose and lipid homeostasis in vivo in rats with diet-induced obesity. The in vitro effect of spexin on metabolic and endocrine functions of adipocytes isolated from obese rats was also investigated. The in vivo experiment was conducted on rats with diet-induced obesity and administered with SPX for 7 days. Lipid and carbohydrate parameters, liver markers, and hormonal profile were measured. In in vitro studies, adipocytes isolated from obese rats were used. The effect of SPX on lipolysis, lipogenesis, and leptin secretion from fat cells was assessed. The results showed that short-term administration of SPX causes weight loss, increases insulin sensitivity, and improves the metabolic state of obese rats. The in vitro experiments showed that spexin and its receptors, namely galanin receptor 2 (GALR2) and galanin receptor 3 (GALR3), were expressed in various fat depots and in adipocytes from obese rats. We also found that the addition of spexin increased the basal and isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis and reduced the basal and insulin-stimulated lipogenesis in adipocytes isolated from obese rats. Molecular analysis showed that SPX activated hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) phosphorylation and upregulated perilipin and HSL mRNA expression. These results suggest that SPX regulates metabolism of obese rats by affecting lipolysis and lipogenesis in adipocytes. Moreover, the present study for the first time demonstrates that SPX modulates leptin synthesis and secretion from isolated adipocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Pruszynska-Oszmalek
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Maciej Sassek
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Dawid Szczepankiewicz
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Krzysztof W Nowak
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Pawel Antoni Kolodziejski
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Drori A, Gammal A, Azar S, Hinden L, Hadar R, Wesley D, Nemirovski A, Szanda G, Salton M, Tirosh B, Tam J. CB 1R regulates soluble leptin receptor levels via CHOP, contributing to hepatic leptin resistance. eLife 2020; 9:60771. [PMID: 33210603 PMCID: PMC7728447 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The soluble isoform of leptin receptor (sOb-R), secreted by the liver, regulates leptin bioavailability and bioactivity. Its reduced levels in diet-induced obesity (DIO) contribute to hyperleptinemia and leptin resistance, effects that are regulated by the endocannabinoid (eCB)/CB1R system. Here we show that pharmacological activation/blockade and genetic overexpression/deletion of hepatic CB1R modulates sOb-R levels and hepatic leptin resistance. Interestingly, peripheral CB1R blockade failed to reverse DIO-induced reduction of sOb-R levels, increased fat mass and dyslipidemia, and hepatic steatosis in mice lacking C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), whereas direct activation of CB1R in wild-type hepatocytes reduced sOb-R levels in a CHOP-dependent manner. Moreover, CHOP stimulation increased sOb-R expression and release via a direct regulation of its promoter, while CHOP deletion reduced leptin sensitivity. Our findings highlight a novel molecular aspect by which the hepatic eCB/CB1R system is involved in the development of hepatic leptin resistance and in the regulation of sOb-R levels via CHOP. When the human body has stored enough energy from food, it releases a hormone called leptin that travels to the brain and stops feelings of hunger. This hormone moves through the bloodstream and can affect other organs, such as the liver, which also help control our body’s energy levels. Most people with obesity have very high levels of leptin in their blood, but are resistant to its effects and will therefore continue to feel hungry despite having stored enough energy. One of the proteins that controls the levels of leptin is a receptor called sOb-R, which is released by the liver and binds to leptin as it travels in the blood. Individuals with high levels of this receptor often have less free leptin in their bloodstream and a lower body weight. Another protein that helps the body to regulate its energy levels is the cannabinoid-1 receptor, or CB1R for short. In people with obesity, this receptor is overactive and has been shown to contribute to leptin resistance, which is when the brain becomes less receptive to leptin. Previous work in mice showed that blocking CB1R reduced the levels of leptin and allowed mice to react to this hormone normally again, but it remained unclear whether CB1R affects how other organs, such as the liver, respond to leptin. To answer this question, Drori et al. blocked the CB1R receptor in the liver of mice eating a high-fat diet, either by using a drug or by deleting the gene that codes for this protein. This caused mice to have higher levels of sOb-R circulating in their bloodstream. Further experiments showed that this change in sOb-R was caused by the levels of a protein called CHOP increasing in the liver when CB1R was blocked. Drori et al. found that inhibiting CB1R caused these obese mice to lose weight and have healthier, less fatty livers as a result of their livers no longer being resistant to the effects of leptin. Scientists, doctors and pharmaceutical companies are trying to develop new strategies to combat obesity. The results from these experiments suggest that blocking CB1R in the liver could allow this organ to react to leptin appropriately again. Drugs blocking CB1R, including the one used in this study, will be tested in clinical trials and could provide a new approach for treating obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adi Drori
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Asaad Gammal
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shahar Azar
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Liad Hinden
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rivka Hadar
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Daniel Wesley
- Laboratory of Physiological Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism, Bethesda, United States
| | - Alina Nemirovski
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gergő Szanda
- MTA-SE Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Maayan Salton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Boaz Tirosh
- The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Joseph Tam
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Soriano D, Brusco A, Caltana L. Further evidence of anxiety- and depression-like behavior for total genetic ablation of cannabinoid receptor type 1. Behav Brain Res 2020; 400:113007. [PMID: 33171148 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) is the most abundant cannabinoid receptor in central nervous system. Clinical studies and animal models have shown that the attenuation of endocannabinoid system signaling correlates with the development of psychiatric disorders such as anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. In the present work, multiple behavioral tests were performed to evaluate behaviors related to anxiety and depression in CB1R+/- and CB1R-/-. CB1R+/- mice had anxiety-related behavior similar to wild type (CB1R+/+) mice, whereas CB1R-/- mice displayed an anxious-like phenotype, which indicates that lower expression of CB1R is sufficient to maintain the neural circuits modulating anxiety. In addition, CB1R-/- mice exhibited alterations in risk assessment and less exploration, locomotion, grooming, body weight and appetite. These phenotypic characteristics observed in CB1R-/- mice could be associated with symptoms observed in human psychiatric disorders such as depression. A better knowledge of the neuromodulatory role of CB1R may contribute to understand scope and limitations of the development of medical treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delia Soriano
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, 1ª Unidad Académica del Departamento de Histología, Biología Celular, Embriología y Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires. CONICET, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia Prof. E. de Robertis (IBCN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Brusco
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, 1ª Unidad Académica del Departamento de Histología, Biología Celular, Embriología y Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires. CONICET, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia Prof. E. de Robertis (IBCN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Caltana
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, 1ª Unidad Académica del Departamento de Histología, Biología Celular, Embriología y Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires. CONICET, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia Prof. E. de Robertis (IBCN), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Duart-Castells L, Cantacorps L, López-Arnau R, Montagud-Romero S, Puster B, Mera P, Serra D, Camarasa J, Pubill D, Valverde O, Escubedo E. Effects of High-Fat Diet and Maternal Binge-Like Alcohol Consumption and Their Influence on Cocaine Response in Female Mice Offspring. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 24:77-88. [PMID: 32951039 PMCID: PMC7816686 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyaa074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal alcohol exposure is a leading cause of neurobehavioral and neurocognitive deficits collectively known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, including eating disorders and increased risk for substance abuse as very common issues. In this context, the present study aimed to assess the interaction between prenatal and lactation alcohol exposure (PLAE) and a high-fat diet (HFD) during childhood and adolescence. METHODS Pregnant C57BL/6 mice underwent a procedure for alcohol binge drinking during gestation and lactation periods. Subsequently, PLAE female offspring were fed with an HFD for 8 weeks, and thereafter, nutrition-related parameters as well as their response to cocaine were assessed. RESULTS In our model, feeding young females with an HFD increased their triglyceride blood levels but did not induce overweight compared with those fed with a standard diet. Moreover, PLAE affected how females responded to the fatty diet as they consumed less food than water-exposed offspring, consistent with a lower gain of body weight. HFD increased the psychostimulant effects of cocaine. Surprisingly, PLAE reduced the locomotor responses to cocaine without modifying cocaine-induced reward. Moreover, PLAE prevented the striatal overexpression of cannabinoid 1 receptors induced by an HFD and induced an alteration of myelin damage biomarker in the prefrontal cortex, an effect that was mitigated by an HFD-based feeding. CONCLUSION Therefore, in female offspring, some effects triggered by one of these factors, PLAE or an HFD, were blunted by the other, suggesting a close interaction between the involved mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Duart-Castells
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Pharmacology Section and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lídia Cantacorps
- Neurobiology of Behavior Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raúl López-Arnau
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Pharmacology Section and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Montagud-Romero
- Neurobiology of Behavior Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Brigitte Puster
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Pharmacology Section and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Mera
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolors Serra
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Camarasa
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Pharmacology Section and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Pubill
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Pharmacology Section and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Correspondence: David Pubill, PhD, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Pharmacology Section and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27–31, 08028, Barcelona, Spain ()
| | - Olga Valverde
- Neurobiology of Behavior Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain,Neuroscience Research Programme. IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Escubedo
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Pharmacology Section and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Haspula D, Clark MA. Cannabinoid Receptors: An Update on Cell Signaling, Pathophysiological Roles and Therapeutic Opportunities in Neurological, Cardiovascular, and Inflammatory Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7693. [PMID: 33080916 PMCID: PMC7590033 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of the human cannabinoid receptors and their roles in health and disease, has been one of the most significant biochemical and pharmacological advancements to have occurred in the past few decades. In spite of the major strides made in furthering endocannabinoid research, therapeutic exploitation of the endocannabinoid system has often been a challenging task. An impaired endocannabinoid tone often manifests as changes in expression and/or functions of type 1 and/or type 2 cannabinoid receptors. It becomes important to understand how alterations in cannabinoid receptor cellular signaling can lead to disruptions in major physiological and biological functions, as they are often associated with the pathogenesis of several neurological, cardiovascular, metabolic, and inflammatory diseases. This review focusses mostly on the pathophysiological roles of type 1 and type 2 cannabinoid receptors, and it attempts to integrate both cellular and physiological functions of the cannabinoid receptors. Apart from an updated review of pre-clinical and clinical studies, the adequacy/inadequacy of cannabinoid-based therapeutics in various pathological conditions is also highlighted. Finally, alternative strategies to modulate endocannabinoid tone, and future directions are also emphasized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhanush Haspula
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Michelle A. Clark
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Fjære E, Myrmel LS, Dybing K, Kuda O, Holbech Jensen BA, Rossmeisl M, Frøyland L, Kristiansen K, Madsen L. The Anti-Obesogenic Effect of Lean Fish Species is Influenced by the Fatty Acid Composition in Fish Fillets. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3038. [PMID: 33022997 PMCID: PMC7600456 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fillets from marine fish species contain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the form of phospholipids (PLs). To investigate the importance of PL-bound n-3 PUFAs in mediating the anti-obesogenic effect of lean seafood, we compared the anti-obesogenic properties of fillets from cod with fillets from pangasius, a fresh water fish with a very low content of PL-bound n-3 PUFAs. We prepared high-fat/high-protein diets using chicken, cod and pangasius as the protein sources, and fed male C57BL/6J mice these diets for 12 weeks. Mice fed the diet containing cod gained less adipose tissue mass and had smaller white adipocytes than mice fed the chicken-containing diet, whereas mice fed the pangasius-containing diet were in between mice fed the chicken-containing diet and mice fed the cod-containing diet. Of note, mice fed the pangasius-containing diet exhibited reduced glucose tolerance compared to mice fed the cod-containing diet. Although the sum of marine n-3 PUFAs comprised less than 2% of the total fatty acids in the cod-containing diet, this was sufficient to significantly increase the levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) in mouse tissues and enhance production of n-3 PUFA-derived lipid mediators as compared with mice fed pangasius or chicken.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Even Fjære
- Institute of Marine Research, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway; (E.F.); (L.S.M.); (K.D.); (L.F.)
| | - Lene Secher Myrmel
- Institute of Marine Research, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway; (E.F.); (L.S.M.); (K.D.); (L.F.)
| | - Karianne Dybing
- Institute of Marine Research, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway; (E.F.); (L.S.M.); (K.D.); (L.F.)
| | - Ondrej Kuda
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (O.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Benjamin Anderschou Holbech Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Martin Rossmeisl
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (O.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Livar Frøyland
- Institute of Marine Research, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway; (E.F.); (L.S.M.); (K.D.); (L.F.)
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Lise Madsen
- Institute of Marine Research, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway; (E.F.); (L.S.M.); (K.D.); (L.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Here, we overview the latest findings from studies investigating the skeletal endocannabinoid (EC) system and its involvement in bone formation and resorption. RECENT FINDINGS The endocannabinoid system consists of endogenous ligands, receptors, and enzymes. The main cannabinoids found in the cannabis plant are Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). Cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 are expressed in bone and regulate bone homeostasis in rodents and humans. CBD treatment was shown to enhance fracture healing in rats. Recent studies in mice indicate that strain, age, and sex differences dictate the skeletal outcome of the EC activation. CBD treatment was shown to enhance bone healing, but needs validation in clinical trials. While research shows that EC activity protects against bone loss, studies on CB1 and CB2 agonists in bone regeneration models are lacking. Whether modulating the EC system would affect bone repair remains therefore an open question worth investigating.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bitya Raphael-Mizrahi
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Yankel Gabet
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
González-Naranjo P, Pérez C, Girón R, Sánchez-Robles EM, Martín-Fontelles MI, Carrillo-López N, Martín-Vírgala J, Naves M, Campillo NE, Páez JA. New cannabinoid receptor antagonists as pharmacological tool. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115672. [PMID: 32912440 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a new series of cannabinoid receptor antagonists of indazole ether derivatives have been performed. Pharmacological evaluation includes radioligand binding assays with [3H]-CP55940 for CB1 and CB2 receptors and functional activity for cannabinoid receptors on isolated tissue. In addition, functional activity of the two synthetic cannabinoids antagonists 18 (PGN36) and 17 (PGN38) were carried out in the osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1 that is able to express CB2R upon osteogenic conditions. Both antagonists abolished the increase in collagen type I gene expression by the well-known inducer of bone activity, the HU308 agonist. The results of pharmacological tests have revealed that four of these derivatives behave as CB2R cannabinoid antagonists. In particular, the compounds 17 (PGN38) and 18 (PGN36) highlight as promising candidates as pharmacological tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Concepción Pérez
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Girón
- Área de Farmacología, Nutrición y Bromatología, Unidad Asociada al IQM y al CIAL (CSIC), Departamento de C.C. Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda. Atenas s/n, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Eva M Sánchez-Robles
- Área de Farmacología, Nutrición y Bromatología, Unidad Asociada al IQM y al CIAL (CSIC), Departamento de C.C. Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda. Atenas s/n, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain
| | - María I Martín-Fontelles
- Área de Farmacología, Nutrición y Bromatología, Unidad Asociada al IQM y al CIAL (CSIC), Departamento de C.C. Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda. Atenas s/n, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Natalia Carrillo-López
- U.G.C de Metabolismo Óseo, RedinREN del ISC III, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias del Principado de Asturias, Edificio FINBA, Planta primera F1.1 (Aula 14), Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Julia Martín-Vírgala
- U.G.C de Metabolismo Óseo, RedinREN del ISC III, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias del Principado de Asturias, Edificio FINBA, Planta primera F1.1 (Aula 14), Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Manuel Naves
- U.G.C de Metabolismo Óseo, RedinREN del ISC III, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias del Principado de Asturias, Edificio FINBA, Planta primera F1.1 (Aula 14), Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Nuria E Campillo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan A Páez
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Mahboub N, Rizk R, Karavetian M, de Vries N. Nutritional status and eating habits of people who use drugs and/or are undergoing treatment for recovery: a narrative review. Nutr Rev 2020; 79:627-635. [PMID: 32974658 PMCID: PMC8114851 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive overview is presented of the nutritional issues faced by people who use drugs or are undergoing treatment for recovery. Chronic substance use affects a person’s nutritional status and body composition through decreased intake, nutrient absorption, and dysregulation of hormones that alter the mechanisms of satiety and food intake. Anthropometrics alone is not the best indicator of nutritional status, because this population has hidden deficiencies and disturbed metabolic parameters. Socioeconomic factors (eg, higher education, higher income, presence of a partner, living at home) positively affect nutritional status. Scarce available data on users undergoing treatment indicate improvement in anthropometric and metabolic parameters but with micronutrient intake remaining suboptimal. Weight gain is noted especially among women who use drugs and potentially increases their risk of relapse. Finally, specific amino acids and omega-3 fatty acids are promising in decreasing relapse and improving mental health during treatment; however, additional high-quality studies are needed. Nutrition intervention for people who use drugs or are undergoing treatment for recovery is underused; comprehensive programs addressing this population’s unique needs are necessary. Future research will identify which components are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Mahboub
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon, and Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rana Rizk
- Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Epidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie, The Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon, and Department of Health Services Research, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mirey Karavetian
- College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nanne de Vries
- Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
D’Angelo S, Motti ML, Meccariello R. ω-3 and ω-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Obesity and Cancer. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092751. [PMID: 32927614 PMCID: PMC7551151 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, nutraceutical bioactive compounds in foods have been discovered for their potential health benefits regarding the prevention of chronic disorders, such as cancer, and inflammatory, cardiovascular, and metabolic diseases. Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3PUFAs), including alpha-linolenic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid, are mostly attractive. They are available for the customers worldwide from commonly used foods and/or as components of commercial food supplements. The anti-inflammatory and hypotriglyceridemic effects of these fatty acids are well known, whereas pro-inflammatory properties have been recognized in their dietary counterparts, the ω-6PUFAs. Both ω-3 and ω-6PUFAs contribute to the production of lipid mediators such as endocannabinoids that are notably involved in control of food intake, energy sensing, and food-related disorders. In this review, we present ω-3 and ω-6PUFAs and their derivatives, endocannabinoids; discuss the anti-obesity effects of ω-3PUFAs; their roles in inflammation and colorectal cancer development; and how their action can be co-preventative and co-therapeutic.
Collapse
|
99
|
Ngueta G. Lifetime Average Cannabis Use in Relation to Hypertriglyceridemic Waist Phenotype in U.S. Adults: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2020; 5:246-254. [PMID: 32923661 DOI: 10.1089/can.2019.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: With a growing number of states legalizing recreational or medical cannabis, prevalence of cannabis users is expected to markedly increase in the future. We aim to determine the association between lifetime cannabis use and the likelihood for hypertriglyceridemic waist (HTGW+/+) phenotype in U.S. adults. Methods: We abstracted data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2009 to 2016. We estimated the minimal lifetime cannabis use using the duration of regular exposure and the frequency of use. Outcomes were HTGW+/+ phenotype, defined as being waist circumference >90 cm (for men) or 85 cm (for women), and serum fasting triglycerides ≥177 mg/dL. We used multiple logistic regression models to estimate the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Of the 47,364 adults included, 48.5% were women. The prevalence of HTGW+/+ phenotype was 11.7%. Current, but not former, users were less likely to show HTGW+/+ phenotype. Current cannabis users with greater or equal to four uses per week showed a significant lower likelihood for HTGW+/+ than those who never used cannabis (AOR 0.46 [95% CI, 0.22-0.97]). HTGW+/+ phenotype was associated with neither two to three uses per week (AOR 1.12 [95% CI, 0.40-3.12]) nor less than two uses per week (AOR 0.56 [95% CI, 0.18-1.73]). Conclusions: Average lifetime frequency of greater or equal to four cannabis uses per week is linked to lower odds of HTGW+/+ in current users. Former use is not associated with HTGW+/+.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Ngueta
- Centre de recherche sur les soins et les services de première ligne de l'Université Laval (CERSSPL-UL), Quebec (Quebec), Canada.,Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec (Quebec), Canada
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Forner-Piquer I, Beato S, Piscitelli F, Santangeli S, Di Marzo V, Habibi HR, Maradonna F, Carnevali O. Effects of BPA on zebrafish gonads: Focus on the endocannabinoid system. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 264:114710. [PMID: 32417572 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), a monomer used for polycarbonate manufacture, has been widely reported as an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC). Among other alterations, BPA induces reproductive dysfunctionalities. Changes in the endocannabinoid system (ECS) have been recently shown to be associated with reproductive disorders. The ECS is a lipid-based signaling system (cannabinoid receptors, endocannabinoids and enzymatic machinery) involved in several physiological functions. The main goal of the present study was to assess the effects of two environmental concentrations of BPA (10 and 20 μg/L) on the ECS in 1-year old zebrafish gonads. In males, BPA increased the gonadosomatic index (GSI) and altered testicular levels of endocannabinoids as well as reduced the testicular area occupied by spermatogonia. In male liver, exposure to 20 μg/L BPA significantly increased vitellogenin (vtg) transcript levels. In female zebrafish, BPA altered ovarian endocannabinoid levels, elevated hepatic vtg mRNA levels as well as increased the percentage of vitellogenic oocytes in the ovaries. In conclusion, exposure to two environmentally relevant concentrations of BPA altered the ECS and consequently, gonadal function in both male and female zebrafish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Forner-Piquer
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Silvia Beato
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei, 80078, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Stefania Santangeli
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei, 80078, Pozzuoli, Italy; Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Hamid R Habibi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Francesca Maradonna
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy; INBB - Consorzio Interuniversitario di Biosistemi e Biostrutture, 00136, Roma, Italy
| | - Oliana Carnevali
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy; INBB - Consorzio Interuniversitario di Biosistemi e Biostrutture, 00136, Roma, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|