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Lepczyńska M, Białkowska J, Dzika E, Piskorz-Ogórek K, Korycińska J. Blastocystis: how do specific diets and human gut microbiota affect its development and pathogenicity? Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 36:1531-1540. [PMID: 28326446 PMCID: PMC5554277 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-017-2965-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Blastocystis is an enteric parasite that inhabits the gastrointestinal tract of humans and many animals. This emerging parasite has a worldwide distribution. It is often identified as the most common eukaryotic organism reported in human fecal samples. This parasite is recognized and diagnosed more often than ever before. Furthermore, some strains develop resistance against currently recommended drugs, such as metronidazole; therefore, the use of natural remedies or special diets has many positive aspects that may address this problem. The goal of this review is to compare natural treatments and various diets against the efficacy of drugs, and describe their influence on the composition of the gut microbiota, which affects Blastocystis growth and the occurrence of symptoms. This article reviews important work in the literature, including the classification, life cycle, epidemiology, pathogenesis, pathogenicity, genetics, biology, and treatment of Blastocystis. It also includes a review of the current knowledge about human gut microbiota and various diets proposed for Blastocystis eradication. The literature has revealed that garlic, ginger, some medical plants, and many spices contain the most effective organic compounds for parasite eradication. They work by inhibiting parasitic enzymes and nucleic acids, as well as by inhibiting protein synthesis. The efficacy of any specific organic compound depends on the Blastocystis subtype, and, consequently, on its immunity to treatment. In conclusion, the article discusses the findings that human gut microbiota composition triggers important mechanisms at the molecular level, and, thus, has a crucial influence on the parasitic pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lepczyńska
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury, Żołnierska 14 C, Olsztyn, 10-561, Poland.
| | - J Białkowska
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury, Warszawska 30, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - E Dzika
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury, Żołnierska 14 C, Olsztyn, 10-561, Poland
| | - K Piskorz-Ogórek
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury, Żołnierska 14 C, Olsztyn, Poland
- Regional Specialized Children's Hospital in Olsztyn, Żołnierska 18A, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - J Korycińska
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury, Żołnierska 14 C, Olsztyn, 10-561, Poland
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52
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Choi B, Sayeed HM, Islam SMS, Sohn S. Role of N-acetyl galactosamine-4-SO 4, a ligand of CD206 in HSV-induced mouse model of Behçet's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 813:42-49. [PMID: 28709621 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CD206 is a macrophage mannose receptor involved in variety of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. This study aimed to identify the pathogenic role of CD206 in a herpes simplex virus (HSV) induced Behçet's disease (BD) mouse model. CD206 positive cells were detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and quantified by flow cytometry. Levels of cytokines were measured by ELISA. CD206 was found to be down-regulated both in vitro (10-6M) and in vivo (200μg/mouse) after treatment with N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), a ligand for CD206. The down-regulation of CD206 was correlated with improvement in BD symptoms. Colchicine (2μg/mouse) or pentoxifylline (400μg/mouse) treated mice displayed improvement in BD symptoms with fewer CD206 positive cells. The prevalence of CD206-positive cells differed between ligand-responsive and non-responsive BD mice. Inhibition of CD206 was associated with down-regulated serum level of interleukin-17 in GalNAc-treated BD mice. These results suggest that the expression of CD206 is correlated with HSV-induced BD symptoms in mice, implicating that CD206 might have a pathogenic role in BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bunsoon Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Republic of Korea
| | - Hasan M Sayeed
- Department of Biomedical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Republic of Korea
| | - S M Shamsul Islam
- Department of Biomedical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghyang Sohn
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-380, Republic of Korea.
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53
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Zundler S, Neurath MF. Pathogenic T cell subsets in allergic and chronic inflammatory bowel disorders. Immunol Rev 2017; 278:263-276. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Zundler
- Department of Medicine 1; University of Erlangen-Nuremberg; Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research & Translational Research Center; Erlangen Germany
| | - Markus F. Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1; University of Erlangen-Nuremberg; Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research & Translational Research Center; Erlangen Germany
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54
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Sanjabi S, Oh SA, Li MO. Regulation of the Immune Response by TGF-β: From Conception to Autoimmunity and Infection. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a022236. [PMID: 28108486 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in both suppressive and inflammatory immune responses. After 30 years of intense study, we have only begun to elucidate how TGF-β alters immunity under various conditions. Under steady-state conditions, TGF-β regulates thymic T-cell selection and maintains homeostasis of the naïve T-cell pool. TGF-β inhibits cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), Th1-, and Th2-cell differentiation while promoting peripheral (p)Treg-, Th17-, Th9-, and Tfh-cell generation, and T-cell tissue residence in response to immune challenges. Similarly, TGF-β controls the proliferation, survival, activation, and differentiation of B cells, as well as the development and functions of innate cells, including natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and granulocytes. Collectively, TGF-β plays a pivotal role in maintaining peripheral tolerance against self- and innocuous antigens, such as food, commensal bacteria, and fetal alloantigens, and in controlling immune responses to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shomyseh Sanjabi
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California 94158.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Soyoung A Oh
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Ming O Li
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
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55
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Tyler CJ, McCarthy NE, Lindsay JO, Stagg AJ, Moser B, Eberl M. Antigen-Presenting Human γδ T Cells Promote Intestinal CD4 + T Cell Expression of IL-22 and Mucosal Release of Calprotectin. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 198:3417-3425. [PMID: 28330898 PMCID: PMC5392732 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The cytokine IL-22 plays a critical role in mucosal barrier defense, but the mechanisms that promote IL-22 expression in the human intestine remain poorly understood. As human microbe-responsive Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells are abundant in the gut and recognize microbiota-associated metabolites, we assessed their potential to induce IL-22 expression by intestinal CD4+ T cells. Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells with characteristics of APCs were generated from human blood and intestinal organ cultures, then cocultured with naive and memory CD4+ T cells obtained from human blood or the colon. The potency of blood and intestinal γδ T-APCs was compared with that of monocytes and dendritic cells, by assessing CD4+ T cell phenotypes and proliferation as well as cytokine and transcription factor profiles. Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells in human blood, colon, and terminal ileum acquired APC functions upon microbial activation in the presence of microenvironmental signals including IL-15, and were capable of polarizing both blood and colonic CD4+ T cells toward distinct effector fates. Unlike monocytes or dendritic cells, gut-homing γδ T-APCs employed an IL-6 independent mechanism to stimulate CD4+ T cell expression of IL-22 without upregulating IL-17. In human intestinal organ cultures, microbial activation of Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells promoted mucosal secretion of IL-22 and ICOSL/TNF-α-dependent release of the IL-22 inducible antimicrobial protein calprotectin without modulating IL-17 expression. In conclusion, human γδ T-APCs stimulate CD4+ T cell responses distinct from those induced by myeloid APCs to promote local barrier defense via mucosal release of IL-22 and calprotectin. Targeting of γδ T-APC functions may lead to the development of novel gut-directed immunotherapies and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Tyler
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Neil E McCarthy
- Centre for Immunobiology, The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - James O Lindsay
- Centre for Immunobiology, The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London E1 1BB, United Kingdom; and
| | - Andrew J Stagg
- Centre for Immunobiology, The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom;
| | - Bernhard Moser
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom;
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
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Bhaumik S, Basu R. Cellular and Molecular Dynamics of Th17 Differentiation and its Developmental Plasticity in the Intestinal Immune Response. Front Immunol 2017; 8:254. [PMID: 28408906 PMCID: PMC5374155 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
After emerging from the thymus, naive CD4 T cells circulate through secondary lymphoid tissues, including gut-associated lymphoid tissue of the intestine. The activation of naïve CD4 T cells by antigen-presenting cells offering cognate antigen initiate differentiation programs that lead to the development of highly specialized T helper (Th) cell lineages. Although initially believed that developmental programing of effector T cells such as T helper 1 (Th1) or T helper 2 (Th2) resulted in irreversible commitment to a fixed fate, subsequent studies have demonstrated greater flexibility, or plasticity, in effector T cell stability than originally conceived. This is particularly so for the Th17 subset, differentiation of which is a highly dynamic process with overlapping developmental axes with inducible regulatory T (iTreg), T helper 22 (Th22), and Th1 cells. Accordingly, intermediary stages of Th17 cells are found in various tissues, which co-express lineage-specific transcription factor(s) or cytokine(s) of developmentally related CD4 T cell subsets. A highly specialized tissue like that of the intestine, which harbors the largest immune compartment of the body, adds several layers of complexity to the intricate process of Th differentiation. Due to constant exposure to millions of commensal microbes and periodic exposure to pathogens, the intestinal mucosa maintains a delicate balance between regulatory and effector T cells. It is becoming increasingly clear that equilibrium between tolerogenic and inflammatory axes is maintained in the intestine by shuttling the flexible genetic programming of a developing CD4 T cell along the developmental axis of iTreg, Th17, Th22, and Th1 subsets. Currently, Th17 plasticity remains an unresolved concern in the field of clinical research as targeting Th17 cells to cure immune-mediated disease might also target its related subsets. In this review, we discuss the expanding sphere of Th17 plasticity through its shared developmental axes with related cellular subsets such as Th22, Th1, and iTreg in the context of intestinal inflammation and also examine the molecular and epigenetic features of Th17 cells that mediate these overlapping developmental programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suniti Bhaumik
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rajatava Basu
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, USA
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57
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Kmieć Z, Cyman M, Ślebioda TJ. Cells of the innate and adaptive immunity and their interactions in inflammatory bowel disease. Adv Med Sci 2017; 62:1-16. [PMID: 28126697 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract that includes two major phenotypes, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis that are characterized by different clinical features and different course of the immune response. The exact aetiology of IBD still remains unknown, although it is thought that the diseases result from an excessive immune response directed against microbial or environmentally derived antigens which can be triggered by the disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier integrity. In this review we present immune mechanisms and interactions between cells of the immune system and tissue environment that contribute to the development and progression of IBD in humans. Since dysregulation of the intestinal immune response is a hallmark of chronic inflammatory conditions, we characterize cells of the innate and adaptive immunity involved in the pathogenesis of IBD and their cross-talks. We describe various subclasses of recently discovered innate lymphoid cells, as well as dendritic cells, macrophages and T cells, including Th17, Th22 and T regulatory cells, present in the intestinal lamina propria and cytokine-mediated regulation of the immune response in IBD, highlighting the role of IL-22 and IL-17A/IL-23 axis. Insights into novel therapeutic modalities targeting certain elements of the immune pathways important for the pathogenesis of IBD have been also shortly presented.
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58
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Park JH, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Eisenhut M, Shin JI. IBD immunopathogenesis: A comprehensive review of inflammatory molecules. Autoimmun Rev 2017; 16:416-426. [PMID: 28212924 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory molecules play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, both of which are chronic inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. Abnormal expressions of pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules have been described to cause an imbalance to the gut innate and adaptive immunity, and recently a large portion of research in IBD has been geared towards identifying novel molecules that may be used as potential therapeutic targets. Understanding of these inflammatory molecules has suggested that although ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease share many common clinical symptoms and signs, they are in fact two separate clinical entities characterized by different immunopathogenesis. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the roles of numerous inflammatory molecules including but not limited to cytokines, chemokines, inflammasomes, microRNAs and neuropeptides and their expression status in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease in relation to their effects on the overall intestinal inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyon Park
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet
- Inserm U954 and Department of Gastroenterology, Nancy University Hospital, Université de Lorraine, France
| | - Michael Eisenhut
- Department of Paediatrics, Luton & Dunstable University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Lewsey Road, Luton, LU40DZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jae Il Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Children's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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59
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Li J, Shouval DS, Doty AL, Snapper SB, Glover SC. Increased Mucosal IL-22 Production of an IL-10RA Mutation Patient Following Anakin Treatment Suggests Further Mechanism for Mucosal Healing. J Clin Immunol 2017; 37:104-107. [PMID: 28064389 PMCID: PMC5325838 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-016-0365-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd, PO Box 100214, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Dror S Shouval
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Andria L Doty
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd, PO Box 100214, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Scott B Snapper
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sarah C Glover
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd, PO Box 100214, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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60
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Godkin A, Smith KA. Chronic infections with viruses or parasites: breaking bad to make good. Immunology 2017; 150:389-396. [PMID: 28009488 PMCID: PMC5343343 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic forms of life have been continually invaded by microbes and larger multicellular parasites, such as helminths. Over a billion years ago bacterial endosymbionts permanently colonized eukaryotic cells leading to recognized organelles with a distinct genetic lineage, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts. Colonization of our skin and mucosal surfaces with bacterial commensals is now known to be important for host health. However, the contribution of chronic virus and parasitic infections to immune homeostasis is being increasingly questioned. Persistent infection does not necessarily equate to exhibiting a chronic illness: healthy hosts (e.g. humans) have chronic viral and parasitic infections with no evidence of disease. Indeed, there are now examples of complex interactions between these microbes and hosts that seem to confer an advantage to the host at a particular time, suggesting that the relationship has progressed along an axis from parasitic to commensal to one of a mutualistic symbiosis. This concept is explored using examples from viruses and parasites, considering how the relationships may be not only detrimental but also beneficial to the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Godkin
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Glamorgan, UK
| | - Katherine A Smith
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Glamorgan, UK
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61
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Endharti AT, Baskoro AD, Norahmawati E. Therapeutic effect of soluble worm protein acting as immune regulatory on colitis. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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62
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Aden K, Rehman A, Falk-Paulsen M, Secher T, Kuiper J, Tran F, Pfeuffer S, Sheibani-Tezerji R, Breuer A, Luzius A, Jentzsch M, Häsler R, Billmann-Born S, Will O, Lipinski S, Bharti R, Adolph T, Iovanna JL, Kempster SL, Blumberg RS, Schreiber S, Becher B, Chamaillard M, Kaser A, Rosenstiel P. Epithelial IL-23R Signaling Licenses Protective IL-22 Responses in Intestinal Inflammation. Cell Rep 2016; 16:2208-2218. [PMID: 27524624 PMCID: PMC5443566 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A plethora of functional and genetic studies have suggested a key role for the IL-23 pathway in chronic intestinal inflammation. Currently, pathogenic actions of IL-23 have been ascribed to specific effects on immune cells. Herein, we unveil a protective role of IL-23R signaling. Mice deficient in IL-23R expression in intestinal epithelial cells (Il23R(ΔIEC)) have reduced Reg3b expression, show a disturbed colonic microflora with an expansion of flagellated bacteria, and succumb to DSS colitis. Surprisingly, Il23R(ΔIEC) mice show impaired mucosal IL-22 induction in response to IL-23. αThy-1 treatment significantly deteriorates colitis in Il23R(ΔIEC) animals, which can be rescued by IL-22 application. Importantly, exogenous Reg3b administration rescues DSS-treated Il23R(ΔIEC) mice by recruiting neutrophils as IL-22-producing cells, thereby restoring mucosal IL-22 levels. The study identifies a critical barrier-protective immune pathway that originates from, and is orchestrated by, IL-23R signaling in intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Aden
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; First Medical Department, Christian Albrechts University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ateequr Rehman
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Maren Falk-Paulsen
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Secher
- University Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Toulouse, UMR 1043-UMR 5282, Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Jan Kuiper
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Florian Tran
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Steffen Pfeuffer
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Raheleh Sheibani-Tezerji
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexandra Breuer
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Anne Luzius
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Marlene Jentzsch
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Robert Häsler
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Susanne Billmann-Born
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Olga Will
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Simone Lipinski
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Richa Bharti
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Timon Adolph
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - Juan L Iovanna
- Aix-Marseille University, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CNRS, Inserm, UMR 1068-UMR 7258, Centre de Recherche en Carcérologie de Marseille, 13273 Marseille, France
| | - Sarah L Kempster
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; First Medical Department, Christian Albrechts University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Chamaillard
- University Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Arthur Kaser
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
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63
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Yang GX, Sun Y, Tsuneyama K, Zhang W, Leung PSC, He XS, Ansari AA, Bowlus C, Ridgway WM, Gershwin ME. Endogenous interleukin-22 protects against inflammatory bowel disease but not autoimmune cholangitis in dominant negative form of transforming growth factor beta receptor type II mice. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 185:154-64. [PMID: 27148790 PMCID: PMC4955007 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During chronic inflammation, interleukin (IL)-22 expression is up-regulated in both CD4 and CD8 T cells, exerting a protective role in infections. However, in autoimmunity, IL-22 appears to have either a protective or a pathogenic role in a variety of murine models of autoimmunity and, by extrapolation, in humans. It is not clear whether IL-22 itself mediates inflammation or is a by-product of inflammation. We have taken advantage of the dominant negative form of transforming growth factor beta receptor type II (dnTGF-βRII) mice that develop both inflammatory bowel disease and autoimmune cholangitis and studied the role and the biological function of IL-22 by generating IL-22(-/-) dnTGF-βRII mice. Our data suggest that the influence of IL-22 on autoimmunity is determined in part by the local microenvironment. In particular, IL-22 deficiency exacerbates tissue injury in inflammatory bowel disease, but has no influence on either the hepatocytes or cholangiocytes in the same model. These data take on particular significance in the previously defined effects of IL-17A, IL-12p40 and IL-23p19 deficiency and emphasize that, in colitis, there is a dominant role of IL-23/T helper type 17 (Th17) signalling. Furthermore, the levels of IL-22 are IL-23-dependent. The use of cytokine therapy in patients with autoimmune disease has significant potential, but must take into account the overlapping and often promiscuous effects that can theoretically exacerbate inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G-X Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Y Sun
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Diagnostic and Treatment Center for Non-Infectious Liver Diseases, 302nd Military Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - K Tsuneyama
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - W Zhang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - P S C Leung
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - X-S He
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - A A Ansari
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - C Bowlus
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - W M Ridgway
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - M E Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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64
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Galien R. Janus kinases in inflammatory bowel disease: Four kinases for multiple purposes. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 68:789-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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The glucocorticoid budesonide has protective and deleterious effects in experimental colitis in mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 116:73-88. [PMID: 27431777 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are widely used for the management of inflammatory bowel disease, albeit with known limitations for long-term use and relevant adverse effects. In turn, they have harmful effects in experimental colitis. We aimed to explore the mechanism and possible implications of this phenomenon. Regular and microbiota depleted C57BL/6 mice were exposed to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to induce colitis and treated with budesonide. Colonic inflammation and animal status were compared. In vitro epithelial models of wound healing were used to confirm the effects of glucocorticoids. Budesonide was also tested in lymphocyte transfer colitis. Budesonide (1-60μg/day) exerted substantial colonic antiinflammatory effects in DSS colitis. At the same time, it aggravated body weight loss, increased rectal bleeding, and induced general deterioration of animal status, bacterial translocation and endotoxemia. As a result, there was an associated increase in parameters of sepsis, such as plasma NOx, IL-1β, IL-6, lung myeloperoxidase and iNOS, as well as significant hypothermia. Budesonide also enhanced DSS induced colonic damage in microbiota depleted mice. These effects were correlated with antiproliferative effects at the epithelial level, which are expected to impair wound healing. In contrast, budesonide had significant but greatly diminished deleterious effects in noncolitic mice or in mice with lymphocyte transfer colitis. We conclude that budesonide weakens mucosal barrier function by interfering with epithelial dynamics and dampening the immune response in the context of significant mucosal injury, causing sepsis. This may be a contributing factor, at least in part, limiting clinical usefulness of corticoids in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Byun JM, Baek SK, Yoon HJ, Kim SY, Maeng CH, Park TS, Kim HJ, Choi YY, Um YJ. Thyroid cancer and T lymphoblastic leukemia in Crohn disease: a case report and literature review. Lab Med 2016; 46:140-5. [PMID: 25918193 DOI: 10.1309/lmu4kmjdrm3ad6fq] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of the tumor necrosis-α (TNF-α) blockade has changed the treatment of several chronic inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease; however, this treatment also has disadvantages. The use of immunosuppressants in combination with infliximab has been associated with greater risk of developing malignant neoplasms. Herein, we report the case of a 33-year-old ethnic Korean man with Crohn disease (CD) who developed papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and, subsequently, T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) after approximately 16.0 years of immunosuppressant therapy and 5.5 years of infliximab therapy. To our knowledge, this is the first case described in the literature of 2 different malignant neoplasms, 1 of hematologic origin and the other involving the solid organs, in a patient with CD. Through a systematic literature review, we found 28 cases of acute leukemia in adult patients with CD, of whom 22 had myeloid leukemia and 6 had lymphoid leukemia. Half of the patients with ALL underwent TNF-α-blocker therapy in combination with thiopurines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja Min Byun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun Kyung Baek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hwi-Joong Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Si-Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chi Hoon Maeng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae Sung Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Jong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun Young Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yu Jin Um
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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67
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Vieira AT, Fukumori C, Ferreira CM. New insights into therapeutic strategies for gut microbiota modulation in inflammatory diseases. Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5:e87. [PMID: 27757227 PMCID: PMC5067953 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2016.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between the gut microbiota and the host immune system is very important for balancing and resolving inflammation. The human microbiota begins to form during childbirth; the complex interaction between bacteria and host cells becomes critical for the formation of a healthy or a disease-promoting microbiota. C-section delivery, formula feeding, a high-sugar diet, a high-fat diet and excess hygiene negatively affect the health of the microbiota. Considering that the majority of the global population has experienced at least one of these factors that can lead to inflammatory disease, it is important to understand strategies to modulate the gut microbiota. In this review, we will discuss new insights into gut microbiota modulation as potential strategies to prevent and treat inflammatory diseases. Owing to the great advances in tools for microbial analysis, therapeutic strategies such as prebiotic, probiotic and postbiotic treatment and fecal microbiota transplantation have gained popularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Thomaz Vieira
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IBMC), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Claudio Fukumori
- Departmento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, Brazil
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68
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González-Arancibia C, Escobar-Luna J, Barrera-Bugueño C, Díaz-Zepeda C, González-Toro MP, Olavarría-Ramírez L, Zanelli-Massai F, Gotteland M, Bravo JA, Julio-Pieper M. What goes around comes around: novel pharmacological targets in the gut-brain axis. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2016; 9:339-53. [PMID: 27134664 PMCID: PMC4830101 DOI: 10.1177/1756283x16630718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut and the brain communicate bidirectionally through anatomic and humoral pathways, establishing what is known as the gut-brain axis. Therefore, interventions affecting one system will impact on the other, giving the opportunity to investigate and develop future therapeutic strategies that target both systems. Alterations in the gut-brain axis may arise as a consequence of changes in microbiota composition (dysbiosis), modifications in intestinal barrier function, impairment of enteric nervous system, unbalanced local immune response and exaggerated responses to stress, to mention a few. In this review we analyze and discuss several novel pharmacological targets within the gut-brain axis, with potential applications to improve intestinal and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila González-Arancibia
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Jorge Escobar-Luna
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Camila Barrera-Bugueño
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Camilo Díaz-Zepeda
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - María P. González-Toro
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Loreto Olavarría-Ramírez
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Francesca Zanelli-Massai
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Martin Gotteland
- Departamento de Nutrición, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javier A. Bravo
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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69
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Hisamatsu T, Erben U, Kühl AA. The Role of T-Cell Subsets in Chronic Inflammation in Celiac Disease and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients: More Common Mechanisms or More Differences? Inflamm Intest Dis 2016; 1:52-62. [PMID: 29922658 DOI: 10.1159/000445133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic intestinal inflammation due to noninfectious causes represents a growing health issue all over the world. Celiac disease as well as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) like Crohn's disease and ulcerative and microscopic colitis involve uncontrolled T-cell activation and T-cell-mediated damage as common denominators. Therefore, diagnosis and treatment decisions clearly benefit from the knowledge of the intricacies of the systemic and the local T-cell activity. Summary Depending on the cytokine milieu, CD4+ T cells can differentiate into proinflammatory T helper 1 (Th1), anti-inflammatory Th2, antimicrobial Th17, pleiotropic Th9, tissue-instructing Th22 cells, and in the regulatory compartment forkhead box protein 3+ Treg, suppressive Tr1 or Th3 cells. Additionally, follicular Th cells provide B-cell help in antibody class switching; cytotoxic CD8+ T cells target virus-infected or tumor cells. This review discusses our current knowledge on the contribution of defined T-cell subpopulations to establishing and maintaining chronic intestinal inflammation in either of the above entities. It also puts emphasis on the differences in the prevalence of these diseases between Eastern and Western countries. Key Messages In celiac disease, the driving role of T cells in the lamina propria and in the epithelium mainly specific for two defined antigens is well established. Differences in genetics and lifestyle between Western and Eastern countries were instrumental in understanding underlying mechanisms. In IBD, the vast amount of potential antigens and the corresponding antigen-specific T cells makes it unlikely to find universal triggers. Increased mucosal CD4+ regulatory T cells in all four entities fail to control or abrogate local inflammatory processes. Thus, prevailing differences in the functional T-cell subtypes driving chronic intestinal inflammation in celiac disease and IBD at best allow some overlap in the treatment options for either disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadakazu Hisamatsu
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ulrike Erben
- Medical Department (Gastroenterology/Infectious Diseases/Rheumatology), Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Research Center ImmunoSciences, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja A Kühl
- Medical Department (Gastroenterology/Infectious Diseases/Rheumatology), Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Research Center ImmunoSciences, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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70
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Reyes JL, Fernando MR, Lopes F, Leung G, Mancini NL, Matisz CE, Wang A, McKay DM. IL-22 Restrains Tapeworm-Mediated Protection against Experimental Colitis via Regulation of IL-25 Expression. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005481. [PMID: 27055194 PMCID: PMC4824453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-22, an immune cell-derived cytokine whose receptor expression is restricted to non-immune cells (e.g. epithelial cells), can be anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory. Mice infected with the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta are protected from dinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (DNBS)-induced colitis. Here we assessed expulsion of H. diminuta, the concomitant immune response and the outcome of DNBS-induced colitis in wild-type (WT) and IL-22 deficient mice (IL-22-/-) ± infection. Interleukin-22-/- mice had a mildly impaired ability to expel the worm and this correlated with reduced or delayed induction of TH2 immunity as measured by splenic and mesenteric lymph node production of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 and intestinal Muc-2 mRNA and goblet cell hyperplasia; in contrast, IL-25 increased in the small intestine of IL-22-/- mice 8 and 12 days post-infection compared to WT mice. In vitro experiments revealed that H. diminuta directly evoked epithelial production of IL-25 that was inhibited by recombinant IL-22. Also, IL-10 and markers of regulatory T cells were increased in IL-22-/- mice that displayed less DNBS (3 mg, ir. 72h)-induced colitis. Wild-type mice infected with H. diminuta were protected from colitis, as were infected IL-22-/- mice and the latter to a degree that they were almost indistinguishable from control, non-DNBS treated mice. Finally, treatment with anti-IL-25 antibodies exaggerated DNBS-induced colitis in IL-22-/- mice and blocked the anti-colitic effect of infection with H. diminuta. Thus, IL-22 is identified as an endogenous brake on helminth-elicited TH2 immunity, reducing the efficacy of expulsion of H. diminuta and limiting the effectiveness of the anti-colitic events mobilized following infection with H. diminuta in a non-permissive host.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L. Reyes
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maria R. Fernando
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Fernando Lopes
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gabriella Leung
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nicole L. Mancini
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chelsea E. Matisz
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Arthur Wang
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Derek M. McKay
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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71
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Huang CH, Hou YC, Pai MH, Yeh CL, Yeh SL. Dietary ω-6/ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Ratios Affect the Homeostasis of Th/Treg Cells in Mice With Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2016; 41:647-656. [PMID: 27006408 DOI: 10.1177/0148607116638493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluated the effect of different dietary ω-6/ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratios on modulating helper T (Th) and regulatory T (Treg) lymphocytes in mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. METHODS There were 3 control and 3 colitis groups. Mice were fed for 24 days with diets with soybean oil (S), a mixture of soybean oil and low fish oil content (LF), or high fish oil content (HF). The ratio of ω-6/ω-3 PUFA in the LF diet was 4:1, and that in the HF diet was 2:1. The control groups drank distilled water while colitis groups were provided 2% DSS in drinking water during days 15-19. All mice drank distilled water from days 20-24 for recovery and were sacrificed on day 25. RESULTS Colitis resulted in higher blood Th1, Th2, and Th17 and lower Treg percentages. Also, plasma haptoglobin and proinflammatory chemokines were elevated in colon lavage fluid. Colitic groups with fish oil had lower inflammatory mediators in the plasma and colon lavage fluid. Furthermore, the percentages of blood Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells were lower, whereas Treg cell percentages were higher than those in the soybean oil group. The colitis group with an ω-6/ω-3 PUFA ratio of 2:1 had more pronounced effects than the group with a ratio of 4:1. CONCLUSIONS Diets with an ω-6/ω-3 PUFA ratio of 2:1 or 4:1 regulate the Th/Treg balance and attenuate inflammatory mediator production in colitis. Compared with the ω-6/ω-3 PUFA ratio of 4:1, the ratio of 2:1 was more effective in reducing inflammatory reactions in DSS-induced colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyoung-Huei Huang
- 1 School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Hou
- 2 Master Program in Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Man-Hui Pai
- 3 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Li Yeh
- 4 Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Ling Yeh
- 1 School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,2 Master Program in Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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72
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Morales Fénero CI, Colombo Flores AA, Câmara NOS. Inflammatory diseases modelling in zebrafish. World J Exp Med 2016; 6:9-20. [PMID: 26929916 PMCID: PMC4759353 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v6.i1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ingest of diets with high content of fats and carbohydrates, low or no physical exercise and a stressful routine are part of the everyday lifestyle of most people in the western world. These conditions are triggers for different diseases with complex interactions between the host genetics, the metabolism, the immune system and the microbiota, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), obesity and diabetes. The incidence of these disorders is growing worldwide; therefore, new strategies for its study are needed. Nowadays, the majority of researches are in use of murine models for understand the genetics, physiopathology and interaction between cells and signaling pathways to find therapeutic solutions to these diseases. The zebrafish, a little tropical water fish, shares 70% of our genes and conserves anatomic and physiological characteristics, as well as metabolical pathways, with mammals, and is rising as a new complementary model for the study of metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Its high fecundity, fast development, transparency, versatility and low cost of maintenance makes the zebrafish an interesting option for new researches. In this review, we offer a discussion of the existing genetic and induced zebrafish models of two important Western diseases that have a strong inflammatory component, the IBD and the obesity.
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73
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Huan C, Kim D, Ou P, Alfonso A, Stanek A. Mechanisms of interleukin-22’s beneficial effects in acute pancreatitis. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2016; 7:108-116. [PMID: 26909233 PMCID: PMC4753176 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v7.i1.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a disorder characterized by parenchymal injury of the pancreas controlled by immune cell-mediated inflammation. AP remains a significant challenge in the clinic due to a lack of specific and effective treatment. Knowledge of the complex mechanisms that regulate the inflammatory response in AP is needed for the development of new approaches to treatment, since immune cell-derived inflammatory cytokines have been recognized to play critical roles in the pathogenesis of the disease. Recent studies have shown that interleukin (IL)-22, a cytokine secreted by leukocytes, when applied in the severe animal models of AP, protects against the inflammation-mediated acinar injury. In contrast, in a mild AP model, endogenous IL-22 has been found to be a predominantly anti-inflammatory mediator that inhibits inflammatory cell infiltration via the induction of Reg3 proteins in acinar cells, but does not protect against acinar injury in the early stage of AP. However, constitutively over-expressed IL-22 can prevent the initial acinar injury caused by excessive autophagy through the induction of the anti-autophagic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL. Thus IL-22 plays different roles in AP depending on the severity of the AP model. This review focuses on these recently reported findings for the purpose of better understanding IL-22’s regulatory roles in AP which could help to develop a novel therapeutic strategy.
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74
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Ryan ES, Micci L, Fromentin R, Paganini S, McGary CS, Easley K, Chomont N, Paiardini M. Loss of Function of Intestinal IL-17 and IL-22 Producing Cells Contributes to Inflammation and Viral Persistence in SIV-Infected Rhesus Macaques. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005412. [PMID: 26829644 PMCID: PMC4735119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In HIV/SIV-infected humans and rhesus macaques (RMs), a severe depletion of intestinal CD4(+) T-cells producing interleukin IL-17 and IL-22 associates with loss of mucosal integrity and chronic immune activation. However, little is known about the function of IL-17 and IL-22 producing cells during lentiviral infections. Here, we longitudinally determined the levels and functions of IL-17, IL-22 and IL-17/IL-22 producing CD4(+) T-cells in blood, lymph node and colorectum of SIV-infected RMs, as well as how they recover during effective ART and are affected by ART interruption. Intestinal IL-17 and IL-22 producing CD4(+) T-cells are polyfunctional in SIV-uninfected RMs, with the large majority of cells producing four or five cytokines. SIV infection induced a severe dysfunction of colorectal IL-17, IL-22 and IL-17/IL-22 producing CD4(+) T-cells, the extent of which associated with the levels of immune activation (HLA-DR(+)CD38(+)), proliferation (Ki-67+) and CD4(+) T-cell counts before and during ART. Additionally, Th17 cell function during ART negatively correlated with residual plasma viremia and levels of sCD163, a soluble marker of inflammation and disease progression. Furthermore, IL-17 and IL-22 producing cell frequency and function at various pre, on, and off-ART experimental points associated with and predicted total SIV-DNA content in the colorectum and blood. While ART restored Th22 cell function to levels similar to pre-infection, it did not fully restore Th17 cell function, and all cell types were rapidly and severely affected--both quantitatively and qualitatively--after ART interruption. In conclusion, intestinal IL-17 producing cell function is severely impaired by SIV infection, not fully normalized despite effective ART, and strongly associates with inflammation as well as SIV persistence off and on ART. As such, strategies able to preserve and/or regenerate the functions of these CD4(+) T-cells central for mucosal immunity are critically needed in future HIV cure research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S. Ryan
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Luca Micci
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rémi Fromentin
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sara Paganini
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Colleen S. McGary
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kirk Easley
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, and Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Abstract
IBD is a chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract encompassing two main clinical entities: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Although Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis have historically been studied together because they share common features (such as symptoms, structural damage and therapy), it is now clear that they represent two distinct pathophysiological entities. Both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are associated with multiple pathogenic factors including environmental changes, an array of susceptibility gene variants, a qualitatively and quantitatively abnormal gut microbiota and a broadly dysregulated immune response. In spite of this realization and the identification of seemingly pertinent environmental, genetic, microbial and immune factors, a full understanding of IBD pathogenesis is still out of reach and, consequently, treatment is far from optimal. An important reason for this unsatisfactory situation is the currently limited comprehension of what are the truly relevant components of IBD immunopathogenesis. This article will comprehensively review current knowledge of the classic immune components and will expand the concept of IBD immunopathogenesis to include various cells, mediators and pathways that have not been traditionally associated with disease mechanisms, but that profoundly affect the overall intestinal inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heitor S P de Souza
- Department of Gastroenterology &Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Claudio Fiocchi
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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76
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Kabeerdoss J, Sandhya P, Danda D. Gut inflammation and microbiome in spondyloarthritis. Rheumatol Int 2015; 36:457-68. [PMID: 26719306 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-015-3414-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is chronic inflammatory disease involving joints and the spine. Bowel inflammation is common in SpA, which may be classified as acute or chronic. Chronic gut inflammation is most common in SpA patients with axial involvement as compared to those presenting with peripheral involvement alone. The pathogenesis of gut inflammation in SpA could be explained by two factors-over-activation of immunological cells and altered gut microbiome. This is exemplified by SpA animal models, namely HLA-B27-expressing transgenic animals and SKG mice models. Immunological mechanisms include homing of activated T cells from gut into synovium, excess pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion by immune cells such as IL-23 and genetic variations in immunological genes. The evidence for role of gut microbiome in SpA is gradually emerging. Recently, metagenomic study of gut microbiome by sequencing of microbial nucleic acids has enabled identification of new microbial taxa and their functions in gut of patients with SpA. In SpA, the gut microbiome could emerge as diagnostic and prognostic marker of disease. Modulation of gut microbiome is slated to have therapeutic potential as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayakanthan Kabeerdoss
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India
| | - Pulukool Sandhya
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India
| | - Debashish Danda
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India.
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77
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Dunn ETJ, Taylor ES, Stebbings S, Schultz M, Butt AG, Kemp RA. Distinct immune signatures in the colon of Crohn's disease and ankylosing spondylitis patients in the absence of inflammation. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 94:421-9. [PMID: 26647966 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is an inflammatory bowel disease characterized by patchy inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is primarily characterized by inflammation of the lower vertebral column, and many patients with AS present with inflammatory gut symptoms. Genome-wide association studies have highlighted significant overlap in short nucleotide polymorphisms for both diseases. We hypothesized that patients with CD and AS have a common intestinal immune signature, characterized by inflammatory T cells, compared with healthy people. We designed a pilot study to determine both the feasibility of defining complex immune signatures from primary tissue, and differences in the local immune signature of people with inflammatory diseases compared with healthy people. Intestinal biopsies were obtained by colonoscopy from healthy patients, non-inflamed regions of CD patients and AS patients with inflammatory gut symptoms. A flow cytometry platform was developed measuring polyfunctional T-cell populations based on cytokines, surface molecules and transcription factors. There was overlap in the immune signature of people with CD or AS, characterized by changes in the frequency of regulatory T cells, compared with healthy people. There were significant differences in frequencies of other polyfunctional T-cell populations-CD patients had an increased frequency of T cells producing interleukin-22 (IL-22) and interferon-γ, whereas AS patients had an increased frequency of T cells producing IL-2; compared with healthy people. These data indicate that the local immune signature could be described in these patients and that distinct immune mechanisms may underlie disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott T J Dunn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Edward S Taylor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Simon Stebbings
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michael Schultz
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - A Grant Butt
- Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Roslyn A Kemp
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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78
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Lukeš J, Stensvold CR, Jirků-Pomajbíková K, Wegener Parfrey L. Are Human Intestinal Eukaryotes Beneficial or Commensals? PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005039. [PMID: 26270819 PMCID: PMC4536199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | - Laura Wegener Parfrey
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Canada
- Departments of Botany and Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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79
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Monteiro-Sepulveda M, Touch S, Mendes-Sá C, André S, Poitou C, Allatif O, Cotillard A, Fohrer-Ting H, Hubert EL, Remark R, Genser L, Tordjman J, Garbin K, Osinski C, Sautès-Fridman C, Leturque A, Clément K, Brot-Laroche E. Jejunal T Cell Inflammation in Human Obesity Correlates with Decreased Enterocyte Insulin Signaling. Cell Metab 2015; 22:113-24. [PMID: 26094890 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In obesity, insulin resistance is linked to inflammation in several tissues. Although the gut is a very large lymphoid tissue, inflammation in the absorptive small intestine, the jejunum, where insulin regulates lipid and sugar absorption is unknown. We analyzed jejunal samples of 185 obese subjects stratified in three metabolic groups: without comorbidity, suffering from obesity-related comorbidity, and diabetic, versus 33 lean controls. Obesity increased both mucosa surface due to lower cell apoptosis and innate and adaptive immune cell populations. The preferential CD8αβ T cell location in epithelium over lamina propria appears a hallmark of obesity. Cytokine secretion by T cells from obese, but not lean, subjects blunted insulin signaling in enterocytes relevant to apical GLUT2 mislocation. Statistical links between T cell densities and BMI, NAFLD, or lipid metabolism suggest tissue crosstalk. Obesity triggers T-cell-mediated inflammation and enterocyte insulin resistance in the jejunum with potential broader systemic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Monteiro-Sepulveda
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 1138 and UMRS 1166, F-75005 Paris, France; INSERM, UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75005 Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, ICAN, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Sothea Touch
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 1138 and UMRS 1166, F-75005 Paris, France; INSERM, UMRS 1166, Nutriomics team 6, F-75013 Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, ICAN, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Carla Mendes-Sá
- INSERM, UMRS 1166, Nutriomics team 6, F-75013 Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, ICAN, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien André
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 1138 and UMRS 1166, F-75005 Paris, France; INSERM, UMRS 1166, Nutriomics team 6, F-75013 Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, ICAN, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Christine Poitou
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 1138 and UMRS 1166, F-75005 Paris, France; INSERM, UMRS 1166, Nutriomics team 6, F-75013 Paris, France; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, AP-HP, Pitié Salpêtrière hospital, Nutrition and Endocrinology Department and Hepato-biliary and Digestive Surgery Department, F-75013 Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, ICAN, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Omran Allatif
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 1138 and UMRS 1166, F-75005 Paris, France; INSERM, UMRS 1166, Nutriomics team 6, F-75013 Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, ICAN, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Cotillard
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 1138 and UMRS 1166, F-75005 Paris, France; INSERM, UMRS 1166, Nutriomics team 6, F-75013 Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, ICAN, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Fohrer-Ting
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 1138 and UMRS 1166, F-75005 Paris, France; INSERM, UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Edwige-Ludiwyne Hubert
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 1138 and UMRS 1166, F-75005 Paris, France; INSERM, UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75005 Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, ICAN, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Romain Remark
- INSERM, UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75005 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes-Paris 5, UMRS 1138, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Laurent Genser
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 1138 and UMRS 1166, F-75005 Paris, France; INSERM, UMRS 1166, Nutriomics team 6, F-75013 Paris, France; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, AP-HP, Pitié Salpêtrière hospital, Nutrition and Endocrinology Department and Hepato-biliary and Digestive Surgery Department, F-75013 Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, ICAN, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Joan Tordjman
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 1138 and UMRS 1166, F-75005 Paris, France; INSERM, UMRS 1166, Nutriomics team 6, F-75013 Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, ICAN, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Kevin Garbin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 1138 and UMRS 1166, F-75005 Paris, France; INSERM, UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Céline Osinski
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 1138 and UMRS 1166, F-75005 Paris, France; INSERM, UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Sautès-Fridman
- INSERM, UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75005 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes-Paris 5, UMRS 1138, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Armelle Leturque
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 1138 and UMRS 1166, F-75005 Paris, France; INSERM, UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75005 Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, ICAN, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Karine Clément
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 1138 and UMRS 1166, F-75005 Paris, France; INSERM, UMRS 1166, Nutriomics team 6, F-75013 Paris, France; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, AP-HP, Pitié Salpêtrière hospital, Nutrition and Endocrinology Department and Hepato-biliary and Digestive Surgery Department, F-75013 Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, ICAN, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital F-75013, Paris, France.
| | - Edith Brot-Laroche
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 1138 and UMRS 1166, F-75005 Paris, France; INSERM, UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75005 Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, ICAN, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital F-75013, Paris, France.
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80
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Sommer A, Fabri M. Vitamin D regulates cytokine patterns secreted by dendritic cells to promote differentiation of IL-22-producing T cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130395. [PMID: 26107738 PMCID: PMC4480856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One central mechanism, by which vitamin D regulates human immune responses, is the direct modulation of dendritic cells (DCs). However, the effect of vitamin D on several key DC functions, such as the secretion of central inflammatory cytokines, remains controversial. Moreover, whether vitamin D treatment of DCs regulates their ability to promote differentiation of IL-17-/IL-22-producing T cell subsets, such as Th17 and Th22 cell, is not known. Here, we report that vitamin D treatment during differentiation of monocytes into DCs markedly enhanced their ability to secrete TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and IL-23. Cytokines secreted by vitamin D-treated DC were significantly more potent in driving differentiation of IL-22-producing T cells, but not IL-17-producing T cells, as compared to secreted cytokines of not-vitamin D-treated DCs. Finally, we found that the differentiation of IL-22-producing T cells mediated by supernatants of vitamin D-treated DCs was dependent on TNF-α IL-6 and IL-23. In summary, our study suggests a novel role of vitamin D in regulating DC-mediated immune responses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sommer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Fabri
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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81
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Nguyen PM, Putoczki TL, Ernst M. STAT3-Activating Cytokines: A Therapeutic Opportunity for Inflammatory Bowel Disease? J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 35:340-50. [PMID: 25760898 PMCID: PMC4426323 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is lined by a single layer of epithelial cells that secrete mucus toward the lumen, which collectively separates the immune sentinels in the underlying lamina propria from the intestinal microflora to prevent aberrant immune responses. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) describes a group of autoimmune diseases that arise from defects in epithelial barrier function and, as a consequence, aberrant production of inflammatory cytokines. Among these, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-11, and IL-22 are elevated in human IBD patients and corresponding mouse models and, through activation of the JAK/STAT3 pathway, can both propagate and ameliorate disease. In particular, cytokine-mediated activation of STAT3 in the epithelial lining cells affords cellular protection, survival, and proliferation, thereby affording therapeutic opportunities for the prevention and treatment of colitis. In this review, we focus on recent insights gained from therapeutic modulation of the activities of IL-6, IL-11, and IL-22 in models of IBD and advocate a cautionary approach with these cytokines to minimize their tumor-promoting activities on neoplastic epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Nguyen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tracy L. Putoczki
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Matthias Ernst
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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82
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Plé C, Fan Y, Ait Yahia S, Vorng H, Everaere L, Chenivesse C, Balsamelli J, Azzaoui I, de Nadai P, Wallaert B, Lazennec G, Tsicopoulos A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons reciprocally regulate IL-22 and IL-17 cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from both healthy and asthmatic subjects. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122372. [PMID: 25860963 PMCID: PMC4393221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pollution, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), may contribute to increased prevalence of asthma. PAH can bind to the Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR), a transcription factor involved in Th17/Th22 type polarization. These cells produce IL17A and IL-22, which allow neutrophil recruitment, airway smooth muscle proliferation and tissue repair and remodeling. Increased IL-17 and IL-22 productions have been associated with asthma. We hypothesized that PAH might affect, through their effects on AhR, IL-17 and IL-22 production in allergic asthmatics. Activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 16 nonallergic nonasthmatic (NA) and 16 intermittent allergic asthmatic (AA) subjects were incubated with PAH, and IL-17 and IL-22 productions were assessed. At baseline, activated PBMCs from AA exhibited an increased IL-17/IL-22 profile compared with NA subjects. Diesel exhaust particle (DEP)-PAH and Benzo[a]Pyrene (B[a]P) stimulation further increased IL-22 but decreased IL-17A production in both groups. The PAH-induced IL-22 levels in asthmatic patients were significantly higher than in healthy subjects. Among PBMCs, PAH-induced IL-22 expression originated principally from single IL-22- but not from IL-17- expressing CD4 T cells. The Th17 transcription factors RORA and RORC were down regulated, whereas AhR target gene CYP1A1 was upregulated. IL-22 induction by DEP-PAH was mainly dependent upon AhR whereas IL-22 induction by B[a]P was dependent upon activation of PI3K and JNK. Altogether, these data suggest that DEP-PAH and B[a]P may contribute to increased IL22 production in both healthy and asthmatic subjects through mechanisms involving both AhR -dependent and -independent pathways.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Asthma/etiology
- Asthma/metabolism
- Benzo(a)pyrene/toxicity
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1/metabolism
- Down-Regulation
- Female
- Humans
- Interleukin-17/genetics
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Interleukins/genetics
- Interleukins/metabolism
- JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/metabolism
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/toxicity
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/chemistry
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/metabolism
- Th17 Cells/cytology
- Th17 Cells/metabolism
- Up-Regulation
- Vehicle Emissions/analysis
- Interleukin-22
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Affiliation(s)
- Coline Plé
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, F-59019, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59019, Lille, France
- CNRS UMR 8204, F-59000, Lille, France
- Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Ying Fan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, F-59019, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59019, Lille, France
- CNRS UMR 8204, F-59000, Lille, France
- Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Saliha Ait Yahia
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, F-59019, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59019, Lille, France
- CNRS UMR 8204, F-59000, Lille, France
- Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Han Vorng
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, F-59019, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59019, Lille, France
- CNRS UMR 8204, F-59000, Lille, France
- Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Laetitia Everaere
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, F-59019, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59019, Lille, France
- CNRS UMR 8204, F-59000, Lille, France
- Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Cécile Chenivesse
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, F-59019, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59019, Lille, France
- CNRS UMR 8204, F-59000, Lille, France
- Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Joanne Balsamelli
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, F-59019, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59019, Lille, France
- CNRS UMR 8204, F-59000, Lille, France
- Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Imane Azzaoui
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, F-59019, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59019, Lille, France
- CNRS UMR 8204, F-59000, Lille, France
- Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Patricia de Nadai
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, F-59019, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59019, Lille, France
- CNRS UMR 8204, F-59000, Lille, France
- Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Benoit Wallaert
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, F-59019, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59019, Lille, France
- CNRS UMR 8204, F-59000, Lille, France
- Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000, Lille, France
- Clinique des Maladies Respiratoires et Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Lille, F-59037, Lille, France
| | - Gwendal Lazennec
- CNRS SysDiag—UMR3145 Cap delta, 1682 rue de la Valsière, F-34184, Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Anne Tsicopoulos
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, F-59019, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59019, Lille, France
- CNRS UMR 8204, F-59000, Lille, France
- Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59000, Lille, France
- Clinique des Maladies Respiratoires et Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Lille, F-59037, Lille, France
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83
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Bowcutt R, Malter LB, Chen LA, Wolff MJ, Robertson I, Rifkin DB, Poles M, Cho I, Loke P. Isolation and cytokine analysis of lamina propria lymphocytes from mucosal biopsies of the human colon. J Immunol Methods 2015; 421:27-35. [PMID: 25769417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Much of our understanding of gut-microbial interactions has come from mouse models. Intestinal immunity is complex and a combination of host genetics and environmental factors play a significant role in regulating intestinal immunity. Due to this complexity, no mouse model to date gives a complete and accurate representation of human intestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel diseases. However, intestinal tissue from patients undergoing bowel resection reflects a condition of severe disease that has failed treatment; hence a more dynamic perspective of varying inflammatory states in IBD could be obtained through the analyses of pinch biopsy material. Here we describe our protocol for analyzing mucosal pinch biopsies collected predominantly during colonoscopies. We have optimized flow cytometry panels to analyze up to 8 cytokines produced by CD4+ and CD8+ cells, as well as for characterizing nuclear proteins and transcription factors such as Ki67 and Foxp3. Furthermore, we have optimized approaches to analyze the production of cytokines, including TGF-beta from direct ex vivo cultures of pinch biopsies and LPMCs isolated from biopsies. These approaches are part of our workflow to try and understand the role of the gut microbiota in complex and dynamic human intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowann Bowcutt
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Lisa B Malter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lea Ann Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martin J Wolff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ian Robertson
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Daniel B Rifkin
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michael Poles
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ilseug Cho
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - P'ng Loke
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA.
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84
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Macho-Fernandez E, Koroleva EP, Spencer CM, Tighe M, Torrado E, Cooper AM, Fu YX, Tumanov AV. Lymphotoxin beta receptor signaling limits mucosal damage through driving IL-23 production by epithelial cells. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:403-13. [PMID: 25183367 PMCID: PMC4364000 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The immune mechanisms regulating epithelial cell repair after injury remain poorly defined. We demonstrate here that lymphotoxin beta receptor (LTβR) signaling in intestinal epithelial cells promotes self-repair after mucosal damage. Using a conditional gene-targeted approach, we demonstrate that LTβR signaling in intestinal epithelial cells is essential for epithelial interleukin-23 (IL-23) production and protection against epithelial injury. We further show that epithelial-derived IL-23 promotes mucosal wound healing by inducing the IL-22-mediated proliferation and survival of epithelial cells and mucus production. Additionally, we identified CD4(-)CCR6(+)T-bet(-) RAR-related orphan receptor gamma t (RORγt)(+) lymphoid tissue inducer cells as the main producers of protective IL-22 after epithelial damage. Thus, our results reveal a novel role for LTβR signaling in epithelial cells in the regulation of intestinal epithelial cell homeostasis to limit mucosal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - C M Spencer
- Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, New York, USA
| | - M Tighe
- Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, New York, USA
| | - E Torrado
- Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, New York, USA
| | - A M Cooper
- Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, New York, USA
| | - Y-X Fu
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - A V Tumanov
- Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, New York, USA
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85
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Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a recently described IL-10 family cytokine that is produced by T helper (Th) 17 cells, γδ T cells, NKT cells, and newly described innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). Knowledge of IL-22 biology has evolved rapidly since its discovery in 2000, and a role for IL-22 has been identified in numerous tissues, including the intestines, lung, liver, kidney, thymus, pancreas, and skin. IL-22 primarily targets nonhematopoietic epithelial and stromal cells, where it can promote proliferation and play a role in tissue regeneration. In addition, IL-22 regulates host defense at barrier surfaces. However, IL-22 has also been linked to several conditions involving inflammatory tissue pathology. In this review, we assess the current understanding of this cytokine, including its physiologic and pathologic effects on epithelial cell function.
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86
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Tang MS, Poles J, Leung JM, Wolff MJ, Davenport M, Lee SC, Lim YA, Chua KH, Loke P, Cho I. Inferred metagenomic comparison of mucosal and fecal microbiota from individuals undergoing routine screening colonoscopy reveals similar differences observed during active inflammation. Gut Microbes 2015; 6:48-56. [PMID: 25559083 PMCID: PMC4615154 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2014.1000080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucosal microbiota lives in close proximity with the intestinal epithelium and may interact more directly with the host immune system than the luminal/fecal bacteria. The availability of nutrients in the mucus layer of the epithelium is also very different from the gut lumen environment. Inferred metagenomic analysis for microbial function of the mucosal microbiota is possible by PICRUSt. We recently found that by using this approach, actively inflamed tissue of ulcerative colitis (UC) patients have mucosal communities enriched for genes involved in lipid and amino acid metabolism, and reduced for carbohydrate and nucleotide metabolism. Here, we find that the same bacterial taxa (e.g. Acinetobacter) and predicted microbial pathways enriched in actively inflamed colitis tissue are also enriched in the mucosa of subjects undergoing routine screening colonoscopies, when compared with paired samples of luminal/fecal bacteria. These results suggest that the mucosa of healthy individuals may be a reservoir of aerotolerant microbial communities expanded during colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei San Tang
- Department of Microbiology; New York University School of Medicine; New York, NY USA
| | - Jordan Poles
- Department of Microbiology; New York University School of Medicine; New York, NY USA
| | - Jacqueline M Leung
- Department of Microbiology; New York University School of Medicine; New York, NY USA
| | - Martin J Wolff
- Department of Medicine; New York University School of Medicine; New York, NY USA
| | - Michael Davenport
- Department of Medicine; New York University School of Medicine; New York, NY USA
| | - Soo Ching Lee
- Department of Parasitology; University of Malaya; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yvonne Al Lim
- Department of Parasitology; University of Malaya; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kek Heng Chua
- Department of Biomedical Science; University of Malaya; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - P'ng Loke
- Department of Microbiology; New York University School of Medicine; New York, NY USA,Corresponding authors: P’ng Loke;
| | - Ilseung Cho
- Department of Medicine; New York University School of Medicine; New York, NY USA,VA New York Harbor Healthcare System; New York, NY USA
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87
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cytokines are integral mediators for maintaining intestinal mucosal homeostasis, as well as prominent effector molecules during chronic gut inflammatory diseases. This review focuses on recent studies of the role of specific cytokines in mucosal immunity. RECENT FINDINGS Dichotomous, or even opposing, functions have been described for several cytokines involved in intestinal innate immunity (most notably for members of the interleukin-1 family), which depend on the specific inflammatory conditions within the intestinal mucosa. For example, both interleukin-1α and interleukin-33 exhibit 'alarmin'-type properties that can signal tissue or cell damage, which further add to their well described proinflammatory roles. Costimulatory molecules of the tumor necrosis factor/tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, such as TNF-like cytokine 1A and LIGHT, are actively involved in mucosal proinflammatory pathways, but also may exert protection against infectious agents to facilitate recovery from acute inflammation. Finally, innate lymphoid cells are increasingly recognized as important cellular sources of pivotal mucosal cytokines, including the interleukin-23/T helper 17 cytokine, interleukin-22. SUMMARY Elucidating the complexity of cytokine signaling within the normal mucosa and during acute and chronic inflammation will be a pivotal step toward understanding the pathogenesis of immune-mediated gut diseases and developing effective therapies to treat them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgos Bamias
- Academic Department of Gastroenterology, Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon Hospital, Athens, 11527, Greece
| | - Kristen O. Arseneau
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Fabio Cominelli
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
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88
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Jones KD, Thitiri J, Ngari M, Berkley JA. Childhood malnutrition: toward an understanding of infections, inflammation, and antimicrobials. Food Nutr Bull 2014; 35:S64-70. [PMID: 25069296 PMCID: PMC4257992 DOI: 10.1177/15648265140352s110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Undernutrition in childhood is estimated to cause 3.1 million child deaths annually through a potentiating effect on common infectious diseases, such as pneumonia and diarrhea. In turn, overt and subclinical infections, and inflammation, especially in the gut, alter nutrient intake, absorption, secretion, diversion, catabolism, and expenditure. OBJECTIVE A narrative overview of the current understanding of infections, inflammation, and antimicrobials in relation to childhood malnutrition. METHODS Searches for pivotal papers were conducted using PUBMED 1966-January 2013; hand searches of the references of retrieved literature; discussions with experts; and personal experience from the field. RESULTS Although the epidemiological evidence for increased susceptibility to life-threatening infections associated with malnutrition is strong, we are only just beginning to understand some of the mechanisms involved. Nutritional status and growth are strongly influenced by environmental enteric dysfunction (EED), which is common among children in developing countries, and by alterations in the gut microbiome. As yet, there are no proven interventions against EED. Antibiotics have long been used as growth promoters in animals. Trials of antibiotics have shown striking efficacy on mortality and on growth in children with uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition (SAM) or HIV infection. Antibiotics act directly by preventing infections and may act indirectly by reducing subclinical infections and inflammation. We describe an ongoing multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of daily cotrimoxazole prophylaxis to prevent death in children recovering from complicated SAM. Secondary outcomes include growth, frequency and etiology of infections, immune activation and function, the gut microbiome, and antimicrobial resistance. The trial is expected to be reported in mid-2014. CONCLUSIONS As well as improving nutritional intake, new case management strategies need to address infection, inflammation, and microbiota and assess health outcomes rather than only anthropometry.
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89
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Djaldetti M, Bessler H. Modulators affecting the immune dialogue between human immune and colon cancer cells. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2014; 6:129-38. [PMID: 24834143 PMCID: PMC4021329 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v6.i5.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The link between chronic inflammation and colorectal cancer has been well established. The events proceeding along tumorigenesis are complicated and involve cells activated at the cancer microenvironment, tumor infiltrating polymorphonuclears, immune cells including lymphocyte subtypes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), as well as tumor-associated macrophages. The immune cells generate inflammatory cytokines, several of them playing a crucial role in tumorigenesis. Additional factors, such as gene expression regulated by cytokines, assembling of tumor growth- and transforming factors, accelerated angiogenesis, delayed apoptosis, contribute all to initiation, development and migration of tumor cells. Oxygen radical species originating from the inflammatory area promote cell mutation and cancer proliferation. Tumor cells may over-express pro-inflammatory mediators that in turn activate immune cells for inflammatory cytokines production. Consequently, an immune dialogue emerges between immune and cancer cells orchestrated through a number of activated molecular pathways. Cytokines, encompassing migration inhibitory factor, transforming growth factor beta 1, tumor necrosis factor-α, Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, IL-23 have been reported to be involved in human cancer development. Some cytokines, namely IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-22 and growth factors promote tumor development and metastasis, and inhibit apoptosis via activation of signal transducer activator transcription-3 transcription factor. Colon cancer environment comprises mesenchymal, endothelial and immune cells. Assessment of the interaction between components in the tumor environment and malignant cells requires a reconsideration of a few topics elucidating the role of chronic inflammation in carcinogenesis, the function of the immune cells expressed by inflammatory cytokine production, the immunomodulation of cancer cells and the existence of a cross-talk between immune and malignant cells leading to a balance in cytokine production. It is conceivable that the prevalence of anti-inflammatory cytokine production by PBMC in the affected colonic mucosa will contribute to the delay, or even to halt down malignant expansion. Targeting the interplay between immune and cancer cells by mediators capable to alter cytokine secretion toward increased anti-inflammatory cytokine release by PBMC and tumor associated macrophages, may serve as an additional strategy for treatment of malignant diseases. This review will focus on the inflammatory events preceding tumorigenesis in general, and on a number of modulators capable to affect colon cancer cell-induced production of inflammatory cytokines by PBMC through alteration of the immune cross-talk between PBMC and cancer cells.
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90
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Abstract
Cytokines have a crucial role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, where they control multiple aspects of the inflammatory response. In particular, the imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines that occurs in IBD impedes the resolution of inflammation and instead leads to disease perpetuation and tissue destruction. Recent studies suggest the existence of a network of regulatory cytokines that has important implications for disease progression. In this Review, we discuss the role of cytokines produced by innate and adaptive immune cells, as well as their relevance to the future therapy of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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91
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Davenport M, Poles J, Leung JM, Wolff MJ, Abidi WM, Ullman T, Mayer L, Cho I, Loke P. Metabolic alterations to the mucosal microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2014; 20:723-31. [PMID: 24583479 PMCID: PMC4158619 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation during inflammatory bowel disease may alter nutrient availability to adherent mucosal bacteria and impact their metabolic function. Microbial metabolites may regulate intestinal CD4 T-cell homeostasis. We investigated the relationship between inflammation and microbial function by inferred metagenomics of the mucosal microbiota from colonic pinch biopsies of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS Paired pinch biopsy samples of known inflammation states were analyzed from ulcerative colitis (UC) (23), Crohn's disease (CD) (21), and control (24) subjects by 16S ribosomal sequencing, histopathologic assessment, and flow cytometry. PICRUSt was used to generate metagenomic data and derive relative Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Pathway abundance information. Leukocytes were isolated from paired biopsy samples and analyzed by multicolor flow cytometry. Active inflammation was defined by neutrophil infiltration into the epithelium. RESULTS Carriage of metabolic pathways in the mucosal microbiota was relatively stable among patients with inflammatory bowel disease, despite large variations in individual bacterial community structures. However, microbial function was significantly altered in inflamed tissue of UC patients, with a reduction in carbohydrate and nucleotide metabolism in favor of increased lipid and amino acid metabolism. These differences were not observed in samples from CD patients. In CD, microbial lipid, carbohydrate, and amino acid metabolism tightly correlated with the frequency of CD4Foxp3 Tregs, whereas in UC, these pathways correlated with the frequency of CD4IL-22 (TH22) cells. CONCLUSIONS Metabolic pathways of the mucosal microbiota in CD do not vary as much as UC with inflammation state, indicating a more systemic perturbation of host-bacteria interactions in CD compared with more localized dysfunction in UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Davenport
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jordan Poles
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10010, United States
| | - Jacqueline M. Leung
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10010, United States
| | - Martin J. Wolff
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Wasif M. Abidi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Thomas Ullman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lloyd Mayer
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Ilseung Cho
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY, United States
| | - P'ng Loke
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10010, United States
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92
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Role of Th17 Cells in the Pathogenesis of Human IBD. ISRN INFLAMMATION 2014; 2014:928461. [PMID: 25101191 PMCID: PMC4005031 DOI: 10.1155/2014/928461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract plays a central role in immune system, being able to mount efficient immune responses against pathogens, keeping the homeostasis of the human gut. However, conditions like Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC), the main forms of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), are related to an excessive and uncontrolled immune response against normal microbiota, through the activation of CD4(+) T helper (Th) cells. Classically, IBD was thought to be primarily mediated by Th1 cells in CD or Th2 cells in UC, but it is now known that Th17 cells and their related cytokines are crucial mediators in both conditions. Th17 cells massively infiltrate the inflamed intestine of IBD patients, where they produce interleukin- (IL-) 17A and other cytokines, triggering and amplifying the inflammatory process. However, these cells show functional plasticity, and they can be converted into either IFN- γ producing Th1 cells or regulatory T cells. This review will summarize the current knowledge regarding the regulation and functional role of Th17 cells in the gut. Deeper insights into their plasticity in inflammatory conditions will contribute to advancing our understanding of the mechanisms that regulate mucosal homeostasis and inflammation in the gut, promoting the design of novel therapeutic approaches for IBD.
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93
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Garza-Cuartero L, Garcia-Campos A, Zintl A, Chryssafidis A, O’Sullivan J, Sekiya M, Mulcahy G. The Worm Turns. Vet Pathol 2014; 51:385-92. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985813519655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A reductionist approach to the study of infection does not lend itself to an appraisal of the interactions that occur between 2 or more organisms that infect a host simultaneously. In reality, hosts are subject to multiple simultaneous influences from multiple pathogens along the spectrum from symbiotic microflora to virulent pathogen. In this review, we draw from our own work on Fasciola hepatica and that of others studying helminth co-infection to give examples of how such interactions can influence not only the outcome of infection but also its diagnosis and control. The new tools of systems biology, including both the “omics” approaches and mathematical biology, have significant promise in unraveling the as yet largely unexplored complexities of co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Garza-Cuartero
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Veterinary Sciences Centre, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A. Garcia-Campos
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Veterinary Sciences Centre, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - A. Chryssafidis
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Veterinary Sciences Centre, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J. O’Sullivan
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Veterinary Sciences Centre, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M. Sekiya
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Veterinary Sciences Centre, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - G. Mulcahy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Veterinary Sciences Centre, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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94
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Hsiung YC, Liu JJ, Hou YC, Yeh CL, Yeh SL. Effects of dietary glutamine on the homeostasis of CD4+ T cells in mice with dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84410. [PMID: 24416230 PMCID: PMC3887000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of dietary glutamine (Gln) on T-helper (Th) and T regulatory (Treg) cell homeostasis and colonic inflammatory mediator expression in mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Mice were randomly assigned to 4 groups with 2 normal control (C and G) and 2 DSS-treated groups (DC and DG). The C and DC groups were fed a common semipurified diet, while the G and DG groups received an identical diet except that part of the casein was replaced by Gln, which provided 25% of the total amino acid nitrogen. Mice were fed the diets for 10 days. On day 6, mice in the normal control groups were given distilled water, while those in the DSS groups were given distilled water containing 1.5% DSS for 5 d. At the end of the experiment, the mice were sacrificed for further examination. Results showed that DC group had higher plasma haptoglobin, colonic weight, immunoglobulin G, inflammatory cytokine and nuclear factor (NF)-κB protein levels. Gln administration lowered inflammatory mediators and NF-κB/IκBα ratio in colitis. Compared with the DC group, the percentages of interleukin-17F and interferon-γ in blood and transcription factors, T-bet and RAR-related orphan receptor-γt, gene expressions in mesenteric lymph nodes were lower, whereas blood Foxp3 was higher in the DG group. Also, DG group had lower colon injury score. These results suggest that Gln administration suppressed Th1/Th17 and Th-associated cytokine expressions and upregulated the expression of Tregs, which may modulate the balance of Th/Treg and reduce inflammatory reactions in DSS-induced colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Chin Hsiung
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Jen Liu
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Hou
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Li Yeh
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Ling Yeh
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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95
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Eidenschenk C, Rutz S, Liesenfeld O, Ouyang W. Role of IL-22 in microbial host defense. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2014; 380:213-36. [PMID: 25004820 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-43492-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-22 is a member of the IL-10 family of cytokines, which, besides IL-10, contains seven additional cytokines. Although the founding member IL-10 is an important immunoregulatory cytokine that represses both innate and adaptive immunity, the other family members preferentially target epithelial cells and enhance innate host defense mechanisms against various pathogens such as bacteria, yeast, and viruses. Based on their functions, the IL-10 family can be further divided into three subgroups, IL-10 itself, the IL-20 subfamily, and the IFNλ subfamily. IL-22 is the best-studied member of the IL-20 subfamily, and exemplifies the diverse biological effects of this subfamily. IL-22 elicits various innate immune responses from epithelial cells and is essential for host defense against several invading pathogens, including Citrobacter rodentium and Klebsiella pneumonia. IL-22 also protects tissue integrity and maintains the mucosal homeostasis. On the other hand, IL-22 is a proinflammatory cytokine with the capacity to amplify inflammatory responses, which might result in tissue damage, e.g., the IL-22-dependent necrosis of the small intestine during Toxoplasma gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Eidenschenk
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA,
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96
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New targets for mucosal healing and therapy in inflammatory bowel diseases. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:6-19. [PMID: 24084775 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Healing of the inflamed mucosa (mucosal healing) is an emerging new goal for therapy and predicts clinical remission and resection-free survival in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). The era of antitumor necrosis factor (TNF) antibody therapy was a remarkable progress in IBD therapy and anti-TNF agents led to mucosal healing in a subgroup of IBD patients; however, many patients do not respond to anti-TNF treatment highlighting the relevance of finding new targets for therapy of IBD. In particular, current studies are addressing the role of other anticytokine agents including antibodies against interleukin (IL)-6R, IL-13, and IL-12/IL-23 as well as new anti-inflammatory concepts (regulatory T cell therapy, Smad7 antisense, Jak inhibition, Toll-like receptor 9 stimulation, worm eggs). In addition, blockade of T-cell homing via the integrins α4β7 and the addressin mucosal vascular addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1) emerges as a promising new approach for IBD therapy. Here, new approaches for achieving mucosal healing are discussed as well as their implications for future therapy of IBD.
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