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Senia P, Vella F, Mucci N, Dounias G, Trovato A, Marconi A, Ledda C, Rapisarda V, Vitale E. Survey on COVID-19-related mortality associated with occupational infection during the first phase of the pandemic: A systematic review. Exp Ther Med 2021; 23:10. [PMID: 34815762 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention in 2020, a cluster of pneumonia cases of unknown etiology caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus 2 was reported in Wuhan, China. The present review examined the literature to reveal the incidence of novel coronavirus-2019 disease (COVID-19) infections, underlying comorbidities, workplace infections and case fatality rates. A review was performed to identify the relevant publications available up to May 15, 2020. Since the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak, the case fatality rate among healthcare workers (HCWs) has stood at 0.69% worldwide and 0.4% in Italy. Based on the current information, most patients have exhibited good prognoses in terms of after-effects or sequelae and low mortality rate. Patients that became critically ill were primarily in the elderly population or had chronic underlying diseases, including diabetes and hypertension. Among all working sectors, HCWs, since they are front-line caregivers for patients with COVID-19, are considered to be in the high-risk population. Increased age and a number of comorbidity factors have been associated with increased risk of mortality in patients with COVID-19. The most frequent complications of COVID-19 reported that can cause fatality in patients were SARS, cardiac arrest, secondary infections and septic shock, in addition to acute kidney failure and liver failure. Overcoming the COVID-19 pandemic is an ongoing challenge, which poses a threat to global health that requires close surveillance and prompt diagnosis, in coordination with research efforts to understand this pathogen and develop effective countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Senia
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Francesca Vella
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Nicola Mucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, I-50139 Florence, Italy
| | - George Dounias
- Department of Occupational & Industrial Hygiene, National School of Public Health, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Antonio Trovato
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Marconi
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Caterina Ledda
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Venerando Rapisarda
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Ermanno Vitale
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
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Mohd Yunus MH, Rashidbenam Z, Fauzi MB, Bt Hj Idrus R, Bin Saim A. Evaluating Feasibility of Human Tissue Engineered Respiratory Epithelium Construct as a Potential Model for Tracheal Mucosal Reconstruction. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216724. [PMID: 34771136 PMCID: PMC8587409 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The normal function of the airway epithelium is vital for the host’s well-being. Conditions that might compromise the structure and functionality of the airway epithelium include congenital tracheal anomalies, infection, trauma and post-intubation injuries. Recently, the onset of COVID-19 and its complications in managing respiratory failure further intensified the need for tracheal tissue replacement. Thus far, plenty of naturally derived, synthetic or allogeneic materials have been studied for their applicability in tracheal tissue replacement. However, a reliable tracheal replacement material is missing. Therefore, this study used a tissue engineering approach for constructing tracheal tissue. Human respiratory epithelial cells (RECs) were isolated from nasal turbinate, and the cells were incorporated into a calcium chloride-polymerized human blood plasma to form a human tissue respiratory epithelial construct (HTREC). The quality of HTREC in vitro, focusing on the cellular proliferation, differentiation and distribution of the RECs, was examined using histological, gene expression and immunocytochemical analysis. Histological analysis showed a homogenous distribution of RECs within the HTREC, with increased proliferation of the residing RECs within 4 days of investigation. Gene expression analysis revealed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in gene expression level of proliferative and respiratory epithelial-specific markers Ki67 and MUC5B, respectively, within 4 days of investigation. Immunohistochemical analysis also confirmed the expression of Ki67 and MUC5AC markers in residing RECs within the HTREC. The findings show that calcium chloride-polymerized human blood plasma is a suitable material, which supports viability, proliferation and mucin secreting phenotype of RECs, and this suggests that HTREC can be a potential candidate for respiratory epithelial tissue reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Heikal Mohd Yunus
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, UKM Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-123-137-644
| | - Zahra Rashidbenam
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UKM Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (Z.R.); (M.B.F.)
| | - Mh Busra Fauzi
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UKM Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (Z.R.); (M.B.F.)
| | - Ruszymah Bt Hj Idrus
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, UKM Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UKM Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (Z.R.); (M.B.F.)
| | - Aminuddin Bin Saim
- Ear, Nose & Throat Consultation Clinic, Ampang Puteri Specialist Hospital, Ampang 68000, Selangor, Malaysia;
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53
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Cai Y, Gilbert MS, Gerrits WJ, Folkerts G, Braber S. Galacto-oligosaccharides alleviate lung inflammation by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation in vivo and in vitro. J Adv Res 2021; 39:305-318. [PMID: 35777914 PMCID: PMC9263649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
GOS suppress both local and systemic inflammation in lung infections. GOS reduce the M. haemolytica positivity in calves with lung infections. GOS inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation in vivo and in vitro. GOS decrease ATP production in PBECs induced by M. haemolytica. Direct anti-oxidative effects of GOS on lung cells are involved.
Introduction Objectives Methods Results Conclusion
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Effah CY, Drokow EK, Agboyibor C, Ding L, He S, Liu S, Akorli SY, Nuamah E, Sun T, Zhou X, Liu H, Xu Z, Feng F, Wu Y, Zhang X. Neutrophil-Dependent Immunity During Pulmonary Infections and Inflammations. Front Immunol 2021; 12:689866. [PMID: 34737734 PMCID: PMC8560714 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.689866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid recruitment of neutrophils to an inflamed site is one of the hallmarks of an effective host defense mechanism. The main pathway through which this happens is by the innate immune response. Neutrophils, which play an important part in innate immune defense, migrate into lungs through the modulation actions of chemokines to execute a variety of pro-inflammatory functions. Despite the importance of chemokines in host immunity, little has been discussed on their roles in host immunity. A holistic understanding of neutrophil recruitment, pattern recognition pathways, the roles of chemokines and the pathophysiological roles of neutrophils in host immunity may allow for new approaches in the treatment of infectious and inflammatory disease of the lung. Herein, this review aims at highlighting some of the developments in lung neutrophil-immunity by focusing on the functions and roles of CXC/CC chemokines and pattern recognition receptors in neutrophil immunity during pulmonary inflammations. The pathophysiological roles of neutrophils in COVID-19 and thromboembolism have also been summarized. We finally summarized various neutrophil biomarkers that can be utilized as prognostic molecules in pulmonary inflammations and discussed various neutrophil-targeted therapies for neutrophil-driven pulmonary inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanuel Kwateng Drokow
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital & Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Clement Agboyibor
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lihua Ding
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sitian He
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shaohua Liu
- General ICU, Henan Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Senyo Yao Akorli
- College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Nuamah
- College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Tongwen Sun
- General ICU, Henan Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhou
- Department of Respiratory, Henan Provincial Chest Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Respiratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Feifei Feng
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongjun Wu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoju Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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Burgoyne RA, Fisher AJ, Borthwick LA. The Role of Epithelial Damage in the Pulmonary Immune Response. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102763. [PMID: 34685744 PMCID: PMC8534416 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary epithelial cells are widely considered to be the first line of defence in the lung and are responsible for coordinating the innate immune response to injury and subsequent repair. Consequently, epithelial cells communicate with multiple cell types including immune cells and fibroblasts to promote acute inflammation and normal wound healing in response to damage. However, aberrant epithelial cell death and damage are hallmarks of pulmonary disease, with necrotic cell death and cellular senescence contributing to disease pathogenesis in numerous respiratory diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and coronavirus disease (COVID)-19. In this review, we summarise the literature that demonstrates that epithelial damage plays a pivotal role in the dysregulation of the immune response leading to tissue destruction and abnormal remodelling in several chronic diseases. Specifically, we highlight the role of epithelial-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and senescence in shaping the immune response and assess their contribution to inflammatory and fibrotic signalling pathways in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Ann Burgoyne
- Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK;
| | - Andrew John Fisher
- Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Transplantation Theme, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK;
- Institute of Transplantation, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK
| | - Lee Anthony Borthwick
- Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK;
- Fibrofind, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-191-208-3112
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Iakobachvili N, Leon-Icaza SA, Knoops K, Sachs N, Mazères S, Simeone R, Peixoto A, Bernard C, Murris-Espin M, Mazières J, Cam K, Chalut C, Guilhot C, López-Iglesias C, Ravelli RBG, Neyrolles O, Meunier E, Lugo-Villarino G, Clevers H, Cougoule C, Peters PJ. Mycobacteria-host interactions in human bronchiolar airway organoids. Mol Microbiol 2021; 117:682-692. [PMID: 34605588 PMCID: PMC9298242 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory infections remain a major global health concern. Tuberculosis is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide, while infections with Non‐Tuberculous Mycobacteria are rising globally. Recent advances in human tissue modeling offer a unique opportunity to grow different human “organs” in vitro, including the human airway, that faithfully recapitulates lung architecture and function. Here, we have explored the potential of human airway organoids (AOs) as a novel system in which to assess the very early steps of mycobacterial infection. We reveal that Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and Mycobacterium abscessus (Mabs) mainly reside as extracellular bacteria and infect epithelial cells with very low efficiency. While the AO microenvironment was able to control, but not eliminate Mtb, Mabs thrives. We demonstrate that AOs responded to infection by modulating cytokine, antimicrobial peptide, and mucin gene expression. Given the importance of myeloid cells in mycobacterial infection, we co‐cultured infected AOs with human monocyte‐derived macrophages and found that these cells interact with the organoid epithelium. We conclude that adult stem cell (ASC)‐derived AOs can be used to decipher very early events of mycobacteria infection in human settings thus offering new avenues for fundamental and therapeutic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nino Iakobachvili
- M4i Nanoscopy Division, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen Adonai Leon-Icaza
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Kèvin Knoops
- M4i Nanoscopy Division, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Norman Sachs
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Serge Mazères
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Roxane Simeone
- Institut Pasteur, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, CNRS UMR3525, Paris, France
| | - Antonio Peixoto
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Célia Bernard
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Julien Mazières
- Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Larrey, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Kaymeuang Cam
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Christian Chalut
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Guilhot
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Olivier Neyrolles
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.,International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Toulouse, France.,International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Etienne Meunier
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Geanncarlo Lugo-Villarino
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.,International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Toulouse, France.,International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hans Clevers
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Céline Cougoule
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.,International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Toulouse, France.,International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Peter J Peters
- M4i Nanoscopy Division, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Subramaniam S, Joyce P, Thomas N, Prestidge CA. Bioinspired drug delivery strategies for repurposing conventional antibiotics against intracellular infections. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 177:113948. [PMID: 34464665 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria have developed a wealth of strategies to avoid and resist the action of antibiotics, one of which involves pathogens invading and forming reservoirs within host cells. Due to the poor cell membrane permeability, stability and retention of conventional antibiotics, this renders current treatments largely ineffective, since achieving a therapeutically relevant antibiotic concentration at the site of intracellular infection is not possible. To overcome such challenges, current antibiotics are 'repurposed' via reformulation using micro- or nano-carrier systems that effectively encapsulate and deliver therapeutics across cellular membranes of infected cells. Bioinspired materials that imitate the uptake of biological particulates and release antibiotics in response to natural stimuli are recently explored to improve the targeting and specificity of this 'nanoantibiotic' approach. In this review, the mechanisms of internalization and survival of intracellular bacteria are elucidated, effectively accentuating the current treatment challenges for intracellular infections and the implications for repurposing conventional antibiotics. Key case studies of nanoantibiotics that have drawn inspiration from natural biological particles and cellular uptake pathways to effectively eradicate intracellular pathogens are detailed, clearly highlighting the rational for harnessing bioinspired drug delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhni Subramaniam
- University of South Australia, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, SA 5000, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Paul Joyce
- University of South Australia, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, SA 5000, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Nicky Thomas
- University of South Australia, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, SA 5000, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Clive A Prestidge
- University of South Australia, UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, SA 5000, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
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Surabhi S, Jachmann LH, Shumba P, Burchhardt G, Hammerschmidt S, Siemens N. Hydrogen Peroxide Is Crucial for NLRP3 Inflammasome-Mediated IL-1β Production and Cell Death in Pneumococcal Infections of Bronchial Epithelial Cells. J Innate Immun 2021; 14:192-206. [PMID: 34515145 PMCID: PMC9149442 DOI: 10.1159/000517855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells play a crucial role in detection of the pathogens as well as in initiation of the host immune response. Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a typical colonizer of the human nasopharynx, which can disseminate to the lower respiratory tract and subsequently cause severe invasive diseases such as pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is produced by pneumococci as a product of the pyruvate oxidase SpxB. However, its role as a virulence determinant in pneumococcal infections of the lower respiratory tract is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the role of pneumococcal-derived H2O2 in initiating epithelial cell death by analyzing the interplay between 2 key cell death pathways, namely, apoptosis and pyroptosis. We demonstrate that H2O2 primes as well as activates the NLRP3 inflammasome and thereby mediates IL-1β production and release. Furthermore, we show that pneumococcal H2O2 causes cell death via the activation of both apoptotic as well as pyroptotic pathways which are mediated by the activation of caspase-3/7 and caspase-1, respectively. However, H2O2-mediated IL-1β release itself occurs mainly via apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surabhi Surabhi
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lana H Jachmann
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Patience Shumba
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gerhard Burchhardt
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nikolai Siemens
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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59
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Slimmen LJM, Janssens HM, van Rossum AMC, Unger WWJ. Antigen-Presenting Cells in the Airways: Moderating Asymptomatic Bacterial Carriage. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10080945. [PMID: 34451409 PMCID: PMC8400527 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are a major global health burden, and the role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in mounting an immune response to contain and clear invading pathogens is well-described. However, most encounters between a host and a bacterial pathogen do not result in symptomatic infection, but in asymptomatic carriage instead. The fact that a pathogen will cause infection in one individual, but not in another does not appear to be directly related to bacterial density, but rather depend on qualitative differences in the host response. Understanding the interactions between respiratory pathogens and airway APCs that result in asymptomatic carriage, will provide better insight into the factors that can skew this interaction towards infection. This review will discuss the currently available knowledge on airway APCs in the context of asymptomatic bacterial carriage along the entire respiratory tract. Furthermore, in order to interpret past and futures studies into this topic, we propose a standardized nomenclature of the different stages of carriage and infection, based on the pathogen’s position with regard to the epithelium and the amount of inflammation present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J. M. Slimmen
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children’s Hospital, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children’s Hospital, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Hettie M. Janssens
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children’s Hospital, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Annemarie M. C. van Rossum
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children’s Hospital, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Wendy W. J. Unger
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children’s Hospital, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence:
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Boerma M, Davis CM, Jackson IL, Schaue D, Williams JP. All for one, though not one for all: team players in normal tissue radiobiology. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 98:346-366. [PMID: 34129427 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1941383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE As part of the special issue on 'Women in Science', this review offers a perspective on past and ongoing work in the field of normal (non-cancer) tissue radiation biology, highlighting the work of many of the leading contributors to this field of research. We discuss some of the hypotheses that have guided investigations, with a focus on some of the critical organs considered dose-limiting with respect to radiation therapy, and speculate on where the field needs to go in the future. CONCLUSIONS The scope of work that makes up normal tissue radiation biology has and continues to play a pivotal role in the radiation sciences, ensuring the most effective application of radiation in imaging and therapy, as well as contributing to radiation protection efforts. However, despite the proven historical value of preclinical findings, recent decades have seen clinical practice move ahead with altered fractionation scheduling based on empirical observations, with little to no (or even negative) supporting scientific data. Given our current appreciation of the complexity of normal tissue radiation responses and their temporal variability, with tissue- and/or organ-specific mechanisms that include intra-, inter- and extracellular messaging, as well as contributions from systemic compartments, such as the immune system, the need to maintain a positive therapeutic ratio has never been more urgent. Importantly, mitigation and treatment strategies, whether for the clinic, emergency use following accidental or deliberate releases, or reducing occupational risk, will likely require multi-targeted approaches that involve both local and systemic intervention. From our personal perspective as five 'Women in Science', we would like to acknowledge and applaud the role that many female scientists have played in this field. We stand on the shoulders of those who have gone before, some of whom are fellow contributors to this special issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Boerma
- Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Catherine M Davis
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Isabel L Jackson
- Division of Translational Radiation Sciences, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dörthe Schaue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jacqueline P Williams
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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Carlier FM, de Fays C, Pilette C. Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction in Chronic Respiratory Diseases. Front Physiol 2021; 12:691227. [PMID: 34248677 PMCID: PMC8264588 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.691227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are lined by epithelial cells, which provide a complex and adaptive module that ensures first-line defense against external toxics, irritants, antigens, and pathogens. The underlying mechanisms of host protection encompass multiple physical, chemical, and immune pathways. In the lung, inhaled agents continually challenge the airway epithelial barrier, which is altered in chronic diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, cystic fibrosis, or pulmonary fibrosis. In this review, we describe the epithelial barrier abnormalities that are observed in such disorders and summarize current knowledge on the mechanisms driving impaired barrier function, which could represent targets of future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- François M. Carlier
- Pole of Pneumology, ENT, and Dermatology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pneumology and Lung Transplant, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Charlotte de Fays
- Pole of Pneumology, ENT, and Dermatology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charles Pilette
- Pole of Pneumology, ENT, and Dermatology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pneumology, Cliniques universitaires St-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
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62
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Stecker IR, Freeman MS, Sitaraman S, Hall CS, Niedbalski PJ, Hendricks AJ, Martin EP, Weaver TE, Cleveland ZI. Preclinical MRI to Quantify Pulmonary Disease Severity and Trajectories in Poorly Characterized Mouse Models: A Pedagogical Example Using Data from Novel Transgenic Models of Lung Fibrosis. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE OPEN 2021; 6-7. [PMID: 34414381 PMCID: PMC8372031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmro.2021.100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Structural remodeling in lung disease is progressive and heterogeneous, making temporally and spatially explicit information necessary to understand disease initiation and progression. While mouse models are essential to elucidate mechanistic pathways underlying disease, the experimental tools commonly available to quantify lung disease burden are typically invasive (e.g., histology). This necessitates large cross-sectional studies with terminal endpoints, which increases experimental complexity and expense. Alternatively, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides information noninvasively, thus permitting robust, repeated-measures statistics. Although lung MRI is challenging due to low tissue density and rapid apparent transverse relaxation (T2* <1 ms), various imaging methods have been proposed to quantify disease burden. However, there are no widely accepted strategies for preclinical lung MRI. As such, it can be difficult for researchers who lack lung imaging expertise to design experimental protocols-particularly for novel mouse models. Here, we build upon prior work from several research groups to describe a widely applicable acquisition and analysis pipeline that can be implemented without prior preclinical pulmonary MRI experience. Our approach utilizes 3D radial ultrashort echo time (UTE) MRI with retrospective gating and lung segmentation is facilitated with a deep-learning algorithm. This pipeline was deployed to assess disease dynamics over 255 days in novel, transgenic mouse models of lung fibrosis based on disease-associated, loss-of-function mutations in Surfactant Protein-C. Previously identified imaging biomarkers (tidal volume, signal coefficient of variation, etc.) were calculated semi-automatically from these data, with an objectively-defined high signal volume identified as the most robust metric. Beyond quantifying disease dynamics, we discuss common pitfalls encountered in preclinical lung MRI and present systematic approaches to identify and mitigate these challenges. While the experimental results and specific pedagogical examples are confined to lung fibrosis, the tools and approaches presented should be broadly useful to quantify structural lung disease in a wide range of mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Stecker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221
- Center for Pulmonary Imaging Research, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Matthew S Freeman
- Center for Pulmonary Imaging Research, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Sneha Sitaraman
- Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Chase S Hall
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Peter J Niedbalski
- Center for Pulmonary Imaging Research, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Alexandra J Hendricks
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221
- Center for Pulmonary Imaging Research, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Emily P Martin
- Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Timothy E Weaver
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221
- Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Zackary I Cleveland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221
- Center for Pulmonary Imaging Research, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221
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63
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Alcantara C, Almeida BR, Barros BCSC, Orikaza CM, Toledo MS, Suzuki E. Histoplasma capsulatum chemotypes I and II induce IL-8 secretion in lung epithelial cells in distinct manners. Med Mycol 2021; 58:1169-1177. [PMID: 32119085 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myaa006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell wall is one of the most important structures of pathogenic fungi, enabling initial interaction with the host and consequent modulation of immunological responses. Over the years, some researchers have shown that cell wall components of Histoplasma capsulatum vary among fungal isolates, and one of the major differences is the presence or absence of α-(1,3)-glucan, classifying wild-type fungi as chemotypes II or I, respectively. The present work shows that an isolate of H. capsulatum chemotype I induced lower levels of interleukin (IL)-8 secretion by the lung epithelial cell line A549, when compared to chemotype II yeasts. Thus, we expected that the absence of α-glucan in spontaneous variant yeasts, which were isolated from chemotype II cultures, would modify IL-8 secretion by A549 cells, but surprisingly, these fungi promoted similar levels of IL-8 secretion as their wild-type counterpart. Furthermore, when using a specific inhibitor for Syk activation, we observed that this inhibitor reduced IL-8 levels in A549 cell cultures infected with wild type chemotype I fungi. This inhibitor failed to reduce this cytokine levels in A549 cell cultures infected with chemotype II and their spontaneous variant yeasts, which also do not present α-glucan on their surface. The importance of SFKs and PKC δ in this event was also analyzed. Our results show that different isolates of H. capsulatum modulate distinct cell signaling pathways to promote cytokine secretion in host epithelial cells, emphasizing the existence of various mechanisms for Histoplasma pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Alcantara
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina - Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo - SP, Brazil
| | - Bruna Rocha Almeida
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina - Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo - SP, Brazil
| | - Bianca Carla Silva Campitelli Barros
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina - Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo - SP, Brazil
| | - Cristina Mary Orikaza
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina - Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo - SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos Sergio Toledo
- Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina - Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo - SP, Brazil
| | - Erika Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina - Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo - SP, Brazil
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64
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Planté-Bordeneuve T, Pilette C, Froidure A. The Epithelial-Immune Crosstalk in Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:631235. [PMID: 34093523 PMCID: PMC8170303 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.631235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between the lung epithelium and the immune system involve a tight regulation to prevent inappropriate reactions and have been connected to several pulmonary diseases. Although the distal lung epithelium and local immunity have been implicated in the pathogenesis and disease course of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), consequences of their abnormal interplay remain less well known. Recent data suggests a two-way process, as illustrated by the influence of epithelial-derived periplakin on the immune landscape or the effect of macrophage-derived IL-17B on epithelial cells. Additionally, damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), released by damaged or dying (epithelial) cells, are augmented in IPF. Next to “sterile inflammation”, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are increased in IPF and have been linked with lung fibrosis, while outer membrane vesicles from bacteria are able to influence epithelial-macrophage crosstalk. Finally, the advent of high-throughput technologies such as microbiome-sequencing has allowed for the identification of a disease-specific microbial environment. In this review, we propose to discuss how the interplays between the altered distal airway and alveolar epithelium, the lung microbiome and immune cells may shape a pro-fibrotic environment. More specifically, it will highlight DAMPs-PAMPs pathways and the specificities of the IPF lung microbiome while discussing recent elements suggesting abnormal mucosal immunity in pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Planté-Bordeneuve
- Pôle de pneumologie, O.R.L. et dermatologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Charles Pilette
- Pôle de pneumologie, O.R.L. et dermatologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium.,Service de pneumologie, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Antoine Froidure
- Pôle de pneumologie, O.R.L. et dermatologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium.,Service de pneumologie, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Bruxelles, Belgium
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65
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Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is both a commensal and a pathogenic bacterium for humans. Its ability to induce severe infections is based on a wide range of virulence factors. S. aureus community-acquired pneumonia (SA-CAP) is rare and severe, and the contribution of certain virulence factors in this disease has been recognized over the past 2 decades. First, the factors involved in metabolism adaptation are crucial for S. aureus survival in the lower respiratory tract, and toxins and enzymes are required for it to cross the pulmonary epithelial barrier. S. aureus subsequently faces host defense mechanisms, including the epithelial barrier, but most importantly the immune system. Here, again, S. aureus uses myriad virulence factors to successfully escape from the host’s defenses and takes advantage of them. The impact of S. aureus virulence, combined with the collateral damage caused by an overwhelming immune response, leads to severe tissue damage and adverse clinical outcomes. In this review, we summarize step by step all of the S. aureus factors implicated in CAP and described to date, and we provide an outlook for future research.
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66
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Chen R, Lan Z, Ye J, Pang L, Liu Y, Wu W, Qin X, Guo Y, Zhang P. Cytokine Storm: The Primary Determinant for the Pathophysiological Evolution of COVID-19 Deterioration. Front Immunol 2021; 12:589095. [PMID: 33995341 PMCID: PMC8115911 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.589095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an ongoing major threat to global health and has posed significant challenges for the treatment of severely ill COVID-19 patients. Several studies have reported that cytokine storms are an important cause of disease deterioration and death in COVID-19 patients. Consequently, it is important to understand the specific pathophysiological processes underlying how cytokine storms promote the deterioration of COVID-19. Here, we outline the pathophysiological processes through which cytokine storms contribute to the deterioration of SARS-CoV-2 infection and describe the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and the immune system, as well as the pathophysiology of immune response dysfunction that leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), and coagulation impairment. Treatments based on inhibiting cytokine storm-induced deterioration and occurrence are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirong Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University/The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhien Lan
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University/The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jujian Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University/The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Limin Pang
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University/The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University/The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University/The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohuan Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University/The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Guo
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peidong Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University/The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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67
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Kishimoto K, Wilder CL, Buchanan J, Nguyen M, Okeke C, Hoffmann A, Cheng QJ. High Dose IFN- β Activates GAF to Enhance Expression of ISGF3 Target Genes in MLE12 Epithelial Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:651254. [PMID: 33897699 PMCID: PMC8062733 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.651254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon β (IFN-β) signaling activates the transcription factor complex ISGF3 to induce gene expression programs critical for antiviral defense and host immune responses. It has also been observed that IFN-β activates a second transcription factor complex, γ-activated factor (GAF), but the significance of this coordinated activation is unclear. We report that in murine lung epithelial cells (MLE12) high doses of IFN-β indeed activate both ISGF3 and GAF, which bind to distinct genomic locations defined by their respective DNA sequence motifs. In contrast, low doses of IFN-β preferentially activate ISGF3 but not GAF. Surprisingly, in MLE12 cells GAF binding does not induce nearby gene expression even when strongly bound to the promoter. Yet expression of interferon stimulated genes is enhanced when GAF and ISGF3 are both active compared to ISGF3 alone. We propose that GAF may function as a dose-sensitive amplifier of ISG expression to enhance antiviral immunity and establish pro-inflammatory states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensei Kishimoto
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Catera L Wilder
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Justin Buchanan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Minh Nguyen
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Chidera Okeke
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Life and Physical Sciences, Fisk University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Quen J Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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68
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Crawford MS, Nordgren TM, McCole DF. Every breath you take: Impacts of environmental dust exposure on intestinal barrier function-from the gut-lung axis to COVID-19. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G586-G600. [PMID: 33501887 PMCID: PMC8054554 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00423.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
As countries continue to industrialize, major cities experience diminished air quality, whereas rural populations also experience poor air quality from sources such as agricultural operations. These exposures to environmental pollution from both rural and populated/industrialized sources have adverse effects on human health. Although respiratory diseases (e.g., asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) are the most commonly reported following long-term exposure to particulate matter and hazardous chemicals, gastrointestinal complications have also been associated with the increased risk of lung disease from inhalation of polluted air. The interconnectedness of these organ systems has offered valuable insights into the roles of the immune system and the micro/mycobiota as mediators of communication between the lung and the gut during disease states. A topical example of this relationship is provided by reports of multiple gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), whereas the rapid transmission and increased risk of COVID-19 has been linked to poor air quality and high levels of particulate matter. In this review, we focus on the mechanistic effects of environmental pollution on disease progression with special emphasis on the gut-lung axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meli'sa S Crawford
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Tara M Nordgren
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Declan F McCole
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California
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69
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González‐Sánchez P, DeNicola GM. The microbiome(s) and cancer: know thy neighbor(s). J Pathol 2021; 254:332-343. [DOI: 10.1002/path.5661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paloma González‐Sánchez
- Department of Cancer Physiology H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute Tampa FL USA
| | - Gina M DeNicola
- Department of Cancer Physiology H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute Tampa FL USA
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70
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Dexamethasone Creates a Suppressive Microenvironment and Promotes Aspergillus fumigatus Invasion in a Human 3D Epithelial/Immune Respiratory Model. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7030221. [PMID: 33803702 PMCID: PMC8003030 DOI: 10.3390/jof7030221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung immunity and susceptibility to infections is subject to interactions between the epithelial layer and immune cells residing in the pulmonary space. Aspergillus (A.) fumigatus, the most prevalent pathogenic fungus, affects both upper and lower respiratory tracts of immunocompromised hosts. Several reports implicate corticosteroids as a major risk factor due to their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects, which are exacerbated by long-term treatment regimens. Here we demonstrate for the first time the influence of dexamethasone when it comes to germination and hyphae formation of A. fumigatus in the presence of macrophages within a highly differentiated air–liquid interphase (ALI) epithelial/immune lung model. We illustrate suppressed mucus production within the highly differentiated 3D respiratory model as well as significantly decreased cilia beat frequencies by dexamethasone treatment. This goes along with corticosteroid-mediated macrophage M2 polarization within the epithelial/immune microenvironment. Therefore, we here showed that corticosteroids promote enhanced fungal growth and invasion A. fumigatus by creating a suppressive environment affecting both epithelial as well as immune cells.
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71
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Host cell glutamine metabolism as a potential antiviral target. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:305-325. [PMID: 33480424 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A virus minimally contains a nucleic acid genome packaged by a protein coat. The genome and capsid together are known as the nucleocapsid, which has an envelope containing a lipid bilayer (mainly phospholipids) originating from host cell membranes. The viral envelope has transmembrane proteins that are usually glycoproteins. The proteins in the envelope bind to host cell receptors, promoting membrane fusion and viral entry into the cell. Virus-infected host cells exhibit marked increases in glutamine utilization and metabolism. Glutamine metabolism generates ATP and precursors for the synthesis of macromolecules to assemble progeny viruses. Some compounds derived from glutamine are used in the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines. These latter compounds are precursors for the synthesis of nucleotides. Inhibitors of glutamine transport and metabolism are potential candidate antiviral drugs. Glutamine is also an essential nutrient for the functions of leukocytes (lymphocyte, macrophage, and neutrophil), including those in virus-infected patients. The increased glutamine requirement for immune cell functions occurs concomitantly with the high glutamine utilization by host cells in virus-infected patients. The development of antiviral drugs that target glutamine metabolism must then be specifically directed at virus-infected host cells to avoid negative effects on immune functions. Therefore, the aim of this review was to describe the landscape of cellular glutamine metabolism to search for potential candidates to inhibit glutamine transport or glutamine metabolism.
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72
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Alternative mRNA Processing of Innate Response Pathways in Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020218. [PMID: 33572560 PMCID: PMC7912025 DOI: 10.3390/v13020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response (IIR) involves rapid genomic expression of protective interferons (IFNs) and inflammatory cytokines triggered by intracellular viral replication. Although the transcriptional control of the innate pathway is known in substantial detail, little is understood about the complexity of alternative splicing (AS) and alternative polyadenylation (APA) of mRNAs underlying the cellular IIR. In this study, we applied single-molecule, real-time (SMRT) sequencing with mRNA quantitation using short-read mRNA sequencing to characterize changes in mRNA processing in the epithelial response to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) replication. Mock or RSV-infected human small-airway epithelial cells (hSAECs) were profiled using SMRT sequencing and the curated transcriptome analyzed by structural and quality annotation of novel transcript isoforms (SQANTI). We identified 113,082 unique isoforms; 28,561 represented full splice matches, and 45% of genes expressed six or greater AS mRNA isoforms. Identification of differentially expressed AS isoforms was accomplished by mapping a short-read RNA sequencing expression matrix to the curated transcriptome, and 905 transcripts underwent differential polyadenylation site analysis enriched in protein secretion, translation, and mRNA degradation. We focused on 355 genes showing differential isoform utilization (DIU), indicating where a new AS isoform becomes a major fraction of mRNA isoforms expressed. In pathway and network enrichment analyses, we observed that DIU transcripts are substantially enriched in cell cycle control and IIR pathways. Interestingly, the RelA/IRF7 innate regulators showed substantial DIU where major transcripts included distinct isoforms with exon occlusion, intron inclusion, and alternative transcription start site utilization. We validated the presence of RelA and IRF7 AS isoforms as well as their induction by RSV using eight isoform-specific RT-PCR assays. These isoforms were identified in both immortalized and primary small-airway epithelial cells. We concluded that the cell cycle and IIR are differentially spliced in response to RSV. These data indicate that substantial post-transcriptional complexity regulates the antiviral response.
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73
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Treekitkarnmongkol W, Hassane M, Sinjab A, Chang K, Hara K, Rahal Z, Zhang J, Lu W, Sivakumar S, McDowell TL, Kantrowitz J, Zhou J, Lang W, Xu L, Ochieng JK, Nunomura-Nakamura S, Deng S, Behrens C, Raso MG, Fukuoka J, Reuben A, Ostrin EJ, Parra E, Solis LM, Spira AE, McAllister F, Cascone T, Wistuba II, Moghaddam SJ, Scheet PA, Fujimoto J, Kadara H. Augmented Lipocalin-2 Is Associated with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Counteracts Lung Adenocarcinoma Development. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 203:90-101. [PMID: 32730093 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202004-1079oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Early pathogenesis of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains largely unknown. We found that, relative to wild-type littermates, the innate immunomodulator Lcn2 (lipocalin-2) was increased in normal airways from mice with knockout of the airway lineage gene Gprc5a (Gprc5a-/-) and that are prone to developing inflammation and LUAD. Yet, the role of LCN2 in lung inflammation and LUAD is poorly understood.Objectives: Delineate the role of Lcn2 induction in LUAD pathogenesis.Methods: Normal airway brushings, uninvolved lung tissues, and tumors from Gprc5a-/- mice before and after tobacco carcinogen exposure were analyzed by RNA sequencing. LCN2 mRNA was analyzed in public and in-house data sets of LUAD, lung squamous cancer (LUSC), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and LUAD/LUSC with COPD. LCN2 protein was immunohistochemically analyzed in a tissue microarray of 510 tumors. Temporal lung tumor development, gene expression programs, and host immune responses were compared between Gprc5a-/- and Gprc5a-/-/Lcn2-/- littermates.Measurements and Main Results: Lcn2 was progressively elevated during LUAD development and positively correlated with proinflammatory cytokines and inflammation gene sets. LCN2 was distinctively elevated in human LUADs, but not in LUSCs, relative to normal lungs and was associated with COPD among smokers and patients with LUAD. Relative to Gprc5a-/- mice, Gprc5a-/-/Lcn2-/- littermates exhibited significantly increased lung tumor development concomitant with reduced T-cell abundance (CD4+) and richness, attenuated antitumor immune gene programs, and increased immune cell expression of protumor inflammatory cytokines.Conclusions: Augmented LCN2 expression is a molecular feature of COPD-associated LUAD and counteracts LUAD development in vivo by maintaining antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maya Hassane
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and
| | | | | | - Kieko Hara
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology
| | - Zahraa Rahal
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jiexin Zhang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computer Biology
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology
| | | | - Tina L McDowell
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology.,Department of Epidemiology
| | - Jacob Kantrowitz
- Section of Computational Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | | | - Wenhua Lang
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Junya Fukuoka
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | | | - Edwin Parra
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology
| | | | - Avrum E Spira
- Section of Computational Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Florencia McAllister
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Tina Cascone
- Department of Thoracic Head and Neck Medical Oncology
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Elliott RO, He M. Unlocking the Power of Exosomes for Crossing Biological Barriers in Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13010122. [PMID: 33477972 PMCID: PMC7835896 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the 2013 Nobel Prize was awarded for the discovery of vesicle trafficking, a subgroup of nanovesicles called exosomes has been driving the research field to a new regime for understanding cellular communication. This exosome-dominated traffic control system has increased understanding of many diseases, including cancer metastasis, diabetes, and HIV. In addition to the important diagnostic role, exosomes are particularly attractive for drug delivery, due to their distinctive properties in cellular information transfer and uptake. Compared to viral and non-viral synthetic systems, the natural, cell-derived exosomes exhibit intrinsic payload and bioavailability. Most importantly, exosomes easily cross biological barriers, obstacles that continue to challenge other drug delivery nanoparticle systems. Recent emerging studies have shown numerous critical roles of exosomes in many biological barriers, including the blood–brain barrier (BBB), blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB), blood–lymph barrier (BlyB), blood–air barrier (BAB), stromal barrier (SB), blood–labyrinth barrier (BLaB), blood–retinal barrier (BRB), and placental barrier (PB), which opens exciting new possibilities for using exosomes as the delivery platform. However, the systematic reviews summarizing such discoveries are still limited. This review covers state-of-the-art exosome research on crossing several important biological barriers with a focus on the current, accepted models used to explain the mechanisms of barrier crossing, including tight junctions. The potential to design and engineer exosomes to enhance delivery efficacy, leading to future applications in precision medicine and immunotherapy, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah Omarkhail Elliott
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Bioengineering Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA;
| | - Mei He
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Bioengineering Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Correspondence:
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75
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Gierlikowska B, Filipek A, Gierlikowski W, Kania D, Stefańska J, Demkow U, Kiss AK. Grindelia squarrosa Extract and Grindelic Acid Modulate Pro-inflammatory Functions of Respiratory Epithelium and Human Macrophages. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:534111. [PMID: 33536899 PMCID: PMC7848105 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.534111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim of the study: Both nasal and bronchial epithelial cells have evolved sophisticated mechanisms involved in cellular response to bacterial infection. Recognition of pathogens by TLR receptors activate the NF-κB transcription factor, and lead to production of wide spectrum of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8). Released by epithelium proinflammatory cytokines intensify migration of macrophages to damaged tissues and modulate their pro-inflammatory functions. Based on traditional use of G. squarrosa aerial parts we hypothesized that successful treatment of cold-related diseases may arise from modulation of the pro-inflammatory functions of respiratory epithelium and human monocytes/macrophages. The biological activity of G. squarrosa extract and grindelic acid were compared with clarithromycin and budesonide used as positive controls. Methods: The expression of surface receptors (TLR-4, IL-10) and expression of adhesive molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin) was analyzed with flow cytometry. The macrophage attachment to the epithelial cells was assessed fluorimetrically. The p65 NF-κB concentration and cytokine production was measured spectrophotometrically using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antibacterial activity was examined by the standard disc-diffusion method and serial dilution method according to CLSI guidelines. Results:G. squarrosa extract and grindelic acid had no antimicrobial effect. However, we noticed significant modulation of pro-inflammatory functions of LPS-stimulated nasal and bronchial epithelium. G. squarrosa extract treatment resulted in decrease of TLR-4 expression and p65 NF-κB concentration and inhibition of cytokines synthesis (IL-8, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) in both cellular models. Additionally, G. squarrosa extract slightly modulated ICAM-1 expression affecting on attachment of macrophages to epithelium. Only G. squarrosa extract was able to stimulate the anti-inflammatory functions of macrophages by inducing TGF-β release and IL-10 receptor surface expression. Grindelic acid, identified as a dominant compound in the plant extract, modulated pro-inflammatory functions of epithelium and macrophages slightly. Conclusion: The obtained results support traditional use of Grindelia squarrosa preparations for a treatment cold-associated diseases symptoms. In our opinion, the observed biological effect of extract may be a consequence of synergistic effect of all compounds present in the extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gierlikowska
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Filipek
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Gierlikowski
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominika Kania
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Stefańska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CePT), Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Demkow
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna K Kiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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76
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Sanders J, Schneider EM. How severe RNA virus infections such as SARS-CoV-2 disrupt tissue and organ barriers—Reconstitution by mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes. TISSUE BARRIERS IN DISEASE, INJURY AND REGENERATION 2021. [PMCID: PMC8225928 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818561-2.00004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The host tissue barriers arrange numerous lines of resistance to influx and cell-to-cell spread of pathogenic viruses. However, the highly virulent pathogens are equipped with diverse molecular mechanisms that can subvert the host countermeasures and/or exaggerate the host cell responses to toxic levels leading to severe illnesses. In his review, we discuss the immune-mediated pathogenesis of COVID-19 disease induced by the SARS-Cov-2 coronavirus. SARS-Cov-2 primarily infects type II alveolar epithelial cells. These cells are highly abundant with the ACE2 receptor protein, which occurs to be counterpart of the viral Spike protein and thus facilitates internalization of the virus. Following infection onset, the rapid clinical deterioration occurs about in a week suggesting that the respiratory failure in COVID-19 could result from a unique pattern of immune impairment characterized by severe Cytokine Release Syndrome (known as cytokine storm) leading to macrophage activation syndrome. In addition, the SARS-Cov-2 infection can induce a profound depletion of CD4 lymphocytes, CD19 lymphocytes, and natural killer cells, i.e., all major guardians cell components of the host immune barrier. However, while the numbers of that cells decline in the sequelae of the disease, the presence of persistent hyper-inflammation driving progressive tissue injury, suggests that the deteriorating impact of the systemic reactive responses can be more significant than the virus-induced cytopathic effects on the immunocompetent cells. In this respect, the authors discuss the emerging evidence of beneficial effects of administration of exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells—another sentinel-type cells—in management of the hyper-inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, they also discuss the exosomes-originated mechanisms, which sustain regeneration of the damaged pulmonary lining cells and the vascular endothelial cells in various organs, including the brain.
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77
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Birru RL, Bein K, Wells H, Bondarchuk N, Barchowsky A, Di YP, Leikauf GD. Phloretin, an Apple Polyphenol, Inhibits Pathogen-Induced Mucin Overproduction. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2000658. [PMID: 33216464 PMCID: PMC8163070 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Bacterial infection induces mucus overproduction, contributing to acute exacerbations and lung function decline in chronic respiratory diseases. A diet enriched in apples may provide protection from pulmonary disease development and progression. This study examined whether phloretin, an apple polyphenol, inhibits mucus synthesis and secretion induced by the predominant bacteria associated with chronic respiratory diseases. METHODS AND RESULTS The expression of mucus constituent mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) in FVB/NJ mice and NCI-H292 epithelial cells is analyzed. Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi)-infected mice developed increased MUC5AC mRNA, which a diet containing phloretin inhibited. In NCI-H292 cells, NTHi, Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa increased MUC5AC mRNA, which phloretin inhibited. Phloretin also diminished NTHi-induced MUC5AC protein secretion. NTHi-induced increased MUC5AC required toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and NADH oxidase 4 (NOX4) signaling and subsequent activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Phloretin inhibited NTHi-induced TLR4/NOX4 and EGFR/MAPK signaling, thereby preventing increased MUC5AC mRNA. EGFR activation can also result from increased EGFR ligand synthesis and subsequent ligand activation by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In NCI-H292 cells, NTHi increased EGFR ligand and MMP1 and MMP13 mRNA, which phloretin inhibited. CONCLUSIONS In summary, phloretin is a promising therapeutic candidate for preventing bacterial-induced mucus overproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel L Birru
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Kiflai Bein
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Heather Wells
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Natalya Bondarchuk
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Aaron Barchowsky
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Yuanpu Peter Di
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - George D Leikauf
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
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78
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Lo Bianco G, Di Pietro S, Mazzuca E, Imburgia A, Tarantino L, Accurso G, Benenati V, Vernuccio F, Bucolo C, Salomone S, Riolo M. Multidisciplinary Approach to the Diagnosis and In-Hospital Management of COVID-19 Infection: A Narrative Review. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:572168. [PMID: 33362541 PMCID: PMC7758731 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.572168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 disease) was declared a pandemic on 11th March 2020 by the World Health Organization. This unprecedented circumstance has challenged hospitals' response capacity, requiring significant structural and organizational changes to cope with the surge in healthcare demand and to minimize in-hospital risk of transmission. As our knowledge advances, we now understand that COVID-19 is a multi-systemic disease rather than a mere respiratory tract infection, therefore requiring holistic care and expertise from various medical specialties. In fact, the clinical spectrum of presentation ranges from respiratory complaints to gastrointestinal, cardiac or neurological symptoms. In addition, COVID-19 pandemic has created a global burden of mental illness that affects the general population as well as healthcare practitioners. The aim of this manuscript is to provide a comprehensive and multidisciplinary insight into the complexity of this disease, reviewing current scientific evidence on COVID-19 management and treatment across several medical specialties involved in the in-hospital care of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Lo Bianco
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Anesthesiology and Pain Department, Fondazione Istituto G.Giglio, Cefalù, Italy
| | - Santi Di Pietro
- Emergency Medicine Fellowship Programme, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Emergency Department, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emilia Mazzuca
- Unità operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, A.O. Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia Cervello, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Luca Tarantino
- Cliniche Humanitas Gavazzeni, U.O. Elettrofisiologia, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Accurso
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Science (Di.Chir.On.S.), Section of Anaesthesia, Analgesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Federica Vernuccio
- Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudio Bucolo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Salomone
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Marianna Riolo
- Struttura Complessa di Neurologia, Ospedale Santa Croce di Moncalieri, Asl TO5, Moncalieri (TO), Italy
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79
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Sato T, Shimizu T, Fujita H, Imai Y, Drucker DJ, Seino Y, Yamada Y. GLP-1 Receptor Signaling Differentially Modifies the Outcomes of Sterile vs Viral Pulmonary Inflammation in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5943674. [PMID: 33125041 PMCID: PMC7678414 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A number of disease states, including type 2 diabetes (T2D), are associated with an increased risk of pulmonary infection. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are used to treat T2D and exert anti-inflammatory actions through a single, well-defined GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R). Although highly expressed in the lung, little is known about the role of the GLP-1R in the context of pulmonary inflammation. Here we examined the consequences of gain or loss of GLP-1R activity in infectious and noninfectious lung inflammation. We studied wild-type mice treated with a GLP-1R agonist, and Glp1r-/- mice, in the setting of bleomycin-induced noninfectious lung injury and influenza virus infection. Loss of the GLP-1R attenuated the severity of bleomycin-induced lung injury, whereas activation of GLP-1R signaling increased pulmonary inflammation via the sympathetic nervous system. In contrast, GLP-1R agonism reduced the pathogen load in mice with experimental influenza virus infection in association with increased expression of intracellular interferon-inducible GTPases. Notably, the GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide improved the survival rate after influenza virus infection. Our results reveal context-dependent roles for the GLP-1 system in the response to lung injury. Notably, the therapeutic response of GLP-1R agonism in the setting of experimental influenza virus infection may have relevance for ongoing studies of GLP-1R agonism in people with T2D susceptible to viral lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Sato
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Geriatric Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Shimizu
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Geriatric Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Hiroki Fujita
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Geriatric Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yumiko Imai
- Laboratory of Regulation for Intractable Infectious Diseases, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yutaka Seino
- Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Yamada
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Geriatric Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
- Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
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80
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Wali S, Flores JR, Jaramillo AM, Goldblatt DL, Pantaleón García J, Tuvim MJ, Dickey BF, Evans SE. Immune Modulation to Improve Survival of Viral Pneumonia in Mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 63:758-766. [PMID: 32853024 PMCID: PMC7790135 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0241oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral pneumonias remain global health threats, as exemplified in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, requiring novel treatment strategies both early and late in the disease process. We have reported that mice treated before or soon after infection with a combination of inhaled Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2/6 and 9 agonists (Pam2-ODN) are broadly protected against microbial pathogens including respiratory viruses, but the mechanisms remain incompletely understood. The objective of this study was to validate strategies for immune modulation in a preclinical model of viral pneumonia and determine their mechanisms. Mice were challenged with the Sendai paramyxovirus in the presence or absence of Pam2-ODN treatment. Virus burden and host immune responses were assessed to elucidate Pam2-ODN mechanisms of action and to identify additional opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Enhanced survival of Sendai virus pneumonia with Pam2-ODN treatment was associated with reductions in lung virus burden and with virus inactivation before internalization. We noted that mortality in sham-treated mice corresponded with CD8+ T-cell lung inflammation on days 11-12 after virus challenge, after the viral burden had declined. Pam2-ODN blocked this injurious inflammation by minimizing virus burden. As an alternative intervention, depleting CD8+ T cells 8 days after viral challenge also decreased mortality. Stimulation of local innate immunity within the lungs by TLR agonists early in disease or suppression of adaptive immunity by systemic CD8+ T-cell depletion late in disease improves outcomes of viral pneumonia in mice. These data reveal opportunities for targeted immunomodulation to protect susceptible human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shradha Wali
- UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jose R. Flores
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ana M. Jaramillo
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - David L. Goldblatt
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Michael J. Tuvim
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Burton F. Dickey
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Scott E. Evans
- UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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81
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Ahmad T, Chaudhuri R, Joshi MC, Almatroudi A, Rahmani AH, Ali SM. COVID-19: The Emerging Immunopathological Determinants for Recovery or Death. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:588409. [PMID: 33335518 PMCID: PMC7736111 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.588409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperactivation of the host immune system during infection by SARS-CoV-2 is the leading cause of death in COVID-19 patients. It is also evident that patients who develop mild/moderate symptoms and successfully recover display functional and well-regulated immune response. Whereas a delayed initial interferon response is associated with severe disease outcome and can be the tipping point towards immunopathological deterioration, often preceding death in COVID-19 patients. Further, adaptive immune response during COVID-19 is heterogeneous and poorly understood. At the same time, some studies suggest activated T and B cell response in severe and critically ill patients and the presence of SARS-CoV2-specific antibodies. Thus, understanding this problem and the underlying molecular pathways implicated in host immune function/dysfunction is imperative to devise effective therapeutic interventions. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the emerging immunopathological determinants and the mechanism of virus evasion by the host cell immune system. Using the knowledge gained from previous respiratory viruses and the emerging clinical and molecular findings on SARS-CoV-2, we have tried to provide a holistic understanding of the host innate and adaptive immune response that may determine disease outcome. Considering the critical role of the adaptive immune system during the viral clearance, we have presented the molecular insights of the plausible mechanisms involved in impaired T cell function/dysfunction during various stages of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer Ahmad
- Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Rituparna Chaudhuri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Neurovirology Section, National Brain Research Centre (NBRC), Haryana, India
| | - Mohan C. Joshi
- Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Science, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arshad Husain Rahmani
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Science, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Mansoor Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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Randhawa PK, Scanlon K, Rappaport J, Gupta MK. Modulation of Autophagy by SARS-CoV-2: A Potential Threat for Cardiovascular System. Front Physiol 2020; 11:611275. [PMID: 33329064 PMCID: PMC7734100 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.611275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we have witnessed an unprecedented increase in the number of patients suffering from respiratory tract illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The COVID-19 virus is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus with a genome size of ~29.9 kb. It is believed that the viral spike (S) protein attaches to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 cell surface receptors and, eventually, the virus gains access into the host cell with the help of intracellular/extracellular proteases or by the endosomal pathway. Once, the virus enters the host cell, it can either be degraded via autophagy or evade autophagic degradation and replicate using the virus encoded RNA dependent RNA polymerase. The virus is highly contagious and can impair the respiratory system of the host causing dyspnea, cough, fever, and tightness in the chest. This disease is also characterized by an abrupt upsurge in the levels of proinflammatory/inflammatory cytokines and chemotactic factors in a process known as cytokine storm. Certain reports have suggested that COVID-19 infection can aggravate cardiovascular complications, in fact, the individuals with underlying co-morbidities are more prone to the disease. In this review, we shall discuss the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, potential drug candidates, the interaction between virus and autophagy, and the role of coronavirus in exaggerating cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Kaur Randhawa
- Division of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Kaylyn Scanlon
- Division of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Jay Rappaport
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Manish K. Gupta
- Division of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
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Zhou CM, Luo LM, Lin P, Pu Q, Wang B, Qin S, Wu Q, Yu XJ, Wu M. Annexin A2 regulates unfolded protein response via IRE1-XBP1 axis in macrophages during P. aeruginosa infection. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 110:375-384. [PMID: 33225536 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a1219-686rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a severe Gram-negative opportunistic bacterium that causes a spectrum of organ system diseases, particularly in immunocompromised patients. This bacterium has been shown to induce unfolded protein response (UPR) during mammalian infection. Annexin A2 (AnxA2) is a multicompartmental protein relating to a number of cellular processes; however, it remains unknown whether AnxA2 coordinates a UPR pathway under bacterial infection conditions. Here, we report that the endoplasmic reticulum stress inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1)-X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) pathway was up-regulated by AnxA2 through p38 MAPK signaling following P. aeruginosa infection in macrophages, whereas ATF4 and ATF6 not. In addition, XBP1 was found as a positive regulator of innate immunity to tame P. aeruginosa challenges by enhancing autophagy and bacterial clearance. XBP1 also facilitated NF-κB activation to elicit the release of proinflammatory cytokines predominantly in macrophages. Together, our findings identify AnxA2 as a regulator for XBP1-mediated UPR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Min Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA.,Wuhan University School of Health Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Li-Mei Luo
- Maternal and Child Health Development Research Center, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Ping Lin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Qinqin Pu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Biao Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Shugang Qin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Qun Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Xue-Jie Yu
- Wuhan University School of Health Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
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84
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de Barros BCSC, Almeida BR, Suzuki E. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis downmodulates α3 integrin levels in human lung epithelial cells in a TLR2-dependent manner. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19483. [PMID: 33173103 PMCID: PMC7655819 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76557-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is the most prevalent systemic mycosis in Latin America and may be caused by the species Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. In the lungs, this fungus interacts with epithelial cells, activating host cell signalling pathways, resulting in the production of inflammatory mediators. This event may be initiated through the activation of Pattern-Recognition Receptors such as Toll-like Receptors (TLRs). By interacting with cell wall components, TLR2 is frequently related to fungal infections. In this work, we show that, after 24 h post-infection with P. brasiliensis, A549 lung epithelial cells presented higher TLR2 levels, which is important for IL-8 secretion. Besides, integrins may also participate in pathogen recognition by host cells. We verified that P. brasiliensis increased α3 integrin levels in A549 cells after 5 h of infection and promoted interaction between this receptor and TLR2. However, after 24 h, surprisingly, we verified a decrease of α3 integrin levels, which was dependent on direct contact between fungi and epithelial cells. Likewise, we observed that TLR2 is important to downmodulate α3 integrin levels after 24 h of infection. Thus, P. brasiliensis can modulate the host inflammatory response by exploiting host cell receptors and cell signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruna Rocha Almeida
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Erika Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, 04023-062, Brazil.
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85
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Heimfarth L, Serafini MR, Martins-Filho PR, Quintans JDSS, Quintans-Júnior LJ. Drug repurposing and cytokine management in response to COVID-19: A review. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 88:106947. [PMID: 32919216 PMCID: PMC7457938 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is an aggressive disease that attacks the respiratory tract and has a higher fatality rate than seasonal influenza. The COVID-19 pandemic is a global health crisis, and no specific therapy or drug has been formally recommended for use against SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this context, it is a rational strategy to investigate the repurposing of existing drugs to use in the treatment of COVID-19 patients. In the meantime, the medical community is trialing several therapies that target various antiviral and immunomodulating mechanisms to use against the infection. There is no doubt that antiviral and supportive treatments are important in the treatment of COVID-19 patients, but anti-inflammatory therapy also plays a pivotal role in the management COVID-19 patients due to its ability to prevent further injury and organ damage or failure. In this review, we identified drugs that could modulate cytokines levels and play a part in the management of COVID-19. Several drugs that possess an anti-inflammatory profile in others illnesses have been studied in respect of their potential utility in the treatment of the hyperinflammation induced by SAR-COV-2 infection. We highlight a number of antivirals, anti-rheumatic, anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic and antiparasitic drugs that have been found to mitigate cytokine production and consequently attenuate the "cytokine storm" induced by SARS-CoV-2. Reduced hyperinflammation can attenuate multiple organ failure, and even reduce the mortality associated with severe COVID-19. In this context, despite their current unproven clinical efficacy in relation to the current pandemic, the repurposing of drugs with anti-inflammatory activity to use in the treatment of COVID-19 has become a topic of great interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Heimfarth
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Pharmacological Assays (LANEF), São Cristóvão, SE 49100-000 Brazil; Graduate Program of Health Sciences (PPGCS), São Cristóvão, SE 49100-000 Brazil.
| | - Mairim Russo Serafini
- Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences (PPGCF). Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, SE 49100-000 Brazil
| | | | - Jullyana de Souza Siqueira Quintans
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Pharmacological Assays (LANEF), São Cristóvão, SE 49100-000 Brazil; Graduate Program of Health Sciences (PPGCS), São Cristóvão, SE 49100-000 Brazil
| | - Lucindo José Quintans-Júnior
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Pharmacological Assays (LANEF), São Cristóvão, SE 49100-000 Brazil; Graduate Program of Health Sciences (PPGCS), São Cristóvão, SE 49100-000 Brazil; Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences (PPGCF). Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, SE 49100-000 Brazil
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86
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Bissonnette EY, Lauzon-Joset JF, Debley JS, Ziegler SF. Cross-Talk Between Alveolar Macrophages and Lung Epithelial Cells is Essential to Maintain Lung Homeostasis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:583042. [PMID: 33178214 PMCID: PMC7593577 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.583042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The main function of the lung is to perform gas exchange while maintaining lung homeostasis despite environmental pathogenic and non-pathogenic elements contained in inhaled air. Resident cells must keep lung homeostasis and eliminate pathogens by inducing protective immune response and silently remove innocuous particles. Which lung cell type is crucial for this function is still subject to debate, with reports favoring either alveolar macrophages (AMs) or lung epithelial cells (ECs) including airway and alveolar ECs. AMs are the main immune cells in the lung in steady-state and their function is mainly to dampen inflammatory responses. In addition, they phagocytose inhaled particles and apoptotic cells and can initiate and resolve inflammatory responses to pathogens. Although AMs release a plethora of mediators that modulate immune responses, ECs also play an essential role as they are more than just a physical barrier. They produce anti-microbial peptides and can secrete a variety of mediators that can modulate immune responses and AM functions. Furthermore, ECs can maintain AMs in a quiescent state by expressing anti-inflammatory membrane proteins such as CD200. Thus, AMs and ECs are both very important to maintain lung homeostasis and have to coordinate their action to protect the organism against infection. Thus, AMs and lung ECs communicate with each other using different mechanisms including mediators, membrane glycoproteins and their receptors, gap junction channels, and extracellular vesicles. This review will revisit characteristics and functions of AMs and lung ECs as well as different communication mechanisms these cells utilize to maintain lung immune balance and response to pathogens. A better understanding of the cross-talk between AMs and lung ECs may help develop new therapeutic strategies for lung pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyse Y Bissonnette
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-François Lauzon-Joset
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jason S Debley
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Steven F Ziegler
- Department of Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
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87
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A Review on Hematologic Malignant Patients Infected with 2019 Novel Coronavirus. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.107788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
: Since late 2019, when novel coronavirus pneumonia emerged in China and spread worldwide, there has been a need for data concerning the clinical characteristics of infected immunocompromised patients. It has been reported that a significant mortality rate occurs in individuals with underlying comorbidities such as hematologic malignancies. Therefore, it is vital to illustrate the clinical manifestations and outcomes of COVID-19 in these vulnerable patients and identify safe therapeutic strategies. This study reviewed the clinical course, laboratory findings, and risk factors associated with hematologic malignant patients with COVID-19 along with the management and therapeutic regimens.
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88
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Evans SE, Tseng CTK, Scott BL, Höök AM, Dickey BF. Inducible Epithelial Resistance against Coronavirus Pneumonia in Mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 63:540-541. [PMID: 32706609 PMCID: PMC7528913 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0247le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Scott E. Evans
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | - A. Magnus Höök
- Texas A&M Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Houston, Texas
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89
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Kassem DH, Kamal MM. Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Extracellular Vesicles: A Potential Game Changer for the COVID-19 Crisis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:587866. [PMID: 33102489 PMCID: PMC7554315 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.587866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global public health crisis. The high infectivity of the disease even from non-symptomatic infected patients, together with the lack of a definitive cure or preventive measures are all responsible for disease outbreak. The severity of COVID-19 seems to be mostly dependent on the patients’ own immune response. The over-activation of the immune system in an attempt to kill the virus, can cause a “cytokine storm” which in turn can induce acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), as well as multi-organ damage, and ultimately may lead to death. Thus, harnessing the immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to ameliorate that cytokine-storm can indeed provide a golden key for the treatment of COVID-19 patients, especially severe cases. In fact, MSCs transplantation can improve the overall outcome of COVID-19 patients via multiple mechanisms; first through their immunomodulatory effects which will help to regulate the infected patient inflammatory response, second via promoting tissue-repair and regeneration, and third through their antifibrotic effects. All these mechanisms will interplay and intervene together to enhance lung-repair and protect various organs from any damage resulting from exaggerated immune-response. A therapeutic modality which provides all these mechanisms undoubtedly hold a strong potential to help COVID-19 patients even those with the worst condition to hopefully survive and recover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina H Kassem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Kamal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt (BUE), Cairo, Egypt.,The Centre for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt (BUE), Cairo, Egypt
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90
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Gopallawa I, Lee RJ. Targeting the phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway in airway innate immunity. World J Biol Chem 2020; 11:30-51. [PMID: 33024516 PMCID: PMC7520643 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v11.i2.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The airway innate immune system maintains the first line of defense against respiratory infections. The airway epithelium and associated immune cells protect the respiratory system from inhaled foreign organisms. These cells sense pathogens via activation of receptors like toll-like receptors and taste family 2 receptors (T2Rs) and respond by producing antimicrobials, inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines. Coordinated regulation of fluid secretion and ciliary beating facilitates clearance of pathogens via mucociliary transport. Airway cells also secrete antimicrobial peptides and radicals to directly kill microorganisms and inactivate viruses. The phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase B (Akt) kinase pathway regulates multiple cellular targets that modulate cell survival and proliferation. Akt also regulates proteins involved in innate immune pathways. Akt phosphorylates endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) enzymes expressed in airway epithelial cells. Activation of eNOS can have anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-viral roles. Moreover, Akt can increase the activity of the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor-2 that protects cells from oxidative stress and may limit inflammation. In this review, we summarize the recent findings of non-cancerous functions of Akt signaling in airway innate host defense mechanisms, including an overview of several known downstream targets of Akt involved in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indiwari Gopallawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Robert J Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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91
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Clinical characterization and risk factors associated with cytokine release syndrome induced by COVID-19 and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. Bone Marrow Transplant 2020; 56:570-580. [PMID: 32943758 PMCID: PMC7498115 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-020-01060-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
An excessive immune response during coronavirus disease (COVID-19) can induce cytokine release syndrome (CRS), which is associated with life-threatening complications and disease progression. This retrospective study evaluated the clinical characteristics of severe CRS (sCRS, grade 3–4) induced by severe COVID-19 (40 patients) or chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy as a comparator (41 patients). Grade 4 CRS was significantly more common in the COVID-19 group (15/40 (35.7%) vs. 5/41 (12.2%), P = 0.008). The CAR-T group had more dramatic increase in cytokines, including IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-γ. Interestingly, COVID-19 group had significantly higher levels for TNF-α (31.1 pg/ml (16.1–70.0) vs. 3.3 (1.8–9.6), P < 0.001) and lg viral loads were correlated with lg IL-6 (R2 = 0.101; P < 0.001) and lg IL-10 (R2 = 0.105; P < 0.001). The independent risk factor for COVID-19-related sCRS was hypertension history (OR: 4.876, 95% CI: 2.038–11.668; P < 0.001). Our study demonstrated that there were similar processes but different intensity of inflammatory responses of sCRS in COVID-19 and CAR-T group. The diagnose and management of severe COVID-19-related sCRS can learn lessons from treatment of sCRS induced by CAR-T therapy.
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92
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Costa LB, Perez LG, Palmeira VA, Macedo E Cordeiro T, Ribeiro VT, Lanza K, Simões E Silva AC. Insights on SARS-CoV-2 Molecular Interactions With the Renin-Angiotensin System. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:559841. [PMID: 33042994 PMCID: PMC7525006 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.559841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2/human/Wuhan/X1/2019, a virus belonging to the species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, and the recognition of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a pandemic have highly increased the scientific research regarding the pathogenesis of COVID-19. The Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) seems to be involved in COVID-19 natural course, since studies suggest the membrane-bound Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) works as SARS-CoV-2 cellular receptor. Besides the efforts of the scientific community to understand the virus’ molecular interactions with human cells, few studies summarize what has been so far discovered about SARS-CoV-2 signaling mechanisms and its interactions with RAS molecules. This review aims to discuss possible SARS-CoV-2 intracellular signaling pathways, cell entry mechanism and the possible consequences of the interaction with RAS components, including Angiotensin II (Ang II), Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)], Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), ACE2, Angiotensin II receptor type-1 (AT1), and Mas Receptor. We also discuss ongoing clinical trials and treatment based on RAS cascade intervention. Data were obtained independently by the two authors who carried out a search in the PubMed, Embase, LILACS, Cochrane, Scopus, SciELO and the National Institute of Health databases using Medical Subject Heading terms as “SARS-CoV-2,” “COVID-19,” “Renin Angiotensin System,” “ACE2,” “Angiotensin II,” “Angiotensin-(1-7),” and “AT1 receptor.” Similarly to other members of Coronaviridae family, the molecular interactions between the pathogen and the membrane-bound ACE2 are based on the cleavage of the spike glycoprotein (S) in two subunits. Following the binding of the S1 receptor-binding domain (RBD) to ACE2, transmembrane protease/serine subfamily 2 (TMPRSS2) cleaves the S2 domain to facilitate membrane fusion. It is very likely that SARS-CoV-2 cell entry results in downregulation of membrane-bound ACE2, an enzyme that converts Ang II into Ang-(1-7). This mechanism can result in lung injury and vasoconstriction. In addition, Ang II activates pro-inflammatory cascades when binding to the AT1 Receptor. On the other hand, Ang-(1-7) promotes anti-inflammatory effects through its interactions with the Mas Receptor. These molecules might be possible therapeutic targets for treating COVID-19. Thus, the understanding of SARS-CoV-2 intracellular pathways and interactions with the RAS may clarify COVID-19 physiopathology and open perspectives for new treatments and strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Braga Costa
- Department of Pediatrics, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lucas Giandoni Perez
- Department of Pediatrics, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vitória Andrade Palmeira
- Department of Pediatrics, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Thiago Macedo E Cordeiro
- Department of Pediatrics, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Victor Teatini Ribeiro
- Department of Pediatrics, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Katharina Lanza
- Department of Pediatrics, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Simões E Silva
- Department of Pediatrics, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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93
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Normile TG, Bryan AM, Del Poeta M. Animal Models of Cryptococcus neoformans in Identifying Immune Parameters Associated With Primary Infection and Reactivation of Latent Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:581750. [PMID: 33042164 PMCID: PMC7522366 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.581750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus species are environmental fungal pathogens and the causative agents of cryptococcosis. Infection occurs upon inhalation of infectious particles, which proliferate in the lung causing a primary infection. From this primary lung infection, fungal cells can eventually disseminate to other organs, particularly the brain, causing lethal meningoencephalitis. However, in most cases, the primary infection resolves with the formation of a lung granuloma. Upon severe immunodeficiency, dormant cryptococcal cells will start proliferating in the lung granuloma and eventually will disseminate to the brain. Many investigators have sought to study the protective host immune response to this pathogen in search of host parameters that keep the proliferation of cryptococcal cells under control. The majority of the work assimilates research carried out using the primary infection animal model, mainly because a reactivation model has been available only very recently. This review will focus on anti-cryptococcal immunity in both the primary and reactivation models. An understanding of the differences in host immunity between the primary and reactivation models will help to define the key host parameters that control the infections and are important for the research and development of new therapeutic and vaccine strategies against cryptococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler G Normile
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Arielle M Bryan
- Ingenious Targeting Laboratory Incorporated, Ronkonkoma, NY, United States
| | - Maurizio Del Poeta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States.,Veterans Administration Medical Center, Northport, NY, United States
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94
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Zain Mushtaq M, Bin Zafar Mahmood S, Jamil B, Aziz A, Ali SA. Outcome of COVID-19 patients with use of Tocilizumab: A single center experience. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 88:106926. [PMID: 32889236 PMCID: PMC7455148 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine release syndrome can lead to severe deterioration in COVID-19 patients. No treatment has yet proven completely beneficial for COVID-19 patients. Tocilizumab was administered to 40 severely ill COVID-19 patients. Majority of our study patients showed improvement after Tocilizumab administration.
COVID-19 pandemic has become a global concern. Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) complicates acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and causes multi-organ failure which can subsequently lead to mortality in COVID-19 patients. Tocilizumab, an interleukin-6 antagonist, has shown to salvage patients with cytokine release storm. In this study, we aim to evaluate therapeutic response of Tocilizumab in COVID-19 patients. A single-arm retrospective review of 40 patients with COVID-19, admitted to The Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi, from March 2020 to May 2020 was performed. Selection of patients for use of Tocilizumab was based on severity of disease, rapid clinical deterioration, presence of CRS and absence of any absolute contraindication to Tocilizumab. Improvement after Tocilizumab was defined as improvement in oxygen requirement and inflammatory parameters. Serum levels of inflammatory cytokines like C-reactive protein, ferritin, D-dimer and lactate dehydrogenase levels were monitored before and after administering Tocilizumab. Mean age was 62.4 years and 33 (82.5%) were male. 19 (47.5%) patients were critically sick, 18 (45%) were severely sick and 3 (7.5%) were moderately sick. 29 (77.5%) patients showed significant improvement in oxygen requirement, inflammatory parameters and chest x-rays, out of which 28 patients were discharged home. The mean duration between administration of Tocilizumab and overall improvement was 4.3 ± 3.2 days. Hence, Tocilizumab can be used as a possible treatment option in patients with COVID-19 induced CRS but needs monitoring for its adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bushra Jamil
- The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Sind, Pakistan.
| | - Adil Aziz
- The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Sind, Pakistan.
| | - Syed Ahsan Ali
- The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Sind, Pakistan.
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95
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Lin Q, Fathi P, Chen X. Nanoparticle delivery in vivo: A fresh look from intravital imaging. EBioMedicine 2020; 59:102958. [PMID: 32853986 PMCID: PMC7452383 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomedicine has proven promising in preclinical studies. However, only few formulations have been successfully translated to clinical use. A thorough understanding of how nanoparticles interact with cells in vivo is essential to accelerate the clinical translation of nanomedicine. Intravital imaging is a crucial tool to reveal the mechanisms of nanoparticle transport in vivo, allowing for the development of new strategies for nanomaterial design. Here, we first review the most recent progress in using intravital imaging to answer fundamental questions about nanoparticle delivery in vivo. We then elaborate on how nanoparticles interact with different cell types and how such interactions determine the fate of nanoparticles in vivo. Lastly, we discuss ways in which the use of intravital imaging can be expanded in the future to facilitate the clinical translation of nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoya Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Parinaz Fathi
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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96
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Khan N. Possible protective role of 17β-estradiol against COVID-19. JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 1:38-48. [PMID: 33196058 PMCID: PMC7665224 DOI: 10.46439/allergy.1.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); a worldwide pandemic as declared by the World Health Organization (WHO). SARS-CoV-2 appears to infect cells by first binding and priming its viral-spike proteins with membrane-associated angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). Through the coordinated actions of ACE2 and TMPRSS2, SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins fuse with plasma membranes and ultimately the virus enters cells. ACE2 is integral to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and SARS-CoV-2 down-regulates protein expression levels of ACE2. Once infected, patients typically develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and a number of other severe complications that result in a high rate of fatality, especially in older (>60 years) adults and in people with pre-existing medical conditions. Data now indicate clearly that among people of all age groups, COVID-19 fatalities are higher in men than women. Here, attention is focused on these sex differences and posit a role of estrogen in these differences as well as possible therapeutic and protective actions of 17β-estradiol against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabab Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203, USA
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97
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Kaur S, Bansal R, Kollimuttathuillam S, Gowda AM, Singh B, Mehta D, Maroules M. The looming storm: Blood and cytokines in COVID-19. Blood Rev 2020; 46:100743. [PMID: 32829962 PMCID: PMC7431319 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2020.100743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel coronavirus termed as COVID-19 by WHO has been the causative agent of an unprecedented pandemic in the history of humanity. The global burden of mortality and morbidity associated with this pandemic continues to increase with each passing day as it is progressively leading to multiorgan dysfunction. In most cases, the cause of death has been attributed to respiratory failure, sepsis, cardiac failure, kidney injury, or coagulopathy. As more knowledge is being unfolded, an in-depth understanding of various systemic manifestations and complications of SARS-CoV2 is vital for optimum management of these patients. This novel virus is known to spread faster than its two ancestors, the SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), demonstrating a case fatality ranging from 5 to 8% [1]. Hematological abnormalities such as lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, elevated D-Dimer, elevated fibrinogen, elevated fibrinogen degradation products as well as cytokines such as IL-6 are emerging as important prognostic marker for worse outcome of COVID-19. Among various systemic manifestations, hematological complications such as venous thrombosis causing pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis, and arterial thrombosis causing myocardial infarction, strokes or limb ischemia are being noted to be directly linked to high mortality from COVID-19. An attempt to understand the pathophysiology of various hematological abnormalities including cytokine storm, hypercoagulable state and some rare presentations of this disease hence becomes imperative. Through this review, we aim to provide an up-to-date summary of current evidence-based literature of hematological manifestations, their consequences and management including role of anticoagulation and drugs targeting cytokine storm in patients with SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supreet Kaur
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, St. Joseph University Medical Center, 703 Main Street, Paterson, NJ 07503, USA.
| | - Rashika Bansal
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease (NIDDK) National Institutes of Health, 6555 Rock Spring Dr, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Sudarsan Kollimuttathuillam
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, St. Joseph University Medical Center, 703 Main Street, Paterson, NJ 07503, USA
| | - Anusha Manje Gowda
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, St. Joseph University Medical Center, 703 Main Street, Paterson, NJ 07503, USA
| | - Balraj Singh
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, St. Joseph University Medical Center, 703 Main Street, Paterson, NJ 07503, USA
| | - Dhruv Mehta
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatobiliary disease, Westchester Medical Center at New York Medical College, 100 Woods Road, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Michael Maroules
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, St. Joseph University Medical Center, 703 Main Street, Paterson, NJ 07503, USA.
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98
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Ahmed-Hassan H, Sisson B, Shukla RK, Wijewantha Y, Funderburg NT, Li Z, Hayes D, Demberg T, Liyanage NPM. Innate Immune Responses to Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses and Other Significant Respiratory Viral Infections. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1979. [PMID: 32973803 PMCID: PMC7468245 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The new pandemic virus SARS-CoV-2 emerged in China and spread around the world in <3 months, infecting millions of people, and causing countries to shut down public life and businesses. Nearly all nations were unprepared for this pandemic with healthcare systems stretched to their limits due to the lack of an effective vaccine and treatment. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 can lead to Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). COVID-19 is respiratory disease that can result in a cytokine storm with stark differences in morbidity and mortality between younger and older patient populations. Details regarding mechanisms of viral entry via the respiratory system and immune system correlates of protection or pathogenesis have not been fully elucidated. Here, we provide an overview of the innate immune responses in the lung to the coronaviruses MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. This review provides insight into key innate immune mechanisms that will aid in the development of therapeutics and preventive vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa Ahmed-Hassan
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Brianna Sisson
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Rajni Kant Shukla
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Yasasvi Wijewantha
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Nicholas T Funderburg
- Division of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Zihai Li
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Don Hayes
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | | | - Namal P M Liyanage
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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99
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Varadhachary A, Chatterjee D, Garza J, Garr RP, Foley C, Letkeman A, Dean J, Haug D, Breeze J, Traylor R, Malek A, Nath R, Linbeck L. Salivary anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA as an accessible biomarker of mucosal immunity against COVID-19. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.08.07.20170258. [PMID: 32817976 PMCID: PMC7430621 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.07.20170258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Mucosal immunity, including secretory IgA (sIgA), plays an important role in early defenses against respiratory pathogens. Salivary testing, the most convenient way to measure sIgA, has been used to characterize mucosal immune responses to many viral infections including SARS, MERS, influenza, HIV, and RSV. However, its role has not yet been characterized in the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we report development and validation of a rapid immunoassay for measuring salivary IgA against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and report quantitative results in both pre-COVID-19 and muco-converted subjects. Methods We developed and refined a specific test for salivary IgA against SARS-CoV-2 on the Brevitest platform, a rapid immunoassay system designed for point-of-care use. A qualitative test was validated as per FDA guidelines with saliva obtained from subjects prior to the emergence of COVID-19, and from PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients. We also generated a quantitative measure of anti-SARS-CoV-2 salivary IgA. Time taken for saliva self-collection was measured and its ease-of-use assessed. Results We successfully validated a qualitative salivary assay for SARS-CoV-2 IgA antibodies, with positive and negative predictive values of 92% and 97%, respectively, and no observable cross-reactivity with any of seven potential confounders. Pre-COVID-19 saliva samples showed an 8-fold range of IgA concentrations, suggesting a broad continuum of natural antibody resistance against the novel virus, though at levels lower than that observed in COVID-19 PCR-confirmed subjects. Samples from muco-positive subjects also shown a ~9-fold variation in salivary IgA levels, with elevated salivary IgA observed beyond three months after onset of symptoms. We observed a correlation (r=0.4405) between salivary IgA levels and COVID-19 disease severity. In anecdotal observations, we observed individuals who exhibited antibodies early in the course of their disease, contemporaneously with a positive PCR test, as well as individuals who muco-converted despite no known direct exposure to a COVID-19 patient, no symptoms, and negative molecular and/or serum antibody tests. Salivary collection took 5-10 minutes, and was reported as being easy (mean of 1.1 on a scale of 1 to 10). Implications Mucosal immunity, including secretory IgA, plays an important role in host defense against respiratory pathogens, and our early data suggest it may do so in COVID-19. Salivary IgA, an accessible marker of mucosal immunity, may be a useful indicator of several key parameters including individual and community immune response, disease severity, clinical risk, and herd immunity. The non-invasive nature and ease of saliva collection facilitates its potential use as a biomarker for ongoing patient assessment and management, as well as a community surveillance tool. By measuring mucosal immune responses directly and systemic immune responses indirectly, salivary IgA could be useful in developing and deploying a vaccine(s) against COVID-19. Quantitative IgA assessment could also potentially serve as a tool to segment the population into different risk categories and inform individual and collective decisions relating to appropriate activities and vaccine prioritization/delivery. These data reinforce the importance of further investigation into the role of mucosal immunity and IgA in host responses against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Varadhachary
- BreviTest Technologies, LLC and Fannin Innovation Studio, Houston, TX
| | - Dev Chatterjee
- BreviTest Technologies, LLC and Fannin Innovation Studio, Houston, TX
| | - Javier Garza
- BreviTest Technologies, LLC and Fannin Innovation Studio, Houston, TX
| | - R. Patrick Garr
- BreviTest Technologies, LLC and Fannin Innovation Studio, Houston, TX
| | - Christopher Foley
- BreviTest Technologies, LLC and Fannin Innovation Studio, Houston, TX
| | - Andrea Letkeman
- BreviTest Technologies, LLC and Fannin Innovation Studio, Houston, TX
| | - John Dean
- BreviTest Technologies, LLC and Fannin Innovation Studio, Houston, TX
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Leo Linbeck
- BreviTest Technologies, LLC and Fannin Innovation Studio, Houston, TX
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100
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Kumar V. Pulmonary Innate Immune Response Determines the Outcome of Inflammation During Pneumonia and Sepsis-Associated Acute Lung Injury. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1722. [PMID: 32849610 PMCID: PMC7417316 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The lung is a primary organ for gas exchange in mammals that represents the largest epithelial surface in direct contact with the external environment. It also serves as a crucial immune organ, which harbors both innate and adaptive immune cells to induce a potent immune response. Due to its direct contact with the outer environment, the lung serves as a primary target organ for many airborne pathogens, toxicants (aerosols), and allergens causing pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and acute lung injury or inflammation (ALI). The current review describes the immunological mechanisms responsible for bacterial pneumonia and sepsis-induced ALI. It highlights the immunological differences for the severity of bacterial sepsis-induced ALI as compared to the pneumonia-associated ALI. The immune-based differences between the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria-induced pneumonia show different mechanisms to induce ALI. The role of pulmonary epithelial cells (PECs), alveolar macrophages (AMs), innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), and different pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and inflammasome proteins) in neutrophil infiltration and ALI induction have been described during pneumonia and sepsis-induced ALI. Also, the resolution of inflammation is frequently observed during ALI associated with pneumonia, whereas sepsis-associated ALI lacks it. Hence, the review mainly describes the different immune mechanisms responsible for pneumonia and sepsis-induced ALI. The differences in immune response depending on the causal pathogen (Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria) associated pneumonia or sepsis-induced ALI should be taken in mind specific immune-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Children's Health Queensland Clinical Unit, Faculty of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Mater Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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