51
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Nguyen Ho-Bouldoires TH, Sollier K, Zamfirov L, Broders-Bondon F, Mitrossilis D, Bermeo S, Guerin CL, Chipont A, Champenois G, Leclère R, André N, Ranno L, Michel A, Ménager C, Meseure D, Demené C, Tanter M, Fernández-Sánchez ME, Farge E. Ret kinase-mediated mechanical induction of colon stem cells by tumor growth pressure stimulates cancer progression in vivo. Commun Biol 2022; 5:137. [PMID: 35177769 PMCID: PMC8854631 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03079-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
How mechanical stress actively impacts the physiology and pathophysiology of cells and tissues is little investigated in vivo. The colon is constantly submitted to multi-frequency spontaneous pulsatile mechanical waves, which highest frequency functions, of 2 s period, remain poorly understood. Here we find in vivo that high frequency pulsatile mechanical stresses maintain the physiological level of mice colon stem cells (SC) through the mechanosensitive Ret kinase. When permanently stimulated by a magnetic mimicking-tumor growth analogue pressure, we find that SC levels pathologically increase and undergo mechanically induced hyperproliferation and tumorigenic transformation. To mimic the high frequency pulsatile mechanical waves, we used a generator of pulsed magnetic force stimulation in colonic tissues pre-magnetized with ultra-magnetic liposomes. We observed the pulsatile stresses using last generation ultra-wave dynamical high-resolution imaging. Finally, we find that the specific pharmacological inhibition of Ret mechanical activation induces the regression of spontaneous formation of SC, of CSC markers, and of spontaneous sporadic tumorigenesis in Apc mutated mice colons. Consistently, in human colon cancer tissues, Ret activation in epithelial cells increases with tumor grade, and partially decreases in leaking invasive carcinoma. High frequency pulsatile physiological mechanical stresses thus constitute a new niche that Ret-dependently fuels mice colon physiological SC level. This process is pathologically over-activated in the presence of permanent pressure due to the growth of tumors initiated by pre-existing genetic alteration, leading to mechanotransductive self-enhanced tumor progression in vivo, and repressed by pharmacological inhibition of Ret. Ho-Bouldoires, Sollier, Zamfirov and Broders-Bondon et al. show that high frequency pulsatile mechanical stresses maintain the physiological level of mice colon stem cells through the mechanosensitive Ret kinase and that Ret activation is elevated in human colon cancer tissue. They go on to show that the maintenance of such stimulation in the form of tumour growth pressure results in mechanically-induced hyperproliferation and tumorigenic transformation of stem cells, which can be prevented by Ret kinase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Huong Nguyen Ho-Bouldoires
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 168, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Curie, Mechanics and Genetics of Embryonic and Tumoral Development team, INSERM, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Kévin Sollier
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 168, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Curie, Mechanics and Genetics of Embryonic and Tumoral Development team, INSERM, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Laura Zamfirov
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 168, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Curie, Mechanics and Genetics of Embryonic and Tumoral Development team, INSERM, F-75005, Paris, France.,Physics for Medicine Paris, ESPCI ParisTech, PSL Research University, Inserm U1273, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Florence Broders-Bondon
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 168, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Curie, Mechanics and Genetics of Embryonic and Tumoral Development team, INSERM, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Démosthène Mitrossilis
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 168, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Curie, Mechanics and Genetics of Embryonic and Tumoral Development team, INSERM, F-75005, Paris, France.,Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou St., 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - Sebastian Bermeo
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 168, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Curie, Mechanics and Genetics of Embryonic and Tumoral Development team, INSERM, F-75005, Paris, France
| | | | - Anna Chipont
- Cytometry Platform, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Gabriel Champenois
- Platform of Investigative Pathology, Institut Curie, 75248, Paris, France
| | - Renaud Leclère
- Platform of Investigative Pathology, Institut Curie, 75248, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas André
- Platform of Investigative Pathology, Institut Curie, 75248, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Ranno
- NEEL Institut, CNRS, Grenoble Alpes University, F-38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Aude Michel
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire PHENIX Physico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, CNRS UMR 8234, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Christine Ménager
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire PHENIX Physico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, CNRS UMR 8234, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Didier Meseure
- Platform of Investigative Pathology, Institut Curie, 75248, Paris, France
| | - Charlie Demené
- Physics for Medicine Paris, ESPCI ParisTech, PSL Research University, Inserm U1273, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Mickael Tanter
- Physics for Medicine Paris, ESPCI ParisTech, PSL Research University, Inserm U1273, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Maria Elena Fernández-Sánchez
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 168, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Curie, Mechanics and Genetics of Embryonic and Tumoral Development team, INSERM, F-75005, Paris, France.
| | - Emmanuel Farge
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 168, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Curie, Mechanics and Genetics of Embryonic and Tumoral Development team, INSERM, F-75005, Paris, France.
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52
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Chiang HY, Lu HH, Sudhakar JN, Chen YW, Shih NS, Weng YT, Shui JW. IL-22 initiates an IL-18-dependent epithelial response circuit to enforce intestinal host defence. Nat Commun 2022; 13:874. [PMID: 35169117 PMCID: PMC8847568 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28478-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-18 is emerging as an IL-22-induced and epithelium-derived cytokine which contributes to host defence against intestinal infection and inflammation. In contrast to its known role in Goblet cells, regulation of barrier function at the molecular level by IL-18 is much less explored. Here we show that IL-18 is a bona fide IL-22-regulated gate keeper for intestinal epithelial barrier. IL-22 promotes crypt immunity both via induction of phospho-Stat3 binding to the Il-18 gene promoter and via Il-18 independent mechanisms. In organoid culture, while IL-22 primarily increases organoid size and inhibits expression of stem cell genes, IL-18 preferentially promotes organoid budding and induces signature genes of Lgr5+ stem cells via Akt-Tcf4 signalling. During adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC) infection, systemic administration of IL-18 corrects compromised T-cell IFNγ production and restores Lysozyme+ Paneth cells in Il-22-/- mice, but IL-22 administration fails to restore these parameters in Il-18-/- mice, thereby placing IL-22-Stat3 signalling upstream of the IL-18-mediated barrier defence function. IL-18 in return regulates Stat3-mediated anti-microbial response in Paneth cells, Akt-Tcf4-triggered expansion of Lgr5+ stem cells to facilitate tissue repair, and AIEC clearance by promoting IFNγ+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yu Chiang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Han Lu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Yu-Wen Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nien-Shin Shih
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Weng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jr-Wen Shui
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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53
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Grinat J, Kosel F, Goveas N, Kranz A, Alexopoulou D, Rajewsky K, Sigal M, Stewart AF, Heuberger J. Epigenetic modifier balances Mapk and Wnt signalling in differentiation of goblet and Paneth cells. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/4/e202101187. [PMID: 35064075 PMCID: PMC8807877 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The histone methyltransferase Mll1 controls intestinal secretory cell fate by promoting Wnt-driven Paneth and restricting Mapk-dependent goblet cell differentiation through regulation of Gata4/6 transcription factors Differentiation and lineage specification are controlled by cooperation of growth factor signalling. The involvement of epigenetic regulators in lineage specification remains largely elusive. Here, we show that the histone methyltransferase Mll1 prevents intestinal progenitor cells from differentiation, whereas it is also involved in secretory lineage specification of Paneth and goblet cells. Using conditional mutagenesis in mice and intestinal organoids, we demonstrate that loss of Mll1 renders intestinal progenitor cells permissive for Wnt-driven secretory differentiation. However, Mll1-deficient crypt cells fail to segregate Paneth and goblet cell fates. Mll1 deficiency causes Paneth cell-determined crypt progenitors to exhibit goblet cell features by unleashing Mapk signalling, resulting in increased numbers of mixed Paneth/goblet cells. We show that loss of Mll1 abolishes the pro-proliferative effect of Mapk signalling in intestinal progenitor cells and promotes Mapk-induced goblet cell differentiation. Our data uncover Mll1 and its downstream targets Gata4/6 as a regulatory hub of Wnt and Mapk signalling in the control of lineage specification of intestinal secretory Paneth and goblet cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Grinat
- Cancer Research Program, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frauke Kosel
- Cancer Research Program, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Neha Goveas
- Genomics, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrea Kranz
- Genomics, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dimitra Alexopoulou
- DRESDEN-concept Genome Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Rajewsky
- Cancer Research Program, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Sigal
- Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Francis Stewart
- Genomics, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Julian Heuberger
- Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany .,Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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54
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Barreto E Barreto L, Rattes IC, da Costa AV, Gama P. Paneth cells and their multiple functions. Cell Biol Int 2022; 46:701-710. [PMID: 35032139 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The small intestine mucosa is lined by specialized cells that form the crypt-villus axis, which expands its surface. Among the six intestinal epithelial cell types, the Paneth cell is located at the base of the crypt, and it contains numerous granules in its cytoplasm, composed of antimicrobial peptides, such as defensins and lysozyme, and growth factors, such as EGF, TGF-alpha, and Wnt ligands. Together, these elements act in the defense against microorganisms, regulation of intestinal microbiota, maintenance, and regulation of stem cell identity. Pathologies that target Paneth cells can disturb such defense activity, but they also affect the maintenance of stem cell niche. In that way, Crohn's disease, necrotizing enterocolitis, and graft-versus-host disease promote a reduction of Paneth cell population, and consequently of secretion of their products into the lumen of the crypts, making the affected organism predisposed to infections and dysbiosis. Additionally, the emergence of new intestinal cells is also decreased. This review aims to address the main characteristics of Paneth cells, highlighting their multiple functions and the importance of their preservation to ensure bowel homeostasis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laylla Barreto E Barreto
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Isadora Campos Rattes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Vasques da Costa
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Gama
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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55
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Gieryńska M, Szulc-Dąbrowska L, Struzik J, Mielcarska MB, Gregorczyk-Zboroch KP. Integrity of the Intestinal Barrier: The Involvement of Epithelial Cells and Microbiota-A Mutual Relationship. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12020145. [PMID: 35049768 PMCID: PMC8772550 DOI: 10.3390/ani12020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The gastrointestinal tract is a complex organization of various types of epithelial cells forming a single layer of the mucosal barrier, the host mucosal immune system, and microorganisms termed as gut microbiota inhabiting this area. The mucosal barrier, including physical and chemical factors, spatially segregates gut microbiota and the host immune system preventing the development of immune response directed towards non-pathogenic commensals and dietary antigens. However, for the maintenance of the integrity of the mucosal surfaces, cross-talk between epithelial cells and microbiota is required. The microbiome and the intestinal epithelium developed a complex dependence necessary for sustaining intestinal homeostasis. In this review, we highlight the role of specific epithelial cell subtypes and their role in barrier arrangement, the mechanisms employed by them to control intestinal microbiota as well as the mechanisms utilized by the microbiome to regulate intestinal epithelial function. This review will provide information regarding the development of inflammatory disorders dependent on the loss of intestinal barrier function and composition of the intestinal microbiota. Abstract The gastrointestinal tract, which is constantly exposed to a multitude of stimuli, is considered responsible for maintaining the homeostasis of the host. It is inhabited by billions of microorganisms, the gut microbiota, which form a mutualistic relationship with the host. Although the microbiota is generally recognized as beneficial, at the same time, together with pathogens, they are a permanent threat to the host. Various populations of epithelial cells provide the first line of chemical and physical defense against external factors acting as the interface between luminal microorganisms and immunocompetent cells in lamina propria. In this review, we focus on some essential, innate mechanisms protecting mucosal integrity, thus responsible for maintaining intestine homeostasis. The characteristics of decisive cell populations involved in maintaining the barrier arrangement, based on mucus secretion, formation of intercellular junctions as well as production of antimicrobial peptides, responsible for shaping the gut microbiota, are presented. We emphasize the importance of cross-talk between gut microbiota and epithelial cells as a factor vital for the maintenance of the homeostasis of the GI tract. Finally, we discuss how the imbalance of these regulations leads to the compromised barrier integrity and dysbiosis considered to contribute to inflammatory disorders and metabolic diseases.
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56
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IκBζ controls IL-17-triggered gene expression program in intestinal epithelial cells that restricts colonization of SFB and prevents Th17-associated pathologies. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1321-1337. [PMID: 35999460 PMCID: PMC9705257 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00554-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Control of gut microbes is crucial for not only local defense in the intestine but also proper systemic immune responses. Although intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) play important roles in cytokine-mediated control of enterobacteria, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here we show that deletion of IκBζ in IECs in mice leads to dysbiosis with marked expansion of segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB), thereby enhancing Th17 cell development and exacerbating inflammatory diseases. Mechanistically, the IκBζ deficiency results in decrease in the number of Paneth cells and impairment in expression of IL-17-inducible genes involved in IgA production. The decrease in Paneth cells is caused by aberrant activation of IFN-γ signaling and a failure of IL-17-dependent recovery from IFN-γ-induced damage. Thus, the IL-17R-IκBζ axis in IECs contributes to the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis by serving as a key component in a regulatory loop between the gut microbiota and immune cells.
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57
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Khan I. Understanding and Targeting the Colon Cancer Pathogenesis: A Molecular Perspective. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e20354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Imran Khan
- Bezmialem Vakif University, Turkey; Integral University, India
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58
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Cheng WX, Ren Y, Lu MM, Xu LL, Gao JG, Chen D, Kalyani FS, Lv ZY, Chen CX, Ji F, Lin HN, Jin X. Palmitoylation in Crohn’s disease: Current status and future directions. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:8201-8215. [PMID: 35068865 PMCID: PMC8717020 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i48.8201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
S-palmitoylation is one of the most common post-translational modifications in nature; however, its importance has been overlooked for decades. Crohn’s disease (CD), a subtype of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation involving the entire gastrointestinal tract. Bowel damage and subsequent disabilities caused by CD are a growing global health issue. Well-acknowledged risk factors for CD include genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, such as a westernized lifestyle, and altered gut microbiota. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms of this disorder are not yet comprehensively understood. With the rapidly increasing global prevalence of CD and the evident role of S-palmitoylation in CD, as recently reported, there is a need to investigate the relationship between CD and S-palmitoylation. In this review, we summarize the concept, detection, and function of S-palmitoylation as well as its potential effects on CD, and provide novel insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Xin Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yue Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Miao-Miao Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ling-Ling Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jian-Guo Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Farhin Shaheed Kalyani
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zi-Yan Lv
- Wenzhou Medical University Renji College, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chun-Xiao Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Feng Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - He-Ning Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Xi Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
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59
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Donaldson DS, Shih BB, Mabbott NA. Aging-Related Impairments to M Cells in Peyer's Patches Coincide With Disturbances to Paneth Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:761949. [PMID: 34938288 PMCID: PMC8687451 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.761949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The decline in mucosal immunity during aging increases susceptibility, morbidity and mortality to infections acquired via the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts in the elderly. We previously showed that this immunosenescence includes a reduction in the functional maturation of M cells in the follicle-associated epithelia (FAE) covering the Peyer’s patches, diminishing the ability to sample of antigens and pathogens from the gut lumen. Here, co-expression analysis of mRNA-seq data sets revealed a general down-regulation of most FAE- and M cell-related genes in Peyer’s patches from aged mice, including key transcription factors known to be essential for M cell differentiation. Conversely, expression of ACE2, the cellular receptor for SARS-Cov-2 virus, was increased in the aged FAE. This raises the possibility that the susceptibility of aged Peyer’s patches to infection with the SARS-Cov-2 virus is increased. Expression of key Paneth cell-related genes was also reduced in the ileum of aged mice, consistent with the adverse effects of aging on their function. However, the increased expression of these genes in the villous epithelium of aged mice suggested a disturbed distribution of Paneth cells in the aged intestine. Aging effects on Paneth cells negatively impact on the regenerative ability of the gut epithelium and could indirectly impede M cell differentiation. Thus, restoring Paneth cell function may represent a novel means to improve M cell differentiation in the aging intestine and increase mucosal vaccination efficacy in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Donaldson
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara B Shih
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, United Kingdom
| | - Neil A Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, United Kingdom
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60
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Larasati Y, Boudou C, Koval A, Katanaev VL. Unlocking the Wnt pathway: Therapeutic potential of selective targeting FZD 7 in cancer. Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:777-792. [PMID: 34915171 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The Wnt signaling is of paramount pathophysiological importance. Despite showing promising anticancer activities in pre-clinical studies, current Wnt pathway inhibitors face complications in clinical trials resulting from on-target toxicity. Hence, the targeting of pathway component(s) that are essential for cancer but dispensable for normal physiology is key to the development of a safe Wnt signaling inhibitor. Frizzled7 (FZD7) is a Wnt pathway receptor that is redundant in healthy tissues but crucial in various cancers. FZD7 modulates diverse aspects of carcinogenesis, including cancer growth, metastasis, maintenance of cancer stem cells, and chemoresistance. In this review, we describe state-of-the-art knowledge of the functions of FZD7 in carcinogenesis and adult tissue homeostasis. Next, we overview the development of small molecules and biomolecules that target FZD7. Finally, we discuss challenges and possibilities in developing FZD7-selective antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonika Larasati
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Translational Research Centre in Oncohaematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cédric Boudou
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Translational Research Centre in Oncohaematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexey Koval
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Translational Research Centre in Oncohaematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vladimir L Katanaev
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Translational Research Centre in Oncohaematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland; School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia.
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Han YM, Gao H, Hua RX, Liang C, Guo YX, Shang HW, Lu X, Xu JD. Paneth cells and intestinal health. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2021; 29:1362-1372. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v29.i23.1362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Paneth cells (PC) are a group of secretory cells derived from intestinal stem cells (ISC) and colonized in the bottom of the small intestinal crypt. As an important "guardian" of intestinal health, PC can not only secrete a variety of antibacterial peptides and cytokines to regulate intestinal homeostasis and participate in immune responses, but also release growth factors to support the stem cell niche and regulate their proliferation and differentiation. Of particular concern, as a static stem cell pool, PC can acquire a stem cell-like transcriptome after the injury of intestinal tissue so as to promote regeneration and repair the damaged intestinal tissue. Particularly, PC are closely related to a number of diseases that affect intestinal health, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC). The research of biological functions of PC may provide ideas for the treatment of these diseases. In summary, the role of PC in maintaining intestinal health should not be underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Min Han
- 2019 Oral Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Han Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Rong-Xuan Hua
- 2020 Clinical Medicine of "5+3" Program, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yue-Xin Guo
- 2019 Oral Medicine of "5+3" Program, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hong-Wei Shang
- Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medical Morphology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medical Morphology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jing-Dong Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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Brischetto C, Krieger K, Klotz C, Krahn I, Kunz S, Kolesnichenko M, Mucka P, Heuberger J, Scheidereit C, Schmidt-Ullrich R. NF-κB determines Paneth versus goblet cell fate decision in the small intestine. Development 2021; 148:273388. [PMID: 34751748 PMCID: PMC8627599 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although the role of the transcription factor NF-κB in intestinal inflammation and tumor formation has been investigated extensively, a physiological function of NF-κB in sustaining intestinal epithelial homeostasis beyond inflammation has not been demonstrated. Using NF-κB reporter mice, we detected strong NF-κB activity in Paneth cells, in ‘+4/+5’ secretory progenitors and in scattered Lgr5+ crypt base columnar stem cells of small intestinal (SI) crypts. To examine NF–κB functions in SI epithelial self-renewal, mice or SI crypt organoids (‘mini-guts’) with ubiquitously suppressed NF-κB activity were used. We show that NF-κB activity is dispensable for maintaining SI epithelial proliferation, but is essential for ex vivo organoid growth. Furthermore, we demonstrate a dramatic reduction of Paneth cells in the absence of NF-κB activity, concomitant with a significant increase in goblet cells and immature intermediate cells. This indicates that NF-κB is required for proper Paneth versus goblet cell differentiation and for SI epithelial homeostasis, which occurs via regulation of Wnt signaling and Sox9 expression downstream of NF-κB. The current study thus presents evidence for an important role for NF-κB in intestinal epithelial self-renewal. Summary: The transcription factor NF-κB, together with downstream Wnt and Sox9, is required for Paneth and goblet cell fate decisions and for maintenance of the small intestinal stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Brischetto
- Signal Transduction in Tumor Cells, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karsten Krieger
- Signal Transduction in Tumor Cells, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Klotz
- Unit for Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch-Institute (RKI), 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Inge Krahn
- Signal Transduction in Tumor Cells, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Séverine Kunz
- CF Electron Microscopy, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina Kolesnichenko
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Mucka
- Signal Transduction in Tumor Cells, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Heuberger
- Signal Transduction in Development and Cancer, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany.,Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Charité University Medicine, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claus Scheidereit
- Signal Transduction in Tumor Cells, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ruth Schmidt-Ullrich
- Signal Transduction in Tumor Cells, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
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63
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Jatko JT, Darling CL, Kellett MP, Bain LJ. Arsenic exposure in drinking water reduces Lgr5 and secretory cell marker gene expression in mouse intestines. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 422:115561. [PMID: 33957193 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is a global health concern that causes toxicity through ingestion of contaminated water and food. In vitro studies suggest that arsenic reduces stem and progenitor cell differentiation. Thus, this study determined if arsenic disrupted intestinal stem cell (ISC) differentiation, thereby altering the number, location, and/or function of intestinal epithelial cells. Adult male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 0 or 100 ppb sodium arsenite (AsIII) through drinking water for 5 weeks. Duodenal sections were collected to assess changes in morphology, proliferation, and cell types. qPCR analysis revealed a 40% reduction in Lgr5 transcripts, an ISC marker, in the arsenic-exposed mice, although there were no changes in the protein expression of Olfm4. Secretory cell-specific transcript markers of Paneth (Defa1), Goblet (Tff3), and secretory transit amplifying (Math1) cells were reduced by 51%, 44%, and 30% respectively, in the arsenic-exposed mice, indicating significant impacts on the Wnt-dependent differentiation pathway. Further, protein levels of phosphorylated β-catenin were reduced in the arsenic-exposed mice, which increased the expression of Wnt-dependent transcripts CD44 and c-myc. PCA analysis, followed by MANOVA and regression analyses, revealed significant changes and correlations between Lgr5 and the transit amplifying (TA) cell markers Math1 and Hes1, which are in the secretory cell pathway. Similar comparisons between Math1 and Defa1 show that terminal differentiation into Paneth cells is also reduced in the arsenic-exposed mice. The data suggests that ISCs are not lost following arsenic exposure, but rather, specific Wnt-dependent progenitor cell formation and terminal differentiation in the small intestine is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan T Jatko
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, Clemson University, 132 Long Hall, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Caitlin L Darling
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, 132 Long Hall, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Michael P Kellett
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, 132 Long Hall, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Lisa J Bain
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, Clemson University, 132 Long Hall, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, 132 Long Hall, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
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64
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Gleizes A, Triki M, Bonnet S, Baccari N, Jimenez-Dominguez G, Covinhes A, Pirot N, Blache P, Yuan R, Győrffy B, Cavaillès V, Lapierre M. RIP140 Represses Intestinal Paneth Cell Differentiation and Interplays with SOX9 Signaling in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3192. [PMID: 34206767 PMCID: PMC8268705 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
RIP140 is a major transcriptional coregulator of gut homeostasis and tumorigenesis through the regulation of Wnt/APC signaling. Here, we investigated the effect of RIP140 on Paneth cell differentiation and its interplay with the transcription factor SOX9. Using loss of function mouse models, human colon cancer cells, and tumor microarray data sets we evaluated the role of RIP140 in SOX9 expression and activity using RT-qPCR, immunohistochemistry, luciferase reporter assays, and GST-pull down. We first evidence that RIP140 strongly represses the Paneth cell lineage in the intestinal epithelium cells by inhibiting Sox9 expression. We then demonstrate that RIP140 interacts with SOX9 and inhibits its transcriptional activity. Our results reveal that the Wnt signaling pathway exerts an opposite regulation on SOX9 and RIP140. Finally, the levels of expression of RIP140 and SOX9 exhibit a reverse response and prognosis value in human colorectal cancer biopsies. This work highlights an intimate transcriptional cross-talk between RIP140 and SOX9 in intestinal physiopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Gleizes
- IRCM—Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, CNRS, 208 rue des Apothicaires, F-34298 Montpellier, France; (A.G.); (M.T.); (S.B.); (N.B.); (G.J.-D.); (P.B.); (V.C.)
| | - Mouna Triki
- IRCM—Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, CNRS, 208 rue des Apothicaires, F-34298 Montpellier, France; (A.G.); (M.T.); (S.B.); (N.B.); (G.J.-D.); (P.B.); (V.C.)
| | - Sandrine Bonnet
- IRCM—Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, CNRS, 208 rue des Apothicaires, F-34298 Montpellier, France; (A.G.); (M.T.); (S.B.); (N.B.); (G.J.-D.); (P.B.); (V.C.)
| | - Naomi Baccari
- IRCM—Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, CNRS, 208 rue des Apothicaires, F-34298 Montpellier, France; (A.G.); (M.T.); (S.B.); (N.B.); (G.J.-D.); (P.B.); (V.C.)
| | - Gabriel Jimenez-Dominguez
- IRCM—Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, CNRS, 208 rue des Apothicaires, F-34298 Montpellier, France; (A.G.); (M.T.); (S.B.); (N.B.); (G.J.-D.); (P.B.); (V.C.)
| | - Aurélie Covinhes
- BioCampus, RHEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, F-34093 Montpellier, France; (A.C.); (N.P.)
| | - Nelly Pirot
- BioCampus, RHEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, F-34093 Montpellier, France; (A.C.); (N.P.)
| | - Philippe Blache
- IRCM—Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, CNRS, 208 rue des Apothicaires, F-34298 Montpellier, France; (A.G.); (M.T.); (S.B.); (N.B.); (G.J.-D.); (P.B.); (V.C.)
| | - Rong Yuan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, IL 62794-9628, USA;
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- Department of Bioinformatics, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary;
- Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vincent Cavaillès
- IRCM—Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, CNRS, 208 rue des Apothicaires, F-34298 Montpellier, France; (A.G.); (M.T.); (S.B.); (N.B.); (G.J.-D.); (P.B.); (V.C.)
| | - Marion Lapierre
- IRCM—Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, CNRS, 208 rue des Apothicaires, F-34298 Montpellier, France; (A.G.); (M.T.); (S.B.); (N.B.); (G.J.-D.); (P.B.); (V.C.)
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65
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Secretory Sorcery: Paneth Cell Control of Intestinal Repair and Homeostasis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:1239-1250. [PMID: 34153524 PMCID: PMC8446800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Paneth cells are professional secretory cells that classically play a role in the innate immune system by secreting antimicrobial factors into the lumen to control enteric bacteria. In this role, Paneth cells are able to sense cues from luminal bacteria and respond by changing production of these factors to protect the epithelial barrier. Paneth cells rely on autophagy to regulate their secretory capability and capacity. Disruption of this pathway through mutation of genes, such as Atg16L1, results in decreased Paneth cell function, dysregulated enteric microbiota, decreased barrier integrity, and increased risk of diseases such as Crohn's disease in humans. Upon differentiation Paneth cells migrate downward and intercalate among active intestinal stem cells at the base of small intestinal crypts. This localization puts them in a unique position to interact with active intestinal stem cells, and recent work shows that Paneth cells play a critical role in influencing the intestinal stem cell niche. This review discusses the numerous ways Paneth cells can influence intestinal stem cells and their niche. We also highlight the ways in which Paneth cells can alter cells and other organ systems.
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66
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The phosphatase PRL-3 affects intestinal homeostasis by altering the crypt cell composition. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:1413-1426. [PMID: 34129057 PMCID: PMC8455404 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02097-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 (PRL-3) is known to promote tumor growth in gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas, and the incidence of tumor formation upon inflammatory events correlates with PRL-3 levels in mouse models. These carcinomas and their onset are associated with the impairment of intestinal cell homeostasis, which is regulated by a balanced number of Paneth cells and Lgr5 expressing intestinal stem cells (Lgr5+ ISCs). Nevertheless, the consequences of PRL-3 overexpression on cellular homeostasis and ISC fitness in vivo are unexplored. Here, we employ a doxycycline-inducible PRL-3 mouse strain to show that aberrant PRL-3 expression within a non-cancerous background leads to the death of Lgr5+ ISCs and to Paneth cell expansion. A higher dose of PRL-3, resulting from homozygous expression, led to mice dying early. A primary 3D intestinal culture model obtained from these mice confirmed the loss of Lgr5+ ISCs upon PRL-3 expression. The impaired intestinal organoid formation was rescued by a PRL inhibitor, providing a functional link to the observed phenotypes. These results demonstrate that elevated PRL-3 phosphatase activity in healthy intestinal epithelium impairs intestinal cell homeostasis, which correlates this cellular mechanism of tumor onset with PRL-3-mediated higher susceptibility to tumor formation upon inflammatory or mutational events. Key messages • Transgenic mice homozygous for PRL-3 overexpression die early. • PRL-3 heterozygous mice display disrupted intestinal self-renewal capacity. • PRL-3 overexpression alone does not induce tumorigenesis in the mouse intestine. • PRL-3 activity leads to the death of Lgr5+ ISCs and Paneth cell expansion. • Impairment of cell homeostasis correlates PRL-3 action with tumor onset mechanisms.
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67
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Guo X, Lv J, Xi R. The specification and function of enteroendocrine cells in Drosophila and mammals: a comparative review. FEBS J 2021; 289:4773-4796. [PMID: 34115929 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) in both invertebrates and vertebrates derive from intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and are scattered along the digestive tract, where they function in sensing various environmental stimuli and subsequently secrete neurotransmitters or neuropeptides to regulate diverse biological and physiological processes. To fulfill these functions, EECs are specified into multiple subtypes that occupy specific gut regions. With advances in single-cell technology, organoid culture experimental systems, and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genomic editing, rapid progress has been made toward characterization of EEC subtypes in mammals. Additionally, studies of genetic model organisms-especially Drosophila melanogaster-have also provided insights about the molecular processes underlying EEC specification from ISCs and about the establishment of diverse EEC subtypes. In this review, we compare the regulation of EEC specification and function in mammals and Drosophila, with a focus on EEC subtype characterization, on how internal and external regulators mediate EEC subtype specification, and on how EEC-mediated intra- and interorgan communications affect gastrointestinal physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingting Guo
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaying Lv
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Rongwen Xi
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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68
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miR-802 regulates Paneth cell function and enterocyte differentiation in the mouse small intestine. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3339. [PMID: 34099655 PMCID: PMC8184787 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23298-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is a complex structure that integrates digestive, immunological, neuroendocrine, and regenerative functions. Epithelial homeostasis is maintained by a coordinated cross-talk of different epithelial cell types. Loss of integrity of the intestinal epithelium plays a key role in inflammatory diseases and gastrointestinal infection. Here we show that the intestine-enriched miR-802 is a central regulator of intestinal epithelial cell proliferation, Paneth cell function, and enterocyte differentiation. Genetic ablation of mir-802 in the small intestine of mice leads to decreased glucose uptake, impaired enterocyte differentiation, increased Paneth cell function and intestinal epithelial proliferation. These effects are mediated in part through derepression of the miR-802 target Tmed9, a modulator of Wnt and lysozyme/defensin secretion in Paneth cells, and the downstream Wnt signaling components Fzd5 and Tcf4. Mutant Tmed9 mice harboring mutations in miR-802 binding sites partially recapitulate the augmented Paneth cell function of mice lacking miR-802. Our study demonstrates a broad miR-802 network that is important for the integration of signaling pathways of different cell types controlling epithelial homeostasis in the small intestine.
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69
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Garcia TM, van Roest M, Vermeulen JLM, Meisner S, Smit WL, Silva J, Koelink PJ, Koster J, Faller WJ, Wildenberg ME, van Elburg RM, Muncan V, Renes IB. Early Life Antibiotics Influence In Vivo and In Vitro Mouse Intestinal Epithelium Maturation and Functioning. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:943-981. [PMID: 34102314 PMCID: PMC8346670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The use of antibiotics (ABs) is a common practice during the first months of life. ABs can perturb the intestinal microbiota, indirectly influencing the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), but can also directly affect IECs independent of the microbiota. Previous studies have focused mostly on the impact of AB treatment during adulthood. However, the difference between the adult and neonatal intestine warrants careful investigation of AB effects in early life. METHODS Neonatal mice were treated with a combination of amoxicillin, vancomycin, and metronidazole from postnatal day 10 to 20. Intestinal permeability and whole-intestine gene and protein expression were analyzed. IECs were sorted by a fluorescence-activated cell sorter and their genome-wide gene expression was analyzed. Mouse fetal intestinal organoids were treated with the same AB combination and their gene and protein expression and metabolic capacity were determined. RESULTS We found that in vivo treatment of neonatal mice led to decreased intestinal permeability and a reduced number of specialized vacuolated cells, characteristic of the neonatal period and necessary for absorption of milk macromolecules. In addition, the expression of genes typically present in the neonatal intestinal epithelium was lower, whereas the adult gene expression signature was higher. Moreover, we found altered epithelial defense and transepithelial-sensing capacity. In vitro treatment of intestinal fetal organoids with AB showed that part of the consequences observed in vivo is a result of the direct action of the ABs on IECs. Lastly, ABs reduced the metabolic capacity of intestinal fetal organoids. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that early life AB treatment induces direct and indirect effects on IECs, influencing their maturation and functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Martins Garcia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Manon van Roest
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline L M Vermeulen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Meisner
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter L Smit
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joana Silva
- Department of Oncogenomics, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pim J Koelink
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Koster
- Department of Oncogenomics, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - William J Faller
- Department of Oncogenomics, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Manon E Wildenberg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ruurd M van Elburg
- Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vanesa Muncan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Ingrid B Renes
- Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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70
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Lee JEA, Parsons LM, Quinn LM. MYC function and regulation in flies: how Drosophila has enlightened MYC cancer biology. AIMS GENETICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3934/genet.2014.1.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractProgress in our understanding of the complex signaling events driving human cancer would have been unimaginably slow without discoveries from Drosophila genetic studies. Significantly, many of the signaling pathways now synonymous with cancer biology were first identified as a result of elegant screens for genes fundamental to metazoan development. Indeed the name given to many core cancer-signaling cascades tells of their history as developmental patterning regulators in flies—e.g. Wingless (Wnt), Notch and Hippo. Moreover, astonishing insight has been gained into these complex signaling networks, and many other classic oncogenic signaling networks (e.g. EGFR/RAS/RAF/ERK, InR/PI3K/AKT/TOR), using sophisticated fly genetics. Of course if we are to understand how these signaling pathways drive cancer, we must determine the downstream program(s) of gene expression activated to promote the cell and tissue over growth fundamental to cancer. Here we discuss one commonality between each of these pathways: they are all implicated as upstream activators of the highly conserved MYC oncogene and transcription factor. MYC can drive all aspects of cell growth and cell cycle progression during animal development. MYC is estimated to be dysregulated in over 50% of all cancers, underscoring the importance of elucidating the signals activating MYC. We also discuss the FUBP1/FIR/FUSE system, which acts as a ‘cruise control’ on the MYC promoter to control RNA Polymerase II pausing and, therefore, MYC transcription in response to the developmental signaling environment. Importantly, the striking conservation between humans and flies within these major axes of MYC regulation has made Drosophila an extremely valuable model organism for cancer research. We therefore discuss how Drosophila studies have helped determine the validity of signaling pathways regulating MYC in vivo using sophisticated genetics, and continue to provide novel insight into cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Er Amanda Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Linda May Parsons
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Leonie M. Quinn
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Melbourne, Australia
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71
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Acar A, Hidalgo-Sastre A, Leverentz MK, Mills CG, Woodcock S, Baron M, Collu GM, Brennan K. Inhibition of Wnt signalling by Notch via two distinct mechanisms. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9096. [PMID: 33907274 PMCID: PMC8079408 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88618-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch and Wnt are two essential signalling pathways that help to shape animals during development and to sustain adult tissue homeostasis. Although they are often active at the same time within a tissue, they typically have opposing effects on cell fate decisions. In fact, crosstalk between the two pathways is important in generating the great diversity of cell types that we find in metazoans. Several different mechanisms have been proposed that allow Notch to limit Wnt signalling, driving a Notch-ON/Wnt-OFF state. Here we explore these different mechanisms in human cells and demonstrate two distinct mechanisms by which Notch itself, can limit the transcriptional activity of β-catenin. At the membrane, independently of DSL ligands, Notch1 can antagonise β-catenin activity through an endocytic mechanism that requires its interaction with Deltex and sequesters β-catenin into the membrane fraction. Within the nucleus, the intracellular domain of Notch1 can also limit β-catenin induced transcription through the formation of a complex that requires its interaction with RBPjκ. We believe these mechanisms contribute to the robustness of cell-fate decisions by sharpening the distinction between opposing Notch/Wnt responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Acar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Universiteler Mah. Dumlupınar Bulvarı 1, 06800, Çankaya, Ankara, Turkey.
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Ana Hidalgo-Sastre
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Michael K Leverentz
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Christopher G Mills
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Simon Woodcock
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Martin Baron
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Giovanna M Collu
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine At Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1020, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Keith Brennan
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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72
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Zhao A, Qin H, Sun M, Tang M, Mei J, Ma K, Fu X. Chemical conversion of human epidermal stem cells into intestinal goblet cells for modeling mucus-microbe interaction and therapy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/16/eabb2213. [PMID: 33853767 PMCID: PMC8046373 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb2213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal goblet cells secrete mucus layers protecting the intestinal epithelia against injuries. It is challenging to study the interaction of goblet cells, mucus layers, and gut microbiota because of difficulty in producing goblet cells and mucus models. We generate intestinal goblet cells from human epidermal stem cells with two small molecular inhibitors Repsox and CHIR99021 in the presence of basic fibroblast growth factor and bone morphogenetic protein 4 at high efficiency (~95%) of conversion for a short time (6 to 8 days). Induced goblet cells are functional to secrete mucus, deliver fluorescent antigen, and form mucus layers modeling the mucus-microbe interaction in vitro. Transplantation of induced goblet cells and oral administration of chemical induction media promote the repair of the intestinal epithelia in a colitis mouse model. Thus, induced goblet cells can be used for investigating mucus-microbe interaction, and chemical cocktails may act as drugs for repairing the intestinal epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andong Zhao
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Division and 4th Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College, 28 Fu Xing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Hua Qin
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Division and 4th Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College, 28 Fu Xing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
- PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Mengli Sun
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Division and 4th Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College, 28 Fu Xing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
- PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Mao Tang
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Jinyu Mei
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Kui Ma
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Division and 4th Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College, 28 Fu Xing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Division and 4th Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College, 28 Fu Xing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China.
- PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, Beijing 100048, China
- Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100048, China
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73
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Južnić L, Peuker K, Strigli A, Brosch M, Herrmann A, Häsler R, Koch M, Matthiesen L, Zeissig Y, Löscher BS, Nuber A, Schotta G, Neumeister V, Chavakis T, Kurth T, Lesche M, Dahl A, von Mässenhausen A, Linkermann A, Schreiber S, Aden K, Rosenstiel PC, Franke A, Hampe J, Zeissig S. SETDB1 is required for intestinal epithelial differentiation and the prevention of intestinal inflammation. Gut 2021; 70:485-498. [PMID: 32503845 PMCID: PMC7873423 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The intestinal epithelium is a rapidly renewing tissue which plays central roles in nutrient uptake, barrier function and the prevention of intestinal inflammation. Control of epithelial differentiation is essential to these processes and is dependent on cell type-specific activity of transcription factors which bind to accessible chromatin. Here, we studied the role of SET Domain Bifurcated Histone Lysine Methyltransferase 1, also known as ESET (SETDB1), a histone H3K9 methyltransferase, in intestinal epithelial homeostasis and IBD. DESIGN We investigated mice with constitutive and inducible intestinal epithelial deletion of Setdb1, studied the expression of SETDB1 in patients with IBD and mouse models of IBD, and investigated the abundance of SETDB1 variants in healthy individuals and patients with IBD. RESULTS Deletion of intestinal epithelial Setdb1 in mice was associated with defects in intestinal epithelial differentiation, barrier disruption, inflammation and mortality. Mechanistic studies showed that loss of SETDB1 leads to de-silencing of endogenous retroviruses, DNA damage and intestinal epithelial cell death. Predicted loss-of-function variants in human SETDB1 were considerably less frequently observed than expected, consistent with a critical role of SETDB1 in human biology. While the vast majority of patients with IBD showed unimpaired mucosal SETDB1 expression, comparison of IBD and non-IBD exomes revealed over-representation of individual rare missense variants in SETDB1 in IBD, some of which are predicted to be associated with loss of function and may contribute to the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation. CONCLUSION SETDB1 plays an essential role in intestinal epithelial homeostasis. Future work is required to investigate whether rare variants in SETDB1 contribute to the pathogenesis of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Južnić
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Dresden, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Center for Regenerative Therapies (CRTD), Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kenneth Peuker
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Dresden, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Center for Regenerative Therapies (CRTD), Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anne Strigli
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Dresden, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Center for Regenerative Therapies (CRTD), Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mario Brosch
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Dresden, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Center for Regenerative Therapies (CRTD), Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Herrmann
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Dresden, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Center for Regenerative Therapies (CRTD), Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Häsler
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Koch
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Dresden, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Center for Regenerative Therapies (CRTD), Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Liz Matthiesen
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Dresden, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Center for Regenerative Therapies (CRTD), Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yvonne Zeissig
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Medical Center Dresden, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Britt-Sabina Löscher
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexander Nuber
- Division of Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gunnar Schotta
- Division of Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Volker Neumeister
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Dresden, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Dresden, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Kurth
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMBC), Technology Platform, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mathias Lesche
- DRESDEN-concept Genome Center, c/o Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Dahl
- DRESDEN-concept Genome Center, c/o Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anne von Mässenhausen
- BIOTEChnology Center, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine III, University Medical Center Dresden, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- BIOTEChnology Center, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine III, University Medical Center Dresden, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany,Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Konrad Aden
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany,Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Philip C Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jochen Hampe
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Dresden, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Center for Regenerative Therapies (CRTD), Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zeissig
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Dresden, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany .,Center for Regenerative Therapies (CRTD), Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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74
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Sphyris N, Hodder MC, Sansom OJ. Subversion of Niche-Signalling Pathways in Colorectal Cancer: What Makes and Breaks the Intestinal Stem Cell. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1000. [PMID: 33673710 PMCID: PMC7957493 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium fulfils pleiotropic functions in nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and immune surveillance while also forming a barrier against luminal toxins and gut-resident microbiota. Incessantly barraged by extraneous stresses, the intestine must continuously replenish its epithelial lining and regenerate the full gamut of specialized cell types that underpin its functions. Homeostatic remodelling is orchestrated by the intestinal stem cell (ISC) niche: a convergence of epithelial- and stromal-derived cues, which maintains ISCs in a multipotent state. Following demise of homeostatic ISCs post injury, plasticity is pervasive among multiple populations of reserve stem-like cells, lineage-committed progenitors, and/or fully differentiated cell types, all of which can contribute to regeneration and repair. Failure to restore the epithelial barrier risks seepage of toxic luminal contents, resulting in inflammation and likely predisposing to tumour formation. Here, we explore how homeostatic niche-signalling pathways are subverted in tumorigenesis, enabling ISCs to gain autonomy from niche restraints ("ISC emancipation") and transform into cancer stem cells capable of driving tumour initiation, progression, and therapy resistance. We further consider the implications of the pervasive plasticity of the intestinal epithelium for the trajectory of colorectal cancer, the emergence of distinct molecular subtypes, the propensity to metastasize, and the development of effective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Sphyris
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; (N.S.); (M.C.H.)
| | - Michael C. Hodder
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; (N.S.); (M.C.H.)
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Owen J. Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; (N.S.); (M.C.H.)
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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75
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Kunze B, Middelhoff M, Maurer HC, Agibalova T, Anand A, Bührer AM, Fang HY, Baumeister T, Steiger K, Strangmann J, Schmid RM, Wang TC, Quante M. Notch signaling drives development of Barrett's metaplasia from Dclk1-positive epithelial tuft cells in the murine gastric mucosa. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4509. [PMID: 33627749 PMCID: PMC7904766 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Barrett's esophagus (BE) is a precursor to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), but its cellular origin and mechanism of neoplastic progression remain unresolved. Notch signaling, which plays a key role in regulating intestinal stem cell maintenance, has been implicated in a number of cancers. The kinase Dclk1 labels epithelial post-mitotic tuft cells at the squamo-columnar junction (SCJ), and has also been proposed to contribute to epithelial tumor growth. Here, we find that genetic activation of intracellular Notch signaling in epithelial Dclk1-positive tuft cells resulted in the accelerated development of metaplasia and dysplasia in a mouse model of BE (pL2.Dclk1.N2IC mice). In contrast, genetic ablation of Notch receptor 2 in Dclk1-positive cells delayed BE progression (pL2.Dclk1.N2fl mice), and led to increased secretory cell differentiation. The accelerated BE progression in pL2.Dclk1.N2IC mice correlated with changes to the transcriptomic landscape, most notably for the activation of oncogenic, proliferative pathways in BE tissues, in contrast to upregulated Wnt signalling in pL2.Dclk1.N2fl mice. Collectively, our data show that Notch activation in Dclk1-positive tuft cells in the gastric cardia can contribute to BE development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Kunze
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Moritz Middelhoff
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - H Carlo Maurer
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tatiana Agibalova
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Akanksha Anand
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anne-Marie Bührer
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hsin-Yu Fang
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Theresa Baumeister
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Steiger
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Strangmann
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland M Schmid
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Quante
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. .,Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Gastrointestinale Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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76
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Sanman LE, Chen IW, Bieber JM, Steri V, Trentesaux C, Hann B, Klein OD, Wu LF, Altschuler SJ. Transit-Amplifying Cells Coordinate Changes in Intestinal Epithelial Cell-Type Composition. Dev Cell 2021; 56:356-365.e9. [PMID: 33484640 PMCID: PMC7917018 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Renewing tissues have the remarkable ability to continually produce both proliferative progenitor and specialized differentiated cell types. How are complex milieus of microenvironmental signals interpreted to coordinate tissue-cell-type composition? Here, we investigate the responses of intestinal epithelium to individual and paired perturbations across eight epithelial signaling pathways. Using a high-throughput approach that combines enteroid monolayers and quantitative imaging, we identified conditions that enrich for specific cell types as well as interactions between pathways. Importantly, we found that modulation of transit-amplifying cell proliferation changes the ratio of differentiated secretory to absorptive cell types. These observations highlight an underappreciated role for transit-amplifying cells in the tuning of differentiated cell-type composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Sanman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ina W Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jake M Bieber
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco and University of California, Berkeley, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Veronica Steri
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Preclinical Therapeutics Core, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Coralie Trentesaux
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Byron Hann
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Preclinical Therapeutics Core, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Lani F Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Steven J Altschuler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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77
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Quintero M, Liu S, Xia Y, Huang Y, Zou Y, Li G, Hu L, Singh N, Blumberg R, Cai Y, Xu H, Li H. Cdk5rap3 is essential for intestinal Paneth cell development and maintenance. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:131. [PMID: 33504792 PMCID: PMC7841144 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03401-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal Paneth cells are professional exocrine cells that play crucial roles in maintenance of homeostatic microbiome, modulation of mucosal immunity, and support for stem cell self-renewal. Dysfunction of these cells may lead to the pathogenesis of human diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Cdk5 activator binding protein Cdk5rap3 (also known as C53 and LZAP) was originally identified as a binding protein of Cdk5 activator p35. Although previous studies have indicated its involvement in a wide range of signaling pathways, the physiological function of Cdk5rap3 remains largely undefined. In this study, we found that Cdk5rap3 deficiency resulted in very early embryonic lethality, indicating its indispensable role in embryogenesis. To further investigate its function in the adult tissues and organs, we generated intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-specific knockout mouse model to examine its role in intestinal development and tissue homeostasis. IEC-specific deletion of Cdk5rap3 led to nearly complete loss of Paneth cells and increased susceptibility to experimentally induced colitis. Interestingly, Cdk5rap3 deficiency resulted in downregulation of key transcription factors Gfi1 and Sox9, indicating its crucial role in Paneth cell fate specification. Furthermore, Cdk5rap3 is highly expressed in mature Paneth cells. Paneth cell-specific knockout of Cdk5rap3 caused partial loss of Paneth cells, while inducible acute deletion of Cdk5rap3 resulted in disassembly of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and abnormal zymogen granules in the mature Paneth cells, as well as loss of Paneth cells. Together, our results provide definitive evidence for the essential role of Cdk5rap3 in Paneth cell development and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Quintero
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Siyang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Yanhua Xia
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yonghong Huang
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yi Zou
- Department of Metabolic Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ge Li
- Department of Pathology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Hu
- Department of Metabolic Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Nagendra Singh
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Richard Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yafei Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Honglin Li
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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78
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The RNA helicase Dhx15 mediates Wnt-induced antimicrobial protein expression in Paneth cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2017432118. [PMID: 33483420 PMCID: PMC7848544 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2017432118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA helicases play roles in various essential biological processes such as RNA splicing and editing. Recent in vitro studies show that RNA helicases are involved in immune responses toward viruses, serving as viral RNA sensors or immune signaling adaptors. However, there is still a lack of in vivo data to support the tissue- or cell-specific function of RNA helicases owing to the lethality of mice with complete knockout of RNA helicases; further, there is a lack of evidence about the antibacterial role of helicases. Here, we investigated the in vivo role of Dhx15 in intestinal antibacterial responses by generating mice that were intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-specific deficient for Dhx15 (Dhx15 f/f Villin1-cre, Dhx15ΔIEC). These mice are susceptible to infection with enteric bacteria Citrobacter rodentium (C. rod), owing to impaired α-defensin production by Paneth cells. Moreover, mice with Paneth cell-specific depletion of Dhx15 (Dhx15 f/f Defensinα6-cre, Dhx15ΔPaneth) are more susceptible to DSS (dextran sodium sulfate)-induced colitis, which phenocopy Dhx15ΔIEC mice, due to the dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota. In humans, reduced protein levels of Dhx15 are found in ulcerative colitis (UC) patients. Taken together, our findings identify a key regulator of Wnt-induced α-defensins in Paneth cells and offer insights into its role in the antimicrobial response as well as intestinal inflammation.
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79
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Sprangers J, Zaalberg IC, Maurice MM. Organoid-based modeling of intestinal development, regeneration, and repair. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:95-107. [PMID: 33208888 PMCID: PMC7852609 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00665-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium harbors a remarkable adaptability to undergo injury-induced repair. A key part of the regenerative response is the transient reprogramming of epithelial cells into a fetal-like state, which drives uniform proliferation, tissue remodeling, and subsequent restoration of the homeostatic state. In this review, we discuss how Wnt and YAP signaling pathways control the intestinal repair response and the transitioning of cell states, in comparison with the process of intestinal development. Furthermore, we highlight how organoid-based applications have contributed to the characterization of the mechanistic principles and key players that guide these developmental and regenerative events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joep Sprangers
- Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Irene C Zaalberg
- Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Madelon M Maurice
- Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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80
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Wang H, Cui G, Yu B, Sun M, Yang H. Cancer Stem Cell Niche in Colorectal Cancer and Targeted Therapies. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:1979-1993. [PMID: 32268862 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200408102305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), also known as tumor-initiating cells, are a sub-population of tumor cells found in many human cancers that are endowed with self-renewal and pluripotency. CSCs may be more resistant to conventional anticancer therapies than average cancer cells, as they can easily escape the cytotoxic effects of standard chemotherapy, thereby resulting in tumor relapse. Despite significant progress in related research, effective elimination of CSCs remains an unmet clinical need. CSCs are localized in a specialized microenvironment termed the niche, which plays a pivotal role in cancer multidrug resistance. The niche components of CSCs, such as the extracellular matrix, also physically shelter CSCs from therapeutic agents. Colorectal cancer is the most common malignancy worldwide and presents a relatively transparent process of cancer initiation and development, making it an ideal model for CSC niche research. Here, we review recent advances in the field of CSCs using colorectal cancer as an example to illustrate the potential therapeutic value of targeting the CSC niche. These findings not only provide a novel theoretical basis for in-depth discussions on tumor occurrence, development, and prognosis evaluation, but also offer new strategies for the targeted treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China.,Laboratory medical college, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Guihua Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Meiyan Sun
- Laboratory medical college, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
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81
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Sjöqvist M, Antfolk D, Suarez-Rodriguez F, Sahlgren C. From structural resilience to cell specification - Intermediate filaments as regulators of cell fate. FASEB J 2020; 35:e21182. [PMID: 33205514 PMCID: PMC7839487 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001627r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During the last decades intermediate filaments (IFs) have emerged as important regulators of cellular signaling events, ascribing IFs with functions beyond the structural support they provide. The organ and developmental stage‐specific expression of IFs regulate cell differentiation within developing or remodeling tissues. Lack of IFs causes perturbed stem cell differentiation in vasculature, intestine, nervous system, and mammary gland, in transgenic mouse models. The aberrant cell fate decisions are caused by deregulation of different stem cell signaling pathways, such as Notch, Wnt, YAP/TAZ, and TGFβ. Mutations in genes coding for IFs cause an array of different diseases, many related to stem cell dysfunction, but the molecular mechanisms remain unresolved. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of how IFs interact with and regulate the activity, localization and function of different signaling proteins in stem cells, and how the assembly state and PTM profile of IFs may affect these processes. Identifying when, where and how IFs and cell signaling congregate, will expand our understanding of IF‐linked stem cell dysfunction during development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Sjöqvist
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Turku Bioscience, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Daniel Antfolk
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Turku Bioscience, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Freddy Suarez-Rodriguez
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Turku Bioscience, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Cecilia Sahlgren
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Turku Bioscience, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
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82
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Dabir PD, van der Post RS, Nagtegaal ID. Incidental morphological findings in colorectal adenomas. Histopathology 2020; 78:348-357. [PMID: 32981102 PMCID: PMC7894322 DOI: 10.1111/his.14263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Owing to a sharp increase in the frequency of diagnosis of colorectal adenomas in the current era of population screening, distinctive morphological features are increasingly being observed. These may present diagnostic challenges and cause clinical management issues. Paneth cell metaplasia is a more common occurrence, but the incidence rates of squamous metaplasia, clear cell metaplasia, osseous metaplasia, neuroendocrine differentiation and signet‐ring cell‐like lesion are low, and they can be seen in <1% of colorectal adenomas. Their histomorphological characteristics are quite unique; ancillary studies are not very helpful and often not needed. In this review, we give an overview and describe the potential clinical consequences of such incidental and special morphological findings in colorectal adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parag D Dabir
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Institute of Pathology, Randers Regional Hospital, Randers, Denmark
| | - Rachel S van der Post
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Iris D Nagtegaal
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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83
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Yang E, Shen J. The roles and functions of Paneth cells in Crohn's disease: A critical review. Cell Prolif 2020; 54:e12958. [PMID: 33174662 PMCID: PMC7791172 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Paneth cells (PCs) are located at the base of small intestinal crypts and secrete the α‐defensins, human α‐defensin 5 (HD‐5) and human α‐defensin 6 (HD‐6) in response to bacterial, cholinergic and other stimuli. The α‐defensins are broad‐spectrum microbicides that play critical roles in controlling gut microbiota and maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease (CD), is a complicated autoimmune disorder. The pathogenesis of CD involves genetic factors, environmental factors and microflora. Surprisingly, with regard to genetic factors, many susceptible genes and pathogenic pathways of CD, including nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2), autophagy‐related 16‐like 1 (ATG16L1), immunity‐related guanosine triphosphatase family M (IRGM), wingless‐related integration site (Wnt), leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), histone deacetylases (HDACs), caspase‐8 (Casp8) and X‐box‐binding protein‐1 (XBP1), are relevant to PCs. As the underlying mechanisms are being unravelled, PCs are identified as the central element of CD pathogenesis, integrating factors among microbiota, intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction and the immune system. In the present review, we demonstrate how these genes and pathways regulate CD pathogenesis via their action on PCs and what treatment modalities can be applied to deal with these PC‐mediated pathogenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erpeng Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Shen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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84
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Li Y, Chen M, Hu J, Sheng R, Lin Q, He X, Guo M. Volumetric Compression Induces Intracellular Crowding to Control Intestinal Organoid Growth via Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 28:63-78.e7. [PMID: 33053374 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Enormous amounts of essential intracellular events are crowdedly packed inside picoliter-sized cellular space. However, the significance of the physical properties of cells remains underappreciated because of a lack of evidence of how they affect cellular functionalities. Here, we show that volumetric compression regulates the growth of intestinal organoids by modifying intracellular crowding and elevating Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Intracellular crowding varies upon stimulation by different types of extracellular physical/mechanical cues and leads to significant enhancement of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by stabilizing the LRP6 signalosome. By enhancing intracellular crowding using osmotic and mechanical compression, we show that expansion of intestinal organoids was facilitated through elevated Wnt/β-catenin signaling and greater intestinal stem cell (ISC) self-renewal. Our results provide an entry point for understanding how intracellular crowdedness functions as a physical regulator linking extracellular physical cues with intracellular signaling and potentially facilitate the design of engineering approaches for expansion of stem cells and organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Maorong Chen
- F. M. Kirby Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jiliang Hu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ren Sheng
- F. M. Kirby Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; College of Life and Health Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, China
| | - Qirong Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xi He
- F. M. Kirby Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ming Guo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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85
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Wei G, Gao N, Chen J, Fan L, Zeng Z, Gao G, Li L, Fang G, Hu K, Pang X, Fan HY, Clevers H, Liu M, Zhang X, Li D. Erk and MAPK signaling is essential for intestinal development through Wnt pathway modulation. Development 2020; 147:dev.185678. [PMID: 32747435 DOI: 10.1242/dev.185678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Homeostasis of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) is maintained by the orchestration of niche factors and intrinsic signaling networks. Here, we have found that deletion of Erk1 and Erk2 (Erk1/2) in intestinal epithelial cells at embryonic stages resulted in an unexpected increase in cell proliferation and migration, expansion of ISCs, and formation of polyp-like structures, leading to postnatal death. Deficiency of epithelial Erk1/2 results in defects in secretory cell differentiation as well as impaired mesenchymal cell proliferation and maturation. Deletion of Erk1/2 strongly activated Wnt signaling through both cell-autonomous and non-autonomous mechanisms. In epithelial cells, Erk1/2 depletion resulted in loss of feedback regulation, leading to Ras/Raf cascade activation that transactivated Akt activity to stimulate the mTor and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. Moreover, Erk1/2 deficiency reduced the levels of Indian hedgehog and the expression of downstream pathway components, including mesenchymal Bmp4 - a Wnt suppressor in intestines. Inhibition of mTor signaling by rapamycin partially rescued Erk1/2 depletion-induced intestinal defects and significantly prolonged the lifespan of mutant mice. These data demonstrate that Erk/Mapk signaling functions as a key modulator of Wnt signaling through coordination of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during intestinal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaigai Wei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Joint Research Center for Translational Medicine, ECNU-Fengxian Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Na Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Joint Research Center for Translational Medicine, ECNU-Fengxian Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jiwei Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Joint Research Center for Translational Medicine, ECNU-Fengxian Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Lingling Fan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Joint Research Center for Translational Medicine, ECNU-Fengxian Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zhiyang Zeng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Joint Research Center for Translational Medicine, ECNU-Fengxian Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ganglong Gao
- Fengxian Hospital affiliated to Southern Medical University, Shanghai 201499, China
| | - Liang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Joint Research Center for Translational Medicine, ECNU-Fengxian Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Guojiu Fang
- Fengxian Hospital affiliated to Southern Medical University, Shanghai 201499, China
| | - Kewen Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Joint Research Center for Translational Medicine, ECNU-Fengxian Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiufeng Pang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Joint Research Center for Translational Medicine, ECNU-Fengxian Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Heng-Yu Fan
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Joint Research Center for Translational Medicine, ECNU-Fengxian Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xueli Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Joint Research Center for Translational Medicine, ECNU-Fengxian Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China .,Fengxian Hospital affiliated to Southern Medical University, Shanghai 201499, China
| | - Dali Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Joint Research Center for Translational Medicine, ECNU-Fengxian Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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86
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Mei X, Gu M, Li M. Plasticity of Paneth cells and their ability to regulate intestinal stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020. [PMID: 32787930 DOI: 10.1186/s13287‐020‐01857‐7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Paneth cells (PCs) are located at the bottom of small intestinal crypts and play an important role in maintaining the stability of the intestinal tract. Previous studies reported on how PCs shape the intestinal microbiota or the response to the immune system. Recent studies have determined that PCs play an important role in the regulation of the homeostasis of intestinal epithelial cells. PCs can regulate the function and homeostasis of intestinal stem cells through several mechanisms. On the one hand, under pathological conditions, PCs can be dedifferentiated into stem cells to promote the repair of intestinal tissues. On the other hand, PCs can regulate stem cell proliferation by secreting a variety of hormones (such as wnt3a) or metabolic intermediates. In addition, we summarise key signalling pathways that affect PC differentiation and mutual effect with intestinal stem cells. In this review, we introduce the diverse functions of PCs in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglin Mei
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Ming Gu
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Meiying Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.
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87
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Mei X, Gu M, Li M. Plasticity of Paneth cells and their ability to regulate intestinal stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:349. [PMID: 32787930 PMCID: PMC7425583 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01857-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Paneth cells (PCs) are located at the bottom of small intestinal crypts and play an important role in maintaining the stability of the intestinal tract. Previous studies reported on how PCs shape the intestinal microbiota or the response to the immune system. Recent studies have determined that PCs play an important role in the regulation of the homeostasis of intestinal epithelial cells. PCs can regulate the function and homeostasis of intestinal stem cells through several mechanisms. On the one hand, under pathological conditions, PCs can be dedifferentiated into stem cells to promote the repair of intestinal tissues. On the other hand, PCs can regulate stem cell proliferation by secreting a variety of hormones (such as wnt3a) or metabolic intermediates. In addition, we summarise key signalling pathways that affect PC differentiation and mutual effect with intestinal stem cells. In this review, we introduce the diverse functions of PCs in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglin Mei
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Ming Gu
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Meiying Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.
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88
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Puértolas-Balint F, Schroeder BO. Does an Apple a Day Also Keep the Microbes Away? The Interplay Between Diet, Microbiota, and Host Defense Peptides at the Intestinal Mucosal Barrier. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1164. [PMID: 32655555 PMCID: PMC7325984 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A crucial mechanism of intestinal defense includes the production and secretion of host defense peptides (HDPs). HDPs control pathogens and commensals at the intestinal interface by direct killing, by sequestering vital ions, or by causing bacterial cells to aggregate in the mucus layer. Accordingly, the combined activity of various HDPs neutralizes gut bacteria before reaching the mucosa and thus helps to maintain the homeostatic balance between the host and its microbes at the mucosal barrier. Defects in the mucosal barrier have been associated with various diseases that are on the rise in the Western world. These include metabolic diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, and inflammatory intestinal disorders, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, the two major entities of inflammatory bowel disease. While the etiology of these diseases is multifactorial, highly processed Western-style diet (WSD) that is rich in carbohydrates and fat and low in dietary fiber content, is considered to be a contributing lifestyle factor. As such, WSD does not only profoundly affect the resident microbes in the intestine, but can also directly alter HDP function, thereby potentially contributing to intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction. In this review we aim to decipher the complex interaction between diet, microbiota, and HDPs. We discuss how HDP expression can be modulated by specific microbes and their metabolites as well as by dietary factors, including fibers, lipids, polyphenols and vitamins. We identify several dietary compounds that lead to reduced HDP function, but also factors that stimulate HDP production in the intestine. Furthermore, we argue that the effect of HDPs against commensal bacteria has been understudied when compared to pathogens, and that local environmental conditions also need to be considered. In addition, we discuss the known molecular mechanisms behind HDP modulation. We believe that a better understanding of the diet-microbiota-HDP interdependence will provide insights into factors underlying modern diseases and will help to identify potential dietary interventions or probiotic supplementation that can promote HDP-mediated intestinal barrier function in the Western gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Puértolas-Balint
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS) -The Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bjoern O Schroeder
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS) -The Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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89
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Casanova-Martí À, González-Abuín N, Serrano J, Blay MT, Terra X, Frost G, Pinent M, Ardévol A. Long Term Exposure to a Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract Enhances L-Cell Differentiation in Intestinal Organoids. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e2000303. [PMID: 32613679 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE A grape-seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) interacts at the intestinal level, enhancing glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) release, which modulate appetite and glucose homeostasis. Thus, enhancing L-cell numbers could be a strategy to promote hormone production, providing a potential strategy for obesity and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treatment. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice ileum organoids are used to evaluate the long-term effects of GSPE and two of its main components, epicatechin (EC) and gallic acid (GA), on intestinal differentiation. Hormone levels are determined using RIA and ELISA kits, and gene expression of transcription factors involved in intestinal cell differentiation, as well as markers of different cell types, are assessed by real-time qPCR. GSPE upregulates enterohormone gene expression and content, as well as the pan-endocrine marker chromogranin A. GSPE also modulates the temporal gene expression profile of early and late transcription factors involved in L-cell differentiation. Furthermore, GSPE upregulates goblet cell (Muc2) and enterocyte (sucraseisomaltase) markers, while downregulating stem cell markers (Lgr5+). Although EC and GA modified enterohormone release, they do not reproduce GSPE effects on transcription factor's profile. CONCLUSIONS This study shows the potential role of GSPE in promoting enteroendocrine differentiation, effect that is not mediated by EC or GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Àngela Casanova-Martí
- MoBioFood Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·li Domingo 1, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Noemi González-Abuín
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Joan Serrano
- MoBioFood Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·li Domingo 1, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Blay
- MoBioFood Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·li Domingo 1, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Ximena Terra
- MoBioFood Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·li Domingo 1, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Gary Frost
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Montserrat Pinent
- MoBioFood Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·li Domingo 1, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Anna Ardévol
- MoBioFood Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·li Domingo 1, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
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90
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Genetic Variations at rs3129891 and rs77005575 are Associated With Reduced Expression of Enteric α-defensins in IBD Patients. J Clin Gastroenterol 2020; 54:e50-e55. [PMID: 31403980 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000001146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Human enteric antimicrobial peptides composed predominantly of human enteric α-defensins (HD5 and HD6) are important in the mucosal antimicrobial barrier. Previous studies have identified that genetic variations at rs2066844, rs2066845, rs2066847 are associated with diminished enteric α-defensins in ileal Crohn's disease (CD). However, genetic variations associated with enteric antimicrobial peptides in colonic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remain unclear. To investigate it, we compared the colonic expression of antimicrobial peptides with respect to genotypes at 22 IBD-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). MATERIALS AND METHODS In total, 16 controls and 102 colonic IBD patients including 42 ulcerative colitis (UC) and 60 CD were studies. Mutation assay was performed to determine their genotypes at 22 IBD-associated SNPs. Real-time PCR was performed to determine the colonic mRNA expression of HD5, HD6, lysozyme, and secretory phospholipase A2. RESULTS Mutant genotypes at rs2066844, rs2066845, rs2066847 were not found, and only SNPs rs3129891 and rs77005575 were associated with enteric α-defensin expression in colonic IBD. In both inflamed and noninflamed tissues, colonic expression of HD5 and HD6 was significantly decreased in UC and CD patients carrying rs3129891 homozygous mutant genotype. And their colonic expression was significantly decreased in inflamed but not noninflamed tissues from UC patients carrying rs77005575 homozygous mutant genotype. However, both lysozyme and secretory phospholipase A2 in UC and CD were unaffected by rs3129891 and rs77005575 genotypes. CONCLUSIONS As enteric α-defensins play critical roles in the mucosal antimicrobial barrier, their reduced expression may partly explain the microbial-induced mucosal inflammation in colonic IBD patients, especially in patients carrying rs3129891 and rs77005575 mutant genotypes.
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91
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Li J, Li X, Song J, Yan B, Rock S, Jia J, Liu J, Wang C, Weiss T, Weiss HL, Gao T, Alam A, Evers BM. Absence of neurotensin attenuates intestinal dysbiosis and inflammation by maintaining Mmp7/α-defensin axis in diet-induced obese mice. FASEB J 2020; 34:8596-8610. [PMID: 32359121 PMCID: PMC7754978 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902374rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that high levels of plasma neurotensin (NT), a gut hormone released from enteroendocrine cells of the small bowel, contribute to obesity and comorbid conditions. Gut microbiota has been implicated in the obesity development. Paneth cells are critical in maintaining gut microbiota composition and homeostasis by releasing antimicrobial proteins including α-defensins. The purpose of our current study was to determine the possible role of NT in gut microbiota composition and α-defensin gene expression associated with obesity. Here we show that the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B ratio) and intestinal proinflammatory cytokines is significantly increased in NT+/+ mice fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) which were improved in NT-deficient mice. HFD disrupted the intestinal Mmp7/α-defensin axis, which was completely prevented in NT-/- mice. In addition, NT treatment inhibited DEFA5 expression and concurrent NF-κB activity, which was blocked by a pan PKC inhibitor (Gö6983) or an inhibitor for atypical PKCs (CRT0066854). More importantly, the shRNA-mediated knockdown of atypical PKCτ reversed NT-attenuated DEFA5 expression and increased NF-κB activity. NT contributes to the HFD-induced disruption of gut microbiota composition and α-defensin expression. PKCτ/λ plays a central role in NT-mediated α-defensin gene expression which might be mediated through the inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathways in Paneth cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Xian Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jun Song
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Baoxiang Yan
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Stephanie Rock
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jianhang Jia
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jinpeng Liu
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Chi Wang
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Todd Weiss
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Heidi L. Weiss
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Tianyan Gao
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ashfaqul Alam
- Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - B. Mark Evers
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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92
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Wehkamp J, Stange EF. An Update Review on the Paneth Cell as Key to Ileal Crohn's Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:646. [PMID: 32351509 PMCID: PMC7174711 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Paneth cells reside in the small intestine at the bottom of the crypts of Lieberkühn, intermingled with stem cells, and provide a niche for their neighbors by secreting growth and Wnt-factors as well as different antimicrobial peptides including defensins, lysozyme and others. The most abundant are the human Paneth cell α-defensin 5 and 6 that keep the crypt sterile and control the local microbiome. In ileal Crohn's disease various mechanisms including established genetic risk factors contribute to defects in the production and ordered secretion of these peptides. In addition, life-style risk factors for Crohn's disease like tobacco smoking also impact on Paneth cell function. Taken together, current evidence suggest that defective Paneth cells may play the key role in initiating inflammation in ileal, and maybe ileocecal, Crohn's disease by allowing bacterial attachment and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Wehkamp
- University of Tübingen, Medizinische Klinik I, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eduard F Stange
- University of Tübingen, Medizinische Klinik I, Tübingen, Germany
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93
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Lueschow SR, McElroy SJ. The Paneth Cell: The Curator and Defender of the Immature Small Intestine. Front Immunol 2020; 11:587. [PMID: 32308658 PMCID: PMC7145889 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Paneth cells were first described in the late 19th century by Gustav Schwalbe and Josef Paneth as columnar epithelial cells possessing prominent eosinophilic granules in their cytoplasm. Decades later there is continued interest in Paneth cells as they play an integral role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and modulating the physiology of the small intestine and its associated microbial flora. Paneth cells are highly specialized secretory epithelial cells located in the small intestinal crypts of Lieberkühn. The dense granules produced by Paneth cells contain an abundance of antimicrobial peptides and immunomodulating proteins that function to regulate the composition of the intestinal flora. This in turn plays a significant role in secondary regulation of the host microvasculature, the normal injury and repair mechanisms of the intestinal epithelial layer, and the levels of intestinal inflammation. These critical functions may have even more importance in the immature intestine of premature infants. While Paneth cells begin to develop in the middle of human gestation, they do not become immune competent or reach their adult density until closer to term gestation. This leaves preterm infants deficient in normal Paneth cell biology during the greatest window of susceptibility to develop intestinal pathology such as necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). As 10% of infants worldwide are currently born prematurely, there is a significant population of infants contending with an inadequate cohort of Paneth cells. Infants who have developed NEC have decreased Paneth cell numbers compared to age-matched controls, and ablation of murine Paneth cells results in a NEC-like phenotype suggesting again that Paneth cell function is critical to homeostasis to the immature intestine. This review will provide an up to date and comprehensive look at Paneth cell ontogeny, the impact Paneth cells have on the host-microbial axis in the immature intestine, and the repercussions of Paneth cell dysfunction or loss on injury and repair mechanisms in the immature gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiloh R Lueschow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Steven J McElroy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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94
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Gao YL, Shao LH, Dong LH, Chang PY. Gut commensal bacteria, Paneth cells and their relations to radiation enteropathy. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:188-202. [PMID: 32266051 PMCID: PMC7118286 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i3.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In steady state, the intestinal epithelium forms an important part of the gut barrier to defend against luminal bacterial attack. However, the intestinal epithelium is compromised by ionizing irradiation due to its inherent self-renewing capacity. In this process, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth is a critical event that reciprocally alters the immune milieu. In other words, intestinal bacterial dysbiosis induces inflammation in response to intestinal injuries, thus influencing the repair process of irradiated lesions. In fact, it is accepted that commensal bacteria can generally enhance the host radiation sensitivity. To address the determination of radiation sensitivity, we hypothesize that Paneth cells press a critical “button” because these cells are central to intestinal health and disease by using their peptides, which are responsible for controlling stem cell development in the small intestine and luminal bacterial diversity. Herein, the most important question is whether Paneth cells alter their secretion profiles in the situation of ionizing irradiation. On this basis, the tolerance of Paneth cells to ionizing radiation and related mechanisms by which radiation affects Paneth cell survival and death will be discussed in this review. We hope that the relevant results will be helpful in developing new approaches against radiation enteropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Li Gao
- Department of Pediatric Ultrasound, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Li-Hong Shao
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology and Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Li-Hua Dong
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology and Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Peng-Yu Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology and Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130061, Jilin Province, China
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95
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Bruschi M, Garnier L, Cleroux E, Giordano A, Dumas M, Bardet AF, Kergrohen T, Quesada S, Cesses P, Weber M, Gerbe F, Jay P. Loss of Apc Rapidly Impairs DNA Methylation Programs and Cell Fate Decisions in Lgr5 + Intestinal Stem Cells. Cancer Res 2020; 80:2101-2113. [PMID: 32213541 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-2104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer initiation and progression result from the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations. Although aberrant gene expression and DNA methylation profiles are considered hallmarks of colorectal cancer development, the precise timing at which these are produced during tumor establishment remains elusive. Here we investigated the early transcriptional and epigenetic changes induced by adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) inactivation in intestinal crypts. Hyperactivation of the Wnt pathway via Apc inactivation in crypt base columnar intestinal stem cells (ISC) led to their rapid accumulation driven by an impaired molecular commitment to differentiation, which was associated with discrete alterations in DNA methylation. Importantly, inhibiting the enzymes responsible for de novo DNA methylation restored the responsiveness of Apc-deficient intestinal organoids to stimuli regulating the proliferation-to-differentiation transition in ISC. This work reveals that early DNA methylation changes play critical roles in the establishment of the impaired fate decision program consecutive to Apc loss of function. SIGNIFICANCE: This study demonstrates the functional impact of changes in DNA methylation to determine the colorectal cancer cell phenotype following loss of Apc function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bruschi
- Institute of Functional Genomics (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Montpellier, France
| | - Laure Garnier
- Institute of Functional Genomics (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Montpellier, France
| | - Elouan Cleroux
- UMR 7242 Biotechnology and Cell Signaling, CNRS, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Alicia Giordano
- Institute of Functional Genomics (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Montpellier, France
| | - Michael Dumas
- UMR 7242 Biotechnology and Cell Signaling, CNRS, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Anaïs F Bardet
- UMR 7242 Biotechnology and Cell Signaling, CNRS, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Thomas Kergrohen
- Département de Cancérologie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Stanislas Quesada
- Institute of Functional Genomics (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Cesses
- Institute of Functional Genomics (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Montpellier, France
| | - Michael Weber
- UMR 7242 Biotechnology and Cell Signaling, CNRS, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - François Gerbe
- Institute of Functional Genomics (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Montpellier, France.
| | - Philippe Jay
- Institute of Functional Genomics (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Montpellier, France.
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96
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Takahashi T, Shiraishi A. Stem Cell Signaling Pathways in the Small Intestine. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062032. [PMID: 32188141 PMCID: PMC7139586 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of stem cells to divide and differentiate is necessary for tissue repair and homeostasis. Appropriate spatial and temporal mechanisms are needed. Local intercellular signaling increases expression of specific genes that mediate and maintain differentiation. Diffusible signaling molecules provide concentration-dependent induction of specific patterns of cell types or regions. Differentiation of adjacent cells, on the other hand, requires cell–cell contact and subsequent signaling. These two types of signals work together to allow stem cells to provide what organisms require. The ability to grow organoids has increased our understanding of the cellular and molecular features of small “niches” that modulate stem cell function in various organs, including the small intestine.
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97
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Bhattacharya M, Sharma AR, Sharma G, Patra BC, Lee SS, Chakraborty C. Interaction between miRNAs and signaling cascades of Wnt pathway in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Cell Biochem 2020; 121:4654-4666. [PMID: 32100920 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), a severe problem all over the world and represents around 25% of all total leukemia cases, is generating the need for novel targets against CLL. Wnt signaling cascade regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, and cell death processes. Thus, any alteration of the Wnt signaling pathway protein cascade might develop into various types of cancers, either by upregulation or downregulation of the Wnt signaling pathway protein components. In addition, it is reported that activation of the Wnt signaling pathway is associated with the transcriptional activation of microRNAs (miRNAs) by binding to its promoter region, suggesting feedback regulation. Considering the protein regulatory functions of various miRNAs, they can be approached therapeutically as modulatory targets for protein components of the Wnt signaling pathway. In this article, we have discussed the potential role of miRNAs in the regulation of Wnt signaling pathway proteins related to the pathogenesis of CLL via crosstalk between miRNAs and Wnt signaling pathway proteins. This might provide a clear insight into the Wnt protein regulatory function of various miRNAs and provide a better understanding of developing advanced and promising therapeutic approaches against CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manojit Bhattacharya
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University Hospital-College of Medicine, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.,Department of Zoology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India
| | - Ashish Ranjan Sharma
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University Hospital-College of Medicine, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Garima Sharma
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University Hospital-College of Medicine, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sang-Soo Lee
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University Hospital-College of Medicine, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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98
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Lahjouji T, Bertaccini A, Neves M, Puel S, Oswald IP, Soler L. Acute Exposure to Zearalenone Disturbs Intestinal Homeostasis by Modulating the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12020113. [PMID: 32053894 PMCID: PMC7076757 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN), which frequently contaminates cereal-based human food and animal feed, is known to have an estrogenic effect. The biological response associated with exposure to ZEN has rarely been reported in organs other than the reproductive system. In the intestine, several studies suggested that ZEN might stimulate molecular changes related to the activation of early carcinogenesis, but the molecular mechanisms behind these events are not yet known. In this study, we investigated gene expression and changes in protein abundance induced by acute exposure to ZEN in the jejunum of castrated male pigs using an explant model. Our results indicate that ZEN induces the accumulation of ERα but not ERβ, modulates Wnt/β-catenin and TGF-β signaling pathways, and induces molecular changes linked with energy sensing and the antimicrobial activity without inducing inflammation. Our results confirm that the intestine is a target for ZEN, inducing changes that promote cellular proliferation and could contribute to the onset of intestinal pathologies.
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99
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Koeninger L, Armbruster NS, Brinch KS, Kjaerulf S, Andersen B, Langnau C, Autenrieth SE, Schneidawind D, Stange EF, Malek NP, Nordkild P, Jensen BAH, Wehkamp J. Human β-Defensin 2 Mediated Immune Modulation as Treatment for Experimental Colitis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:93. [PMID: 32076420 PMCID: PMC7006816 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Defensins represents an integral part of the innate immune system serving to ward off potential pathogens and to protect the intestinal barrier from microbial encroachment. In addition to their antimicrobial activities, defensins in general, and human β-defensin 2 (hBD2) in particular, also exhibit immunomodulatory capabilities. In this report, we assessed the therapeutic efficacy of systemically administered recombinant hBD2 to ameliorate intestinal inflammation in three distinct animal models of inflammatory bowel disease; i.e., chemically induced mucosal injury (DSS), loss of mucosal tolerance (TNBS), and T-cell transfer into immunodeficient recipient mice. Treatment efficacy was confirmed in all tested models, where systemically administered hBD2 mitigated inflammation, improved disease activity index, and hindered colitis-induced body weight loss on par with anti-TNF-α and steroids. Treatment of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with rhBD2 confirmed the immunomodulatory capacity in the circulatory compartment. Subsequent analyzes revealed dendritic cells (DCs) as the main target population. Suppression of LPS-induced inflammation was dependent on chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) expression. Mechanistically, hBD2 engaged with CCR2 on its DC target cell to decrease NF-κB, and increase CREB phosphorylation, hence curbing inflammation. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing in vivo efficacy of a systemically administered defensin in experimental disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Koeninger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nicole S Armbruster
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Carolin Langnau
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stella E Autenrieth
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dominik Schneidawind
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eduard F Stange
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nisar P Malek
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Benjamin A H Jensen
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Section for Human Genomics and Metagenomics in Metabolism, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Wehkamp
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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100
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Roles of nAChR and Wnt signaling in intestinal stem cell function and inflammation. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 81:106260. [PMID: 32007796 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are ligand-gated ion channels that signal using endogenous acetylcholine (ACh) and the agonist, nicotine. The nAChR signaling pathway is a central regulator of physiological homeostasis in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The receptors are expressed not only in the nervous system, but also play a pivotal role in regulation of epithelial cell growth, migration, differentiation, and inflammation processes in various mammalian non-neuronal cells. In the intestine, the Wnt signaling pathway plays a central role in the epithelium and is a principal regulator of intestinal stem cell (ISC) identity and proliferation. Since Wnt signaling was first described more than 40 years ago in ISCs, large amounts of scientific evidence have demonstrated remarkable long-term self-renewal capacity of ISCs. Intestinal organoids are commonly used for studying ISC biology and intestinal pathophysiology. The contribution of non-neuronal nAChR signaling to Wnt signaling in the intestine has received less attention. Experiments using cultured intestinal organoids that lack nerve and immune cells were performed. Endogenous ACh is synthesized in the intestinal epithelium and drives organoid growth and differentiation through activation of nAChR signaling. Furthermore, nAChR signaling is coordinated with Wnt signaling for regulation of ISC function. Elucidating the mechanism of the coordinated activities of nAChR and Wnt signaling in the intestine provides new insight into epithelial homeostasis, and may be of particular relevance in inflammatory bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.
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