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Kjaergaard AD, Johansen JS, Bojesen SE, Nordestgaard BG. Role of inflammatory marker YKL-40 in the diagnosis, prognosis and cause of cardiovascular and liver diseases. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2016; 53:396-408. [PMID: 27187575 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2016.1190683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes present evidence for the role of YKL-40 in the diagnosis, prognosis and cause of cardiovascular and alcoholic liver disease. The question of whether YKL-40 is merely a marker or a causal factor in the development of cardiovascular and liver disease is addressed, with emphasis on the Mendelian randomization design. The Mendelian randomization approach uses genetic variants associated with lifelong high plasma YKL-40 levels that are largely unconfounded and not prone to reverse causation. Thus, the approach mimics a controlled double-blind randomized trial, but it uses genetic variants rather than a drug and placebo, and like a blinded trial, it allows inference about causality. Moreover, the review also covers background on the molecular biology and functions of YKL-40, YKL-40 levels in healthy individuals and reference range, and the role of YKL-40 as a biomarker of cardiovascular and alcoholic liver disease. YKL-40 is a plasma protein named after its three N-terminal amino acids, Y (tyrosine), K (lysine) and L (leucine), and its molecular weight of 40 kDa. It is produced by local inflammatory cells in inflamed tissues, such as lipid-laden macrophages inside the vessel wall and perhaps also hepatic stellate cells. Observational studies show that plasma YKL-40 levels are elevated in patients with cardiovascular and liver disease and are associated with disease severity and prognosis. Furthermore, elevated plasma YKL-40 levels in apparently healthy individuals are associated with a 2-fold increased risk of future ischemic stroke and venous thromboembolism, but not with myocardial infarction, suggesting that YKL-40 could play a role in the formation of embolisms rather than atherosclerosis per se. Further, elevated YKL-40 levels combined with excessive alcohol consumption are associated with 10-years risk of alcoholic liver cirrhosis of up to 7%, suggesting that YKL-40 can be used as a strong noninvasive marker of predicting alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Importantly, in Mendelian randomization studies, genetically elevated plasma YKL-40 levels were not associated with risk of cardiovascular and alcoholic liver disease, thus suggesting that plasma YKL-40 does not play a causal role in the development of these diseases. Despite this, plasma YKL-40 levels may play a role in disease progression after diagnosis, and inhibition of YKL-40 activity might be a novel therapy in some cardiovascular and liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Kjaergaard
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - J S Johansen
- b Department of Medicine and Oncology , Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark .,c Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - S E Bojesen
- c Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark .,d Department of Clinical Biochemistry , Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital , Herlev , Copenhagen , Denmark .,e The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Denmark , and.,f The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - B G Nordestgaard
- c Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark .,d Department of Clinical Biochemistry , Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital , Herlev , Copenhagen , Denmark .,e The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Denmark , and.,f The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen , Denmark
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Hrčková G, Vendelova E, Velebný S. Phagocytosis in Mesocestoides vogae-induced peritoneal monocytes/macrophages via opsonin-dependent or independent pathways. Helminthologia 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/helmin-2015-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary
Intraperitoneal infection with larvae of cestode Mesocestoides vogae offers the opportunity to study dynamic changes in the proportion and functions of individual cell types under a direct influence of parasites. The phagocytic activity is one of the basic effector functions of professional phagocytes and receptor-mediated uptake is a central in implementation of inflammatory responses. Present study extends information on this issue by exploring several phagocytosis pathways in M. vogae-induced myelo-monocytic cells. In addition, we analyzed proportions of morphologically distinct phenotypes within macrophage compartments after oral inoculation of larvae to mice. In gradually elevated population of peritoneal exudate cells, monocytes/ macrophages and giant cell were dominant cell types from day 21 p.i. Phagocytic activity of these cells had biphasic behaviour for both opsonin-dependent and independent pathways, whereas uptake by multinucleated macrophages was profoundly reduced. Highly elevated proportions of activated phagocytic cells were found from day 7 to 14 p.i., regardless particle type (latex beads, HEMA, liposomes) and opsonisation. Source of opsonins used for coating of liposomes suggested higher expression of complement receptors than Fc receptors on these cells, although the uptake of non-opsonized liposomes had different kinetics and was very high by activated cells early p.i. Present data indicate that early recruited macrophages/monocytes attain pro-inflammatory functions as indicated by highly elevated phagocytosis of immunologically inert particles as well as opsonized liposomes what is down-regulated once larvae start to proliferate in the peritoneal cavity, suggesting the role of parasite-derived molecules in modulation of this key phagocytes function.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Hrčková
- Institute of Parasitology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 04001 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - E. Vendelova
- Institute of Parasitology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 04001 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - S. Velebný
- Institute of Parasitology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 04001 Košice, Slovak Republic
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Tang Y, Le W. Differential Roles of M1 and M2 Microglia in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 53:1181-1194. [PMID: 25598354 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1320] [Impact Index Per Article: 165.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the most striking hallmarks shared by various neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, is microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. Increasing evidence indicates that microglial activation in the central nervous system is heterogeneous, which can be categorized into two opposite types: M1 phenotype and M2 phenotype. Depending on the phenotypes activated, microglia can produce either cytotoxic or neuroprotective effects. In this review, we focus on the potential role of M1 and M2 microglia and the dynamic changes of M1/M2 phenotypes that are critically associated with the neurodegenerative diseases. Generally, M1 microglia predominate at the injury site at the end stage of disease, when the immunoresolution and repair process of M2 microglia are dampened. This phenotype transformation is very complicated in AD due to the phagocytosis of regionally distributed β-amyloid (Aβ) plaque and tangles that are released into the extracellular space. The endogenous stimuli including aggregated α-synuclein, mutated superoxide dismutase, Aβ, and tau oligomers exist in the milieu that may persistently activate M1 pro-inflammatory responses and finally lead to irreversible neuron loss. The changes of microglial phenotypes depend on the disease stages and severity; mastering the stage-specific switching of M1/M2 phenotypes within appropriate time windows may provide better therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Weidong Le
- Center for Translational Research of Neurology Disease, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, 116011, Dalian, China.
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Ruiz-Laguna J, Vélez JM, Pueyo C, Abril N. Global gene expression profiling using heterologous DNA microarrays to analyze alterations in the transcriptome of Mus spretus mice living in a heavily polluted environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:5853-5867. [PMID: 26590064 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5824-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Microarray platforms are a good approach for assessing biological responses to pollution as they enable the simultaneous analyses of changes in the expression of thousands of genes. As an omic and non-targeted methodology, this technique is open to unforeseen responses under particular environmental conditions. In this study, we successfully apply a commercial oligonucleotide microarray containing Mus musculus whole-genome probes to compare and assess the biological effects of living in a heavily polluted settlement, the Domingo Rubio stream (DRS), at the Huelva Estuary (SW Spain), on inhabitant free-living Mus spretus mice. Our microarray results show that mice living in DRS suffer dramatic changes in gene and protein expression compared with reference specimens. DRS mice showed alteration in the oxidative status of hepatocytes, with activation of both the innate and the acquired immune responses and the induction of chronic inflammation, accompanied by metabolic alterations that imply the accumulation of lipids in the liver (hepatic steatosis). The identified deregulated genes may be useful as biomarkers of environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ruiz-Laguna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3-UCO), University of Córdoba, Severo Ochoa Building, Rabanales Campus, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José M Vélez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3-UCO), University of Córdoba, Severo Ochoa Building, Rabanales Campus, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carmen Pueyo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3-UCO), University of Córdoba, Severo Ochoa Building, Rabanales Campus, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Nieves Abril
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3-UCO), University of Córdoba, Severo Ochoa Building, Rabanales Campus, 14071, Córdoba, Spain.
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55
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Macrophage and Multinucleated Giant Cell Classification. CURRENT TOPICS IN ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-55732-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Raj DDA, Moser J, Pol SMA, Os RP, Holtman IR, Brouwer N, Oeseburg H, Schaafsma W, Wesseling EM, Dunnen W, Biber KPH, Vries HE, Eggen BJL, Boddeke HWGM. Enhanced microglial pro-inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide correlates with brain infiltration and blood-brain barrier dysregulation in a mouse model of telomere shortening. Aging Cell 2015; 14:1003-13. [PMID: 26238505 PMCID: PMC4693462 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are a proliferative population of resident brain macrophages that under physiological conditions self-renew independent of hematopoiesis. Microglia are innate immune cells actively surveying the brain and are the earliest responders to injury. During aging, microglia elicit an enhanced innate immune response also referred to as 'priming'. To date, it remains unknown whether telomere shortening affects the proliferative capacity and induces priming of microglia. We addressed this issue using early (first-generation G1 mTerc(-/-) )- and late-generation (third-generation G3 and G4 mTerc(-/-) ) telomerase-deficient mice, which carry a homozygous deletion for the telomerase RNA component gene (mTerc). Late-generation mTerc(-/-) microglia show telomere shortening and decreased proliferation efficiency. Under physiological conditions, gene expression and functionality of G3 mTerc(-/-) microglia are comparable with microglia derived from G1 mTerc(-/-) mice despite changes in morphology. However, after intraperitoneal injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), G3 mTerc(-/-) microglia mice show an enhanced pro-inflammatory response. Nevertheless, this enhanced inflammatory response was not accompanied by an increased expression of genes known to be associated with age-associated microglia priming. The increased inflammatory response in microglia correlates closely with increased peripheral inflammation, a loss of blood-brain barrier integrity, and infiltration of immune cells in the brain parenchyma in this mouse model of telomere shortening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya D. A. Raj
- Section Medical Physiology Department of Neuroscience University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen 9713 AVThe Netherlands
| | - Jill Moser
- Department of Critical Care University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen 9713 AV The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen 9713 AVThe Netherlands
| | - Susanne M. A. Pol
- Blood‐Brain Barrier Research Group Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam VU University Medical Centre PO Box 70571007 MBAmsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P. Os
- Department of Cell Biology European Research Institute on the Biology of Aging University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen 9713 AVThe Netherlands
| | - Inge R. Holtman
- Section Medical Physiology Department of Neuroscience University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen 9713 AVThe Netherlands
| | - Nieske Brouwer
- Section Medical Physiology Department of Neuroscience University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen 9713 AVThe Netherlands
| | - Hisko Oeseburg
- Department of Cardiology University Medical Center Groningen Groningen 9713 AVThe Netherlands
| | - Wandert Schaafsma
- Section Medical Physiology Department of Neuroscience University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen 9713 AVThe Netherlands
| | - Evelyn M. Wesseling
- Section Medical Physiology Department of Neuroscience University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen 9713 AVThe Netherlands
| | - Wilfred Dunnen
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen 9713 AVThe Netherlands
| | - Knut P. H. Biber
- Section Medical Physiology Department of Neuroscience University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen 9713 AVThe Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Medical Center Freiburg 79104Germany
| | - Helga E. Vries
- Blood‐Brain Barrier Research Group Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam VU University Medical Centre PO Box 70571007 MBAmsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Bart J. L. Eggen
- Section Medical Physiology Department of Neuroscience University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen 9713 AVThe Netherlands
| | - Hendrikus W. G. M. Boddeke
- Section Medical Physiology Department of Neuroscience University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen 9713 AVThe Netherlands
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Barberà-Cremades M, Baroja-Mazo A, Pelegrín P. Purinergic signaling during macrophage differentiation results in M2 alternative activated macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:289-99. [PMID: 26382298 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1a0514-267rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages represent a highly heterogenic cell population of the innate immune system, with important roles in the initiation and resolution of the inflammatory response. Purinergic signaling regulates both M1 and M2 macrophage function at different levels by controlling the secretion of cytokines, phagocytosis, and the production of reactive oxygen species. We found that extracellular nucleotides arrest macrophage differentiation from bone marrow precursors via adenosine and P2 receptors. This results in a mature macrophage with increased expression of M2, but not M1, genes. Similar to adenosine and ATP, macrophage growth arrested with LPS treatment resulted in an increase of the M2-related marker Ym1. Recombinant Ym1 was able to affect macrophage proliferation and could, potentially, be involved in the arrest of macrophage growth during hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Barberà-Cremades
- Unidad de Inflamación Molecular y Cirugía Experimental, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Baroja-Mazo
- Unidad de Inflamación Molecular y Cirugía Experimental, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Pablo Pelegrín
- Unidad de Inflamación Molecular y Cirugía Experimental, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
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58
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Rückerl D, Allen JE. Macrophage proliferation, provenance, and plasticity in macroparasite infection. Immunol Rev 2015; 262:113-33. [PMID: 25319331 PMCID: PMC4324133 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages have long been center stage in the host response to microbial infection, but only in the past 10–15 years has there been a growing appreciation for their role in helminth infection and the associated type 2 response. Through the actions of the IL-4 receptor α (IL-4Rα), type 2 cytokines result in the accumulation of macrophages with a distinctive activation phenotype. Although our knowledge of IL-4Rα-induced genes is growing rapidly, the specific functions of these macrophages have yet to be established in most disease settings. Understanding the interplay between IL-4Rα-activated macrophages and the other cellular players is confounded by the enormous transcriptional heterogeneity within the macrophage population and by their highly plastic nature. Another level of complexity is added by the new knowledge that tissue macrophages can be derived either from a resident prenatal population or from blood monocyte recruitment and that IL-4 can increase macrophage numbers through proliferative expansion. Here, we review current knowledge on the contribution of macrophages to helminth killing and wound repair, with specific attention paid to distinct cellular origins and plasticity potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Rückerl
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Brodaczewska K, Donskow-Łysoniewska K, Doligalska M. Chitin, a key factor in immune regulation: lesson from infection with fungi and chitin bearing parasites. Acta Parasitol 2015. [PMID: 26204004 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2015-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The probability of infection with fungi, as well as parasitic nematodes or arthropods may increase in overcrowded population of animals and human. The widespread overuse of drugs and immunosuppressants for veterinary or medical treatment create an opportunity for many pathogenic species. The aim of the review is to present the common molecular characteristics of such pathogens as fungi and nematodes and other chitin bearing animals, which may both activate and downregulate the immune response of the host. Although these pathogens are evolutionary distinct and distant, they may provoke similar immune mechanisms. The role of chitin in these phenomena will be reviewed, highlighting the immune reactions that may be induced in mammals by this natural polymer.
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60
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Understanding the Mysterious M2 Macrophage through Activation Markers and Effector Mechanisms. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:816460. [PMID: 26089604 PMCID: PMC4452191 DOI: 10.1155/2015/816460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1140] [Impact Index Per Article: 126.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The alternatively activated or M2 macrophages are immune cells with high phenotypic heterogeneity and are governing functions at the interface of immunity, tissue homeostasis, metabolism, and endocrine signaling. Today the M2 macrophages are identified based on the expression pattern of a set of M2 markers. These markers are transmembrane glycoproteins, scavenger receptors, enzymes, growth factors, hormones, cytokines, and cytokine receptors with diverse and often yet unexplored functions. This review discusses whether these M2 markers can be reliably used to identify M2 macrophages and define their functional subdivisions. Also, it provides an update on the novel signals of the tissue environment and the neuroendocrine system which shape the M2 activation. The possible evolutionary roots of the M2 macrophage functions are also discussed.
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61
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Yoshihara T, Shimada K, Fukao K, Sai E, Sato-Okabayashi Y, Matsumori R, Shiozawa T, Alshahi H, Miyazaki T, Tada N, Daida H. Omega 3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Suppress the Development of Aortic Aneurysms Through the Inhibition of Macrophage-Mediated Inflammation. Circ J 2015; 79:1470-8. [PMID: 25925976 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-14-0471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary intake of ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3-PUFAs) reduces progression of atherosclerosis and prevents future cardiovascular events. Macrophages are key players in the pathogenesis of aortic aneurysm. The effects of ω3-PUFAs on abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) formation and macrophage-mediated inflammation remain unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS: The AAA model was developed by angiotensin II infusion in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Mice were supplemented with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The development of AAA lesions and macrophage infiltration in the aorta were analyzed. Gene expression of inflammatory markers in aortic tissues and peritoneal macrophages were measured by using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. AAA formation and macrophage infiltration were significantly suppressed after EPA and DHA administration. EPA administration and DHA administration significantly decreased the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, transforming growth factor-β, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2, MMP-9, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in the aortas. The expression of arginase 2, which is a marker of pro-inflammatory macrophages, was significantly lower and that of Ym1, which is a marker of anti-inflammatory macrophages, and was significantly higher after EPA and DHA administration. The same trends were observed in peritoneal macrophages after EPA and DHA administration. CONCLUSIONS Dietary intake of EPA and DHA prevented AAA development through the inhibition of aortic and macrophage-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Yoshihara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
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62
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Sulzenbacher G, Roig-Zamboni V, Peumans WJ, Henrissat B, van Damme EJM, Bourne Y. Structural basis for carbohydrate binding properties of a plant chitinase-like agglutinin with conserved catalytic machinery. J Struct Biol 2015; 190:115-21. [PMID: 25727185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A new chitinase-like agglutinin, RobpsCRA, related to family GH18 chitinases, has previously been identified in black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) bark. The crystal structure of RobpsCRA at 1.85Å resolution reveals unusual molecular determinants responsible for the lack of its ancestral chitinase activity. Unlike other chitinase-like proteins, which lack chitinase catalytic residues, RobpsCRA has conserved its catalytic machinery. However, concerted rearrangements of loop regions coupled to non-conservative substitutions of aromatic residues central to the chitin-binding groove explain the lack of hydrolytic activity against chitin and the switch toward recognition of high-mannose type N-glycans. Identification of close homologs in flowering plants with conservation of sequence motifs associated to the structural adaptations seen in RobpsCRA defines an emerging class of agglutinins, as emphasized by a phylogenetic analysis, that are likely to share a similar carbohydrate binding specificity for high-mannose type N-glycans. This study illustrates the recent evolution and molecular adaptation of a versatile TIM-barrel scaffold within the ancestral GH18 family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerlind Sulzenbacher
- Aix-Marseille University, AFMB UMR 7257, 13288 Marseille, France; CNRS, AFMB UMR 7257, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Véronique Roig-Zamboni
- Aix-Marseille University, AFMB UMR 7257, 13288 Marseille, France; CNRS, AFMB UMR 7257, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Willy J Peumans
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Aix-Marseille University, AFMB UMR 7257, 13288 Marseille, France; CNRS, AFMB UMR 7257, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Els J M van Damme
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yves Bourne
- Aix-Marseille University, AFMB UMR 7257, 13288 Marseille, France; CNRS, AFMB UMR 7257, 13288 Marseille, France.
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Host proteome correlates of vaccine-mediated enhanced disease in a mouse model of respiratory syncytial virus infection. J Virol 2015; 89:5022-31. [PMID: 25694607 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03630-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants. Despite over 50 years of research, to date no safe and efficacious RSV vaccine has been licensed. Many experimental vaccination strategies failed to induce balanced T-helper (Th) responses and were associated with adverse effects such as hypersensitivity and immunopathology upon challenge. In this study, we explored the well-established recombinant vaccinia virus (rVV) RSV-F/RSV-G vaccination-challenge mouse model to study phenotypically distinct vaccine-mediated host immune responses at the proteome level. In this model, rVV-G priming and not rVV-F priming results in the induction of Th2 skewed host responses upon RSV challenge. Mass spectrometry-based spectral count comparisons enabled us to identify seven host proteins for which expression in lung tissue is associated with an aberrant Th2 skewed response characterized by the influx of eosinophils and neutrophils. These proteins are involved in processes related to the direct influx of eosinophils (eosinophil peroxidase [Epx]) and to chemotaxis and extravasation processes (Chil3 [chitinase-like-protein 3]) as well as to eosinophil and neutrophil homing signals to the lung (Itgam). In addition, the increased levels of Arg1 and Chil3 proteins point to a functional and regulatory role for alternatively activated macrophages and type 2 innate lymphoid cells in Th2 cytokine-driven RSV vaccine-mediated enhanced disease. IMPORTANCE RSV alone is responsible for 80% of acute bronchiolitis cases in infants worldwide and causes substantial mortality in developing countries. Clinical trials performed with formalin-inactivated RSV vaccine preparations in the 1960s failed to induce protection upon natural RSV infection and even predisposed patients for enhanced disease. Despite the clinical need, to date no safe and efficacious RSV vaccine has been licensed. Since RSV vaccines have a tendency to prime for unbalanced responses associated with an exuberant influx of inflammatory cells and enhanced disease, detailed characterization of primed host responses has become a crucial element in RSV vaccine research. We investigated the lung proteome of mice challenged with RSV upon priming with vaccine preparations known to induce phenotypically distinct host responses. Seven host proteins whose expression levels are associated with vaccine-mediated enhanced disease have been identified. The identified protein biomarkers support the development as well as detailed evaluation of next-generation RSV vaccines.
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64
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Gorbushin AM, Borisova EA. Lectin-like molecules in transcriptome of Littorina littorea hemocytes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 48:210-20. [PMID: 25451301 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The common periwinkle Littorina littorea was introduced in the list of models for comparative immunobiology as a representative of phylogenetically important taxon Caenogastropoda. Using Illumina sequencing technology, we de novo assembled the transcriptome of Littorina littorea hemocytes from 182 million mRNA-Seq pair-end 100 bp reads into a total of 15,526 contigs clustered in 4472 unigenes. The transcriptome profile was analyzed for presence of carbohydrate-binding molecules in a variety of architectural contexts. Hemocytes' repertoire of lectin-like proteins bearing conserved carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRDs) is highly diversified, including 11 of 15 lectin families earlier described in animals, as well as the novel members of lectin family found for the first time in mollusc species. The new molluscan lineage-specific domain combinations were confirmed by cloning and sequencing, including the fuco-lectin related molecules (FLReMs) composed of N-terminal region with no sequence homology to any known protein, a middle Fucolectin Tachylectin-4 Pentaxrin (FTP) domain, and a C-terminal epidermal growth factor (EGF) repeat region. The repertoire of lectin-like molecules is discussed in terms of their potential participation in the receptor phase of immune response. In total, immune-associated functions may be attributed to 70 transcripts belonging to 6 lectin families. These lectin-like genes show low overlap between species of invertebrates, suggesting relatively rapid evolution of immune-associated genes in the group. The repertoire provides valuable candidates for further characterization of the gene functions in mollusc immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Gorbushin
- Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IEPhB RAS), St-Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Elena A Borisova
- Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IEPhB RAS), St-Petersburg, Russia
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65
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Malaviya R, Gow AJ, Francis M, Abramova EV, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Radiation-induced lung injury and inflammation in mice: role of inducible nitric oxide synthase and surfactant protein D. Toxicol Sci 2014; 144:27-38. [PMID: 25552309 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) generated after exposure to radiation have been implicated in lung injury. Surfactant protein D (SP-D) is a pulmonary collectin that suppresses inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-mediated RNS production. Herein, we analyzed the role of iNOS and SP-D in radiation-induced lung injury. Exposure of wild-type (WT) mice to γ-radiation (8 Gy) caused acute lung injury and inflammation, as measured by increases in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) protein and cell content at 24 h. Radiation also caused alterations in SP-D structure at 24 h and 4 weeks post exposure. These responses were blunted in iNOS(-/-) mice. Conversely, loss of iNOS had no effect on radiation-induced expression of phospho-H2A.X or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Additionally, at 24 h post radiation, cyclooxygenase expression and BAL lipocalin-2 levels were increased in iNOS(-/-) mice, and heme oxygenase (HO)-1(+) and Ym1(+) macrophages were evident. Loss of SP-D resulted in increased numbers of enlarged HO-1(+) macrophages in the lung following radiation, along with upregulation of TNF-α, CCL2, and CXCL2, whereas expression of phospho-H2A.X was diminished. To determine if RNS play a role in the altered sensitivity of SP-D(-/-) mice to radiation, iNOS(-/-)/SP-D(-/-) mice were used. Radiation-induced injury, oxidative stress, and tissue repair were generally similar in iNOS(-/-)/SP-D(-/-) and SP-D(-/-) mice. In contrast, TNF-α, CCL2, and CXCL2 expression was attenuated. These data indicate that although iNOS is involved in radiation-induced injury and altered SP-D structure, in the absence of SP-D, it functions to promote proinflammatory signaling. Thus, multiple inflammatory pathways contribute to the pathogenic response to radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Malaviya
- *Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, and Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Andrew J Gow
- *Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, and Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Mary Francis
- *Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, and Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Elena V Abramova
- *Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, and Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- *Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, and Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Debra L Laskin
- *Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, and Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
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66
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Ohno M, Kida Y, Sakaguchi M, Sugahara Y, Oyama F. Establishment of a quantitative PCR system for discriminating chitinase-like proteins: catalytically inactive breast regression protein-39 and Ym1 are constitutive genes in mouse lung. BMC Mol Biol 2014; 15:23. [PMID: 25294623 PMCID: PMC4195342 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-15-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mice and humans produce chitinase-like proteins (CLPs), which are highly homologous to chitinases but lack chitinolytic activity. Mice express primarily three CLPs, including breast regression protein-39 (BRP-39) [chitinase 3-like-1 (Chi3l1) or 38-kDa glycoprotein (gp38k)], Ym1 (Chi3l3) and Ym2 (Chi3l4). Recently, CLPs have attracted considerable attention due to their increased expression in a number of pathological conditions, including asthma, allergies, rheumatoid arthritis and malignant tumors. Although the exact functions of CLPs are largely unknown, the significance of their increased expression levels during pathophysiological states needs to be determined. The quantification of BRP-39, Ym1 and Ym2 is an important step in gaining insight into the in vivo regulation of the CLPs. METHODS We constructed a standard DNA for quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) by containing three CLPs target fragments and five reference genes cDNA in a one-to-one ratio. We evaluated this system by analyzing the eight target cDNA sequences. Tissue cDNAs obtained by reverse transcription from total RNA from four embryonic stages and eight adult tissues were analyzed using the qPCR system with the standard DNA. RESULTS We established a qPCR system detecting CLPs and comparing their expression levels with those of five reference genes using the same scale in mouse tissues. We found that BRP-39 and Ym1 were abundant in the mouse lung, whereas Ym2 mRNA was abundant in the stomach, followed by lung. The expression levels of BRP-39 and Ym1 in the mouse lung were higher than those of two active chitinases and were comparable to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, a housekeeping gene which is constitutively expressed in all tissues. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that catalytically inactive BRP-39 and Ym1 are constitutive genes in normal mouse lung.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fumitaka Oyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan.
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Goren I, Pfeilschifter J, Frank S. Uptake of neutrophil-derived Ym1 protein distinguishes wound macrophages in the absence of interleukin-4 signaling in murine wound healing. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:3249-61. [PMID: 25307347 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The determination of regenerative wound-healing macrophages as alternatively activated macrophages is currently questioned by the absence of IL-4 in wound tissue. Yet, murine wound tissue expressed high levels of Ym1 (chitinase 3-like 3), an established marker of the IL-4-induced alternatively activated macrophage phenotype. Ym1 was expressed in wound neutrophils but not in macrophages. Initially, Ym1-free wound-healing macrophages, invading from the wound margins, became gradually positive for the protein in the absence of IL-4 signaling and Stat6 activation, as they entered the neutrophil-populated wound regions. IL-4 failed to induce Ym1 protein in ex vivo-cultured wound tissue explants containing wound-healing macrophages. Recombinant Ym1 protein was selectively taken up by macrophages but not by keratinocytes and endothelial cells. Cultured macrophages lost the ability to take up the recombinant protein when four highly conserved residues and the 70-amino acid small α+β domain essential for Ym1 function were removed. The data suggest that the IL-4/Stat6-independent presence of Ym1 protein in wound-healing macrophages is of exogenous origin, with Ym1 taken up from wound neutrophils as the cellular source. The data suggest that in situ determination of wound-healing macrophages, often defined by Ym1, might not essentially describe an IL-4-dependent macrophage phenotype. Consequently, wound-healing macrophages should not be classified by the established categories of the well-accepted but simplified paradigm of M1/M2 macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itamar Goren
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Josef Pfeilschifter
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Frank
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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68
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Wang M, You Q, Lor K, Chen F, Gao B, Ju C. Chronic alcohol ingestion modulates hepatic macrophage populations and functions in mice. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:657-65. [PMID: 25030420 PMCID: PMC4163632 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.6a0114-004rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic Macs, consisting of resident KCs and infiltrating monocytes/IMs, are thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of ALD. Previous work has focused on KCs or studied hepatic Macs as one cell population. The aim of the current study is to distinguish IMs from KCs and to compare their phenotypes and functions. We show here that a 4-week ethanol feeding of C57BL/6J mice causes recruitment of IMs into the liver. KCs and IMs can be distinguished based on their differential expression of F4/80 and CD11b. IMs can be divided further into two subsets based on their differential expression of Ly6C. KCs and two subsets of IMs were separately purified by FACS. The phagocytosis abilities and the expression profiles of genes related to various functions were compared among different populations of hepatic Macs. Ly6C(low) IMs exhibit an anti-inflammatory and tissue-protective phenotype; in contrast, Ly6C(hi) IMs exhibit a proinflammatory, tissue-damaging phenotype. The ratio of Ly6C(hi)/Ly6C(low) increases when mice chronically fed ethanol were binged, which significantly enhanced liver injury. Moreover, upon phagocytosis of apoptotic hepatocytes, Ly6C(hi) IMs switch to Ly6C(low) IMs. Taken together, chronic ethanol feeding induces the recruitment of two subsets of hepatic IMs, which play different or even opposite roles in regulating liver inflammation and repair. These findings may not only increase our understanding of the complex functions of Macs in the pathogenesis of ALD but also help us to identify novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Qiang You
- Department of Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Kenton Lor
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Fangfang Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, China; and
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cynthia Ju
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Integrated Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA;
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Osborne LC, Monticelli LA, Nice TJ, Sutherland TE, Siracusa MC, Hepworth MR, Tomov VT, Kobuley D, Tran SV, Bittinger K, Bailey AG, Laughlin AL, Boucher JL, Wherry EJ, Bushman FD, Allen JE, Virgin HW, Artis D. Coinfection. Virus-helminth coinfection reveals a microbiota-independent mechanism of immunomodulation. Science 2014; 345:578-82. [PMID: 25082704 DOI: 10.1126/science.1256942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian intestine is colonized by beneficial commensal bacteria and is a site of infection by pathogens, including helminth parasites. Helminths induce potent immunomodulatory effects, but whether these effects are mediated by direct regulation of host immunity or indirectly through eliciting changes in the microbiota is unknown. We tested this in the context of virus-helminth coinfection. Helminth coinfection resulted in impaired antiviral immunity and was associated with changes in the microbiota and STAT6-dependent helminth-induced alternative activation of macrophages. Notably, helminth-induced impairment of antiviral immunity was evident in germ-free mice, but neutralization of Ym1, a chitinase-like molecule that is associated with alternatively activated macrophages, could partially restore antiviral immunity. These data indicate that helminth-induced immunomodulation occurs independently of changes in the microbiota but is dependent on Ym1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C Osborne
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Laurel A Monticelli
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Timothy J Nice
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tara E Sutherland
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Mark C Siracusa
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew R Hepworth
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Vesselin T Tomov
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dmytro Kobuley
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sara V Tran
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kyle Bittinger
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Aubrey G Bailey
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alice L Laughlin
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jean-Luc Boucher
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - E John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Frederic D Bushman
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Judith E Allen
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Herbert W Virgin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David Artis
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Lo TH, Tseng KY, Tsao WS, Yang CY, Hsieh SL, Chiu AWH, Takai T, Mak TW, Tarng DC, Chen NJ. TREM-1 regulates macrophage polarization in ureteral obstruction. Kidney Int 2014; 86:1174-86. [PMID: 24918157 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an emerging worldwide public health problem. Inflammatory cell infiltration and activation during the early stages in injured kidneys is a common pathologic feature of CKD. Here, we determined whether an important inflammatory regulator, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-1, is upregulated in renal tissues collected from mouse ureteral obstruction-induced nephritis. TREM-1 is crucial for modulating macrophage polarization, and has a pivotal role in mediating tubular injury and interstitial collagen deposition in obstructive nephritis. Lysates from nephritic kidneys triggered a TREM-1-dependent M1 polarization ex vivo, consistent with the observation that granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-derived M1 macrophages express higher levels of TREM-1 in comparison with M-CSF-derived cells. Moreover, agonistic TREM-1 cross-link significantly strengthens the inductions of iNOS and GM-CSF in M1 cells. These observations are validated by a strong clinical correlation between infiltrating TREM-1-expressing/iNOS-positive macrophages and renal injury in human obstructive nephropathy. Thus, TREM-1 may be a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target in human kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Han Lo
- Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Kai-Yu Tseng
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Wen-Shan Tsao
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Chih-Ya Yang
- 1] Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC) [2] Genomic Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Shie-Liang Hsieh
- 1] Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC) [2] Genomic Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC) [3] Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC) [4] Inflammation and Immunity Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC) [5] Immunology Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC) [6] Institute for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Allen Wen-Hsiang Chiu
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Toshiyuki Takai
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tak W Mak
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Der-Cherng Tarng
- 1] Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC) [2] Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC) [3] Inflammation and Immunity Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC) [4] Immunology Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC) [5] Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Nien-Jung Chen
- 1] Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC) [2] Inflammation and Immunity Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC)
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Cherry JD, Olschowka JA, O’Banion MK. Neuroinflammation and M2 microglia: the good, the bad, and the inflamed. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:98. [PMID: 24889886 PMCID: PMC4060849 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1176] [Impact Index Per Article: 117.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of multiple macrophage activation states is not new. However, extending this idea to resident tissue macrophages, like microglia, has gained increased interest in recent years. Unfortunately, the research on peripheral macrophage polarization does not necessarily translate accurately to their central nervous system (CNS) counterparts. Even though pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines can polarize microglia to distinct activation states, the specific functions of these states is still an area of intense debate. This review examines the multiple possible activation states microglia can be polarized to. This is followed by a detailed description of microglial polarization and the functional relevance of this process in both acute and chronic CNS disease models described in the literature. Particular attention is given to utilizing M2 microglial polarization as a potential therapeutic option in treating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Cherry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - John A Olschowka
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - M Kerry O’Banion
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Petersen CP, Weis VG, Nam KT, Sousa JF, Fingleton B, Goldenring JR. Macrophages promote progression of spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia after acute loss of parietal cells. Gastroenterology 2014; 146:1727-38.e8. [PMID: 24534633 PMCID: PMC4035414 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Loss of parietal cells causes the development of spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM) through transdifferentiation of chief cells. In the presence of inflammation, SPEM can advance into a more proliferative metaplasia with increased expression of intestine-specific transcripts. We used L635 to induce acute SPEM with inflammation in mice and investigated the roles of inflammatory cells in the development of SPEM. METHODS To study the adaptive immune system, Rag1 knockout, interferon-γ-deficient, and wild-type (control) mice received L635 for 3 days. To study the innate immune system, macrophages were depleted by intraperitoneal injection of clodronate liposomes 2 days before and throughout L635 administration. Neutrophils were depleted by intraperitoneal injection of an antibody against Ly6G 2 days before and throughout L635 administration. Pathology and immunohistochemical analyses were used to determine depletion efficiency, metaplasia, and proliferation. To characterize SPEM in each model, gastric tissues were collected and levels of Cftr, Dmbt1, and Gpx2 mRNAs were measured. Markers of macrophage polarization were used to identify subpopulations of macrophages recruited to the gastric mucosa. RESULTS Administration of L635 to Rag1 knockout, interferon-γ-deficient, and neutrophil-depleted mice led to development of proliferative SPEM and up-regulation of intestine-specific transcripts in SPEM cells, similar to controls. However, macrophage-depleted mice given L635 showed significant reductions in numbers of SPEM cells, SPEM cell proliferation, and expression of intestine-specific transcripts, compared with control mice given L635. In mice given L635, as well as patients with intestinal metaplasia, M2 macrophages were the primary inflammatory component. CONCLUSIONS Results from studies of mouse models and human metaplastic tissues indicate that M2 macrophages promote the advancement of SPEM in the presence of inflammation.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity
- Animals
- Atrophy
- Calcium-Binding Proteins
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator/genetics
- Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gastritis/chemically induced
- Gastritis/genetics
- Gastritis/immunology
- Gastritis/metabolism
- Gastritis/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Glutathione Peroxidase/genetics
- Glutathione Peroxidase/metabolism
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Immunity, Innate
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Interferon-gamma/deficiency
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Male
- Metaplasia
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mucins/genetics
- Mucins/metabolism
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Parietal Cells, Gastric/immunology
- Parietal Cells, Gastric/metabolism
- Parietal Cells, Gastric/pathology
- Peptides/metabolism
- Phenotype
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Stomach Neoplasms/genetics
- Stomach Neoplasms/immunology
- Stomach Neoplasms/metabolism
- Stomach Neoplasms/pathology
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine P Petersen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Victoria G Weis
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ki Taek Nam
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Josane F Sousa
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Barbara Fingleton
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - James R Goldenring
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Nashville VA Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
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Lee CM, Park JW, Cho WK, Zhou Y, Han B, Yoon PO, Chae J, Elias JA, Lee CG. Modifiers of TGF-β1 effector function as novel therapeutic targets of pulmonary fibrosis. Korean J Intern Med 2014; 29:281-90. [PMID: 24851060 PMCID: PMC4028515 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2014.29.3.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a fatal progressive disease with no effective therapy. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 has long been regarded as a central mediator of tissue fibrosis that involves multiple organs including skin, liver, kidney, and lung. Thus, TGF-β1 and its signaling pathways have been attractive therapeutic targets for the development of antifibrotic drugs. However, the essential biological functions of TGF-β1 in maintaining normal immune and cellular homeostasis significantly limit the effectiveness of TGF-β1-directed therapeutic approaches. Thus, targeting downstream mediators or signaling molecules of TGF-β1 could be an alternative approach that selectively inhibits TGF-β1-stimulated fibrotic tissue response while preserving major physiological function of TGF-β1. Recent studies from our laboratory revealed that TGF-β1 crosstalk with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling by induction of amphiregulin, a ligand of EGFR, plays a critical role in the development or progression of pulmonary fibrosis. In addition, chitotriosidase, a true chitinase in humans, has been identified to have modulating capacity of TGF-β1 signaling as a new biomarker and therapeutic target of scleroderma-associated pulmonary fibrosis. These newly identified modifiers of TGF-β1 effector function significantly enhance the effectiveness and flexibility in targeting pulmonary fibrosis in which TGF-β1 plays a significant role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Min Lee
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jin Wook Park
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Won-Kyung Cho
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yang Zhou
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jack A Elias
- Dean of Medicine and Biological Science, Brown University, Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Chun Geun Lee
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Labonte AC, Tosello-Trampont AC, Hahn YS. The role of macrophage polarization in infectious and inflammatory diseases. Mol Cells 2014; 37:275-85. [PMID: 24625576 PMCID: PMC4012075 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2014.2374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages, found in circulating blood as well as integrated into several tissues and organs throughout the body, represent an important first line of defense against disease and a necessary component of healthy tissue homeostasis. Additionally, macrophages that arise from the differentiation of monocytes recruited from the blood to inflamed tissues play a central role in regulating local inflammation. Studies of macrophage activation in the last decade or so have revealed that these cells adopt a staggering range of phenotypes that are finely tuned responses to a variety of different stimuli, and that the resulting subsets of activated macrophages play critical roles in both progression and resolution of disease. This review summarizes the current understanding of the contributions of differentially polarized macrophages to various infectious and inflammatory diseases and the ongoing effort to develop novel therapies that target this key aspect of macrophage biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C. Labonte
- Department of Microbiology, Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia,
USA
| | | | - Young S. Hahn
- Department of Microbiology, Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia,
USA
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75
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Kinker KG, Gibson AM, Bass SA, Day BP, Deng J, Medvedovic M, Figueroa JAL, Hershey GKK, Chen W. Overexpression of dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1 attenuates airway inflammation in a mouse model of asthma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85148. [PMID: 24465497 PMCID: PMC3894860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, are increased in lung, sputum, exhaled breath condensate and plasma samples from asthma patients. ADMA is metabolized primarily by dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1 (DDAH1) and DDAH2. We determined the effect of DDAH1 overexpression on development of allergic inflammation in a mouse model of asthma. The expression of DDAH1 and DDAH2 in mouse lungs was determined by RT-quantitative PCR (qPCR). ADMA levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum samples were determined by mass spectrometry. Wild type and DDAH1-transgenic mice were intratracheally challenged with PBS or house dust mite (HDM). Airway inflammation was assessed by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) total and differential cell counts. The levels of IgE and IgG1 in BALF and serum samples were determined by ELISA. Gene expression in lungs was determined by RNA-Seq and RT-qPCR. Our data showed that the expression of DDAH1 and DDAH2 was decreased in the lungs of mice following HDM exposure, which correlated with increased ADMA levels in BALF and serum. Transgenic overexpression of DDAH1 resulted in decreased BAL total cell and eosinophil numbers following HDM exposure. Total IgE levels in BALF and serum were decreased in HDM-exposed DDAH1-transgenic mice compared to HDM-exposed wild type mice. RNA-Seq results showed downregulation of genes in the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) signaling pathway in PBS-treated DDAH1-transgenic mice versus PBS-treated wild type mice and downregulation of genes in IL-13/FOXA2 signaling pathway in HDM-treated DDAH1-transgenic mice versus HDM-treated wild type mice. Our findings suggest that decreased expression of DDAH1 and DDAH2 in the lungs may contribute to allergic asthma and overexpression of DDAH1 attenuates allergen-induced airway inflammation through modulation of Th2 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla G. Kinker
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Aaron M. Gibson
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Stacey A. Bass
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Brandy P. Day
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jingyuan Deng
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mario Medvedovic
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | - Gurjit K. Khurana Hershey
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Weiguo Chen
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
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Posey KL, Coustry F, Veerisetty AC, Liu P, Alcorn JL, Hecht JT. Chondrocyte-specific pathology during skeletal growth and therapeutics in a murine model of pseudoachondroplasia. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:1258-68. [PMID: 24194321 PMCID: PMC4075045 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) cause pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH), a severe dwarfing condition. Pain, a significant complication, has generally been attributed to joint abnormalities and erosion and early onset osteoarthritis. Previously, we found that the inflammatory-related transcripts were elevated in growth plate and articular cartilages, indicating that inflammation plays an important role in the chondrocyte disease pathology and may contribute to the overall pain sequelae. Here, we describe the effects of D469-delCOMP expression on the skeleton and growth plate chondrocytes with the aim to define a treatment window and thereby reduce pain. Consistent with the human PSACH phenotype, skeletal development of D469del-COMP mice was normal and similar to controls at birth. By postnatal day 7 (P7), the D469del-COMP skeleton, limbs, skull and snout were reduced and this reduction was progressive during postnatal growth, resulting in a short-limbed dwarfed mouse. Modulation of prenatal and postnatal expression of D469del-COMP showed minimal retention/cell death at P7 with some retention/cell death by P14, suggesting that earlier treatment intervention at the time of PSACH diagnosis may produce optimal results. Important and novel findings were an increase in inflammatory proteins generally starting at P21 and that exercise exacerbates inflammation. These observations suggest that pain in PSACH may be related to an intrinsic inflammatory process that can be treated symptomatically and is not related to early joint erosion. We also show that genetic ablation of CHOP dampens the inflammatory response observed in mice expressing D469del-COMP. Toward identifying potential treatments, drugs known to decrease cellular stress (lithium, phenylbutyric acid, and valproate) were assessed. Interestingly, all diminished the chondrocyte pathology but had untoward outcomes on mouse growth, development, and longevity. Collectively, these results define an early treatment window in which chondrocytes can be salvaged, thereby potentially increasing skeletal growth and decreasing pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Posey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, TX, USA
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Zakzuk J, Benedetti I, Fernández-Caldas E, Caraballo L. The influence of chitin on the immune response to the house dust mite allergen Blo T 12. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2013; 163:119-29. [PMID: 24335274 DOI: 10.1159/000356482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information about the biological properties of Blomia tropicalis allergens is scarce. It is predicted that Blo t 12, an allergen with two described isoforms, contains a chitin-binding domain, similar to that found in peritrophins. Th2 adjuvant properties have been described for chitin. Therefore, it is feasible that binding to this carbohydrate influences its allergenicity. We aimed to evaluate the chitin-binding activity of Blo t 12 isoallergens and its effect on airway inflammation and antibody responses in a murine model of allergen sensitization. METHODS Chitin-binding assays were conducted with the recombinant isoallergens Blo t 12.0101 and Blo t 12.0102. BALB/c mice were sensitized via i.p. with any of the two isoforms (alone, with chitin or alum) and then challenged intranasally. Methacholine-induced bronchial hyperreactivity was tested by whole-body plethysmography and lung sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and periodic-acid Schiff. Total IgE and allergen-specific IgE, IgG1 and IgG2 levels were measured by ELISA. RESULTS The two isoforms bound chitin, but Blo t 12.0101 showed a stronger binding capacity. Both isoforms induced total and allergen-specific IgE, airway hyperreactivity, bronchial inflammation and mucus secretion without any adjuvant; however, when administered with chitin, Blo t 12.0101 induced higher total IgE levels. The IgG1/IgG2a ratio was significantly higher in mice immunized with Blo t 12.0101 than those immunized with Blo t 12.0102. As peritrophins, Blo t 12 was detected in mite feces. CONCLUSIONS Blo t 12 isoforms are chitin-binding proteins that induce airway inflammation and bronchial hyperreactivity. However, for Blo t 12.0101, chitin reinforces its effects on total IgE production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefina Zakzuk
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
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Murphy SV, Shiyun SC, Tan JL, Chan S, Jenkin G, Wallace EM, Lim R. Human amnion epithelial cells do not abrogate pulmonary fibrosis in mice with impaired macrophage function. Cell Transplant 2013; 21:1477-92. [PMID: 22507554 DOI: 10.3727/096368911x601028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Since current treatments for both acute and chronic lung diseases are less than ideal, there has been recent interest in the use of cell-based therapies for inflammatory lung disease. Specifically, human amnion epithelial cells (hAECs) have been shown to reduce bleomycin-induced lung injury and prevent subsequent loss of respiratory function, primarily through modulation of the host immune response. The precise mechanisms of this effect remain unclear. We aimed to investigate the potential of hAECs to mitigate bleomycin-induced lung injury in surfactant protein C deficient (Sftpc(−/−)) mice, which are highly susceptible to pulmonary injury as a result of impairment of macrophage function. Primary hAECs were administered to wild-type (Sftpc(+/+)) and Sftpc(−/−) mice 24 h after exposure to bleomycin. Compared to Sftpc(+/+) mice receiving bleomycin alone, Sftpc(+/+) mice administered hAECs 24 h after bleomycin exposure had decreased expression of proinflammatory genes, decreased macrophage and neutrophil infiltration, fibrosis, collagen content, and α-smooth muscle actin as well as a significant improvement in lung function. Compared to Sftpc(−/−) mice given bleomycin alone, Sftpc(−/−) mice administered hAECs 24 h after bleomycin did not have a decrease in inflammatory gene expression or a reduction in macrophage pulmonary infiltration. Subsequently, Sftpc(−/−) mice did not show any decrease in pulmonary fibrosis or improvement of lung function after hAEC administration. The ability of hAECs to mitigate bleomycin-induced lung injury is abolished in Sftpc(−/−) mice, suggesting that hAECs require normal host macrophage function to exert their reparative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean V Murphy
- The Ritchie Centre, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Elmore SA, Hoenerhoff M, Katsuta O, Kokoshima H, Maronpot R, Nagai H, Satoh H, Tanaka Y, Tochitani T, Tsuchiya S, Yoshizawa K. Proceedings of the 2013 Joint JSTP/NTP Satellite Symposium. J Toxicol Pathol 2013; 26:231-57. [PMID: 23914068 PMCID: PMC3695348 DOI: 10.1293/tox.26.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The first joint Japanese Society of Toxicologic Pathology (JSTP) and National Toxicology
Program (NTP) Satellite Symposium, entitled “Pathology Potpourri,” was held on January
29th at Okura Frontier Hotel in Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, in advance of the
JSTP’s 29th Annual Meeting. The goal of this Symposium was to present current
diagnostic pathology or nomenclature issues to the toxicologic pathology community. This
article presents summaries of the speakers’ presentations, including diagnostic or
nomenclature issues that were presented, select images that were used for audience voting
or discussion, and the voting results. Some lesions and topics covered during the
symposium include: treatment-related atypical hepatocellular foci of cellular alteration
in B6C3F1 mice; purulent ventriculoencephalitis in a young BALB/c mouse; a subcutaneous
malignant schwannoma in a RccHan:WIST rat; spontaneous nasal septum
hyalinosis/eosinophilic substance in B6C3F1 mice; a rare pancreatic ductal cell adenoma in
a young Lewis rat; eosinophilic crystalline pneumonia in a transgenic mouse model; hyaline
glomerulopathy in two female ddY mice; treatment-related intrahepatic erythrocytes in
B6C3F1 mice; treatment-related subendothelial hepatocytes in B6C3F1 mice; spontaneous
thyroid follicular cell vacuolar degeneration in a cynomolgus monkey; congenital hepatic
fibrosis in a 1-year-old cat; a spontaneous adenocarcinoma of the middle ear in a young
Crl:CD(SD) rat; and finally a series of cases illustrating some differences between
cholangiofibrosis and cholangiocarcinoma in Sprague Dawley and F344 rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Elmore
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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Dasgupta P, Qi X, Smith EP, Keegan AD. Absence of the common gamma chain (γ(c)), a critical component of the Type I IL-4 receptor, increases the severity of allergic lung inflammation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71344. [PMID: 23940740 PMCID: PMC3734063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The TH2 cytokines, IL-4 and IL-13, play critical roles in inducing allergic lung inflammation and drive the alternative activation of macrophages (AAM). Although both cytokines share receptor subunits, IL-4 and IL-13 have differential roles in asthma pathogenesis: IL-4 regulates TH2 cell differentiation, while IL-13 regulates airway hyperreactivity and mucus production. Aside from controlling TH2 differentiation, the unique contribution of IL-4 signaling via the Type I receptor in airway inflammation remains unclear. Therefore, we analyzed responses in mice deficient in gamma c (γc) to elucidate the role of the Type I IL-4 receptor. OVA primed CD4+ OT-II T cells were adoptively transferred into RAG2−/− and γc−/− mice and allergic lung disease was induced. Both γc−/− and γcxRAG2−/− mice developed increased pulmonary inflammation and eosinophilia upon OVA challenge, compared to RAG2−/− mice. Characteristic AAM proteins FIZZ1 and YM1 were expressed in lung epithelial cells in both mouse strains, but greater numbers of FIZZ1+ or YM1+ airways were present in γc−/− mice. Absence of γc in macrophages, however, resulted in reduced YM1 expression. We observed higher TH2 cytokine levels in the BAL and an altered DC phenotype in the γc−/− recipient mice suggesting the potential for dysregulated T cell and dendritic cell (DC) activation in the γc-deficient environment. These results demonstrate that in absence of the Type I IL-4R, the Type II R can mediate allergic responses in the presence of TH2 effectors. However, the Type I R regulates AAM protein expression in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeta Dasgupta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiulan Qi
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth P. Smith
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Achsah D. Keegan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Alfano M, Graziano F, Genovese L, Poli G. Macrophage Polarization at the Crossroad Between HIV-1 Infection and Cancer Development. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:1145-52. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mononuclear phagocytes play a fundamental role in the tissue homeostasis and innate defenses against viruses and other microbial pathogens. In addition, they are likely involved in several steps of cancer development. Circulating monocytes and tissue macrophages are target cells of viral infections, including human cytomegalovirus, human herpes virus 8, and the HIV, and alterations of their functional and phenotypic properties are likely involved in many tissue-degenerative diseases, including atherosclerosis and cancer. Different tissue microenvironments as well as their pathological alterations can profoundly affect the polarization state of macrophages toward the extreme phenotypes conventionally termed M1 and M2. Thus, targeting disease-associated macrophages is considered a potential approach particularly in the context of cancer-associated tumor-associated macrophages, supporting malignant cell growth and progression toward a metastatic phenotype. Of note is the fact that tumor-associated macrophages isolated from established tumors display phenotypic and functional features similar to those of in vitro–derived M2-polarized cells. Concerning HIV-1 infection, viral eradication strategies in the context of combination antiretroviral therapy should also consider the possibility to deplete, at least transiently, certain mononuclear phagocytes subsets, although the possibility of distinguishing those that are either infected or pathogenically altered remains a goal of future research. In the present review, we will focus on the recent literature concerning the role of human macrophage polarization in viral infections and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Alfano
- From the AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy (M.A., F.G., L.G., G.P.); and Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy (F.G., L.G., G.P.)
| | - Francesca Graziano
- From the AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy (M.A., F.G., L.G., G.P.); and Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy (F.G., L.G., G.P.)
| | - Luca Genovese
- From the AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy (M.A., F.G., L.G., G.P.); and Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy (F.G., L.G., G.P.)
| | - Guido Poli
- From the AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy (M.A., F.G., L.G., G.P.); and Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy (F.G., L.G., G.P.)
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Zhao J, Lv Z, Wang F, Wei J, Zhang Q, Li S, Yang F, Zeng X, Wu X, Wu Z. Ym1, an eosinophilic chemotactic factor, participates in the brain inflammation induced by Angiostrongylus cantonensis in mice. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:2689-95. [PMID: 23703548 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3436-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Angiostrongylus cantonensis is an emerging zoonotic pathogen that has caused hundreds of cases of human angiostrongyliasis worldwide. The larva in nonpermissive hosts cannot develop into an adult worm and can cause eosinophilic meningitis and ocular angiostrongyliasis. The mechanism of brain inflammation caused by the worm remains poorly defined. According to previous data of GeneChip, Ym1 in the brain of mice 21 days after infection with A. cantonensis was highly upregulated to over 7,300 times than the untreated mice. Ym1 is an eosinophilic chemotactic factor with the alternative names of chitinase-3-like protein 3, eosinophil chemotactic cytokine, and ECF-L. Ym1 displays chemotactic activity for T lymphocytes, bone marrow cells, and eosinophils and may favor inflammatory responses induced by parasitic infections and allergy. It has been reported that Ym1 is synthesized and secreted by activated macrophages during parasitic infection (Chang et al., J Biol Chem 276(20):17497-17506, 2001). In the brain, microglia are alternatively activated macrophage-derived cells which are the key immune cells in central nervous system inflammation. To explore the role of Ym1 in inflammation caused by A. cantonensis-infected mice, we examined the levels of Ym1 in the sera and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the infected animals, followed by detection of the mRNA expression level of Ym1 in various organs including the brain, lung, liver, spleen, and kidney and of the cytokines IL-5 and IL-13 in the brain of the infected mice with or without intraperitoneal injection of minocycline (an inhibitor of microglial activation) by real-time reserve transcription PCR. Furthermore, immunolocalization of Ym1 in the brains of the infected mice was observed by using a fluorescence microscope. Our results showed that Ym1 was most highly expressed in the brains and CSF of the infected mice along with the process of inflammation. The antibody localized Ym1 to the microglia in the brain of the mice in both infection and minocycline + infection groups. And as in the brain, the mRNA level of Ym1 changed more obviously than IL-5 and IL-13. The study implies that Ym1 might serve as an alternative potential pathological marker which is detected not only in the sera and CSF but also in the brains of the infected mice and Ym1 secreted by microglia might be involved in eosinophilic meningitis and meningoencephalitis caused by A. cantonensis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhao
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080 Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
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Structural investigation of a novel N-acetyl glucosamine binding chi-lectin which reveals evolutionary relationship with class III chitinases. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63779. [PMID: 23717482 PMCID: PMC3662789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycosyl hydrolase 18 (GH18) family consists of active chitinases as well as chitinase like lectins/proteins (CLPs). The CLPs share significant sequence and structural similarities with active chitinases, however, do not display chitinase activity. Some of these proteins are reported to have specific functions and carbohydrate binding property. In the present study, we report a novel chitinase like lectin (TCLL) from Tamarindus indica. The crystal structures of native TCLL and its complex with N-acetyl glucosamine were determined. Similar to the other CLPs of the GH18 members, TCLL lacks chitinase activity due to mutations of key active site residues. Comparison of TCLL with chitinases and other chitin binding CLPs shows that TCLL has substitution of some chitin binding site residues and more open binding cleft due to major differences in the loop region. Interestingly, the biochemical studies suggest that TCLL is an N-acetyl glucosamine specific chi-lectin, which is further confirmed by the complex structure of TCLL with N-acetyl glucosamine complex. TCLL has two distinct N-acetyl glucosamine binding sites S1 and S2 that contain similar polar residues, although interaction pattern with N-acetyl glucosamine varies extensively among them. Moreover, TCLL structure depicts that how plants utilize existing structural scaffolds ingenuously to attain new functions. To date, this is the first structural investigation of a chi-lectin from plants that explore novel carbohydrate binding sites other than chitin binding groove observed in GH18 family members. Consequently, TCLL structure confers evidence for evolutionary link of lectins with chitinases.
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Hanisch UK. Functional diversity of microglia - how heterogeneous are they to begin with? Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:65. [PMID: 23717262 PMCID: PMC3653062 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia serve in the surveillance and maintenance, protection and restoration of the central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis. By their parenchymal location they differ from other CNS-associated myeloid cells, and by origin as well as functional characteristics they are also–at least in part–distinct from extraneural tissue macrophages. Nevertheless, microglia themselves may not comprise a uniform cell type. CNS regions vary by cellular and chemical composition, including white matter (myelin) content, blood–brain barrier properties or prevailing neurotransmitters. Such a micromilieu could instruct as well as require local adaptions of microglial features. Yet even cells within circumscribed populations may reveal some specialization by subtypes, regarding house-keeping duties and functional capacities upon challenges. While diversity of reactive phenotypes has been established still little is known as to whether all activated cells would respond with the same program of induced genes and functions or whether responder subsets have individual contributions. Preferential synthesis of a key cytokine could asign a master control to certain cells among a pool of activated microglia. Critical functions could be sequestered to discrete microglial subtypes in order to avoid interference, such as clearance of endogenous material and presentation of antigens. Indeed, several and especially a number of recent studies provide evidence for the constitutive and reactive heterogeneity of microglia by and within CNS regions. While such a principle of “division of labor” would influence the basic notion of “the” microglia, it could come with the practival value of addressing separate microglia types in experimental and therapeutic manipulations.
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85
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Meester I, Rosas-Taraco AG, Salinas-Carmona MC. Retnla down-regulation and IL-13-rich environment correlate with inflammation severity in experimental actinomycetoma by Nocardia brasiliensis. Pathog Dis 2013; 67:214-20. [PMID: 23620185 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nocardia brasiliensis (Nb) is a facultative intracellular pathogen that may cause actinomycetoma when immune response is unable to control the pathogenic invasion. We used comparative real-time PCR to evaluate the expression level of molecules indicative of either classical or alternative activation of macrophages, as well as of cytokines involved in macrophage polarization, during the experimental infection in BALB/c mice. We found induction or increased expression of the pro-inflammatory markers csf2/GM-CSF, interferon-gamma, and nos2/iNOS. The expression of Ym1 and IL-13, which are usually related with alternative activation of macrophage, was also increased. However, retnla/FIZZ1 expression decreased sharply during the infection. We concluded that Nb infection induces both a pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory environment, in which there is a strong inverse correlation between IL-13 and retnla expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Meester
- Departamento de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
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86
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Characterization of macrophage phenotypes in three murine models of house-dust-mite-induced asthma. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:632049. [PMID: 23533309 PMCID: PMC3600196 DOI: 10.1155/2013/632049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In asthma, an important role for innate immunity is increasingly being recognized. Key innate immune cells in the lungs are macrophages. Depending on the signals they receive, macrophages can at least have an M1, M2, or M2-like phenotype. It is unknown how these macrophage phenotypes behave with regard to (the severity of) asthma. We have quantified the phenotypes in three models of house dust mite (HDM-)induced asthma (14, 21, and 24 days). M1, M2, and M2-like phenotypes were identified by interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5), YM1, and IL-10, respectively. We found higher percentages of eosinophils in HDM-exposed mice compared to control but no differences between HDM models. T cell numbers were higher after HDM exposure and were the highest in the 24-day HDM protocol. Higher numbers of M2 macrophages after HDM correlated with higher eosinophil numbers. In mice with less severe asthma, M1 macrophage numbers were higher and correlated negatively with M2 macrophages numbers. Lower numbers of M2-like macrophages were found after HDM exposure and these correlated negatively with M2 macrophages. The balance between macrophage phenotypes changes as the severity of allergic airway inflammation increases. Influencing this imbalanced relationship could be a novel approach to treat asthma.
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87
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Elmore SA, Berridge BR, Boyle MC, Cora MC, Hoenerhoff MJ, Kooistra L, Laast VA, Morrison JP, Rao D, Rinke M, Yoshizawa K. Proceedings of the 2012 National Toxicology Program Satellite Symposium. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 41:151-80. [PMID: 23262640 PMCID: PMC4195569 DOI: 10.1177/0192623312467102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The 2012 annual National Toxicology Program (NTP) Satellite Symposium, entitled "Pathology Potpourri," was held in Boston in advance of the Society of Toxicologic Pathology's 31st annual meeting. The goal of the NTP Symposium is to present current diagnostic pathology or nomenclature issues to the toxicologic pathology community. This article presents summaries of the speakers' presentations, including diagnostic or nomenclature issues that were presented, along with select images that were used for audience voting or discussion. Some lesions and topics covered during the symposium include eosinophilic crystalline pneumonia in a transgenic mouse model; differentiating adrenal cortical cystic degeneration from adenoma; atypical eosinophilic foci of altered hepatocytes; differentiating cardiac schwannoma from cardiomyopathy; diagnosis of cardiac papillary muscle lesions; intrahepatocytic erythrocytes and venous subendothelial hepatocytes; lesions in Rathke's cleft and pars distalis; pernicious anemia and megaloblastic disorders; embryonic neuroepithelial dysplasia, holoprosencephaly and exencephaly; and INHAND nomenclature for select cardiovascular lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Elmore
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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88
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Feriotti C, Loures FV, Frank de Araújo E, da Costa TA, Calich VLG. Mannosyl-recognizing receptors induce an M1-like phenotype in macrophages of susceptible mice but an M2-like phenotype in mice resistant to a fungal infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54845. [PMID: 23382985 PMCID: PMC3559829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to alpha1,3 glucan, mannan and mannan-linked proteins are expressed in the outer layer of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeasts. The recognition of mannosyl residues by multiple pathogen recognition receptors, such as the mannose receptor (MR), complement receptor 3 (CR3) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) on macrophage membranes can influence macrophage activation and the mechanisms of innate immunity against fungal pathogens. The aim of this study was to clarify the role of these receptors in the interaction between P. brasiliensis and macrophages from resistant (A/J) and susceptible (B10.A) mice. Therefore, the phagocytic, fungicidal and secretory abilities of macrophages were evaluated in the presence of mannan and antibodies against MR, CR3 and TLR4. We verified that mannan increased and anti-MR antibody decreased the killing ability and nitric oxide production of macrophages. The specific blockade of MR, CR3 and TLR4 by monoclonal antibodies impaired fungal recognition and modulated the production of cytokines. Mannan or P. brasiliensis induced decreased expression of MR and TLR2 on A/J macrophages, whereas CR3, TLR4 and TLR2 were reduced on B10.A cells. Importantly, both mannan and P. brasiliensis induced the production of IL-12 by B10.A macrophages, whereas TGF-β, TNF-α and IL-6 were produced by A/J cells. In addition, B10.A macrophages exhibited a prevalent expression of inducible NO-synthase and SOCS3 (suppressor of cytokine signaling-3), indicating a pro-inflammatory, "M1-like" differentiation. In contrast, the elevated expression of arginase-1, found in inflammatory zone-1 (FIZZ1), YM1 (CHI313, chitinase-like lectin), and SOCS1, typical markers of alternatively activated macrophages, indicates a prevalent "M2-like" differentiation of A/J macrophages. In conclusion, our data reveal that several mannosyl-recognizing receptors coordinate the apparently paradoxical innate response to paracoccidioidomycosis, in which resistance is initially mediated by alternatively activated phagocytes and tolerance to fungal growth, whereas susceptibility is linked to classically activated macrophages and the efficient control of fungal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Feriotti
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio V. Loures
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliseu Frank de Araújo
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tania Alves da Costa
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera L. G. Calich
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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89
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Hamid R, Khan MA, Ahmad M, Ahmad MM, Abdin MZ, Musarrat J, Javed S. Chitinases: An update. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2013; 5:21-9. [PMID: 23559820 PMCID: PMC3612335 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.106559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin, the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature after cellulose, is found in the exoskeleton of insects, fungi, yeast, and algae, and in the internal structures of other vertebrates. Chitinases are enzymes that degrade chitin. Chitinases contribute to the generation of carbon and nitrogen in the ecosystem. Chitin and chitinolytic enzymes are gaining importance for their biotechnological applications, especially the chitinases exploited in agriculture fields to control pathogens. Chitinases have a use in human health care, especially in human diseases like asthma. Chitinases have wide-ranging applications including the preparation of pharmaceutically important chitooligosaccharides and N-acetyl D glucosamine, preparation of single-cell protein, isolation of protoplasts from fungi and yeast, control of pathogenic fungi, treatment of chitinous waste, mosquito control and morphogenesis, etc. In this review, the various types of chitinases and the chitinases found in different organisms such as bacteria, plants, fungi, and mammals are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rifat Hamid
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Minhaj A. Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mahboob Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Malik Mobeen Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Malik Zainul Abdin
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Javed Musarrat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, AMU, Aligarh, India
| | - Saleem Javed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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90
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Transgenic CCL2 expression in the central nervous system results in a dysregulated immune response and enhanced lethality after coronavirus infection. J Virol 2012; 87:2376-89. [PMID: 23269787 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03089-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), a chemoattractant for macrophages, T cells, and cells expressing CCR2, is upregulated during acute and chronic inflammation. CCL2 has been implicated in both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses and has been suggested as a target for therapy in some inflammatory disorders. To examine the role of CCL2 during virus infection, we infected mice transgenically expressing CCL2 in the central nervous system (CCL2 Tg) with an attenuated neurotropic coronavirus (rJ2.2 strain of mouse hepatitis virus). Infection of wild-type mice with rJ2.2 results in mild acute encephalitis, followed by a nonlethal, chronic demyelinating disease. Proinflammatory innate and adaptive immune responses mediate virus clearance. In marked contrast, CCL2 Tg mice infected with rJ2.2 ineffectively cleared virus and rapidly succumbed to the infection. CCL2 Tg mice mounted a dysregulated immune response, characterized by augmented accumulation of regulatory Foxp3(+)CD4(+) T cells and of nitric-oxide- and YM-1-expressing macrophages and microglia, suggestive of mixed M1/M2 macrophage activation. Further, macrophages from infected CCL2 Tg brains relative to non-Tg controls were less activated/mature, expressing lower levels of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II), CD86, and CD40. Collectively, these results show that persistent CCL2 overexpression establishes and sustains an immunological milieu that is both inflammatory and immunosuppressive and predisposes mice to a defective immune response to a minimally lethal virus.
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91
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Macrophages, inflammation, and tumor suppressors: ARF, a new player in the game. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:568783. [PMID: 23316105 PMCID: PMC3538382 DOI: 10.1155/2012/568783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between tumor progression and innate immune system has been well established in the last years. Indeed, several lines of clinical evidence indicate that immune cells such as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) interact with tumor cells, favoring growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis of a variety of cancers. In most tumors, TAMs show properties of an alternative polarization phenotype (M2) characterized by the expression of a series of chemokines, cytokines, and proteases that promote immunosuppression, tumor proliferation, and spreading of the cancer cells.
Tumor suppressor genes have been traditionally linked to the regulation of cancer progression; however, a growing body of evidence indicates that these genes also play essential roles in the regulation of innate immunity pathways through molecular mechanisms that are still poorly understood. In this paper, we provide an overview of the immunobiology of TAMs as well as what is known about tumor suppressors in the context of immune responses. Recent advances regarding the role of the tumor suppressor ARF as a regulator of inflammation and macrophage polarization are also reviewed.
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92
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Reynolds LA, Filbey KJ, Maizels RM. Immunity to the model intestinal helminth parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 34:829-46. [PMID: 23053394 PMCID: PMC3496515 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-012-0347-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Heligmosomoides polygyrus is a natural intestinal parasite of mice, which offers an excellent model of the immunology of gastrointestinal helminth infections of humans and livestock. It is able to establish long-term chronic infections in many strains of mice, exerting potent immunomodulatory effects that dampen both protective immunity and bystander reactions to allergens and autoantigens. Immunity to the parasite develops naturally in some mouse strains and can be induced in others through immunization; while the mechanisms of protective immunity are not yet fully defined, both antibodies and a host cellular component are required, with strongest evidence for a role of alternatively activated macrophages. We discuss the balance between resistance and susceptibility in this model system and highlight new themes in innate and adaptive immunity, immunomodulation, and regulation of responsiveness in helminth infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Reynolds
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT UK
| | - Kara J. Filbey
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT UK
| | - Rick M. Maizels
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT UK
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT UK
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93
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Hardison SE, Herrera G, Young ML, Hole CR, Wozniak KL, Wormley FL. Protective immunity against pulmonary cryptococcosis is associated with STAT1-mediated classical macrophage activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:4060-8. [PMID: 22984078 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Experimental pulmonary Cryptococcus neoformans infection in BALB/c mice is associated with polarized Th2-type cytokine production, alternative macrophage activation, and severe bronchopneumonia. In contrast, pulmonary infection with a C. neoformans strain that secretes IFN-γ, H99γ, elicits Th1-type cytokine production and classical macrophage activation. Additionally, mice infected with H99γ resolve the acute infection and are subsequently protected against challenge with wild-type C. neoformans. The present study characterizes macrophage activation during the protective response to wild-type C. neoformans in mice previously immunized with H99γ. We observed increased pulmonary Th1-type cytokine production in lung homogenates and classical macrophage activation as evidenced by enhanced expression of inducible NO synthase in the lungs of H99γ-immunized mice compared with mice given a nonprotective immunization with heat-killed C. neoformans (HKCn). Furthermore, macrophages isolated from H99γ-immunized mice on day 7 postchallenge and cultured in vitro were fungistatic against C. neoformans, whereas cryptococcal growth was uncontrolled within macrophages from HKCn-immunized mice. Th2-type cytokine production and induction of alternatively activated macrophages were also observed in lungs of HKCn-immunized mice during rechallenge. Gene expression arrays showed that classical macrophage activation during challenge infection in H99γ-immunized mice was associated with induction of the transcription factor STAT1 and its downstream targets IFN regulatory factor-1, suppressor of cytokine signaling-1, CXCL9, and CXCL10. These studies demonstrate that protective responses to C. neoformans challenge in immunized mice include classical macrophage activation and enhanced macrophage fungistasis of C. neoformans yeasts. Finally, the classical activation phenotype of protective anticryptococcal macrophages is likely mediated via STAT1 signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Hardison
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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94
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TGFβ signalling plays an important role in IL4-induced alternative activation of microglia. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:210. [PMID: 22947253 PMCID: PMC3488564 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system and are accepted to be involved in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. Several studies have demonstrated that microglia, like peripheral macrophages, exhibit two entirely different functional activation states, referred to as classical (M1) and alternative (M2) activation. TGFβ is one of the most important anti-inflammatory cytokines and its effect on inhibiting microglia or macrophage classical activation has been extensively studied. However, the role of TGFβ during alternative activation of microglia has not been described yet. METHODS To investigate the role of TGFβ in IL4-induced microglia alternative activation, both, BV2 as well as primary microglia from new born C57BL/6 mice were used. Quantitative RT-PCR and western blots were performed to detect mRNA and protein levels of the alternative activation markers Arginase1 (Arg1) and Chitinase 3-like 3 (Ym1) after treatment with IL4, TGFβ or both. Endogenous TGFβ release after IL4 treatment was evaluated using the mink lung epithelial cell (MLEC) assay and a direct TGFβ2 ELISA. TGFβ receptor type I inhibitor and MAPK inhibitor were applied to address the involvement of TGFβ signalling and MAPK signalling in IL4-induced alternative activation of microglia. RESULTS TGFβ enhances IL4-induced microglia alternative activation by strongly increasing the expression of Arg1 and Ym1. This synergistic effect on Arg1 induction is almost completely blocked by the application of the MAPK inhibitor, PD98059. Further, treatment of primary microglia with IL4 increased the expression and secretion of TGFβ2, suggesting an involvement of endogenous TGFβ in IL4-mediated microglia activation process. Moreover, IL4-mediated induction of Arg1 and Ym1 is impaired after blocking the TGFβ receptor I indicating that IL4-induced microglia alternative activation is dependent on active TGFβ signalling. Interestingly, treatment of primary microglia with TGFβ alone results in up regulation of the IL4 receptor alpha, indicating that TGFβ increases the sensitivity of microglia for IL4 signals. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data reveal a new role for TGFβ during IL4-induced alternative activation of microglia and consolidate the essential functions of TGFβ as an anti-inflammatory molecule and immunoregulatory factor for microglia.
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95
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Copper modulates the phenotypic response of activated BV2 microglia through the release of nitric oxide. Nitric Oxide 2012; 27:201-9. [PMID: 22819698 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are resident immune cells of the central nervous system. Their persistent activation in neurodegenerative diseases, traditionally attributed to neuronal dysfunction, may be due to a microglial failure to modulate the release of cytotoxic mediators such as nitric oxide (NO). The persistent activation of microglia with the subsequent release of NO vis-á-vis the accumulation of redox transition metals such as copper (Cu) in neurodegenerative diseases, prompted the hypothesis that copper would alter NO signaling by changing the redox environment of the cell and that, by altering the fate of NO, microglia would adopt a different phenotype. We have used the microglial cell model, BV2, to examine the effects of Cu(I) on NO production and activation as they have been shown to be phenotypically plastic. Our results show that cell viability is not affected by Cu(I) in BV2 microglia and that it has no effect on iNOS mRNA, protein expression and nitrite release. However, when LPS is added to Cu(I)-treated medium, nitrite release is abrogated while iNOS expression is not significantly altered. This effect is Cu(I)-specific and it is not observed with other non-redox metals, suggesting that Cu(I) modulates NO reactivity. Immunofluorescence analysis shows that the M1 (inflammatory) phenotype of BV2 microglia observed in response to LPS, is shifted to an M2 (adaptive) phenotype when Cu(I) is administered in combination with LPS. This same shift is not observed when iNOS function is inhibited by 1400W. In the present study we show that Cu(I) modulates the release of NO to the media, without altering iNOS expression, and produces phenotypic changes in BV2 microglia.
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96
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Mitsunaga K, Kikuchi J, Wada T, Furukawa Y. Latexin regulates the abundance of multiple cellular proteins in hematopoietic stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:1138-47. [PMID: 21567403 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Latexin is the only known carboxypeptidase A inhibitor in mammals and shares structural similarity with cystatin C, suggesting that latexin regulates the abundance of as yet unidentified target proteins. A forward genetic approach revealed that latexin is involved in homeostasis of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in mice; however, little is known about the mechanisms by which latexin negatively affects the numbers of HSCs. In this study, we found that latexin is preferentially expressed in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, and is co-localized with the molecules responsible for the interaction of HSCs with a bone marrow niche, such as N-cadherin, Tie2, and Roundabout 4. Latexin-knockout young female mice showed an increase in the numbers of KSL (c-Kit(+)/Sca-1(+)/linegae marker-negative) cells, which may be attributable to enhanced self-renewal because latexin-deficient KSL cells formed more colonies than their wild-type counterparts in methylcellulose culture. Proteomic analysis of Sca-1(+) bone marrow cells demonstrated that latexin ablation reduced the abundance of multiple cellular proteins, including N-cadherin, Tie2, and Roundabout 4. Finally, we found that latexin expression was lost or greatly reduced in approximately 50% of human leukemia/lymphoma cell lines. These results imply that latexin inhibits the self-renewal of HSCs by facilitating the lodgment of HSCs within a bone marrow niche to maintain HSC homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Mitsunaga
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
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97
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Muzzarelli RA, Boudrant J, Meyer D, Manno N, DeMarchis M, Paoletti MG. Current views on fungal chitin/chitosan, human chitinases, food preservation, glucans, pectins and inulin: A tribute to Henri Braconnot, precursor of the carbohydrate polymers science, on the chitin bicentennial. Carbohydr Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 524] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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98
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Abstract
Over the years it has become evident that the immune system can affect the function of the central nervous system (CNS), including altering cognitive processes. The impact of immune activation on the CNS is particularly important for aged individuals, as the brain's resident immune cells, microglia, acquire a pro-inflammatory profile. The low-grade chronic neuroinflammation that develops with normal aging likely contributes to the susceptibility to cognitive deficits and a host of age-related pathologies. Understanding why microglia show increased inflammatory activity (i.e., neuroinflammation) and identifying effective treatments to reduce microglia activation is expected to have beneficial effects on cognitive performance and measures of neural plasticity. However, microglia also promote regeneration after injury. Therefore, effective treatments must dampen inflammatory activity while preserving microglia's neuroprotective function. Discovering factors that induce neuroinflammation and investigating potential preventative therapies is expected to uncover the ways of maintaining normal microglia activity in the aged brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Kohman
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute, Urbana, IL, USA.
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99
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Menzies FM, Henriquez FL, Alexander J, Roberts CW. Selective inhibition and augmentation of alternative macrophage activation by progesterone. Immunology 2011; 134:281-91. [PMID: 21977998 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03488.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Progesterone is the female sex hormone necessary for the maintenance of pregnancy, and is known to modulate macrophage activation. However, studies have concentrated exclusively on the ability of progesterone to negatively regulate the innate and classical pathways of activation, associated with nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin (IL)-12 production. Our aim was to examine the ability of progesterone to modulate alternative macrophage activation. Bone marrow cells were isolated and differentiated from male BALB/c mice, exposed to varying concentrations of progesterone and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (innate activation), IL-4 (alternative activation) or LPS in combination with IL-4. Our present study demonstrates that progesterone not only down-regulates inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 (iNOS) activity in macrophages but also arginase activity, in a dose-dependent manner, independent of the stimuli, whether it is induced by LPS (innate activation), IL-4 (alternative activation) or LPS in combination with IL-4. The ability of progesterone to down-modulate IL-4-induced cell surface expression of the mannose receptor further suggested a negative regulation of alternative macrophage activation by this hormone. Analysis of mRNA expression, by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), of genes associated with innate and alternative macrophage activation revealed that progesterone down-regulated LPS-induced macrophage nos2, argI and p40 (IL-12/IL-23) expression and IL-4-induced argI, mrc-1 and fizz1 expression. However, progesterone up-regulated IL-4-induced macrophage expression of ym1, while dectin-1 expression remained unaltered. Following treatment of macrophages with LPS and IL-4 in combination a similar pattern was observed, with the exception that progesterone up-regulated macrophage expression of fizz1 as well as ym1 and did not modify mrc-1 expression. Our data demonstrate for the first time that a hormone has the ability to regulate selectively the expression of different genes associated with alternative macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Menzies
- Strathclyde Institute for Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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100
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Wozniak KL, Hardison S, Olszewski M, Wormley FL. Induction of protective immunity against cryptococcosis. Mycopathologia 2011; 173:387-94. [PMID: 22143898 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-011-9505-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans, the predominant etiological agent of cryptococcosis, is an encapsulated fungal pathogen that can cause life-threatening infections of the central nervous system in immune compromised individuals resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Consequently, several studies have endeavored to understand those mechanisms that mediate resistance and susceptibility to Cryptococcus infection. In this review, we will examine the contributions of various components of the innate and adaptive immune response toward protection against cryptococcosis. We will focus our discussion on studies presented at the 8th International Conference on Cryptococcus and Cryptococcosis (ICCC). Remarkable progress has been made toward our understanding of host immunity and susceptibility to cryptococcal infection and the potential for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Wozniak
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas, San Antonio, TX 78249-0062, USA
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