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Abstract
The germinal centre (GC) response is critical for the generation of affinity-matured plasma cells and memory B cells capable of mediating long-term protective immunity. Understanding whether severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection or vaccination elicits a GC response has profound implications for the capacity of responding B cells to contribute to protection against infection. However, direct assessment of the GC response in humans remains a major challenge. Here we summarize emerging evidence for the importance of the GC response in the establishment of durable and broad immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and discuss new approaches to modulate the GC response to better protect against newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. We also discuss new findings showing that the GC B cell response persists in the draining lymph nodes for at least 6 months in some individuals following vaccination with SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Laidlaw
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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52
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Simnani FZ, Singh D, Kaur R. COVID-19 phase 4 vaccine candidates, effectiveness on SARS-CoV-2 variants, neutralizing antibody, rare side effects, traditional and nano-based vaccine platforms: a review. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:15. [PMID: 34926119 PMCID: PMC8665991 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-03076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has endangered world health and the economy. As the number of cases is increasing, different companies have started developing potential vaccines using both traditional and nano-based platforms to overcome the pandemic. Several countries have approved a few vaccine candidates for emergency use authorization (EUA), showing significant effectiveness and inducing a robust immune response. Oxford-AstraZeneca, Pfizer-BioNTech's BNT162, Moderna's mRNA-1273, Sinovac's CoronaVac, Johnson & Johnson, Sputnik-V, and Sinopharm's vaccine candidates are leading the race. However, the SARS-CoV-2 is constantly mutating, making the vaccines less effective, possibly by escaping immune response for some variants. Besides, some EUA vaccines have been reported to induce rare side effects such as blood clots, cardiac injury, anaphylaxis, and some neurological effects. Although the COVID-19 vaccine candidates promise to overcome the pandemic, a more significant and clear understanding is needed. In this review, we brief about the clinical trial of some leading candidates, their effectiveness, and their neutralizing effect on SARS-CoV-2 variants. Further, we have discussed the rare side effects, different traditional and nano-based platforms to understand the scope of future development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dibyangshee Singh
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751024 India
| | - Ramneet Kaur
- Department of Life Sciences, RIMT University, Ludhiana, Punjab India
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53
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Vyas C, Dalmacion D, Almeligy A, Juan R, Pernia-Cuberos JD, Obaid A, Heis F, Patel S, Eng MH, Patton CD, Lee A. Four Distinct Cases of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Adults Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Infection at a Community Hospital in New Jersey. Cureus 2021; 13:e20651. [PMID: 35103207 PMCID: PMC8783951 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.20651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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54
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Fernández-González M, Agulló V, Padilla S, García JA, García-Abellán J, Botella Á, Mascarell P, Ruiz-García M, Masiá M, Gutiérrez F. Clinical performance of a standardized SARS-CoV-2 interferon-γ release assay for simple detection of T-cell responses after infection or vaccination. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 75:e338-e346. [PMID: 34893816 PMCID: PMC8689778 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We evaluated a standardized interferon-γ (IFN-γ) release assay (IGRA) for detection of T-cell immune response after SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination. Methods This prospective study included COVID-19 patients with different severity of illness and follow-up (FU), vaccinated subjects, and healthy unvaccinated persons. SARS-CoV-2 T-cell response was measured using a specific quantitative IGRA in whole blood (Euroimmun, Germany) and TrimericS-IgG and neutralizing antibodies with validated serological platforms. Positivity of RT‐PCR or vaccination was considered as reference standard. Results Two hundred and thirty nine individuals were included (152 convalescent, 54 vaccinated and 33 uninfected unvaccinated). Overall sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values (95% CI) of the IGRA were 81.1% (74.9%‐86%), 90.9% (74.5%‐97.6%), 98.2% (94.5%‐99.5%), and 43.5% (31.8%‐55.9%), respectively. All vaccinated SARS-CoV-2-naïve subjects had positive IGRA at 3 months. In convalescent subjects the magnitude of IFN-γ responses and IGRA accuracy varied according to disease severity and duration of FU, with the best performance in patients with severe COVID-19 at 3-month and the worst in those with mild disease at 12-month. The greatest contribution of IGRA to serological tests was observed in patients with mild disease and long-term FU (incremental difference, 30.4%). Conclusion The IGRA assessed was a reliable method of quantifying T-cell response after SARS-COV-2 infection or vaccination. In convalescent patients the sensitivity is largely dependent on disease severity and time since primary infection. The assay is more likely to add clinical value to serology in patients with mild infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fernández-González
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Vanesa Agulló
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Sergio Padilla
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - José Alberto García
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Javier García-Abellán
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Ángela Botella
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Spain
| | - Paula Mascarell
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Spain
| | | | - Mar Masiá
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.,Clinical Medicine Department, Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Félix Gutiérrez
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.,Clinical Medicine Department, Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
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55
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Gilboa T, Cohen L, Cheng C, Lazarovits R, Uwamanzu‐Nna A, Han I, Griswold K, Barry N, Thompson DB, Kohman RE, Woolley AE, Karlson EW, Walt DR. A SARS‐CoV‐2 Neutralization Assay Using Single Molecule Arrays. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tal Gilboa
- Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Department of Pathology Boston MA 02115 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering Harvard University Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Limor Cohen
- Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Department of Pathology Boston MA 02115 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering Harvard University Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Chi‐An Cheng
- Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Department of Pathology Boston MA 02115 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering Harvard University Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Roey Lazarovits
- Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Department of Pathology Boston MA 02115 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering Harvard University Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Augusta Uwamanzu‐Nna
- Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Department of Pathology Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Isaac Han
- Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering Harvard University Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Kettner Griswold
- Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering Harvard University Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Nick Barry
- Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering Harvard University Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - David B. Thompson
- Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering Harvard University Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Richie E. Kohman
- Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering Harvard University Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Ann E. Woolley
- Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Department of Medicine Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Elizabeth W. Karlson
- Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Department of Medicine Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - David R. Walt
- Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Department of Pathology Boston MA 02115 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering Harvard University Boston MA 02115 USA
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56
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Gilboa T, Cohen L, Cheng C, Lazarovits R, Uwamanzu‐Nna A, Han I, Griswold K, Barry N, Thompson DB, Kohman RE, Woolley AE, Karlson EW, Walt DR. A SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization Assay Using Single Molecule Arrays. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25966-25972. [PMID: 34534408 PMCID: PMC8653099 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) manifests with high clinical variability and warrants sensitive and specific assays to analyze immune responses in infected and vaccinated individuals. Using Single Molecule Arrays (Simoa), we developed an assay to assess antibody neutralization with high sensitivity and multiplexing capabilities based on antibody-mediated blockage of the ACE2-spike interaction. The assay does not require live viruses or cells and can be performed in a biosafety level 2 laboratory within two hours. We used this assay to assess neutralization and antibody levels in patients who died of COVID-19 and patients hospitalized for a short period of time and show that neutralization and antibody levels increase over time. We also adapted the assay for SARS-CoV-2 variants and measured neutralization capacity in pre-pandemic healthy, COVID-19 infected, and vaccinated individuals. This assay is highly adaptable for clinical applications, such as vaccine development and epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Gilboa
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
- Brigham and Women's HospitalDepartment of PathologyBostonMA02115USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
| | - Limor Cohen
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
- Brigham and Women's HospitalDepartment of PathologyBostonMA02115USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
| | - Chi‐An Cheng
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
- Brigham and Women's HospitalDepartment of PathologyBostonMA02115USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
| | - Roey Lazarovits
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
- Brigham and Women's HospitalDepartment of PathologyBostonMA02115USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
| | - Augusta Uwamanzu‐Nna
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
- Brigham and Women's HospitalDepartment of PathologyBostonMA02115USA
| | - Isaac Han
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
| | - Kettner Griswold
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
| | - Nick Barry
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
| | - David B. Thompson
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
| | - Richie E. Kohman
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
| | - Ann E. Woolley
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
- Brigham and Women's HospitalDepartment of MedicineBostonMA02115USA
| | - Elizabeth W. Karlson
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
- Brigham and Women's HospitalDepartment of MedicineBostonMA02115USA
| | - David R. Walt
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
- Brigham and Women's HospitalDepartment of PathologyBostonMA02115USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
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57
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Karuna S, Li SS, Grant S, Walsh SR, Frank I, Casapia M, Trahey M, Hyrien O, Fisher L, Miner MD, Randhawa AK, Polakowski L, Kublin JG, Corey L, Montefiori D. Neutralizing antibody responses over time in demographically and clinically diverse individuals recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection in the United States and Peru: A cohort study. PLoS Med 2021; 18:e1003868. [PMID: 34871308 PMCID: PMC8687542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People infected with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) experience a wide range of clinical manifestations, from asymptomatic and mild illness to severe illness and death, influenced by age and a variety of comorbidities. Neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) are thought to be a primary immune defense against the virus. Large, diverse, well-characterized cohorts of convalescent individuals provide standardized values to benchmark nAb responses to past SARS-CoV-2 infection and define potentially protective levels of immunity. METHODS AND FINDINGS This analysis comprises an observational cohort of 329 HIV-seronegative adults in the United States (n = 167) and Peru (n = 162) convalescing from SARS-CoV-2 infection from May through October 2020. The mean age was 48 years (range 18 to 86), 54% of the cohort overall was Hispanic, and 34% identified as White. nAb titers were measured in serum by SARS-CoV-2.D614G Spike-pseudotyped virus infection of 293T/ACE2 cells. Multiple linear regression was applied to define associations between nAb titers and demographic variables, disease severity and time from infection or disease onset, and comorbidities within and across US and Peruvian cohorts over time. nAb titers peaked 28 to 42 days post-diagnosis and were higher in participants with a history of severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) (p < 0.001). Diabetes, age >55 years, male sex assigned at birth, and, in some cases, body mass index were also independently associated with higher nAb titers, whereas hypertension was independently associated with lower nAb titers. nAb titers did not differ by race, underlying pulmonary disease or smoking. Two months post-enrollment, nAb ID50 (ID80) titers declined 3.5 (2.8)-fold overall. Study limitations in this observational, convalescent cohort include survivorship bias and missing early viral loads and acute immune responses to correlate with the convalescent responses we observed. CONCLUSIONS In summary, in our cohort, nAb titers after SARS-CoV-2 infection peaked approximately 1 month post-diagnosis and varied by age, sex assigned at birth, disease severity, and underlying comorbidities. Our data show great heterogeneity in nAb responses among people with recent COVID-19, highlighting the challenges of interpreting natural history studies and gauging responses to vaccines and therapeutics among people with recent infection. Our observations illuminate potential correlations of demographic and clinical characteristics with nAb responses, a key element for protection from COVID-19, thus informing development and implementation of preventative and therapeutic strategies globally. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04403880.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Karuna
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Shuying Sue Li
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Shannon Grant
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stephen R. Walsh
- Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ian Frank
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Meg Trahey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ollivier Hyrien
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Leigh Fisher
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Maurine D. Miner
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - April K. Randhawa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Laura Polakowski
- Division of AIDS, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James G. Kublin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David Montefiori
- Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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58
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Carrat F, Lapidus N, Ninove L, Blanché H, Rahib D, Saba Villarroel PM, Touvier M, Severi G, Zins M, Deleuze JF, de Lamballerie X. Age, COVID-19-like symptoms and SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity profiles after the first wave of the pandemic in France. Infection 2021; 50:257-262. [PMID: 34822130 PMCID: PMC8614216 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-021-01731-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background The interplay between age and symptoms intensity on antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection has not been studied in a general population setting. Methods We explored the serologic profile of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies after the first wave of the pandemic, by assessing IgG against the spike protein (ELISA-S), IgG against the nucleocapsid protein (ELISA-NP) and neutralizing antibodies (SN) in 82,126 adults from a French population-based multi-cohort study. Results ELISA-S positivity was increased in 30- to 49-year-old adults (8.5%) compared to other age groups (5.6% in 20- to 29-year-olds, 2.8% in ≥ 50-year-olds). In the 3681 ELISA-S positive participants, ELISA-NP and SN positivity exhibited a U-shaped relationship with age, with a lower rate in 30- to 49-year-old adults, and was strongly associated with COVID-19-like symptoms. Conclusion Our study confirms the independent role of age and symptoms on the serologic profile of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, but the non-linear relationship with age deserves further investigation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s15010-021-01731-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Carrat
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut Pierre-Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Département de Santé Publique, APHP.Sorbonne Université, 27 rue Chaligny, 75571, Paris Cedex 12, France.
| | - Nathanael Lapidus
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut Pierre-Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Département de Santé Publique, APHP.Sorbonne Université, 27 rue Chaligny, 75571, Paris Cedex 12, France
| | - Laetitia Ninove
- Unité des Virus Émergents, UVE, Aix Marseille Univ, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Hélène Blanché
- Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), CEPH-Biobank, Paris, France
| | | | - Paola Mariela Saba Villarroel
- Unité des Virus Émergents, UVE, Aix Marseille Univ, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Mathilde Touvier
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Inserm U1153, Inrae U1125, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center-University of Paris (CRESS), Bobigny, France
| | - Gianluca Severi
- CESP UMR1018, Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Marie Zins
- Paris University, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Université de Paris, UVSQ, Inserm UMS 11, Villejuif, France
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), CEPH-Biobank, Paris, France
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Unité des Virus Émergents, UVE, Aix Marseille Univ, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005, Marseille, France
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59
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Persistence of SARS-CoV-2-Specific Antibodies for 13 Months after Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112313. [PMID: 34835119 PMCID: PMC8622371 DOI: 10.3390/v13112313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dynamics of antibody responses were investigated after a SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in a private company during the first wave of the pandemic. METHODS Workers of a sewing company (Lithuania) with known SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR result during the outbreak (April 2020) were invited to participate in the study. Virus-specific IgG and IgM were monitored 2, 6 and 13 months after the outbreak via rapid IgG/IgM serological test and SARS-CoV-2 S protein-specific IgG ELISA. RESULTS Six months after the outbreak, 95% (CI 86-99%) of 59 previously infected individuals had virus-specific antibodies irrespective of the severity of infection. One-third of seropositive individuals had virus-specific IgM along with IgG indicating that IgM may persist for 6 months. Serological testing 13 months after the outbreak included 47 recovered individuals that remained non-vaccinated despite a wide accessibility of COVID-19 vaccines. The seropositivity rate was 83% (CI 69-91%) excluding one case of confirmed asymptomatic reinfection in this group. Between months 6 and 13, IgG levels either declined or remained stable in 31 individual and increased in 7 individuals possibly indicating an exposure to SARS-CoV-2 during the second wave of the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS Detectable levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies persist up to 13 months after infection for the majority of the cases.
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60
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Kongsuphol P, Jia H, Cheng HL, Gu Y, Shunmuganathan BD, Chen MW, Lim SM, Ng SY, Tambyah PA, Nasir H, Gao X, Tay D, Kim S, Gupta R, Qian X, Kozma MM, Purushotorman K, McBee ME, MacAry PA, Sikes HD, Preiser PR. A rapid simple point-of-care assay for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2021; 1:46. [PMID: 35602218 PMCID: PMC9053278 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-021-00045-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) prevent pathogens from infecting host cells. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 NAbs is critical to evaluate herd immunity and monitor vaccine efficacy against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. All currently available NAb tests are lab-based and time-intensive. Method We develop a 10 min cellulose pull-down test to detect NAbs against SARS-CoV-2 from human plasma. The test evaluates the ability of antibodies to disrupt ACE2 receptor-RBD complex formation. The simple, portable, and rapid testing process relies on two key technologies: (i) the vertical-flow paper-based assay format and (ii) the rapid interaction of cellulose binding domain to cellulose paper. Results Here we show the construction of a cellulose-based vertical-flow test. The developed test gives above 80% sensitivity and specificity and up to 93% accuracy as compared to two current lab-based methods using COVID-19 convalescent plasma. Conclusions A rapid 10 min cellulose based test has been developed for detection of NAb against SARS-CoV-2. The test demonstrates comparable performance to the lab-based tests and can be used at Point-of-Care. Importantly, the approach used for this test can be easily extended to test RBD variants or to evaluate NAbs against other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patthara Kongsuphol
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group (AMR-IRG), Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research and Technology (SMART), #03-10/11 Innovation Wing, 1 CREATE way, Singapore, 138602 Singapore
| | - Huan Jia
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group (AMR-IRG), Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research and Technology (SMART), #03-10/11 Innovation Wing, 1 CREATE way, Singapore, 138602 Singapore
| | - Hoi Lok Cheng
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group (AMR-IRG), Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research and Technology (SMART), #03-10/11 Innovation Wing, 1 CREATE way, Singapore, 138602 Singapore
| | - Yue Gu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 5 Science Drive 2, Blk MD4, Level 3, Singapore, 117545 Singapore
| | - Bhuvaneshwari D/O Shunmuganathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 5 Science Drive 2, Blk MD4, Level 3, Singapore, 117545 Singapore
| | - Ming Wei Chen
- School of Biological Science (SBS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 60 Nanyang Dr, Singapore, 637551 Singapore
| | - Sing Mei Lim
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group (AMR-IRG), Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research and Technology (SMART), #03-10/11 Innovation Wing, 1 CREATE way, Singapore, 138602 Singapore
| | - Say Yong Ng
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group (AMR-IRG), Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research and Technology (SMART), #03-10/11 Innovation Wing, 1 CREATE way, Singapore, 138602 Singapore
| | - Paul Ananth Tambyah
- Department of Medicine, National University Hospital (NUH), 5 Lower Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore, 119074 Singapore
- The Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme (ID TRP), NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228 Singapore
| | - Haziq Nasir
- Department of Medicine, National University Hospital (NUH), 5 Lower Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore, 119074 Singapore
| | - Xiaohong Gao
- School of Biological Science (SBS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 60 Nanyang Dr, Singapore, 637551 Singapore
| | - Dousabel Tay
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 25 Ames Street, Building 66, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Seunghyeon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 25 Ames Street, Building 66, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Rashi Gupta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 5 Science Drive 2, Blk MD4, Level 3, Singapore, 117545 Singapore
| | - Xinlei Qian
- Life Sciences Institute (LSI), National University of Singapore (NUS), Center for Life Sciences, #05-02, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456 Singapore
| | - Mary M. Kozma
- Life Sciences Institute (LSI), National University of Singapore (NUS), Center for Life Sciences, #05-02, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456 Singapore
| | - Kiren Purushotorman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 5 Science Drive 2, Blk MD4, Level 3, Singapore, 117545 Singapore
| | - Megan E. McBee
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group (AMR-IRG), Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research and Technology (SMART), #03-10/11 Innovation Wing, 1 CREATE way, Singapore, 138602 Singapore
| | - Paul A. MacAry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 5 Science Drive 2, Blk MD4, Level 3, Singapore, 117545 Singapore
- Life Sciences Institute (LSI), National University of Singapore (NUS), Center for Life Sciences, #05-02, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456 Singapore
| | - Hadley D. Sikes
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group (AMR-IRG), Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research and Technology (SMART), #03-10/11 Innovation Wing, 1 CREATE way, Singapore, 138602 Singapore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 25 Ames Street, Building 66, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Peter R. Preiser
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group (AMR-IRG), Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research and Technology (SMART), #03-10/11 Innovation Wing, 1 CREATE way, Singapore, 138602 Singapore
- School of Biological Science (SBS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 60 Nanyang Dr, Singapore, 637551 Singapore
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61
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Dong Y, Dai T, Wang B, Zhang L, Zeng LH, Huang J, Yan H, Zhang L, Zhou F. The way of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development: success and challenges. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:387. [PMID: 34753918 PMCID: PMC8575680 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00796-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To halt the pandemic, multiple SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have been developed and several have been allowed for emergency use and rollout worldwide. With novel SARS-CoV-2 variants emerging and circulating widely, whether the original vaccines that were designed based on the wild-type SARS-CoV-2 were effective against these variants has been a contentious discussion. Moreover, some studies revealed the long-term changes of immune responses post SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination and the factors that might impact the vaccine-induced immunity. Thus, in this review, we have summarized the influence of mutational hotspots on the vaccine efficacy and characteristics of variants of interest and concern. We have also discussed the reasons that might result in discrepancies in the efficacy of different vaccines estimated in different trials. Furthermore, we provided an overview of the duration of immune responses after natural infection or vaccination and shed light on the factors that may affect the immunity induced by the vaccines, such as special disease conditions, sex, and pre-existing immunity, with the aim of aiding in combating COVID-19 and distributing SARS-CoV-2 vaccines under the prevalence of diverse SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yetian Dong
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310015, Zhejiang, China
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Rui'an, China
| | - Tong Dai
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Rui'an, China
| | - Ling-Hui Zeng
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Haiyan Yan
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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62
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Wei J, Matthews PC, Stoesser N, Maddox T, Lorenzi L, Studley R, Bell JI, Newton JN, Farrar J, Diamond I, Rourke E, Howarth A, Marsden BD, Hoosdally S, Jones EY, Stuart DI, Crook DW, Peto TEA, Pouwels KB, Walker AS, Eyre DW. Anti-spike antibody response to natural SARS-CoV-2 infection in the general population. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6250. [PMID: 34716320 PMCID: PMC8556331 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26479-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the trajectory, duration, and determinants of antibody responses after SARS-CoV-2 infection can inform subsequent protection and risk of reinfection, however large-scale representative studies are limited. Here we estimated antibody response after SARS-CoV-2 infection in the general population using representative data from 7,256 United Kingdom COVID-19 infection survey participants who had positive swab SARS-CoV-2 PCR tests from 26-April-2020 to 14-June-2021. A latent class model classified 24% of participants as 'non-responders' not developing anti-spike antibodies, who were older, had higher SARS-CoV-2 cycle threshold values during infection (i.e. lower viral burden), and less frequently reported any symptoms. Among those who seroconverted, using Bayesian linear mixed models, the estimated anti-spike IgG peak level was 7.3-fold higher than the level previously associated with 50% protection against reinfection, with higher peak levels in older participants and those of non-white ethnicity. The estimated anti-spike IgG half-life was 184 days, being longer in females and those of white ethnicity. We estimated antibody levels associated with protection against reinfection likely last 1.5-2 years on average, with levels associated with protection from severe infection present for several years. These estimates could inform planning for vaccination booster strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wei
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Philippa C Matthews
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicole Stoesser
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | - John I Bell
- Office of the Regius Professor of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John N Newton
- Health Improvement Directorate, Public Health England, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Alison Howarth
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Brian D Marsden
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Hoosdally
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - E Yvonne Jones
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David I Stuart
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Derrick W Crook
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tim E A Peto
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Koen B Pouwels
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A Sarah Walker
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, UCL, London, UK
| | - David W Eyre
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
- The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- The National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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63
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Lei Q, Hou H, Yu C, Zhang Y, Ndzouboukou JLB, Lin X, Yao Z, Fu H, Sun Z, Wang F, Fan X. Kinetics of Neutralizing Antibody Response Underscores Clinical COVID-19 Progression. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:9822706. [PMID: 34712742 PMCID: PMC8548120 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9822706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutralizing antibody (nAb) response is generated following infection or immunization and plays an important role in the protection against a broad of viral infections. The role of nAb during clinical progression of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains little known. METHODS 123 COVID-19 patients during hospitalization in Tongji Hospital were involved in this retrospective study. The patients were grouped based on the severity and outcome. The nAb responses of 194 serum samples were collected from these patients within an investigation period of 60 days after the onset of symptoms and detected by a pseudotyped virus neutralization assay. The detail data about onset time, disease severity and laboratory biomarkers, treatment, and clinical outcome of these participants were obtained from electronic medical records. The relationship of longitudinal nAb changes with each clinical data was further assessed. RESULTS The nAb response in COVID-19 patients evidently experienced three consecutive stages, namely, rising, stationary, and declining periods. Patients with different severity and outcome showed differential dynamics of the nAb response over the course of disease. During the stationary phase (from 20 to 40 days after symptoms onset), all patients evolved nAb responses. In particular, high levels of nAb were elicited in severe and critical patients and older patients (≥60 years old). More importantly, critical but deceased COVID-19 patients showed high levels of several proinflammation cytokines, such as IL-2R, IL-8, and IL-6, and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in vivo, which resulted in lymphopenia, multiple organ failure, and the rapidly decreased nAb response. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that nAb plays a crucial role in preventing the progression and deterioration of COVID-19, which has important implications for improving clinical management and developing effective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Lei
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongyan Hou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Caizheng Yu
- Department of Public Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yandi Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jo-Lewis Banga Ndzouboukou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaosong Lin
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zongjie Yao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Fu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziyong Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xionglin Fan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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64
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Glöckner S, Hornung F, Baier M, Weis S, Pletz MW, Deinhardt-Emmer S, Löffler B. Robust Neutralizing Antibody Levels Detected after Either SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination or One Year after Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102003. [PMID: 34696428 PMCID: PMC8537517 DOI: 10.3390/v13102003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Humoral immunity after infection or after vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been attributed a key part in mitigating the further transmission of the virus. In this study, we used a commercial anti-Spike immunoglobulin G (S-IgG) assay and developed a cell culture-based neutralization assay to understand the longitudinal course of neutralizing antibodies in both SARS-CoV2 infected or vaccinated individuals. We show that even more than one year after infection, about 78% of observed study participants remained seropositive concerning S-IgG antibodies. In addition, the serum of the individuals had stable neutralization capacity in a neutralization assay against a SARS-CoV-2 patient isolate from March 2020. We also examined volunteers after either homologous BNT162b2 prime-boost vaccination or heterologous AZD1222 prime/mRNA-based booster vaccination. Both the heterologous and the homologous vaccination regimens induced higher levels of neutralizing antibodies in healthy subjects when compared to subjects after a mild infection, showing the high effectiveness of available vaccines. In addition, we could demonstrate the reliability of S-IgG levels in predicting neutralization capacity, with 94.8% of seropositive samples showing a neutralization titer of ≥10, making it a viable yet cheap and easy-to-determine surrogate parameter for neutralization capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Glöckner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany; (F.H.); (M.B.); (S.D.-E.); (B.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Franziska Hornung
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany; (F.H.); (M.B.); (S.D.-E.); (B.L.)
| | - Michael Baier
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany; (F.H.); (M.B.); (S.D.-E.); (B.L.)
| | - Sebastian Weis
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany; (S.W.); (M.W.P.)
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Mathias W. Pletz
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany; (S.W.); (M.W.P.)
| | - Stefanie Deinhardt-Emmer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany; (F.H.); (M.B.); (S.D.-E.); (B.L.)
- Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Bettina Löffler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany; (F.H.); (M.B.); (S.D.-E.); (B.L.)
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65
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Development of a Recombinant RBD Subunit Vaccine for SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101936. [PMID: 34696367 PMCID: PMC8541238 DOI: 10.3390/v13101936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) pandemic is a great threat to human society and now is still spreading. Although several vaccines have been authorized for emergency use, only one recombinant subunit vaccine has been permitted for widespread use. More subunit vaccines for COVID-19 should be developed in the future. The receptor binding domain (RBD), located at the S protein of SARS-CoV-2, contains most of the neutralizing epitopes. However, the immunogenicity of RBD monomers is not strong enough. In this study, we fused the RBD-monomer with a modified Fc fragment of human IgG1 to form an RBD-Fc fusion protein. The recombinant vaccine candidate based on the RBD-Fc protein could induce high levels of IgG and neutralizing antibody in mice, and these could last for at least three months. The secretion of IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-10 in the RBD-stimulated splenocytes of immunized mice also increased significantly. Our results first showed that the RBD-Fc vaccine could induce both humoral and cellular immune responses and might be an optional strategy to control COVID-19.
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66
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Pang NYL, Pang ASR, Chow VT, Wang DY. Understanding neutralising antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and their implications in clinical practice. Mil Med Res 2021; 8:47. [PMID: 34465396 PMCID: PMC8405719 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-021-00342-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a newly identified member of the coronavirus family that has caused the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This rapidly evolving and unrelenting SARS-CoV-2 has disrupted the lives and livelihoods of millions worldwide. As of 23 August 2021, a total of 211,373,303 COVID-19 cases have been confirmed globally with a death toll of 4,424,341. A strong understanding of the infection pathway of SARS-CoV-2, and how our immune system responds to the virus is highly pertinent for guiding the development and improvement of effective treatments. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of neutralising antibodies (NAbs) and their implications in clinical practice. The aspects include the pathophysiology of the immune response, particularly humoral adaptive immunity and the roles of NAbs from B cells in infection clearance. We summarise the onset and persistence of IgA, IgM and IgG antibodies, and we explore their roles in neutralising SARS-CoV-2, their persistence in convalescent individuals, and in reinfection. Furthermore, we also review the applications of neutralising antibodies in the clinical setting-from predictors of disease severity to serological testing to vaccinations, and finally in therapeutics such as convalescent plasma infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Yan-Lin Pang
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | | | - Vincent T Chow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545, Singapore. .,Infectious Diseases Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.
| | - De-Yun Wang
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore. .,Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.
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67
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Miyakawa K, Stanleyraj JS, Kato H, Yamaoka Y, Go H, Yajima S, Shimada T, Mihara T, Goto A, Yamanaka T, Ryo A. Rapid detection of neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 variants in post-vaccination sera. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 13:918-920. [PMID: 34450642 PMCID: PMC8800509 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjab050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Miyakawa
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Hideaki Kato
- Infection Prevention and Control Department, Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yutaro Yamaoka
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.,Life Science Laboratory, Technology and Development Division, Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., Isehara, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Go
- Department of Biostatistics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yajima
- Clinical Laboratory Department, Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomoko Shimada
- Nursing Department, Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takahiro Mihara
- Department of Health Data Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Data Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Goto
- Department of Health Data Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Data Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takeharu Yamanaka
- Department of Biostatistics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Health Data Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Data Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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68
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Kozlovskaya LI, Piniaeva AN, Ignatyev GM, Gordeychuk IV, Volok VP, Rogova YV, Shishova AA, Kovpak AA, Ivin YY, Antonova LP, Mefyod KM, Prokosheva LS, Sibirkina AS, Tarasova YY, Bayurova EO, Gancharova OS, Illarionova VV, Glukhov GS, Sokolova OS, Shaitan KV, Moysenovich AM, Gulyaev SA, Gulyaeva TV, Moroz AV, Gmyl LV, Ipatova EG, Kirpichnikov MP, Egorov AM, Siniugina AA, Ishmukhametov AA. Long-term humoral immunogenicity, safety and protective efficacy of inactivated vaccine against COVID-19 (CoviVac) in preclinical studies. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1790-1806. [PMID: 34427172 PMCID: PMC8439218 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1971569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The unprecedented in recent history global COVID-19 pandemic urged the implementation of all existing vaccine platforms to ensure the availability of the vaccines against COVID-19 to every country in the world. Despite the multitude of high-quality papers describing clinical trials of different vaccine products, basic detailed data on general toxicity, reproductive toxicity, immunogenicity, protective efficacy and durability of immune response in animal models are scarce. Here, we developed a β-propiolactone-inactivated whole virion vaccine CoviVac and assessed its safety, protective efficacy, immunogenicity and stability of the immune response in rodents and non-human primates. The vaccine showed no signs of acute/chronic, reproductive, embryo- and fetotoxicity, or teratogenic effects, as well as no allergenic properties in studied animal species. The vaccine induced stable and robust humoral immune response both in form of specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and NAbs in mice, Syrian hamsters, and common marmosets. The NAb levels did not decrease significantly over the course of one year. The course of two immunizations protected Syrian hamsters from severe pneumonia upon intranasal challenge with the live virus. Robustness of the vaccine manufacturing process was demonstrated as well. These data encouraged further evaluation of CoviVac in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov I Kozlovskaya
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia N Piniaeva
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Georgy M Ignatyev
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya V Gordeychuk
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Viktor P Volok
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia V Rogova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna A Shishova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia A Kovpak
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yury Yu Ivin
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Liliya P Antonova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kirill M Mefyod
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lyubov S Prokosheva
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna S Sibirkina
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuliya Yu Tarasova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina O Bayurova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga S Gancharova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Victoria V Illarionova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Grigory S Glukhov
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga S Sokolova
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Stanislav A Gulyaev
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Gulyaeva
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey V Moroz
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Larissa V Gmyl
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena G Ipatova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Alexey M Egorov
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandra A Siniugina
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aydar A Ishmukhametov
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Smerczak
- Detroit Medical Center University Laboratories, Sinai-Grace Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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70
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Assessing the Quality of Serological Testing in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results of a European External Quality Assessment (EQA) Scheme for Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Detection. J Clin Microbiol 2021; 59:e0055921. [PMID: 34190575 PMCID: PMC8373014 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00559-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
External quality assessment (EQA) is a key instrument for achieving harmonization, and thus a high quality, of diagnostic procedures. As reliable test results are crucial for accurate assessment of SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence, vaccine response, and immunity, and thus for successful management of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the Reference Institute for Bioanalytics (RfB) was the first EQA provider to offer an open scheme for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection. The main objectives of this EQA were (i) to gain insights into the current diagnostic landscape and the performance of serological tests in Europe and (ii) to provide recommendations for diagnostic improvements. Within the EQA, a blinded panel of precharacterized human serum samples with variable anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers was provided for detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG, IgA, and IgM antibodies. Across the three distribution rounds in 2020, 284 laboratories from 22 countries reported a total of 3,744 results for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection using more than 24 different assays for IgG. Overall, 97/3,004 results were false for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG, 88/248 for IgA, and 34/124 for IgM. Regarding diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, substantial differences were found between the different assays used, as well as between certified and noncertified tests. For cutoff samples, a drop in the diagnostic sensitivity to 46.3% and high interlaboratory variability were observed. In general, this EQA highlights the current variability of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection, technical limitations with respect to cutoff samples, and the lack of harmonization of testing procedures. Recommendations are provided to help laboratories and manufacturers further improve the quality of anti-SARS-CoV-2 serological diagnostics.
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Horspool AM, Russ BP, Wolf MA, Kang J, Blackwood CB, Hall JM, Wong TY, DeJong MA, Bitzer G, Bevere JR, Eggleston R, Stewart A, Costello L, Welch S, Kieffer T, Hodder S, Damron FH. Serological survey of SARS-CoV-2 incidence conducted at a rural West Virginia hospital. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.08.16.21262128. [PMID: 34426815 PMCID: PMC8382132 DOI: 10.1101/2021.08.16.21262128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has affected all types of global communities. Differences in urban and rural environments have led to varying levels of transmission within these subsets of the population. To fully understand the prevalence and impact of SARS-CoV-2 it is critical to survey both types of community. This study establishes the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in a rural community: Montgomery, West Virginia. Approximately 10% of participants exhibited serological or PCR-based results indicating exposure to SARS-CoV-2 within 6 months of the sampling date. Quantitative analysis of IgG levels against SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) was used to stratify individuals based on antibody response to SARS-CoV-2. A significant negative correlation between date of exposure and degree of anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD IgG (R 2 = 0.9006) was discovered in addition to a correlation between neutralizing anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (R 2 = 0.8880) and days post exposure. Participants were confirmed to have normal immunogenic profiles by determining serum reactivity B. pertussis antigens commonly used in standardized vaccines. No significant associations were determined between anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD IgG and age or biological sex. Reporting of viral-like illness symptoms was similar in SARS-CoV-2 exposed participants greater than 30 years old (100% reporting symptoms 30-60 years old, 75% reporting symptoms >60 years old) in contrast to participants under 30 years old (25% reporting symptoms). Overall, this axnalysis of a rural population provides important information about the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in small rural communities. The study also underscores the fact that prior infection with SARS-CoV-2 results in antibody responses that wane over time which highlights the need for vaccine mediated protection in the absence of lasting protection.
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72
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Humoral responses in naive or SARS-CoV-2 experienced individuals vaccinated with an inactivated vaccine. Cell Discov 2021; 7:68. [PMID: 34400614 PMCID: PMC8368000 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-021-00311-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
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73
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Zhang C, Guo Z, Li N, Cui H, Meng K, Liu L, Zhao L, Zhang S, Qin C, Liu J, Gao Y, Zhang C. Impact of Prior Infection on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Transmission in Syrian Hamsters. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:722178. [PMID: 34447364 PMCID: PMC8383181 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.722178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) provides protective immunity against reinfection. However, whether prior infection blocks SARS-CoV-2 transmission is not yet clear. Here, we evaluated the impact of prior infection on SARS-CoV-2 transmission in Syrian hamsters. Our results showed that prior infection significantly reduced SARS-CoV-2 replication in Syrian hamsters, but sterilizing immunity was not achieved. Prior infection blocked the airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from previously infected Syrian hamsters to naïve Syrian hamsters and previously infected Syrian hamsters. Moreover, prior infection substantially reduced the efficiency of direct contact transmission between previously infected Syrian hamsters. However, prior infection had limited impact on SARS-CoV-2 transmission from previously infected Syrian hamsters to naïve Syrian hamsters via direct contact in the early course of infection. Human reinfection and SARS-CoV-2 transmission between a previously infected population and a healthy population would be likely, and a higher vaccination coverage rate was needed to reach herd immunity. Our work will aid the implementation of appropriate public health and social measures to control coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Zhendong Guo
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Nan Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Huan Cui
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Keyin Meng
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Lina Liu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Chengfeng Qin
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Juxiang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Chunmao Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
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74
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Massachi J, Donohue KC, Kelly JD. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Reinfection Cases Corroborated by Sequencing. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 105:884-889. [PMID: 34370705 PMCID: PMC8592142 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluating cases of reinfection may offer some insight into areas for further investigation regarding durability of immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Sixty cases of reinfection with viral sequencing were identified in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and medRxiv before May 1, 2021.Episodes of infection were separated by a median of 116 days. Severity of illness was greater among individuals reinfected within 90 days of initial infection, no asymptomatic initial cases developed severe reinfection, nearly half of cases had suspected escape variants, and nearly all individuals tested following reinfection were found to have detectable levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. This analysis is limited by the heterogeneous methods used among reports. Reinfection continues to be relatively rare. As the case rate presumably increases over time, this review will inform measurements to determine the natural history and causal determinants of reinfection in more rigorous observational cohort studies and other standardized surveillance approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Massachi
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | | | - John Daniel Kelly
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Institute of Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California
- F. I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California
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75
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Bainbridge ED, Hsue PY, Esensten JH, Lynch KL, Hendrickson CM, Doernberg SB, Fung M, Chin-Hong P, Di Germanio C, Norris PJ, Simmons G, Glidden DV, Luetkemeyer AF. Characteristics of High-Titer Convalescent Plasma and Antibody Dynamics After Administration in Patients With Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab385. [PMID: 34405093 PMCID: PMC8344822 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterized the antibody composition of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) convalescent plasma (CCP) and the immunologic responses of hospitalized COVID-19 patients after receiving CCP or nonimmune fresh frozen plasma. Despite selection of CCP with significantly higher total immunoglobulin G than recipients, neutralizing antibody levels did not differ between donor plasma and CCP recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma D Bainbridge
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Priscilla Y Hsue
- Division of Cardiology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jonathan H Esensten
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kara L Lynch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Carolyn M Hendrickson
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sarah B Doernberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Monica Fung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peter Chin-Hong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Philip J Norris
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Graham Simmons
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David V Glidden
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Anne F Luetkemeyer
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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76
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Janaka SK, Clark NM, Evans DT, Mou H, Farzan M, Connor JP. Predicting the efficacy of COVID-19 convalescent plasma donor units with the Lumit Dx anti-receptor binding domain assay. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253551. [PMID: 34310603 PMCID: PMC8312954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV2 that causes COVID-19 has resulted in the death of more than 2.5 million people, but no cure exists. Although passive immunization with COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) provides a safe and viable therapeutic option, the selection of optimal units for therapy in a timely fashion remains a barrier. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Since virus neutralization is a necessary characteristic of plasma that can benefit recipients, the neutralizing titers of plasma samples were measured using a retroviral-pseudotype assay. Binding antibody titers to the spike (S) protein were also determined by a clinically available serological assay (Ortho-Vitros total IG), and an in-house ELISA. The results of these assays were compared to a measurement of antibodies directed to the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV2 S protein (Promega Lumit Dx). RESULTS All measures of antibodies were highly variable, but correlated, to different degrees, with each other. However, the anti-RBD antibodies correlated with viral neutralizing titers to a greater extent than the other antibody assays. DISCUSSION Our observations support the use of an anti-RBD assay such as the Lumit Dx assay, as an optimal predictor of the neutralization capability of CCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanath Kumar Janaka
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Natasha M. Clark
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - David T. Evans
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Huihui Mou
- The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Michael Farzan
- The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Joseph P. Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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77
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Favresse J, Gillot C, Di Chiaro L, Eucher C, Elsen M, Van Eeckhoudt S, David C, Morimont L, Dogné JM, Douxfils J. Neutralizing Antibodies in COVID-19 Patients and Vaccine Recipients after Two Doses of BNT162b2. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071364. [PMID: 34372570 PMCID: PMC8309994 DOI: 10.3390/v13071364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of the neutralizing capacity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is important because they represent real protective immunity. In this study we aimed to measure and compare the neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) in COVID-19 patients and in vaccinated individuals. One-hundred and fifty long-term samples from 75 COVID-19 patients were analyzed with a surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) and compared to six different SARS-CoV-2 serology assays. The agreement between the sVNT and pseudovirus VNT (pVNT) results was found to be excellent (i.e., 97.2%). The NAb response was also assessed in 90 individuals who had received the complete dose regimen of BNT162b2. In COVID-19 patients, a stronger response was observed in moderate–severe versus mild patients (p-value = 0.0006). A slow decay in NAbs was noted in samples for up to 300 days after diagnosis, especially in moderate–severe patients (r = −0.35, p-value = 0.03). In the vaccinated population, 83.3% of COVID-19-naive individuals had positive NAbs 14 days after the first dose and all were positive 7 days after the second dose, i.e., at day 28. In previously infected individuals, all were already positive for NAbs at day 14. At each time point, a stronger response was observed for previously infected individuals (p-value < 0.05). The NAb response remained stable for up to 56 days in all participants. Vaccinated participants had significantly higher NAb titers compared to COVID patients. In previously infected vaccine recipients, one dose might be sufficient to generate sufficient neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Favresse
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinique St-Luc Bouge, 5004 Namur, Belgium; (J.F.); (L.D.C.); (C.E.); (M.E.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium; (C.G.); (J.-M.D.)
| | - Constant Gillot
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium; (C.G.); (J.-M.D.)
| | - Laura Di Chiaro
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinique St-Luc Bouge, 5004 Namur, Belgium; (J.F.); (L.D.C.); (C.E.); (M.E.)
| | - Christine Eucher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinique St-Luc Bouge, 5004 Namur, Belgium; (J.F.); (L.D.C.); (C.E.); (M.E.)
| | - Marc Elsen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinique St-Luc Bouge, 5004 Namur, Belgium; (J.F.); (L.D.C.); (C.E.); (M.E.)
| | | | - Clara David
- Qualiblood s.a., 5000 Namur, Belgium; (C.D.); (L.M.)
| | | | - Jean-Michel Dogné
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium; (C.G.); (J.-M.D.)
| | - Jonathan Douxfils
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium; (C.G.); (J.-M.D.)
- Qualiblood s.a., 5000 Namur, Belgium; (C.D.); (L.M.)
- Correspondence:
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78
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Efrati S, Catalogna M, Abu Hamed R, Hadanny A, Bar-Chaim A, Benveniste-Levkovitz P, Strugo R, Levtzion-Korach O. Early and long term antibody kinetics of asymptomatic and mild disease COVID-19 patients. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13780. [PMID: 34215811 PMCID: PMC8253728 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93175-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Most patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 are asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic. However, the early and late antibody kinetics, and the association between antibody levels, clinical symptoms, and disease phase in these patients have not yet been fully defined. Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 patients and their household contacts were evaluated over a period four months. The evaluation procedure included symptom monitoring, viral load and serology analysis every ten days. A total of 1334 serum samples were collected from 135 patients and analyzed using three assays for IgG-N, IgG-S and IgM antibodies. Of the study participants, 97% were seropositive during the study, and two distinct clusters were identified. These clusters were significantly different in their inflammatory related symptoms. Peak IgG-S was 40.0 AU/ml for the non-inflammatory cluster and 71.5 AU/ml for the inflammatory cluster (P = 0.006), whereas IgG-N peaks were 4.3 and 5.87 (P = 0.023) respectively. Finally, a decision tree model was designed to predict the disease phase based on the serological titer levels, and had an overall accuracy of 80.7%. The specific profile of seroconversion and decay of serum antibodies can be used to predict the time-course from the acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Efrati
- Research and Development Unit, Shamir Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel.
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Merav Catalogna
- Research and Development Unit, Shamir Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Ramzia Abu Hamed
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Shamir Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Amir Hadanny
- Research and Development Unit, Shamir Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Adina Bar-Chaim
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Shamir Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | | | | | - Osnat Levtzion-Korach
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Medical Management, Shamir Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
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Savage HR, Santos VS, Edwards T, Giorgi E, Krishna S, Planche TD, Staines HM, Fitchett JRA, Kirwan DE, Cubas Atienzar AI, Clark DJ, Adams ER, Cuevas LE. Prevalence of neutralising antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in acute infection and convalescence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009551. [PMID: 34237072 PMCID: PMC8291969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 develop neutralising antibodies. We investigated the proportion of individuals with SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibodies after infection and how this proportion varies with selected covariates. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the proportion of individuals with SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibodies after infection and how these proportions vary with selected covariates. Three models using the maximum likelihood method assessed these proportions by study group, covariates and individually extracted data (protocol CRD42020208913). A total of 983 reports were identified and 27 were included. The pooled (95%CI) proportion of individuals with neutralising antibodies was 85.3% (83.5-86.9) using the titre cut off >1:20 and 83.9% (82.2-85.6), 70.2% (68.1-72.5) and 54.2% (52.0-56.5) with titres >1:40, >1:80 and >1:160, respectively. These proportions were higher among patients with severe COVID-19 (e.g., titres >1:80, 84.8% [80.0-89.2], >1:160, 74.4% [67.5-79.7]) than those with mild presentation (56.7% [49.9-62.9] and 44.1% [37.3-50.6], respectively) and lowest among asymptomatic infections (28.6% [17.9-39.2] and 10.0% [3.7-20.1], respectively). IgG and neutralising antibody levels correlated poorly. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE 85% of individuals with proven SARS-CoV-2 infection had detectable neutralising antibodies. This proportion varied with disease severity, study setting, time since infection and the method used to measure antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen R. Savage
- Departments of Clinical Sciences and Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Victor S. Santos
- Núcleo de Epidemiologia e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Arapiraca, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Thomas Edwards
- Departments of Clinical Sciences and Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sanjeev Krishna
- St. George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Timothy D. Planche
- St. George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- St. George’s University Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, London
| | | | - Joseph R. A. Fitchett
- Mologic, Thurleigh, United Kingdom
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Ana I. Cubas Atienzar
- Departments of Clinical Sciences and Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Clark
- St. George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emily R. Adams
- Departments of Clinical Sciences and Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Luis E. Cuevas
- Departments of Clinical Sciences and Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Bingham University, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
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80
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Nandakumar V, Profaizer T, Lozier BK, Elgort MG, Larragoite ET, Williams ESCP, Solis-Leal A, Lopez JB, Berges BK, Planelles V, Rychert J, Slev PR, Delgado JC. Evaluation of a Surrogate ELISA- Based Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) cPass Neutralization Antibody Detection Assay and Correlation with IgG Commercial Serology Assays. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2021; 145:1212-1220. [PMID: 34181714 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2021-0213-sa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Emerging evidence shows correlation between the presence of neutralization antibodies (nAbs) and protective immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Currently available commercial serology assays lack the ability to specifically identify nAbs. An ELISAbased nAb assay (GenScript cPass neutralization antibody assay) has recently received emergency use authorization from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). OBJECTIVE To evaluate the performance characteristics of this assay and compare and correlate it with the commercial assays that detect SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG. DESIGN Specimens from SARS-COV-2 infected patients (n=124), healthy donors obtained pre-pandemic (n=100), and from patients with non-COVID (coronavirus disease 2019) respiratory infections (n=92) were analyzed using this assay. Samples with residual volume were also tested on three commercial serology platforms (Abbott, EUROIMMUN, Siemens). Twenty-eight randomly selected specimens from patients with COVID-19 and 10 healthy controls were subjected to a Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test (PRNT). RESULTS The cPass assay exhibited 96.1% (95% CI, 94.9%-97.3%) sensitivity (at >14 days post- positive PCR), 100% (95% CI, 98.0%-100.0%) specificity and zero cross-reactivity for the presence of non- COVID respiratory infections. When compared to the plaque reduction assay, 97.4% (95% CI, 96.2%-98.5%) qualitative agreement and a positive correlation (R2 =0.76) was observed. Comparison of IgG signals from each of the commercial assays with the nAb results from PRNT/cPass assays displayed >94.7% qualitative agreement and correlations with R2=0.43/0.68 (Abbott), R2=0.57/0.85 (EUROIMMUN) and R2=0.39/0.63 (Siemens), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The combined data support the use of cPass assay for accurate detection of the nAb response. Positive IgG results from commercial assays associated reasonably with nAbs presence and can serve as a substitute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayalakshmi Nandakumar
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA (Nandakumar, Profaizer, Lozier, Elgort, Rychert, Slev, Delgado).,Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA (Nandakumar, Larragoite, Williams, Planelles, Rychert, Slev, Delgado)
| | - Tracie Profaizer
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA (Nandakumar, Profaizer, Lozier, Elgort, Rychert, Slev, Delgado)
| | - Bucky K Lozier
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA (Nandakumar, Profaizer, Lozier, Elgort, Rychert, Slev, Delgado)
| | - Marc G Elgort
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA (Nandakumar, Profaizer, Lozier, Elgort, Rychert, Slev, Delgado)
| | - Erin T Larragoite
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA (Nandakumar, Larragoite, Williams, Planelles, Rychert, Slev, Delgado)
| | - Elizabeth S C P Williams
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA (Nandakumar, Larragoite, Williams, Planelles, Rychert, Slev, Delgado)
| | - Antonio Solis-Leal
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UTAH, USA (Solis-Leal, Lopez, Berges)
| | - J Brandon Lopez
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UTAH, USA (Solis-Leal, Lopez, Berges)
| | - Bradford K Berges
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UTAH, USA (Solis-Leal, Lopez, Berges)
| | - Vicente Planelles
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA (Nandakumar, Larragoite, Williams, Planelles, Rychert, Slev, Delgado)
| | - Jenna Rychert
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA (Nandakumar, Profaizer, Lozier, Elgort, Rychert, Slev, Delgado).,Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA (Nandakumar, Larragoite, Williams, Planelles, Rychert, Slev, Delgado)
| | - Patricia R Slev
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA (Nandakumar, Profaizer, Lozier, Elgort, Rychert, Slev, Delgado).,Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA (Nandakumar, Larragoite, Williams, Planelles, Rychert, Slev, Delgado)
| | - Julio C Delgado
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA (Nandakumar, Profaizer, Lozier, Elgort, Rychert, Slev, Delgado).,Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA (Nandakumar, Larragoite, Williams, Planelles, Rychert, Slev, Delgado)
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81
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Retrospective of International Serological Studies on the Formation and Dynamics of the Humoral Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2: from 2020 to 2021. ACTA BIOMEDICA SCIENTIFICA 2021. [DOI: 10.29413/abs.2021-6.2.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Last year the COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has started. The new coronavirus is highly contagious and causes severe complications. The mechanisms of humoral immunity and kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies in a population are not well understood. Therefore, we aimed to summarize and analyze numerous global and Russian serological studies for understanding dynamics of the SARSCoV-2 humoral immune response and getting an accurate picture of the seroprevalence to SARS-CoV-2 in the world population. The PubMed and e-library databases were searched from February 2020 to March 2021 using terms “SARSCoV-2”, “antibodies”, “humoral immunity”. At the beginning of the pandemic first studies were cross-sectional by design and were responsible for determination of the seropositivity and for understanding the fundamental humoral immunity parameters of SARS-CoV-2. Since then, longitudinal seroepidemiological studies have been studying antibody kinetics. Seroconversion time for IgM, IgG antibodies varies, but most researchers report the seroconversion of IgM from the 1st to 14th days after the onset of clinical manifestations, and the seroconversion for IgG is around the 14th day with a concentration peak by the 21st day. Regarding seroprevalence we may say about low herd immunity at the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, global seroprevalence is about 10 %, and more than 20 % for regions with high incidence and among healthcare workers. Seroprevalence studies have to be continued for more accurate monitoring of long-term humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2, because the majority of the world’s population is still susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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82
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Luo YR, Yun C, Chakraborty I, Wu AHB, Lynch KL. A SARS-CoV-2 Label-Free Surrogate Virus Neutralization Test and a Longitudinal Study of Antibody Characteristics in COVID-19 Patients. J Clin Microbiol 2021; 59:e0019321. [PMID: 33827900 PMCID: PMC8218741 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00193-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods designed to measure severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) humoral response include virus neutralization tests to determine antibody neutralization activity. For ease of use and universal applicability, surrogate virus neutralization tests (sVNTs) based on antibody-mediated blockage of molecular interactions have been proposed. A surrogate virus neutralization test was established on a label-free immunoassay platform (LF-sVNT). The LF-sVNT analyzes the binding ability of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) after neutralizing RBD with antibodies in serum. The LF-sVNT neutralizing antibody titers (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50]) were determined from serum samples (n = 246) from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients (n = 113), as well as the IgG concentrations and the IgG avidity indices. Although there was variability in the kinetics of the IgG concentrations and neutralizing antibody titers between individuals, there was an initial rise, plateau, and then in some cases a gradual decline at later time points after 40 days after symptom onset. The IgG avidity indices, in the same cases, plateaued after an initial rise and did not show a decline. The LF-sVNT can be a valuable tool in research and clinical laboratories for the assessment of the presence of neutralizing antibodies to COVID-19. This study is the first to provide longitudinal neutralizing antibody titers beyond 200 days post-symptom onset. Despite the decline of IgG concentration and neutralizing antibody titer, IgG avidity index increases, reaches a plateau, and then remains constant up to 8 months postinfection. The decline of antibody neutralization activity can be attributed to the reduction in antibody quantity rather than the deterioration of antibody quality, as measured by antibody avidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqi Ruben Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Cassandra Yun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Alan H. B. Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kara L. Lynch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA
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83
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Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has triggered a global health emergency and brought disaster to humans. Tremendous efforts have been made to control the pandemic, among which neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are of specific interest to researchers. Neutralizing antibodies are generated within weeks after infection or immunization and can protect cells from virus intrusion and confer protective immunity to cells. Thus, production of NAbs is considered as a main goal for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) vaccines and NAbs may be used for patient treatment in the form of monoclonal antibodies. Neutralization assays are capable of quantitatively detecting NAbs against SARS‐CoV‐2, allowing to explore the relationship between the level of NAbs and the severity of the disease, and may predict the possibility of re‐infection in COVID‐19 patients. They can also be used to test the effects of monoclonal antibodies, convalescent plasma and vaccines. At present, wild‐type virus neutralization assay remains the gold standard for measuring Nabs, while pseudovirus neutralization assays, Surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) and high‐throughput versions of neutralization assays are popular alternatives with their own advantages and disadvantages. In this review article, we summarize the characteristics and recent progress of SARS‐CoV‐2 neutralization assays. Special attention is given to the current limitations of various neutralization assays so as to promote new possible strategies with NAbs by which rapid SARS‐CoV‐2 serological diagnosis and antiviral screening in the future will be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Lu
- Department of Epidemiology School of Public Health Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology School of Public Health Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Qianlin Li
- Department of Epidemiology School of Public Health Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Huan Hu
- Department of Epidemiology School of Public Health Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Jiahai Lu
- Department of Epidemiology School of Public Health Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Zeliang Chen
- Department of Epidemiology School of Public Health Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou China
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84
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Qaseem A, Yost J, Etxeandia-Ikobaltzeta I, Forciea MA, Abraham GM, Miller MC, Obley AJ, Humphrey LL, Centor RM, Akl EA, Andrews R, Bledsoe TA, Haeme R, Kansagara DL. What Is the Antibody Response and Role in Conferring Natural Immunity After SARS-CoV-2 Infection? Rapid, Living Practice Points From the American College of Physicians (Version 1). Ann Intern Med 2021; 174:828-835. [PMID: 33721518 PMCID: PMC8017476 DOI: 10.7326/m20-7569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
DESCRIPTION The widespread availability of SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests raises important questions for clinicians, patients, and public health professionals related to the appropriate use and interpretation of these tests. The Scientific Medical Policy Committee (SMPC) of the American College of Physicians developed these rapid, living practice points to summarize the current and best available evidence on the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, antibody durability after initial infection with SARS-CoV-2, and antibody protection against reinfection with SARS-CoV-2. METHODS The SMPC developed these rapid, living practice points based on a rapid and living systematic evidence review done by the Portland VA Research Foundation and funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Ongoing literature surveillance is planned through December 2021. When new studies are identified and a full update of the evidence review is published, the SMPC will assess the new evidence and any effect on the practice points. PRACTICE POINT 1 Do not use SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. PRACTICE POINT 2 Antibody tests can be useful for the purpose of estimating community prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. PRACTICE POINT 3 Current evidence is uncertain to predict presence, level, or durability of natural immunity conferred by SARS-CoV-2 antibodies against reinfection (after SARS-CoV-2 infection).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Qaseem
- American College of Physicians, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.Q., I.E.)
| | - Jennifer Yost
- American College of Physicians, Philadelphia, and Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania (J.Y.)
| | | | | | - George M Abraham
- University of Massachusetts Medical School and Saint Vincent Hospital, Worcester, Massachusetts (G.M.A.)
| | | | - Adam J Obley
- Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon (A.J.O., L.L.H.)
| | - Linda L Humphrey
- Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon (A.J.O., L.L.H.)
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85
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Cimolai N. Passive Immunity Should and Will Work for COVID-19 for Some Patients. Clin Hematol Int 2021; 3:47-68. [PMID: 34595467 PMCID: PMC8432400 DOI: 10.2991/chi.k.210328.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the absence of effective antiviral chemotherapy and still in the context of emerging vaccines for severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2 infections, passive immunotherapy remains a key treatment and possible prevention strategy. What might initially be conceived as a simplified donor-recipient process, the intricacies of donor plasma, IV immunoglobulins, and monoclonal antibody modality applications are becoming more apparent. Key targets of such treatment have largely focused on virus neutralization and the specific viral components of the attachment Spike protein and its constituents (e.g., receptor binding domain, N-terminal domain). The cumulative laboratory and clinical experience suggests that beneficial protective and treatment outcomes are possible. Both a dose- and a time-dependency emerge. Lesser understood are the concepts of bioavailability and distribution. Apart from direct antigen binding from protective immunoglobulins, antibody effector functions have potential roles in outcome. In attempting to mimic the natural but variable response to infection or vaccination, a strong functional polyclonal approach attracts the potential benefits of attacking antigen diversity, high antibody avidity, antibody persistence, and protection against escape viral mutation. The availability and ease of administration for any passive immunotherapy product must be considered in the current climate of need. There is never a perfect product, but yet there is considerable room for improving patient outcomes. Given the variability of human genetics, immunity, and disease, and given the nuances of the virus and its potential for change, passive immunotherapy can be developed that will be effective for some but not all patients. An understanding of such patient variability and limitations is just as important as the understanding of the direct interactions between immunotherapy and virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevio Cimolai
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s and Women’s Health Centre of British Columbia, 4480 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6H 3V4
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86
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Troyer Z, Alhusaini N, Tabler CO, Sweet T, de Carvalho KIL, Schlatzer DM, Carias L, King CL, Matreyek K, Tilton JC. Extracellular vesicles carry SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and serve as decoys for neutralizing antibodies. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12112. [PMID: 34188786 PMCID: PMC8213968 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In late 2019, a novel coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, China. SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), spread rapidly and became a global pandemic in early 2020. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is responsible for viral entry and binds to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on host cells, making it a major target of the immune system - particularly neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) that are induced by infection or vaccines. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membraned particles constitutively released by cells, including virally-infected cells. EVs and viruses enclosed within lipid membranes share some characteristics: they are small, sub-micron particles and they overlap in cellular biogenesis and egress routes. Given their shared characteristics, we hypothesized that EVs released from spike-expressing cells could carry spike and serve as decoys for anti-spike nAbs, promoting viral infection. Here, using mass spectrometry and nanoscale flow cytometry (NFC) approaches, we demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 spike protein can be incorporated into EVs. Furthermore, we show that spike-carrying EVs act as decoy targets for convalescent patient serum-derived nAbs, reducing their effectiveness in blocking viral entry. These findings have important implications for the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo and highlight the complex interplay between viruses, extracellular vesicles, and the immune system that occurs during viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach Troyer
- Center for Proteomics and BioinformaticsDepartment of NutritionSchool of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Najwa Alhusaini
- Center for Proteomics and BioinformaticsDepartment of NutritionSchool of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Caroline O. Tabler
- Center for Proteomics and BioinformaticsDepartment of NutritionSchool of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Thomas Sweet
- Center for Proteomics and BioinformaticsDepartment of NutritionSchool of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | | | - Daniela M. Schlatzer
- Center for Proteomics and BioinformaticsDepartment of NutritionSchool of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Lenore Carias
- Division of General Medical SciencesSchool of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Christopher L. King
- Division of General Medical SciencesSchool of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Kenneth Matreyek
- Department of PathologySchool of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - John C. Tilton
- Center for Proteomics and BioinformaticsDepartment of NutritionSchool of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
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87
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Arkhipova-Jenkins I, Helfand M, Armstrong C, Gean E, Anderson J, Paynter RA, Mackey K. Antibody Response After SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Implications for Immunity : A Rapid Living Review. Ann Intern Med 2021; 174:811-821. [PMID: 33721517 PMCID: PMC8025942 DOI: 10.7326/m20-7547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical significance of the antibody response after SARS-CoV-2 infection remains unclear. PURPOSE To synthesize evidence on the prevalence, levels, and durability of detectable antibodies after SARS-CoV-2 infection and whether antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 confer natural immunity. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, ClinicalTrials.gov, World Health Organization global literature database, and Covid19reviews.org from 1 January through 15 December 2020, limited to peer-reviewed publications available in English. STUDY SELECTION Primary studies characterizing the prevalence, levels, and duration of antibodies in adults with SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR); reinfection incidence; and unintended consequences of antibody testing. DATA EXTRACTION Two investigators sequentially extracted study data and rated quality. DATA SYNTHESIS Moderate-strength evidence suggests that most adults develop detectable levels of IgM and IgG antibodies after infection with SARS-CoV-2 and that IgG levels peak approximately 25 days after symptom onset and may remain detectable for at least 120 days. Moderate-strength evidence suggests that IgM levels peak at approximately 20 days and then decline. Low-strength evidence suggests that most adults generate neutralizing antibodies, which may persist for several months like IgG. Low-strength evidence also suggests that older age, greater disease severity, and presence of symptoms may be associated with higher antibody levels. Some adults do not develop antibodies after SARS-CoV-2 infection for reasons that are unclear. LIMITATIONS Most studies were small and had methodological limitations; studies used immunoassays of variable accuracy. CONCLUSION Most adults with SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by RT-PCR develop antibodies. Levels of IgM peak early in the disease course and then decline, whereas IgG peaks later and may remain detectable for at least 120 days. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (PROSPERO: CRD42020207098).
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Arkhipova-Jenkins
- Scientific Resource Center for the AHRQ Evidence-based Practice Center Program, Portland VA Research Foundation, and VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon (I.A.J., C.A., E.G., R.A.P.)
| | - Mark Helfand
- Scientific Resource Center for the AHRQ Evidence-based Practice Center Program, Portland VA Research Foundation, VA Evidence Synthesis Program, and VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon (M.H.)
| | - Charlotte Armstrong
- Scientific Resource Center for the AHRQ Evidence-based Practice Center Program, Portland VA Research Foundation, and VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon (I.A.J., C.A., E.G., R.A.P.)
| | - Emily Gean
- Scientific Resource Center for the AHRQ Evidence-based Practice Center Program, Portland VA Research Foundation, and VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon (I.A.J., C.A., E.G., R.A.P.)
| | - Joanna Anderson
- VA Evidence Synthesis Program and VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon (J.A., K.M.)
| | - Robin A Paynter
- Scientific Resource Center for the AHRQ Evidence-based Practice Center Program, Portland VA Research Foundation, and VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon (I.A.J., C.A., E.G., R.A.P.)
| | - Katherine Mackey
- VA Evidence Synthesis Program and VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon (J.A., K.M.)
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88
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Maecker HT. Immune profiling of COVID-19: preliminary findings and implications for the pandemic. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002550. [PMID: 33963016 PMCID: PMC8108128 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection can have widely diverse clinical outcomes, from asymptomatic infection to death, with many possible clinical symptoms and syndromes. It is thus essential to understand how the virus interacts with the host immune system to bring about these varied outcomes and to inform vaccine development. We now know that both antibody and T cell responses are induced in the majority of infected individuals, and that cross-reactive responses from other coronaviruses also exist in the uninfected population. Innate immune responses are a key focus of research and may influence the course of disease and the character of subsequent adaptive responses. Finally, baseline immune profiles and changes during early acute infection may be key to predicting the course of disease. Understanding all these aspects can help to create better immune monitoring tools for COVID-19, including tools for predicting disease severity or specific sequelae, perhaps even prior to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holden T Maecker
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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89
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Turner JS, Kim W, Kalaidina E, Goss CW, Rauseo AM, Schmitz AJ, Hansen L, Haile A, Klebert MK, Pusic I, O'Halloran JA, Presti RM, Ellebedy AH. SARS-CoV-2 infection induces long-lived bone marrow plasma cells in humans. Nature 2021; 595:421-425. [PMID: 34030176 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03647-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Long-lived bone marrow plasma cells (BMPCs) are a persistent and essential source of protective antibodies1-7. Individuals who have recovered from COVID-19 have a substantially lower risk of reinfection with SARS-CoV-28-10. Nonetheless, it has been reported that levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 serum antibodies decrease rapidly in the first few months after infection, raising concerns that long-lived BMPCs may not be generated and humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 may be short-lived11-13. Here we show that in convalescent individuals who had experienced mild SARS-CoV-2 infections (n = 77), levels of serum anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S) antibodies declined rapidly in the first 4 months after infection and then more gradually over the following 7 months, remaining detectable at least 11 months after infection. Anti-S antibody titres correlated with the frequency of S-specific plasma cells in bone marrow aspirates from 18 individuals who had recovered from COVID-19 at 7 to 8 months after infection. S-specific BMPCs were not detected in aspirates from 11 healthy individuals with no history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We show that S-binding BMPCs are quiescent, which suggests that they are part of a stable compartment. Consistently, circulating resting memory B cells directed against SARS-CoV-2 S were detected in the convalescent individuals. Overall, our results indicate that mild infection with SARS-CoV-2 induces robust antigen-specific, long-lived humoral immune memory in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson S Turner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Wooseob Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elizaveta Kalaidina
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Charles W Goss
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Adriana M Rauseo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of lnternal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Aaron J Schmitz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lena Hansen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.,Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Alem Haile
- Clinical Trials Unit, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael K Klebert
- Clinical Trials Unit, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Iskra Pusic
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jane A O'Halloran
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of lnternal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rachel M Presti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of lnternal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.,Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA. .,Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA. .,The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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90
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Steenhuis M, van Mierlo G, Derksen NIL, Ooijevaar‐de Heer P, Kruithof S, Loeff FL, Berkhout LC, Linty F, Reusken C, Reimerink J, Hogema B, Zaaijer H, van de Watering L, Swaneveld F, van Gils MJ, Bosch BJ, van Ham SM, ten Brinke A, Vidarsson G, van der Schoot EC, Rispens T. Dynamics of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in convalescent plasma donors. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1285. [PMID: 34026115 PMCID: PMC8126762 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Characterisation of the human antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection is vital for serosurveillance purposes and for treatment options such as transfusion with convalescent plasma or immunoglobulin products derived from convalescent plasma. In this study, we longitudinally and quantitatively analysed antibody responses in RT-PCR-positive SARS-CoV-2 convalescent adults during the first 250 days after onset of symptoms. METHODS We measured antibody responses to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and the nucleocapsid protein in 844 longitudinal samples from 151 RT-PCR-positive SARS-CoV-2 convalescent adults. With a median of 5 (range 2-18) samples per individual, this allowed quantitative analysis of individual longitudinal antibody profiles. Kinetic profiles were analysed by mixed-effects modelling. RESULTS All donors were seropositive at the first sampling moment, and only one donor seroreverted during follow-up analysis. Anti-RBD IgG and anti-nucleocapsid IgG levels declined with median half-lives of 62 and 59 days, respectively, 2-5 months after symptom onset, and several-fold variation in half-lives of individuals was observed. The rate of decline of antibody levels diminished during extended follow-up, which points towards long-term immunological memory. The magnitude of the anti-RBD IgG response correlated well with neutralisation capacity measured in a classic plaque reduction assay and in an in-house developed competitive assay. CONCLUSION The result of this study gives valuable insight into the long-term longitudinal response of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Steenhuis
- Department of ImmunopathologySanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam University Medical CentreUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Gerard van Mierlo
- Department of ImmunopathologySanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam University Medical CentreUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Ninotska IL Derksen
- Department of ImmunopathologySanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam University Medical CentreUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Pleuni Ooijevaar‐de Heer
- Department of ImmunopathologySanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam University Medical CentreUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Simone Kruithof
- Department of ImmunopathologySanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam University Medical CentreUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Floris L Loeff
- Department of ImmunopathologySanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam University Medical CentreUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Lea C Berkhout
- Department of ImmunopathologySanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam University Medical CentreUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Federica Linty
- Department of Experimental ImmunohematologySanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam University Medical CentreAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Chantal Reusken
- Department of Infectious DiseasesPublic Health Service region UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Johan Reimerink
- Department of Infectious DiseasesPublic Health Service region UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Boris Hogema
- Department of VirologySanquin Diagnostic ServicesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Hans Zaaijer
- Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation and Amsterdam University Medical CentreAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Francis Swaneveld
- Department of Transfusion MedicineSanquin Blood BankAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marit J van Gils
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Berend Jan Bosch
- Virology DivisionDepartment of Infectious Diseases and ImmunologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - S Marieke van Ham
- Department of ImmunopathologySanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam University Medical CentreUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Anja ten Brinke
- Department of ImmunopathologySanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam University Medical CentreUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Department of Experimental ImmunohematologySanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam University Medical CentreAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Ellen C van der Schoot
- Department of Experimental ImmunohematologySanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam University Medical CentreAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Department of ImmunopathologySanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam University Medical CentreUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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91
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Dispinseri S, Secchi M, Pirillo MF, Tolazzi M, Borghi M, Brigatti C, De Angelis ML, Baratella M, Bazzigaluppi E, Venturi G, Sironi F, Canitano A, Marzinotto I, Tresoldi C, Ciceri F, Piemonti L, Negri D, Cara A, Lampasona V, Scarlatti G. Neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in symptomatic COVID-19 is persistent and critical for survival. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2670. [PMID: 33976165 PMCID: PMC8113594 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22958-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 evolve during infection may provide important insight into therapeutic approaches and vaccination for COVID-19. Here we profile the antibody responses of 162 COVID-19 symptomatic patients in the COVID-BioB cohort followed longitudinally for up to eight months from symptom onset to find SARS-CoV-2 neutralization, as well as antibodies either recognizing SARS-CoV-2 spike antigens and nucleoprotein, or specific for S2 antigen of seasonal beta-coronaviruses and hemagglutinin of the H1N1 flu virus. The presence of neutralizing antibodies within the first weeks from symptoms onset correlates with time to a negative swab result (p = 0.002), while the lack of neutralizing capacity correlates with an increased risk of a fatal outcome (p = 0.008). Neutralizing antibody titers progressively drop after 5-8 weeks but are still detectable up to 8 months in the majority of recovered patients regardless of age or co-morbidities, with IgG to spike antigens providing the best correlate of neutralization. Antibody responses to seasonal coronaviruses are temporarily boosted, and parallel those to SARS-CoV-2 without dampening the specific response or worsening disease progression. Our results thus suggest compromised immune responses to the SARS-CoV-2 spike to be a major trait of COVID-19 patients with critical conditions, and thereby inform on the planning of COVID-19 patient care and therapy prioritization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Dispinseri
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Secchi
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- DNA Enzymology & Molecular Virology Unit, Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Monica Tolazzi
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Borghi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Brigatti
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Laura De Angelis
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Baratella
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giulietta Venturi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Sironi
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Canitano
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Marzinotto
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Tresoldi
- Molecular Hematology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Ciceri
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Piemonti
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Negri
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Cara
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Vito Lampasona
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Scarlatti
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
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92
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Gallagher KM, Leick MB, Larson RC, Berger TR, Katsis K, Yam JY, Brini G, Grauwet K, Maus MV. SARS -CoV-2 T-cell immunity to variants of concern following vaccination. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.05.03.442455. [PMID: 33972942 PMCID: PMC8109204 DOI: 10.1101/2021.05.03.442455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recently, two mRNA vaccines to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have become available, but there is also an emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with increased transmissibility and virulence1-6. A major concern is whether the available vaccines will be equally effective against these variants. The vaccines are designed to induce an immune response against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein7,8, which is required for viral entry to host cells9. Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is often evaluated by antibody production, while less is known about the T-cell response. Here we developed, characterized, and implemented two standardized, functional assays to measure T-cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in uninfected, convalescent, and vaccinated individuals. We found that vaccinated individuals had robust T-cell responses to the wild type spike and nucleocapsid proteins, even more so than convalescent patients. We also found detectable but diminished T-cell responses to spike variants (B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and B.1.1.248) among vaccinated but otherwise healthy donors. Since decreases in antibody neutralization have also been observed with some variants10-12, investigation into the T-cell response to these variants as an alternative means of viral control is imperative. Standardized measurements of T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 are feasible and can be easily adjusted to determine changes in response to variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M.E. Gallagher
- Immune Monitoring Laboratory, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark B. Leick
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rebecca C. Larson
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Trisha R. Berger
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katelin Katsis
- Immune Monitoring Laboratory, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer Y. Yam
- Immune Monitoring Laboratory, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gabrielle Brini
- Immune Monitoring Laboratory, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Korneel Grauwet
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Marcela V. Maus
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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93
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Gerhards C, Thiaucourt M, Kittel M, Becker C, Ast V, Hetjens M, Neumaier M, Haselmann V. Longitudinal assessment of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody dynamics and clinical features following convalescence from a COVID-19 infection. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 107:221-227. [PMID: 33932604 PMCID: PMC8080496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The longevity of antibody levels against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the duration of immunity are current topics of major scientific interest. Antibody kinetics during the acute phase are well studied, whereas the long-term kinetics are yet to be determined, with contradictory results from the studies to date. Here, we present a longitudinal analysis of the serological responses to a SARS-CoV-2 infection following convalescence and the association with post-COVID syndrome (PCS). Materials and methods A total of 237 serum samples were prospectively collected from 61 participants who had had a SARS-CoV-2 infection, which was confirmed using quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). For each participant, anti-nucleocapsid (N) and anti-spike subunit 1 receptor binding domain (RBD/S1) immunoglobulin (Ig) levels were regularly determined over a period of 8 months. COVID-19-associated symptoms were assessed using a standardized questionnaire at study entry and again after 6 months. Results Antibodies were detectable in 56 of the 61 participants. No substantial decline in anti-SARS-CoV-2 pan-Ig levels was observed for the duration of the follow-up period. Antibody levels correlated positively with the disease severity, body mass index, fever, and smoking status. It was found that 46.8% of the participants suffered from PCS, with olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions being the most commonly reported symptoms. Conclusion The results demonstrate stable anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers and thus may indicate a long-lasting immunity. The results are in line with recently published data and provide further insight concerning asymptomatic to mildly-affected patients, the association with clinical features, and the frequency of PCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina Gerhards
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Theodor Kutzer Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Margot Thiaucourt
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Theodor Kutzer Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Maximilian Kittel
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Theodor Kutzer Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Celine Becker
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Theodor Kutzer Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Volker Ast
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Theodor Kutzer Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Hetjens
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Preventive Medicine and Digital Health Baden-Württemberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Neumaier
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Theodor Kutzer Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Verena Haselmann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Theodor Kutzer Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
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94
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Shang Y, Liu T, Li J, Kaweme NM, Wang X, Zhou F. Impact of Treatment Regimens on Antibody Response to the SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus. Front Immunol 2021; 12:580147. [PMID: 33936026 PMCID: PMC8082543 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.580147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is widely spread and remains a global pandemic. Limited evidence on the systematic evaluation of the impact of treatment regimens on antibody responses exists. Our study aimed to analyze the role of antibody response on prognosis and determine factors influencing the IgG antibodies’ seroconversion. A total of 1,111 patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 symptoms admitted to Leishenshan Hospital in Wuhan were retrospectively analyzed. A serologic SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG antibody test was performed on all the patients 21 days after the onset of symptoms. Patient clinical characteristics were compared. In the study, 42 patients progressed to critical illness, with 6 mortalities reported while 1,069 patients reported mild to moderate disease. Advanced age (P = 0.028), gasping (P < 0.001), dyspnea (P = 0.024), and IgG negativity (P = 0.006) were associated with progression to critical illness. The mortality rate in critically ill patients with IgG antibody was 6.45% (95% CI 1.12–22.84%) and 36.36% (95% CI 12.36–68.38%) in patients with no IgG antibody (P = 0.003). Symptomatic patients were more likely to develop IgG antibody responses than asymptomatic patients. Using univariable analysis, fever (P < 0.001), gasping (P = 0.048), cancer (P < 0.001), cephalosporin (P = 0.015), and chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine (P = 0.021) were associated with IgG response. In the multivariable analysis, fever, cancer, cephalosporins, and chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine correlated independently with IgG response. We determined that the absence of SARS-CoV-2 antibody IgG in the convalescent stage had a specific predictive role in critical illness progression. Importantly, risk factors affecting seropositivity were identified, and the effect of antimalarial drugs on antibody response was determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Shang
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingfeng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Xinghuan Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fuling Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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95
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Rasmussen S, Petersen MS, Høiby N. SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamics in Denmark, February through October 2020: Nature of the past epidemic and how it may develop in the future. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249733. [PMID: 33836034 PMCID: PMC8034750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Initially, the relative sizes of the asymptomatic and the symptomatic infected populations were not known for the COVID-19 pandemic and neither was the actual fatality rate. Therefore it was not clear either how the pandemic would impact the healthcare system. As a result it was initially predicted that the COVID-19 epidemic in Denmark would overwhelm the healthcare system and thus both the diagnosis and treatment of other hospital patients were compromised for an extended period. AIM To develop a mathematical model, which includes both asymptomatic and symptomatic infected persons, for early estimation of the epidemic's course, its Infection Fatality Rate and the healthcare system load in Denmark, both retrospectively and prospectively. METHODS The SEIRS (Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Recovered-Susceptible) model including deaths outside hospitals and separate assessments of symptomatic and asymptomatic cases (based on seroprevalence) with different immunological memories. Optimal model parameters are in part identified by Monte Carlo based Least Square Error methods while micro-outbreaks are modeled by noise and explored in Monte Carlo simulations. Estimates for infected population sizes are obtained by using a quasi steady state method. RESULTS The calculations and simulations made by the model were shown to fit with the observed development of the COVID-19 epidemic in Denmark. The antibody prevalence in the general population in May 2020 was 1.37%, which yields a relative frequency of symptomatic and asymptomatic cases of 1 to 5.2. Due to the large asymptomatic population, the Infection Mortality Rate was only 0.4%. However, with no non-pharmacological restrictions the COVID-19 death toll was calculated to have more than doubled the national average yearly deaths within a year. The transmission rate ℜ0 was 5.4 in the initial free epidemic period, 0.4 in the lock-down period and 0.8-1.0 in the successive re-opening periods through August 2020. The large asymptomatic population made the termination of the epidemic difficult and micro-outbreaks occurred when the country re-opened. The estimated infected population size July 15 to August 15 was 2,100 and 12,200 for October 1-20, 2020. CONCLUSIONS The results of the model show, that COVID-19 has a low Infection Fatality Rate because the majority of infected persons are either asymptomatic or with few symptoms. A minority of the infected persons, therefore, requires hospitalization. That means that for a given infection pressure of both symptomatic and asymptomatic infected there will be a lower pressure on the capacity of the health care system than previously predicted. Further the epidemic will be difficult to terminate since about 84% of the infected individuals are asymptomatic but still contagious. The model may be useful if a major infection wave occurs in the autumn-winter season as it could make robust estimates both for the scale of an ongoing expanding epidemic and for the expected load on the healthcare system. The simulation may also be useful to evaluate different testing strategies based on estimated infected population sizes. The model can be adjusted and scaled to other regions and countries, which is illustrated with Spain and USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steen Rasmussen
- Center for Fundamental Living Technology (FLinT) Department for Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Michael Skytte Petersen
- Center for Biosecurity and Biopreparedness (CBB), Statens Serum Institut, København, Denmark
| | - Niels Høiby
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark
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96
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Fu Y, Li Y, Guo E, He L, Liu J, Yang B, Li F, Wang Z, Li Y, Xiao R, Liu C, Huang Y, Wu X, Lu F, You L, Qin T, Wang C, Li K, Wu P, Ma D, Sun C, Chen G. Dynamics and Correlation Among Viral Positivity, Seroconversion, and Disease Severity in COVID-19 : A Retrospective Study. Ann Intern Med 2021; 174:453-461. [PMID: 33284684 PMCID: PMC7745119 DOI: 10.7326/m20-3337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The understanding of viral positivity and seroconversion during the course of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is limited. OBJECTIVE To describe patterns of viral polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positivity and evaluate their correlations with seroconversion and disease severity. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING 3 designated specialty care centers for COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. PARTICIPANTS 3192 adult patients with COVID-19. MEASUREMENTS Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data. RESULTS Among 12 780 reverse transcriptase PCR tests for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 that were done, 24.0% had positive results. In 2142 patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19, the viral positivity rate peaked within the first 3 days. The median duration of viral positivity was 24.0 days (95% CI, 18.9 to 29.1 days) in critically ill patients and 18.0 days (CI, 16.8 to 19.1 days) in noncritically ill patients. Being critically ill was an independent risk factor for longer viral positivity (hazard ratio, 0.700 [CI, 0.595 to 0.824]; P < 0.001). In patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19, the IgM-positive rate was 19.3% in the first week, peaked in the fifth week (81.5%), and then decreased steadily to around 55% within 9 to 10 weeks. The IgG-positive rate was 44.6% in the first week, reached 93.3% in the fourth week, and then remained high. Similar antibody responses were seen in clinically diagnosed cases. Serum inflammatory markers remained higher in critically ill patients. Among noncritically ill patients, a higher proportion of those with persistent viral positivity had low IgM titers (<100 AU/mL) during the entire course compared with those with short viral positivity. LIMITATION Retrospective study and irregular viral and serology testing. CONCLUSION The rate of viral PCR positivity peaked within the initial few days. Seroconversion rates peaked within 4 to 5 weeks. Dynamic laboratory index changes corresponded well to clinical signs, the recovery process, and disease severity. Low IgM titers (<100 AU/mL) are an independent risk factor for persistent viral positivity. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fu
- National Clinical Research Center for Gynecology and Obstetrics and Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Y.F., E.G., L.H., J.L., B.Y., F.L., Z.W., Y.L., R.X., C.L., Y.H., X.W., F.L., L.Y., T.Q., K.L., P.W., D.M., C.S., G.C.)
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Informatics and Engineering, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, and College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (Y.L.)
| | - Ensong Guo
- National Clinical Research Center for Gynecology and Obstetrics and Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Y.F., E.G., L.H., J.L., B.Y., F.L., Z.W., Y.L., R.X., C.L., Y.H., X.W., F.L., L.Y., T.Q., K.L., P.W., D.M., C.S., G.C.)
| | - Liang He
- National Clinical Research Center for Gynecology and Obstetrics and Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Y.F., E.G., L.H., J.L., B.Y., F.L., Z.W., Y.L., R.X., C.L., Y.H., X.W., F.L., L.Y., T.Q., K.L., P.W., D.M., C.S., G.C.)
| | - Jia Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Gynecology and Obstetrics and Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Y.F., E.G., L.H., J.L., B.Y., F.L., Z.W., Y.L., R.X., C.L., Y.H., X.W., F.L., L.Y., T.Q., K.L., P.W., D.M., C.S., G.C.)
| | - Bin Yang
- National Clinical Research Center for Gynecology and Obstetrics and Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Y.F., E.G., L.H., J.L., B.Y., F.L., Z.W., Y.L., R.X., C.L., Y.H., X.W., F.L., L.Y., T.Q., K.L., P.W., D.M., C.S., G.C.)
| | - Fuxia Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Gynecology and Obstetrics and Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Y.F., E.G., L.H., J.L., B.Y., F.L., Z.W., Y.L., R.X., C.L., Y.H., X.W., F.L., L.Y., T.Q., K.L., P.W., D.M., C.S., G.C.)
| | - Zizhuo Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Gynecology and Obstetrics and Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Y.F., E.G., L.H., J.L., B.Y., F.L., Z.W., Y.L., R.X., C.L., Y.H., X.W., F.L., L.Y., T.Q., K.L., P.W., D.M., C.S., G.C.)
| | - Yuan Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Gynecology and Obstetrics and Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Y.F., E.G., L.H., J.L., B.Y., F.L., Z.W., Y.L., R.X., C.L., Y.H., X.W., F.L., L.Y., T.Q., K.L., P.W., D.M., C.S., G.C.)
| | - Rourou Xiao
- National Clinical Research Center for Gynecology and Obstetrics and Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Y.F., E.G., L.H., J.L., B.Y., F.L., Z.W., Y.L., R.X., C.L., Y.H., X.W., F.L., L.Y., T.Q., K.L., P.W., D.M., C.S., G.C.)
| | - Chen Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Gynecology and Obstetrics and Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Y.F., E.G., L.H., J.L., B.Y., F.L., Z.W., Y.L., R.X., C.L., Y.H., X.W., F.L., L.Y., T.Q., K.L., P.W., D.M., C.S., G.C.)
| | - Yuhan Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Gynecology and Obstetrics and Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Y.F., E.G., L.H., J.L., B.Y., F.L., Z.W., Y.L., R.X., C.L., Y.H., X.W., F.L., L.Y., T.Q., K.L., P.W., D.M., C.S., G.C.)
| | - Xue Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Gynecology and Obstetrics and Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Y.F., E.G., L.H., J.L., B.Y., F.L., Z.W., Y.L., R.X., C.L., Y.H., X.W., F.L., L.Y., T.Q., K.L., P.W., D.M., C.S., G.C.)
| | - Funian Lu
- National Clinical Research Center for Gynecology and Obstetrics and Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Y.F., E.G., L.H., J.L., B.Y., F.L., Z.W., Y.L., R.X., C.L., Y.H., X.W., F.L., L.Y., T.Q., K.L., P.W., D.M., C.S., G.C.)
| | - Lixin You
- National Clinical Research Center for Gynecology and Obstetrics and Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Y.F., E.G., L.H., J.L., B.Y., F.L., Z.W., Y.L., R.X., C.L., Y.H., X.W., F.L., L.Y., T.Q., K.L., P.W., D.M., C.S., G.C.)
| | - Tianyu Qin
- National Clinical Research Center for Gynecology and Obstetrics and Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Y.F., E.G., L.H., J.L., B.Y., F.L., Z.W., Y.L., R.X., C.L., Y.H., X.W., F.L., L.Y., T.Q., K.L., P.W., D.M., C.S., G.C.)
| | - Chaolong Wang
- and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (C.W.)
| | - Kezhen Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Gynecology and Obstetrics and Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Y.F., E.G., L.H., J.L., B.Y., F.L., Z.W., Y.L., R.X., C.L., Y.H., X.W., F.L., L.Y., T.Q., K.L., P.W., D.M., C.S., G.C.)
| | - Peng Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Gynecology and Obstetrics and Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Y.F., E.G., L.H., J.L., B.Y., F.L., Z.W., Y.L., R.X., C.L., Y.H., X.W., F.L., L.Y., T.Q., K.L., P.W., D.M., C.S., G.C.)
| | - Ding Ma
- National Clinical Research Center for Gynecology and Obstetrics and Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Y.F., E.G., L.H., J.L., B.Y., F.L., Z.W., Y.L., R.X., C.L., Y.H., X.W., F.L., L.Y., T.Q., K.L., P.W., D.M., C.S., G.C.)
| | - Chaoyang Sun
- National Clinical Research Center for Gynecology and Obstetrics and Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Y.F., E.G., L.H., J.L., B.Y., F.L., Z.W., Y.L., R.X., C.L., Y.H., X.W., F.L., L.Y., T.Q., K.L., P.W., D.M., C.S., G.C.)
| | - Gang Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Gynecology and Obstetrics and Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Y.F., E.G., L.H., J.L., B.Y., F.L., Z.W., Y.L., R.X., C.L., Y.H., X.W., F.L., L.Y., T.Q., K.L., P.W., D.M., C.S., G.C.)
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97
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Immune memory in convalescent patients with asymptomatic or mild COVID-19. Cell Discov 2021; 7:18. [PMID: 33767156 PMCID: PMC7993859 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-021-00250-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important to evaluate the durability of the protective immune response elicited by primary infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Here, we systematically evaluated the SARS-CoV-2-specific memory B cell and T cell responses in healthy controls and individuals recovered from asymptomatic or symptomatic infection approximately 6 months prior. Comparatively low frequencies of memory B cells specific for the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of spike glycoprotein (S) persisted in the peripheral blood of individuals who recovered from infection (median 0.62%, interquartile range 0.48-0.69). The SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific memory B cell response was detected in 2 of 13 individuals who recovered from asymptomatic infection and 10 of 20 individuals who recovered from symptomatic infection. T cell responses induced by S, membrane (M), and nucleocapsid (N) peptide libraries from SARS-CoV-2 were observed in individuals recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and cross-reactive T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 were also detected in healthy controls.
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98
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Schwarz T, Heiss K, Mahendran Y, Casilag F, Kurth F, Sander LE, Wendtner CM, Hoechstetter MA, Müller MA, Sekul R, Drosten C, Stadler V, Corman VM. SARS-CoV-2 Proteome-Wide Analysis Revealed Significant Epitope Signatures in COVID-19 Patients. Front Immunol 2021; 12:629185. [PMID: 33833755 PMCID: PMC8021850 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.629185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The WHO declared the COVID-19 outbreak a public health emergency of international concern. The causative agent of this acute respiratory disease is a newly emerged coronavirus, named SARS-CoV-2, which originated in China in late 2019. Exposure to SARS−CoV−2 leads to multifaceted disease outcomes from asymptomatic infection to severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress and potentially death. Understanding the host immune response is crucial for the development of interventional strategies. Humoral responses play an important role in defending viral infections and are therefore of particular interest. With the aim to resolve SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral immune responses at the epitope level, we screened clinically well-characterized sera from COVID-19 patients with mild and severe disease outcome using high-density peptide microarrays covering the entire proteome of SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, we determined the longevity of epitope-specific antibody responses in a longitudinal approach. Here we present IgG and IgA-specific epitope signatures from COVID-19 patients, which may serve as discriminating prognostic or predictive markers for disease outcome and/or could be relevant for intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Schwarz
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Florian Kurth
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leif E Sander
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Clemens-Martin Wendtner
- Munich Clinic Schwabing, Academic Teaching Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Manuela A Hoechstetter
- Munich Clinic Schwabing, Academic Teaching Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Marcel A Müller
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research, Associated Partner Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Victor M Corman
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research, Associated Partner Charité, Berlin, Germany
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99
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Hanssen DAT, Slaats M, Mulder M, Savelkoul PHM, van Loo IHM. Evaluation of 18 commercial serological assays for the detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in paired serum samples. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 40:1695-1703. [PMID: 33733395 PMCID: PMC7968571 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-021-04220-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A variety of serological tests have been developed to detect the presence of antibodies against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We evaluated the performance of 18 commercially available SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays. Early (6-8 days after the start of symptoms) and late sera (>14 days) from ICU patients (n=10 and n=16, respectively) and healthcare workers (n=5 and n=9, respectively) were included. Additionally, 22 sera were included to detect potential cross-reactivity. Test characteristics were determined for the 18 assays. In >14 days samples, the Vircell IgG and Wantai Ig ELISAs had superior sensitivity compared to the other ELISAs (96%). Furthermore, the Roche Ig, the Epitope Diagnostics IgM, Wantai IgM, Euroimmun IgG, and IgA all showed a specificity of 100%. The POCTs of Boson Biotech and ACRO Biotech showed the highest sensitivities: 100% and 96% (83.5-99.8), respectively. The POCT of Orient Gene Biotech, VOMED Diagnostics, and Coris-Bioconcept showed highest specificities (100%). For the IgM and IgA assays, the Euroimmun IgA test showed the highest sensitivity in early samples: 46.7% (23.5-70.9) to 53.3% (29.1-76.5). In general, all tests performed better in patients with severe symptoms (ICU patients). We conclude that the Wantai Ig and Vircell IgG ELISAs may be suitable for diagnostic purposes. The IgM/IgA tests performed poorer than their IgG/Ig counterparts but may have a role in diagnoses of SARS-CoV-2 in a population in which the background seroprevalence of IgG high, and IgM and/or IgA may distinguish between acute or past infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniëlle A T Hanssen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University Medical Center Maastricht, PO 5800, 6202AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Slaats
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University Medical Center Maastricht, PO 5800, 6202AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marlies Mulder
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University Medical Center Maastricht, PO 5800, 6202AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul H M Savelkoul
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University Medical Center Maastricht, PO 5800, 6202AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Care and Primary Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, PO 5800, 6202AZ, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Inge H M van Loo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University Medical Center Maastricht, PO 5800, 6202AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands. .,Care and Primary Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, PO 5800, 6202AZ, Maastricht, Netherlands.
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100
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Yuan Y, Yu L, Jin Z, Wang Y, Gao M, Ding H, Zhuo X, Zhu X, Gao F, Zheng X, Ying G, Xu X, Kong Q, Lu S, Lv H. Predictive Analysis of the Neutralization Activity in Convalescent Plasmas From COVID-19 Recovered Patients in Zhejiang Province, China, January-March, 2020. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:650487. [PMID: 33796489 PMCID: PMC8008148 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.650487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Convalescent plasma (CP) transfusion is considered to be the priority therapeutic option for COVID-19 inpatients when no specific drugs are available for emerging infections. An alternative, simple, and sensitive method is urgently needed for clinical use to detect neutralization activity of the CP to avoid the use of inconvenient micro-neutralization assay. Method This study aims to explore optimal index in predicting the COVID-19 CP neutralization activity (neutralizing antibody titers, NAb titers) in an indirect ELISA format. Fifty-seven COVID-19-recovered patients plasma samples were subjected to anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD, S1, and N protein IgG antibody by indirect ELISA. Results ELISA-RBD exhibited high specificity (96.2%) and ELISA-N had high sensitivity (100%); while ELISA-S1 had low sensitivity (86.0%) and specificity (73.1%). Furthermore, ELISA-RBD IgG titers and pseudovirus-based NAb titers correlated significantly, with R2 of 0.2564 (P < 0.0001). Conclusion ELISA-RBD could be a substitute for the neutralization assay in resource-limited situations to screen potential plasma donors for further plasma infusion therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Yuan
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China.,School of Biological Engineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liang Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zi Jin
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng Gao
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haojie Ding
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xunhui Zhuo
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of research and development, Hangzhou AllTest Biotech Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Zheng
- Department of research and development, Hangzhou AllTest Biotech Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoqing Ying
- College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingming Kong
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China.,School of Biological Engineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaohong Lu
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hangjun Lv
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
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