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Raw plant-based biorefinery: A new paradigm shift towards biotechnological approach to sustainable manufacturing of HMF. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107422. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Cao D, Damaris RN, Zhang Y, Liu M, Li M, Yang P. Proteomic analysis showing the signaling pathways involved in the rhizome enlargement process in Nelumbo nucifera. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:766. [PMID: 31640547 PMCID: PMC6805393 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6151-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rhizome is the storage underground stem of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), which is enlarged before winter season and could be used for asexual propagation. In addition, the enlarged rhizome is a nutritional vegetable with abundant starch, proteins, and vitamins. Enlargement of lotus rhizome is not only significance for itself to survive from the cold winter, but also important for its economic value. Results To explore the mechanism underlying its enlargement, integrative analyses of morphology, physiology and proteomics were conducted on the rhizome at stolon, middle, and enlarged stages. Morphological observation and physiological analyses showed that rhizomes were gradually enlarged during this process, in which the starch accumulation was also initiated. Quantitative proteomic analysis on the rhizomes at these three stages identified 302 stage-specific proteins (SSPs) and 172 differently expressed proteins (DEPs), based on which GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were conducted. The results indicated that light and auxin signal might be transduced through secondary messenger Ca2+, and play important roles in lotus rhizome enlargement. Conclusion These results will provide new insights into understanding the mechanism of lotus rhizome enlargement. Meanwhile, some candidate genes might be useful for further studies on this process, as well as breeding of rhizome lotus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingding Cao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rebecca Njeri Damaris
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Meihui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Pingfang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
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Fan C, Wang G, Wu L, Liu P, Huang J, Jin X, Zhang G, He Y, Peng L, Luo K, Feng S. Distinct cellulose and callose accumulation for enhanced bioethanol production and biotic stress resistance in OsSUS3 transgenic rice. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 232:115448. [PMID: 31952577 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Genetic modification of plant cell walls is an effective approach to reduce lignocellulose recalcitrance in biofuel production, but it may affect plant stress response. Hence, it remains a challenge to reduce biomass recalcitrance and simultaneously enhance stress resistance. In this study, the OsSUS3-transgenic plants exhibited increased cell wall polysaccharides deposition and reduced cellulose crystallinity and xylose/arabinose proportion of hemicellulose, resulting in largely enhanced biomass saccharification and bioethanol production. Additionally, strengthening of the cell wall also contributed to plant biotic resistance. Notably, the transgenic plants increased stress-induced callose accumulation, and promoted the activation of innate immunity, leading to greatly improved multiple resistances to the most destructive diseases and a major pest. Hence, this study demonstrates a significant improvement both in bioethanol production and biotic stress resistance by regulating dynamic carbon partitioning for cellulose and callose biosynthesis in OsSUS3-transgenic plants. Meanwhile, it also provides a potential strategy for plant cell wall modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfen Fan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Guangya Wang
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Leiming Wu
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Peng Liu
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Jiangfeng Huang
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
| | - Xiaohuan Jin
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Guifeng Zhang
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Yueping He
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Liangcai Peng
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Keming Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Shengqiu Feng
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Fan C, Wang G, Wang Y, Zhang R, Wang Y, Feng S, Luo K, Peng L. Sucrose Synthase Enhances Hull Size and Grain Weight by Regulating Cell Division and Starch Accumulation in Transgenic Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20204971. [PMID: 31600873 PMCID: PMC6829484 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20204971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Grain size and weight are two important determinants of grain yield in rice. Although overexpression of sucrose synthase (SUS) genes has led to several improvements on cellulose and starch-based traits in transgenic crops, little is reported about SUS enhancement of hull size and grain weight in rice. In this study, we selected transgenic rice plants that overexpressed OsSUS1-6 genes driven with the maize Ubi promoter. Compared to the controls (wild type and empty vector line), all independent OsSUS homozygous transgenic lines exhibited considerably increased grain yield and grain weights. Using the representative OsSUS3 overexpressed transgenic plants, four independent homozygous lines showed much raised cell numbers for larger hull sizes, consistent with their enhanced primary cell wall cellulose biosynthesis and postponed secondary wall synthesis. Accordingly, the OsSUS3 transgenic lines contained much larger endosperm volume and higher starch levels than those of the controls in the mature grains, leading to increased brown grain weights by 15–19%. Hence, the results have demonstrated that OsSUS overexpression could significantly improve hull size and grain weight by dynamically regulating cell division and starch accumulation in the transgenic rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfen Fan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Guangya Wang
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Youmei Wang
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Ran Zhang
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yanting Wang
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Shengqiu Feng
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Keming Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Liangcai Peng
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Li M, Wang S, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Ren M, Liu L, Lu T, Wei H, Wei Z. Overexpression of PsnSuSy1, 2 genes enhances secondary cell wall thickening, vegetative growth, and mechanical strength in transgenic tobacco. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:215-230. [PMID: 31053988 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00850-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Two homologs PsnSuSy1 and PsnSuSy2 from poplar played largely similar but little distinct roles in modulating sink strength, accelerating vegetative growth and modifying secondary growth of plant. Co-overexpression of them together resulted in small but perceptible additive effects. Sucrose synthase (SuSy) acts as a crucial determinant of sink strength by controlling the conversion of sucrose into UDP-glucose, which is not only the sole precursor for cellulose biosynthesis but also an extracellular signaling molecule for plants growth. Therefore, modification of SuSy activity in plants is of utmost importance. We have isolated two SuSy genes from poplar, PsnSuSy1 and PsnSuSy2, which were preferentially expressed in secondary xylem/phloem. To investigate their functions, T2 tobacco transgenic lines of PsnSuSy1 and PsnSuSy2 were generated and then crossed to generate PsnSuSy1/PsnSuSy2 dual overexpression transgenic lines. SuSy activities in all lines were significantly increased though PsnSuSy1/PsnSuSy2 lines only exhibited slightly higher SuSy activities than either PsnSuSy1 or PsnSuSy2 lines. The significantly increased fructose and glucose, engendered by augmented SuSy activities, caused the alternations of many physiological, biochemical measures and phenotypic traits that include accelerated vegetative growth, thickened secondary cell wall, and increased stem breaking force, accompanied with altered expression levels of related pathway genes. The correlation relationships between SuSy activities and many of these traits were statistically significant. However, differences of almost all traits among three types of transgenic lines were insignificant. These findings clearly demonstrated that PsnSuSy1 and PsnSuSy2 had similar but little distinct functions and insubstantial additive effects on modulating sink strength and affecting allocation of carbon elements among secondary cell wall components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Menxuan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lulu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hairong Wei
- School of Forest Resource and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Zhigang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China.
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Thirugnanasambandam PP, Mason PJ, Hoang NV, Furtado A, Botha FC, Henry RJ. Analysis of the diversity and tissue specificity of sucrose synthase genes in the long read transcriptome of sugarcane. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:160. [PMID: 31023213 PMCID: PMC6485122 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1733-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sugarcane accumulates very high levels of sucrose in the culm. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms that allows such high sucrose synthesis and accumulation (up to 650 mM) is made difficult by the complexity of the highly polyploid genome. Here we report the use of RNA Seq data to characterize the sucrose synthase (SuSy) genes expressed in the transcriptome of the mature sugarcane plant. RESULTS Four SuSy gene families were identified in the sugarcane Iso-Seq long read transcriptome (SUGIT) through gene annotation of transcripts that mapped to reference SuSy genes from sorghum and maize. In total, 38, 19, 14, and 2 transcripts were identified for the four corresponding SuSy genes 1, 2, 4 and 7, respectively. Comparative studies using available SuSy genes from sorghum (1, 2, 4, 6, 7) and maize (1-7) revealed that the sugarcane SuSy genes were interrupted by multiple introns and that they share a highly conserved gene structure. Spatial expression of the four SuSy genes in sugarcane genotypes and in the progenitor species, Saccharum spontaneum and Saccharum officinarum, was studied in the leaf and root tissues and also in three regions of the culm tissue; top, middle and bottom internodes. Expression profiles indicated that all SuSy transcripts were differentially expressed between the top and bottom tissues, with high expression in the top tissues, lower expression in the bottom and moderate expression in the middle, indicating a gradient of SuSy activity in the sugarcane culm. Further, the root tissue had similar expression levels to that of the top internodes while leaf tissues showed lower expression. In the progenitors, SuSy7 was found to be highly expressed in S. officinarum while the other three SuSy genes had moderate expression in both the progenitors. CONCLUSIONS The high expression of the SuSy genes in sink tissues, the top internodes and the roots suggests functional roles in sucrose utilization to support growth. The SuSy7 gene has not been previously reported in sugarcane. As sugarcane is unique in storing such high amounts of sucrose, it is possible that there are more SuSy genes/isoforms with specific expression patterns to be discovered in this complex system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathima P Thirugnanasambandam
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, India
| | - Patrick J Mason
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Nam V Hoang
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Agnelo Furtado
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Frederik C Botha
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
- Sugar Research Australia, Indooroopilly, Queensland, 4068, Australia
| | - Robert J Henry
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
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Koramutla MK, Ram C, Bhatt D, Annamalai M, Bhattacharya R. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of sucrose synthase genes in allotetraploid Brassica juncea. Gene 2019; 707:126-135. [PMID: 31026572 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sucrose plays pivotal role in energy metabolism and regulating gene expression of several physiological processes in higher plants. Here, fourteen sucrose synthase (SUS) genes have been identified in the allotetraploid genome of Indian mustard, Brassica juncea. The identified SUS genes in B. juncea (BjSUS) were derived from the two-progenitor species, B. rapa and B. nigra. Intron-exon analysis indicated loss or gain of 1-3 introns in diversification of SUS gene family. Phylogenetic analysis revealed discrete evolutionary paths for the BjSUS genes, originating from three ancestor groups, SUS I, SUS II and SUS III. Gene expression study revealed significant variability in expression of the BjSUS paralogs across the different tissues. BjSUS genes showed transcriptional activation in response to defense hormones and a late response to wounding. Tissue and temporal specificity of expression revealed importance of specific SUS paralogs at different developmental stages and under different stress conditions. The study highlighted differential involvement of SUS paralogs in sucrose metabolism across the tissues and stress-responses, in a major oilseed crop B. juncea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Krishna Koramutla
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Chet Ram
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Deepa Bhatt
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Muthuganeshan Annamalai
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Ramcharan Bhattacharya
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi 110012, India.
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Nowicka B. Target genes for plant productivity improvement. J Biotechnol 2019; 298:21-34. [PMID: 30978366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, as well as the development of high-yielding varieties enabled substantial increase in crop productivity during the 20th century. However, the increase in yield over the last two decades has been slower. It is thought that further improvement in productivity of the major crop species using traditional cultivation methods is limited. Therefore, the use of genetic engineering seems to be a promising approach. There is ongoing research concerning genes that have an impact on plant growth, development and yield. The proteins and miRNAs encoded by these genes participate in a variety of processes, such as growth regulation, assimilate transport and partitioning as well as macronutrient uptake and metabolism. This paper presents the major directions in research concerning genes that may be targets of genetic engineering aimed to improve plant productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrycze Nowicka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
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Fan J, Wang H, Li X, Sui X, Zhang Z. Down-Regulating Cucumber Sucrose Synthase 4 (CsSUS4) Suppresses the Growth and Development of Flowers and Fruits. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:752-764. [PMID: 30590818 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose synthase (SUS), which catalyzes the reversible conversion of sucrose and uridine diphosphate (UDP) into fructose and UDP-glucose, is a key enzyme in sucrose metabolism in higher plants. In this study, we used reverse genetic approaches and carbohydrate analysis to investigate the role of cucumber sucrose synthase gene 4 (CsSUS4) in the growth and development of sink organs. Transcript analyses showed that CsSUS4 was predominantly expressed in sink organs, particularly in flowers, fruits and roots, and that CsSUS4 protein was localized to companion cells and phloem parenchyma cells. Down-regulation of CsSUS4 expression resulted in a decrease in SUS activity in conjunction with lower hexose, starch and cellulose contents in fruits, and led to an overall reduction in the size and weight of flowers and fruits. Furthermore, CsSUS4 overexpression (OE) lines exhibited increased carbohydrate content, and larger and heavier flowers and fruits. The numbers of multi-petal flowers and multi-carpel fruits were greater in CsSUS4-OE plants compared with wild type and were regulated by MADS-box transcription factor. These results demonstrate that CsSUS4 plays important roles in the growth and development of cucumber flowers and fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyun Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolei Sui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenxian Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Abelenda JA, Bergonzi S, Oortwijn M, Sonnewald S, Du M, Visser RGF, Sonnewald U, Bachem CWB. Source-Sink Regulation Is Mediated by Interaction of an FT Homolog with a SWEET Protein in Potato. Curr Biol 2019; 29:1178-1186.e6. [PMID: 30905604 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Potato plants form tuberous storage organs on underground modified stems called stolons. Tubers are rich in starch, proteins, and other important nutrients, making potato one of the most important staple food crops. The timing of tuber development in wild potato is regulated by day length through a mechanism that is closely related to floral transition [1, 2]. Tuberization is also known to be regulated by the availability of assimilates, in particular sucrose, the transported form of sugar, required for starch synthesis. During the onset of tuber development, the mode of sucrose unloading switches from apoplastic to symplastic [3]. Here, we show that this switch may be mediated by the interaction between the tuberization-specific FT homolog StSP6A and the sucrose efflux transporter StSWEET11 [4]. The binding of StSP6A to StSWEET11 blocked the leakage of sucrose to the apoplast, and is therefore likely to promote symplastic sucrose transport. The direct physical interaction between StSWEET11 and StSP6A proteins represents a link between the sugar and photoperiodic pathways for the regulation of potato tuber formation. Our data suggest that a previously undiscovered function for the FT family of proteins extends their role as mobile signals to mediators of source-sink partitioning, opening the possibility for modifying source-sink interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Abelenda
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sara Bergonzi
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marian Oortwijn
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sophia Sonnewald
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Miru Du
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, the Netherlands; Inner Mongolia Potato Engineering & Technology Research Centre, Inner Mongolia University, West College Road 235, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Richard G F Visser
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Uwe Sonnewald
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian W B Bachem
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Stein O, Granot D. An Overview of Sucrose Synthases in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:95. [PMID: 30800137 PMCID: PMC6375876 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose is the end product of photosynthesis and the primary sugar transported in the phloem of most plants. Sucrose synthase (SuSy) is a glycosyl transferase enzyme that plays a key role in sugar metabolism, primarily in sink tissues. SuSy catalyzes the reversible cleavage of sucrose into fructose and either uridine diphosphate glucose (UDP-G) or adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADP-G). The products of sucrose cleavage by SuSy are available for many metabolic pathways, such as energy production, primary-metabolite production, and the synthesis of complex carbohydrates. SuSy proteins are usually homotetramers with an average monomeric molecular weight of about 90 kD (about 800 amino acids long). Plant SuSy isozymes are mainly located in the cytosol or adjacent to plasma membrane, but some SuSy proteins are found in the cell wall, vacuoles, and mitochondria. Plant SUS gene families are usually small, containing between four to seven genes, with distinct exon-intron structures. Plant SUS genes are divided into three separate clades, which are present in both monocots and dicots. A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis indicates that a first SUS duplication event may have occurred before the divergence of the gymnosperms and angiosperms and a second duplication event probably occurred in a common angiosperm ancestor, leading to the existence of all three clades in both monocots and dicots. Plants with reduced SuSy activity have been shown to have reduced growth, reduced starch, cellulose or callose synthesis, reduced tolerance to anaerobic-stress conditions and altered shoot apical meristem function and leaf morphology. Plants overexpressing SUS have shown increased growth, increased xylem area and xylem cell-wall width, and increased cellulose and starch contents, making SUS high-potential candidate genes for the improvement of agricultural traits in crop plants. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding plant SuSy, including newly discovered possible developmental roles for SuSy in meristem functioning that involve sugar and hormonal signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Granot
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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Decker D, Kleczkowski LA. UDP-Sugar Producing Pyrophosphorylases: Distinct and Essential Enzymes With Overlapping Substrate Specificities, Providing de novo Precursors for Glycosylation Reactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 9:1822. [PMID: 30662444 PMCID: PMC6329318 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide sugars are the key precursors for all glycosylation reactions and are required both for oligo- and polysaccharides synthesis and protein and lipid glycosylation. Among all nucleotide sugars, UDP-sugars are the most important precursors for biomass production in nature (e.g., synthesis of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectins for cell wall production). Several recent studies have already suggested a potential role for UDP-Glc in plant growth and development, and UDP-Glc has also been suggested as a signaling molecule, in addition to its precursor function. In this review, we will cover primary mechanisms of formation of UDP-sugars, by focusing on UDP-sugar metabolizing pyrophosphorylases. The pyrophosphorylases can be divided into three families: UDP-Glc pyrophosphorylase (UGPase), UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase (USPase), and UDP-N-acetyl glucosamine pyrophosphorylase (UAGPase), which can be distinguished both by their amino acid sequences and by differences in substrate specificity. Substrate specificities of these enzymes are discussed, along with structure-function relationships, based on their crystal structures and homology modeling. Earlier studies with transgenic plants have revealed that each of the pyrophosphorylases is essential for plant survival, and their loss or a decrease in activity results in reproductive impairment. This constitutes a problem when studying exact in vivo roles of the enzymes using classical reverse genetics approaches. Thus, strategies involving the use of specific inhibitors (reverse chemical genetics) are also discussed. Further characterization of the properties/roles of pyrophosphorylases should address fundamental questions dealing with mechanisms and control of carbohydrate synthesis and may allow to identify targets for manipulation of biomass production in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leszek A. Kleczkowski
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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63
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Bahaji A, Muñoz FJ, Seguí-Simarro JM, Camacho-Fernández C, Rivas-Sendra A, Parra-Vega V, Ovecka M, Li J, Sánchez-López ÁM, Almagro G, Baroja-Fernández E, Pozueta-Romero J. Mitochondrial Zea mays Brittle1-1 Is a Major Determinant of the Metabolic Fate of Incoming Sucrose and Mitochondrial Function in Developing Maize Endosperms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:242. [PMID: 30915089 PMCID: PMC6423154 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Zea mays Brittle1-1 (ZmBT1-1) is an essential component of the starch biosynthetic machinery in maize endosperms, enabling ADPglucose transport from cytosol to amyloplast in exchange for AMP or ADP. Although ZmBT1-1 has been long considered to be an amyloplast-specific marker, evidence has been provided that ZmBT1-1 is dually localized to plastids and mitochondria (Bahaji et al., 2011b). The mitochondrial localization of ZmBT1-1 suggested that this protein may have as-yet unidentified function(s). To understand the mitochondrial ZmBT1-1 function(s), we produced and characterized transgenic Zmbt1-1 plants expressing ZmBT1-1 delivered specifically to mitochondria. Metabolic and differential proteomic analyses showed down-regulation of sucrose synthase (SuSy)-mediated channeling of sucrose into starch metabolism, and up-regulation of the conversion of sucrose breakdown products generated by cell wall invertase (CWI) into ethanol and alanine, in Zmbt1-1 endosperms compared to wild-type. Electron microscopic analyses of Zmbt1-1 endosperm cells showed gross alterations in the mitochondrial ultrastructure. Notably, the protein expression pattern, metabolic profile, and aberrant mitochondrial ultrastructure of Zmbt1-1 endosperms were rescued by delivering ZmBT1-1 specifically to mitochondria. Results presented here provide evidence that the reduced starch content in Zmbt1-1 endosperms is at least partly due to (i) mitochondrial dysfunction, (ii) enhanced CWI-mediated channeling of sucrose into ethanol and alanine metabolism, and (iii) reduced SuSy-mediated channeling of sucrose into starch metabolism due to the lack of mitochondrial ZmBT1-1. Our results also strongly indicate that (a) mitochondrial ZmBT1-1 is an important determinant of the metabolic fate of sucrose entering the endosperm cells, and (b) plastidic ZmBT1-1 is not the sole ADPglucose transporter in maize endosperm amyloplasts. The possible involvement of mitochondrial ZmBT1-1 in exchange between intramitochondrial AMP and cytosolic ADP is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellatif Bahaji
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Gobierno de Navarra, Navarra, Spain
| | - Francisco José Muñoz
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Gobierno de Navarra, Navarra, Spain
| | - Jose María Seguí-Simarro
- COMAV - Institute for Conservation & Improvement of Valencian Agrodiversity, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carolina Camacho-Fernández
- COMAV - Institute for Conservation & Improvement of Valencian Agrodiversity, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alba Rivas-Sendra
- COMAV - Institute for Conservation & Improvement of Valencian Agrodiversity, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Verónica Parra-Vega
- COMAV - Institute for Conservation & Improvement of Valencian Agrodiversity, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miroslav Ovecka
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Gobierno de Navarra, Navarra, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Jun Li
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Gobierno de Navarra, Navarra, Spain
- College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ángela María Sánchez-López
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Gobierno de Navarra, Navarra, Spain
| | - Goizeder Almagro
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Gobierno de Navarra, Navarra, Spain
| | - Edurne Baroja-Fernández
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Gobierno de Navarra, Navarra, Spain
| | - Javier Pozueta-Romero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Gobierno de Navarra, Navarra, Spain
- *Correspondence: Javier Pozueta-Romero
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64
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Nowicka B, Ciura J, Szymańska R, Kruk J. Improving photosynthesis, plant productivity and abiotic stress tolerance - current trends and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 231:415-433. [PMID: 30412849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
With unfavourable climate changes and an increasing global population, there is a great need for more productive and stress-tolerant crops. As traditional methods of crop improvement have probably reached their limits, a further increase in the productivity of crops is expected to be possible using genetic engineering. The number of potential genes and metabolic pathways, which when genetically modified could result in improved photosynthesis and biomass production, is multiple. Photosynthesis, as the only source of carbon required for the growth and development of plants, attracts much attention is this respect, especially the question concerning how to improve CO2 fixation and limit photorespiration. The most promising direction for increasing CO2 assimilation is implementating carbon concentrating mechanisms found in cyanobacteria and algae into crop plants, while hitherto performed experiments on improving the CO2 fixation versus oxygenation reaction catalyzed by Rubisco are less encouraging. On the other hand, introducing the C4 pathway into C3 plants is a very difficult challenge. Among other points of interest for increased biomass production is engineering of metabolic regulation, certain proteins, nucleic acids or phytohormones. In this respect, enhanced sucrose synthesis, assimilate translocation to sink organs and starch synthesis is crucial, as is genetic engineering of the phytohormone metabolism. As abiotic stress tolerance is one of the key factors determining crop productivity, extensive studies are being undertaken to develop transgenic plants characterized by elevated stress resistance. This can be accomplished due to elevated synthesis of antioxidants, osmoprotectants and protective proteins. Among other promising targets for the genetic engineering of plants with elevated stress resistance are transcription factors that play a key role in abiotic stress responses of plants. In this review, most of the approaches to improving the productivity of plants that are potentially promising and have already been undertaken are described. In addition to this, the limitations faced, potential challenges and possibilities regarding future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrycze Nowicka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Joanna Ciura
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Renata Szymańska
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Reymonta 19, 30-059 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Kruk
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
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65
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Kumar P, Garrido E, Zhao K, Zheng Y, Alseekh S, Vargas-Ortiz E, Fernie AR, Fei Z, Poveda K, Jander G. Tecia solanivora infestation increases tuber starch accumulation in Pastusa Suprema potatoes. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 60:1083-1096. [PMID: 29888549 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In response to infestation with larvae of the Guatemalan tuber moth (Tecia solanivora), some Solanum tuberosum (potato) varieties exhibit an overcompensation response, whereby the total dry mass of uninfested tubers is increased. Here, we describe early responses, within the first few days, of T. solanivora feeding, in the Colombian potato variety Pastusa Suprema. Non-targeted metabolite profiling showed significant secondary metabolism changes in T. solanivora-infested tubers, but not in uninfested systemic tubers. In contrast, changes in primary metabolism were greater in uninfested systemic tubers than in the infested tubers, with a notable 80% decline in systemic tuber sucrose levels within 1 d of T. solanivora infestation. This suggested either decreased sucrose transport from the leaves or increased sink strength, i.e., more rapid sucrose to starch conversion in the tubers. Increased sucrose synthesis was indicated by higher rubisco activase and lower starch synthase gene expression in the leaves of infested plants. Elevated sink strength was demonstrated by 45% more total starch deposition in systemic tubers of T. solanivora-infested plants compared to uninfested control plants. Thus, rather than investing in increased defense of uninfested tubers, Pastusa Suprema promotes deposition of photoassimilates in the form of starch as a response to T. solanivora infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Kumar
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Etzel Garrido
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Kun Zhao
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Erandi Vargas-Ortiz
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Katja Poveda
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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66
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Hastilestari BR, Lorenz J, Reid S, Hofmann J, Pscheidt D, Sonnewald U, Sonnewald S. Deciphering source and sink responses of potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) to elevated temperatures. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:2600-2616. [PMID: 29869794 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Potato is an important staple food with increasing popularity worldwide. Elevated temperatures significantly impair tuber yield and quality. Breeding heat-tolerant cultivars is therefore an urgent need to ensure sustainable potato production in the future. An integrated approach combining physiology, biochemistry, and molecular biology was undertaken to contribute to a better understanding of heat effects on source- (leaves) and sink-organs (tubers) in a heat-susceptible cultivar. An experimental set-up was designed allowing tissue-specific heat application. Elevated day and night (29°C/27°C) temperatures impaired photosynthesis and assimilate production. Biomass allocation shifted away from tubers towards leaves indicating reduced sink strength of developing tubers. Reduced sink strength of tubers was paralleled by decreased sucrose synthase activity and expression under elevated temperatures. Heat-mediated inhibition of tuber growth coincided with a decreased expression of the phloem-mobile tuberization signal SP6A in leaves. SP6A expression and photosynthesis were also affected, when only the belowground space was heated, and leaves were kept under control conditions. By contrast, the negative effects on tuber metabolism were attenuated, when only the shoot was subjected to elevated temperatures. This, together with transcriptional changes discussed, indicated a bidirectional communication between leaves and tubers to adjust the source capacity and/or sink strength to environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadetta Rina Hastilestari
- Department of Biology, Chair of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Lorenz
- Department of Biology, Chair of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephen Reid
- Department of Biology, Chair of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg Hofmann
- Department of Biology, Chair of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - David Pscheidt
- Department of Biology, Chair of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Uwe Sonnewald
- Department of Biology, Chair of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sophia Sonnewald
- Department of Biology, Chair of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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67
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Pérez L, Soto E, Villorbina G, Bassie L, Medina V, Muñoz P, Capell T, Zhu C, Christou P, Farré G. CRISPR/Cas9-induced monoallelic mutations in the cytosolic AGPase large subunit gene APL2 induce the ectopic expression of APL2 and the corresponding small subunit gene APS2b in rice leaves. Transgenic Res 2018; 27:423-439. [PMID: 30099722 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-018-0089-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The first committed step in the endosperm starch biosynthetic pathway is catalyzed by the cytosolic glucose-1-phosphate adenylyl transferase (AGPase) comprising large and small subunits encoded by the OsAPL2 and OsAPS2b genes, respectively. OsAPL2 is expressed solely in the endosperm so we hypothesized that mutating this gene would block starch biosynthesis in the endosperm without affecting the leaves. We used CRISPR/Cas9 to create two heterozygous mutants, one with a severely truncated and nonfunctional AGPase and the other with a C-terminal structural modification causing a partial loss of activity. Unexpectedly, we observed starch depletion in the leaves of both mutants and a corresponding increase in the level of soluble sugars. This reflected the unanticipated expression of both OsAPL2 and OsAPS2b in the leaves, generating a complete ectopic AGPase in the leaf cytosol, and a corresponding decrease in the expression of the plastidial small subunit OsAPS2a that was only partially complemented by an increase in the expression of OsAPS1. The new cytosolic AGPase was not sufficient to compensate for the loss of plastidial AGPase, most likely because there is no wider starch biosynthesis pathway in the leaf cytosol and because pathway intermediates are not shuttled between the two compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Pérez
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, School of Agrifood and Forestry Science and Engineering (ETSEA), University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Erika Soto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - Gemma Villorbina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - Ludovic Bassie
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, School of Agrifood and Forestry Science and Engineering (ETSEA), University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Vicente Medina
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, School of Agrifood and Forestry Science and Engineering (ETSEA), University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Pilar Muñoz
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, School of Agrifood and Forestry Science and Engineering (ETSEA), University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Teresa Capell
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, School of Agrifood and Forestry Science and Engineering (ETSEA), University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Changfu Zhu
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, School of Agrifood and Forestry Science and Engineering (ETSEA), University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Paul Christou
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, School of Agrifood and Forestry Science and Engineering (ETSEA), University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain. .,Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Gemma Farré
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, School of Agrifood and Forestry Science and Engineering (ETSEA), University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain.
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68
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Sonnewald U, Fernie AR. Next-generation strategies for understanding and influencing source-sink relations in crop plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 43:63-70. [PMID: 29428477 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Whether plants are source or sink limited, that is, whether carbon assimilation or rather assimilate usage is ultimately responsible for crop yield, has been the subject of intense debate over several decades. Here we provide a short review of this debate before focusing on the use of transgenic intervention as a means to influence yield by modifying either source or sink function (or both). Given the relatively low success rates of strategies targeting single genes we highlight the success of multi-target transformations. The emergence of whole plant models and the potential impact that these will have in aiding yield improvement strategies are then discussed. We end by providing our perspective for next generation strategies for improving crop plants by means of manipulating their source-sink relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Sonnewald
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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69
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Ethylene Responsive Factor MeERF72 Negatively Regulates Sucrose synthase 1 Gene in Cassava. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051281. [PMID: 29693589 PMCID: PMC5983797 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cassava, an important food and industrial crop globally, is characterized by its powerful starch accumulation in its storage root. However, the underlying molecular mechanism for this feature remains unclear. Sucrose synthase initializes the conversion of sucrose to starch, and, to a certain extent, its enzyme activity can represent sink strength. To understand the modulation of MeSus gene family, the relatively high expressed member in storage root, MeSus1, its promoter was used as bait to screen cassava storage root full-length cDNA library through a yeast one-hybrid system. An ethylene responsive factor cDNA, designated as MeERF72 according to its homolog in Arabidopsis, was screened out. The transcript level of MeERF72 was induced by ethylene, drought, and salt treatments and repressed by abscisic acid, Auxin, gibberellin, salicylic acid, and low and high temperatures. The MeERF72 protein has a conserved APETALA2 domain in its N-terminus and an activated domain of 30 amino acids in its C-terminus, can bind to MeSus1 promoter in vitro and in vivo, and represses the promoter activity of MeSus1. MeERF72 is a transcription factor that can negatively regulate the expression level of MeSus1 in cassava.
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70
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Jiménez MD, de Torre R, Mola I, Casado MA, Balaguer L. Local plant responses to global problems: Dactylis glomerata responses to different traffic pollutants on roadsides. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 212:440-449. [PMID: 29455152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The growing number of road vehicles is a major source of regional and global atmospheric pollution increasing concentrations of CO2 in the air, and levels of metals in air and soil. Nevertheless, the effects of these pollutants on plants growing at roadsides are poorly documented. We carried out an observational study of unmanipulated plants growing by the road, to identify the morpho-physiological responses in a perennial grass Dactylis glomerata. Firstly, we wanted to know the general effect of traffic intensity and ambient CO2 and its interactions on different plant traits. Accordingly, we analyzed the photosynthetic response by field A/Ci Response Curves, SLA, pigment pools, foliar nitrogen, carbohydrates and morphological traits in plants at three distances to the road. Secondly, we wanted to know if Dactylis glomerata plants can accumulate metals present on the roadside (Pb, Zn, Cu, and Sr) in their tissues and rhizosphere, and the effect of these metals on morphological traits. The MANCOVA whole model results shown: 1) a significant effect of road ambient CO2 concentration on morphological traits (not affected by traffic intensity, P interaction CO2 x traffic intensity>0.05), that was mainly driven by a significant negative relationship between the inflorescence number and ambient CO2; 2) a positive and significant relationship between ambient CO2 and the starch content in leaves (unaffected by traffic intensity); 3) a reduction in Jmax (electron transport rate) at high traffic intensity. These lines of evidences suggest a decreased photosynthetic capacity due to high traffic intensity and high levels of ambient CO2. In addition, Pb, Cu, Zn and Sr were detected in Dactylis glomerata tissues, and Cu accumulated in roots. Finally, we observed that Dactylis glomerata individuals growing at the roadside under high levels of CO2 and in the presence of metal pollutants, reduced their production of inflorescences.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Jiménez
- Department of Ecology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.
| | - R de Torre
- Department of Ecology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - I Mola
- Department of Plant Biology I, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Department of Research, Development and Innovation, OHL, Madrid, Spain
| | - M A Casado
- Department of Ecology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Balaguer
- Department of Plant Biology I, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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71
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Ahmed S, Zhou X, Pang Y, Jin L, Bao J. Improving Starch‐Related Traits in Potato Crops: Achievements and Future Challenges. STARCH-STARKE 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201700113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman Ahmed
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural ScienceCollege of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHuajiachi CampusHangzhou310029China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural ScienceCollege of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHuajiachi CampusHangzhou310029China
| | - Yuehan Pang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural ScienceCollege of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHuajiachi CampusHangzhou310029China
| | - Liping Jin
- Department of PotatoInstitute of Vegetables and FlowersChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100081China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Tuber and Root CropMinistry of AgricultureBeijing100081P.R. China
| | - Jinsong Bao
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural ScienceCollege of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHuajiachi CampusHangzhou310029China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Tuber and Root CropMinistry of AgricultureBeijing100081P.R. China
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72
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Liu YJ, Wang GL, Ma J, Xu ZS, Wang F, Xiong AS. Transcript profiling of sucrose synthase genes involved in sucrose metabolism among four carrot (Daucus carota L.) cultivars reveals distinct patterns. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:8. [PMID: 29304728 PMCID: PMC5756371 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1221-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carrot which contains lots of nutrients has a large demand around the world. The soluble sugar content in fleshy root of carrot directly influences its taste and quality. Sucrose, as an important member of soluble sugar, is the main product of photosynthesis in higher plants and it plays pivotal roles in physiological processes including energy supply, signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, starch and cellulose synthesis, and stress tolerance. Sucrose synthase is a key enzyme involved in sucrose metabolism and is closely related to sucrose content. However, the molecular mechanism involved in sucrose metabolism in carrot has lagged behind. RESULTS Here, carrot roots of five developmental stages from four carrot cultivars were collected, and the contents of soluble sugar and sucrose in different stages and cultivars were surveyed. Three DcSus genes (DcSus1, DcSus2, and DcSus3), with lengths of 2427 bp, 2454 bp and 2628 bp, respectively, were identified and cloned in carrot. Phylogenetic analysis from the deduced amino acid sequences suggested that three DcSus were clustered into three distinct groups (SUSI, II and III). Results of enzymatic profiles demonstrated that the DcSus activities showed decrease trends during taproot development. Correlation analysis indicated that the DcSus activity showed negative correlation with soluble sugar content and strong negative correlation with sucrose concentration. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that the expression profiles of the DcSus genes are significantly different in carrot tissues (root, leaf blade, and petiole), and the expression levels of the DcSus genes in the leaf blade were much higher than that in the root and petiole. The expression profiles of DcSus genes showed strong negative correlation with both sucrose content and soluble sugar content. CONCLUSIONS During carrot root development, the soluble sugar content and sucrose content showed increasing trends, while DcSus activities had persisting declinations, which may be due to the decreasing expression levels of genes encoding sucrose synthase. Our data demonstrate that synthesis of sucrose in carrot tissue is closely related with DcSus genes. The results from our study would not only provide effective insights of sucrose metabolism in carrot, but also are beneficial for biologists to improve carrot quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Guang-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Jing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Ai-Sheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095 China
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73
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Xie Y, Xu L, Wang Y, Fan L, Chen Y, Tang M, Luo X, Liu L. Comparative proteomic analysis provides insight into a complex regulatory network of taproot formation in radish ( Raphanus sativus L.). HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2018; 5:51. [PMID: 30302255 PMCID: PMC6165848 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-018-0057-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The fleshy taproot of radish is an important storage organ determining its yield and quality. Taproot thickening is a complex developmental process in radish. However, the molecular mechanisms governing this process remain unclear at the proteome level. In this study, a comparative proteomic analysis was performed to analyze the proteome changes at three developmental stages of taproot thickening using iTRAQ approach. In total, 1862 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified from 6342 high-confidence proteins, among which 256 up-regulated proteins displayed overlapped accumulation in S1 (pre-cortex splitting stage) vs. S2 (cortex splitting stage) and S1 vs. S3 (expanding stage) pairs, whereas 122 up-regulated proteins displayed overlapped accumulation in S1 vs. S3 and S2 vs. S3 pairs. Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analysis showed that these DEPs were mainly involved in several processes such as "starch and sucrose metabolism", "plant hormone signal transduction", and "biosynthesis of secondary metabolites". A high concordance existed between iTRAQ and RT-qPCR at the mRNA expression levels. Furthermore, association analysis showed that 187, 181, and 96 DEPs were matched with their corresponding differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in S1 vs. S2, S1 vs. S3, and S2 vs. S3 comparison, respectively. Notably, several functional proteins including cell division cycle 5-like protein (CDC5), expansin B1 (EXPB1), and xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase protein 24 (XTH24) were responsible for cell division and expansion during radish taproot thickening process. These results could facilitate a better understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying taproot thickening, and provide valuable information for the identification of critical genes/proteins responsible for taproot thickening in root vegetable crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (East China) of MOA, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 PR China
| | - Liang Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (East China) of MOA, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (East China) of MOA, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 PR China
| | - Lianxue Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (East China) of MOA, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 PR China
| | - Yinglong Chen
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001 Australia
| | - Mingjia Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (East China) of MOA, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 PR China
| | - Xiaobo Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (East China) of MOA, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 PR China
| | - Liwang Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (East China) of MOA, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 PR China
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74
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Li C, Powell PO, Gilbert RG. Recent progress toward understanding the role of starch biosynthetic enzymes in the cereal endosperm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/amylase-2017-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractStarch from cereal endosperm is a major energy source for many mammals. The synthesis of this starch involves a number of different enzymes whose mode of action is still not completely understood. ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase is involved in the synthesis of starch monomer (ADP-glucose), a process, which almost exclusively takes place in the cytosol. ADPglucose is then transported into the amyloplast and incorporated into starch granules by starch synthase, starch-branching enzyme and debranching enzyme. Additional enzymes, including starch phosphorylase and disproportionating enzyme, may be also involved in the formation of starch granules, although their exact functions are still obscure. Interactions between these enzymes in the form of functional complexes have been proposed and investigated, resulting more complicated starch biosynthetic pathways. An overall picture and recent advances in understanding of the functions of these enzymes is summarized in this review to provide insights into how starch granules are synthesized in cereal endosperm.
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75
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Goren S, Lugassi N, Stein O, Yeselson Y, Schaffer AA, David-Schwartz R, Granot D. Suppression of sucrose synthase affects auxin signaling and leaf morphology in tomato. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182334. [PMID: 28787452 PMCID: PMC5546705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic enzymes have been found to play roles in plant development. Sucrose synthase (SUS) is one of the two enzyme families involved in sucrose cleavage in plants. In tomato, six SUS genes have been found. We generated transgenic tomato plants with RNAi suppression of SlSUS1, SlSUS3 and SlSUS4 genes. Independent transgenic lines with RNAi suppression of more than one SUS gene exhibited morphological effects on their cotyledons and leaf structure, but there were no significant effects on their carbohydrate levels, demonstrating that SUS has a developmental function, in addition to its metabolic function. Shoot apices of the transgenic lines showed elevated expression of JAGGED (JAG) and the auxin transporter PIN1. In a PIN1-GFP fusion reporter/SUS-RNAi hybrid, PIN1-GFP patterns were altered in developing leaves (as compared to control plants), indicating that SlSUS suppression alters auxin signaling. These results suggest possible roles for SUS in the regulation of plant growth and leaf morphology, in association with the auxin-signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomo Goren
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Nitsan Lugassi
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Ofer Stein
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Yelena Yeselson
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Arthur A. Schaffer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Rakefet David-Schwartz
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - David Granot
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
- * E-mail:
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76
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Van Harsselaar JK, Lorenz J, Senning M, Sonnewald U, Sonnewald S. Genome-wide analysis of starch metabolism genes in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). BMC Genomics 2017; 18:37. [PMID: 28056783 PMCID: PMC5217216 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3381-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Starch is the principle constituent of potato tubers and is of considerable importance for food and non-food applications. Its metabolism has been subject of extensive research over the past decades. Despite its importance, a description of the complete inventory of genes involved in starch metabolism and their genome organization in potato plants is still missing. Moreover, mechanisms regulating the expression of starch genes in leaves and tubers remain elusive with regard to differences between transitory and storage starch metabolism, respectively. This study aimed at identifying and mapping the complete set of potato starch genes, and to study their expression pattern in leaves and tubers using different sets of transcriptome data. Moreover, we wanted to uncover transcription factors co-regulated with starch accumulation in tubers in order to get insight into the regulation of starch metabolism. Results We identified 77 genomic loci encoding enzymes involved in starch metabolism. Novel isoforms of many enzymes were found. Their analysis will help to elucidate mechanisms of starch biosynthesis and degradation. Expression analysis of starch genes led to the identification of tissue-specific isoenzymes suggesting differences in the transcriptional regulation of starch metabolism between potato leaf and tuber tissues. Selection of genes predominantly expressed in developing potato tubers and exhibiting an expression pattern indicative for a role in starch biosynthesis enabled the identification of possible transcriptional regulators of tuber starch biosynthesis by co-expression analysis. Conclusions This study provides the annotation of the complete set of starch metabolic genes in potato plants and their genomic localizations. Novel, so far undescribed, enzyme isoforms were revealed. Comparative transcriptome analysis enabled the identification of tuber- and leaf-specific isoforms of starch genes. This finding suggests distinct regulatory mechanisms in transitory and storage starch metabolism. Putative regulatory proteins of starch biosynthesis in potato tubers have been identified by co-expression and their expression was verified by quantitative RT-PCR. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3381-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K Van Harsselaar
- Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Lorenz
- Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Melanie Senning
- Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Uwe Sonnewald
- Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sophia Sonnewald
- Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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Abstract
Photosynthesis is central to all life on earth, providing not only oxygen but also organic compounds that are synthesized from atmospheric CO 2 and water using light energy as the driving force. The still-increasing world population poses a serious challenge to further enhance biomass production of crop plants. Crop yield is determined by various parameters, inter alia by the light energy conversion efficiency of the photosynthetic machinery. Photosynthesis can be looked at from different perspectives: (i) light reactions and carbon assimilation, (ii) leaves and canopy structure, and (ii) source-sink relationships. In this review, we discuss opportunities and prospects to increase photosynthetic performance at the different layers, taking into account the recent progress made in the respective fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf-Ingo Flügge
- Cologne Biocenter, Botanical Institute II and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Westhoff
- Department of Biology and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dario Leister
- Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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78
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Ludewig F, Sonnewald U. Demand for food as driver for plant sink development. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 203:110-115. [PMID: 27316916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Starting with the first humans settling down to build their lives on agriculture and stock breeding, the development of food and feed became tremendously important. With increasing population, in particular boosted by industrialization, the need for more food rose further. One way to cope with the needs of people was to open up new and optimize already existing resources like the introduction of potato into the European population's diet and the development of grasses to high-yielding cereals, respectively. The process of plant improvement is still ongoing. Nowadays, yield enhancement is still an important breeding aim for several plant species as world population further increases, especially in less developed regions. However, in addition to quantity improvement, food quality is in the focus to prevent human malnutrition and resulting diseases or early death. In this review we will give a brief historical overview on how plants were developed to nourish the population and will discuss more recent approaches to secure sufficient food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Ludewig
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Uwe Sonnewald
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
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79
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Pasoreck EK, Su J, Silverman IM, Gosai SJ, Gregory BD, Yuan JS, Daniell H. Terpene metabolic engineering via nuclear or chloroplast genomes profoundly and globally impacts off-target pathways through metabolite signalling. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:1862-75. [PMID: 27507797 PMCID: PMC4980996 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The impact of metabolic engineering on nontarget pathways and outcomes of metabolic engineering from different genomes are poorly understood questions. Therefore, squalene biosynthesis genes FARNESYL DIPHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (FPS) and SQUALENE SYNTHASE (SQS) were engineered via the Nicotiana tabacum chloroplast (C), nuclear (N) or both (CN) genomes to promote squalene biosynthesis. SQS levels were ~4300-fold higher in C and CN lines than in N, but all accumulated ~150-fold higher squalene due to substrate or storage limitations. Abnormal leaf and flower phenotypes, including lower pollen production and reduced fertility, were observed regardless of the compartment or level of transgene expression. Substantial changes in metabolomes of all lines were observed: levels of 65-120 unrelated metabolites, including the toxic alkaloid nicotine, changed by as much as 32-fold. Profound effects of transgenesis on nontarget gene expression included changes in the abundance of 19 076 transcripts by up to 2000-fold in CN; 7784 transcripts by up to 1400-fold in N; and 5224 transcripts by as much as 2200-fold in C. Transporter-related transcripts were induced, and cell cycle-associated transcripts were disproportionally repressed in all three lines. Transcriptome changes were validated by qRT-PCR. The mechanism underlying these large changes likely involves metabolite-mediated anterograde and/or retrograde signalling irrespective of the level of transgene expression or end product, due to imbalance of metabolic pools, offering new insight into both anticipated and unanticipated consequences of metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise K Pasoreck
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jin Su
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ian M Silverman
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sager J Gosai
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian D Gregory
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joshua S Yuan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Henry Daniell
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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80
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Tang XJ, Peng C, Zhang J, Cai Y, You XM, Kong F, Yan HG, Wang GX, Wang L, Jin J, Chen WW, Chen XG, Ma J, Wang P, Jiang L, Zhang WW, Wan JM. ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase large subunit 2 is essential for storage substance accumulation and subunit interactions in rice endosperm. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 249:70-83. [PMID: 27297991 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) controls a rate-limiting step in the starch biosynthetic pathway in higher plants. Here we isolated a shrunken rice mutant w24. Map-based cloning identified OsAGPL2, a large subunit of the cytosolic AGPase in rice endosperm, as the gene responsible for the w24 mutation. In addition to severe inhibition of starch synthesis and significant accumulation of sugar, the w24 endosperm showed obvious defects in compound granule formation and storage protein synthesis. The defect in OsAGPL2 enhanced the expression levels of the AGPase family. Meanwhile, the elevated activities of starch phosphorylase 1 and sucrose synthase in the w24 endosperm might possibly partly account for the residual starch content in the mutant seeds. Moreover, the expression of OsAGPL2 and its counterpart, OsAGPS2b, was highly coordinated in rice endosperm. Yeast two-hybrid and BiFC assays verified direct interactions between OsAGPL2 and OsAGPS2b as well as OsAGPL1 and OsAGPS1, supporting the model for spatiotemporal complex formation of AGPase isoforms in rice endosperm. Besides, our data provided no evidence for the self-binding of OsAGPS2b, implying that OsAGPS2b might not interact to form higher molecular mass aggregates in the absence of OsAGPL2. Therefore, the molecular mechanism of rice AGPase assembly might differ from that of Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jie Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yue Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiao-Man You
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fei Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hai-Gang Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guo-Xiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jie Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wei-Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xin-Gang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jing Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wen-Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Jian-Min Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China; Institute of Crop Science, The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China.
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81
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Divergent Evolutionary Pattern of Sugar Transporter Genes is Associated with the Difference in Sugar Accumulation between Grasses and Eudicots. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29153. [PMID: 27356489 PMCID: PMC4928125 DOI: 10.1038/srep29153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sugars play a variety of roles in plants, and their accumulation in seeds and/or surrounding pericarp tissues is distinctly different between grasses and eudicots. However, little is known about the evolutionary pattern of genes involved in sugar accumulation in these two major groups of flowering plants. Here, we compared evolutionary rates, gene duplication, and selective patterns of genes involved in sugar metabolism and transport between grasses and eudicots using six grass species and seven eudicot species as materials. Overall, sugar transporter genes exhibit divergent evolutionary patterns, whereas, sugar metabolism genes showing similar evolutionary pattern between monocots and eudicots. Sugar transporter genes have higher frequencies of recent duplication in eudicots than in grasses and their patterns of evolutionary rate are different. Evidence for divergent selection of these two groups of flowering plants is also observed in sugar transporter genes, wherein, these genes have undergone positive selection in eudicots, but not in grasses. Taken together, these findings suggest that sugar transporter genes rather than sugar metabolism genes play important roles in sugar accumulation in plants, and that divergent evolutionary patterns of sugar transporter genes are associated with the difference of sugar accumulation in storage tissues of grasses and eudicots.
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Prezelj N, Covington E, Roitsch T, Gruden K, Fragner L, Weckwerth W, Chersicola M, Vodopivec M, Dermastia M. Metabolic Consequences of Infection of Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. "Modra frankinja" with Flavescence Dorée Phytoplasma. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:711. [PMID: 27242887 PMCID: PMC4876132 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Flavescence dorée, caused by the quarantine phytoplasma FDp, represents the most devastating of the grapevine yellows diseases in Europe. In an integrated study we have explored the FDp-grapevine interaction in infected grapevines of cv. "Modra frankinja" under natural conditions in the vineyard. In FDp-infected leaf vein-enriched tissues, the seasonal transcriptional profiles of 14 genes selected from various metabolic pathways showed an FDp-specific plant response compared to other grapevine yellows and uncovered a new association of the SWEET17a vacuolar transporter of fructose with pathogens. Non-targeted metabolome analysis from leaf vein-enriched tissues identified 22 significantly changed compounds with increased levels during infection. Several metabolites corroborated the gene expression study. Detailed investigation of the dynamics of carbohydrate metabolism revealed significant accumulation of sucrose and starch in the mesophyll of FDp-infected leaves, as well as significant up-regulation of genes involved in their biosynthesis. In addition, infected leaves had high activities of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and, more significantly, sucrose synthase. The data support the conclusion that FDp infection inhibits phloem transport, resulting in accumulation of carbohydrates and secondary metabolites that provoke a source-sink transition and defense response status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Prezelj
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of BiologyLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Elizabeth Covington
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of BiologyLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Thomas Roitsch
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of CopenhagenTaastrup, Denmark
- Global Change Research Centre, Czech Globe AS CR, v.v.i.Drásov, Czech Republic
| | - Kristina Gruden
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of BiologyLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lena Fragner
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Marko Chersicola
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of BiologyLjubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate SchoolLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Vodopivec
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of BiologyLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marina Dermastia
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of BiologyLjubljana, Slovenia
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83
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Daloso DM, Williams TCR, Antunes WC, Pinheiro DP, Müller C, Loureiro ME, Fernie AR. Guard cell-specific upregulation of sucrose synthase 3 reveals that the role of sucrose in stomatal function is primarily energetic. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:1470-83. [PMID: 26467445 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Isoform 3 of sucrose synthase (SUS3) is highly expressed in guard cells; however, the precise function of SUS3 in this cell type remains to be elucidated. Here, we characterized transgenic Nicotiana tabacum plants overexpressing SUS3 under the control of the stomatal-specific KST1 promoter, and investigated the changes in guard cell metabolism during the dark to light transition. Guard cell-specific SUS3 overexpression led to increased SUS activity, stomatal aperture, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, net photosynthetic rate and growth. Although only minor changes were observed in the metabolite profile in whole leaves, an increased fructose level and decreased organic acid levels and sucrose to fructose ratio were observed in guard cells of transgenic lines. Furthermore, guard cell sucrose content was lower during light-induced stomatal opening. In a complementary approach, we incubated guard cell-enriched epidermal fragments in (13) C-NaHCO3 and followed the redistribution of label during dark to light transitions; this revealed increased labeling in metabolites of, or associated with, the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The results suggest that sucrose breakdown is a mechanism to provide substrate for the provision of organic acids for respiration, and imply that manipulation of guard cell metabolism may represent an effective strategy for plant growth improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo M Daloso
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Thomas C R Williams
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de Brasilia, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Werner C Antunes
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Daniela P Pinheiro
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Caroline Müller
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Marcelo E Loureiro
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
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84
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Liu B, Zhang G, Murphy A, De Koeyer D, Tai H, Bizimungu B, Si H, Li XQ. Differences between the Bud End and Stem End of Potatoes in Dry Matter Content, Starch Granule Size, and Carbohydrate Metabolic Gene Expression at the Growing and Sprouting Stages. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:1176-84. [PMID: 26760673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Potatoes usually have the tuber bud end dominance in growth during tuber bulking and in tuber sprouting, likely using carbohydrates from the tuber stem end. We hypothesized that the tuber bud end and tuber stem end coordination in carbohydrate metabolism gene expression is different between the bulking dominance and sprouting dominance of the tuber bud end. After comparing the growing tubers at harvest from a green vine and the stage that sprouts just started to emerge after storage of tubers at room temperature, we found the following: (1) Dry matter content was higher in the tuber stem end than the tuber bud end at both stages. (2) The starch granule size was larger in the tuber bud end than in the tuber stem end. (3) The tuber bud end had higher gene expression for starch synthesis but a lower gene expression of sucrose transporters than the tuber stem end during tuber growing. (4) The tuber stem end at the sprouting stage showed more active gene expression in both starch degradation and resynthesis, suggesting more active export of carbohydrates, than the tuber bud end. The results indicate that the starch accumulation mechanism in the tuber bud end was different between field growing and post-harvest sprouting tubers and that tubers already increased dry matter and average starch granule sizes in the tuber bud end prior to the rapid growth of sprouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
- Potato Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , 850 Lincoln Road, Post Office Box 20280, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 4Z7, Canada
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Agricultural University , Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Agricultural University , Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Agnes Murphy
- Potato Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , 850 Lincoln Road, Post Office Box 20280, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 4Z7, Canada
| | - David De Koeyer
- Potato Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , 850 Lincoln Road, Post Office Box 20280, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 4Z7, Canada
| | - Helen Tai
- Potato Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , 850 Lincoln Road, Post Office Box 20280, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 4Z7, Canada
| | - Benoit Bizimungu
- Potato Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , 850 Lincoln Road, Post Office Box 20280, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 4Z7, Canada
| | - Huaijun Si
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Agricultural University , Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Qing Li
- Potato Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , 850 Lincoln Road, Post Office Box 20280, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 4Z7, Canada
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85
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Tanoi K, Kobayashi NI. Leaf Senescence by Magnesium Deficiency. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 4:756-72. [PMID: 27135350 PMCID: PMC4844269 DOI: 10.3390/plants4040756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium ions (Mg(2+)) are the second most abundant cations in living plant cells, and they are involved in various functions, including photosynthesis, enzyme catalysis, and nucleic acid synthesis. Low availability of Mg(2+) in an agricultural field leads to a decrease in yield, which follows the appearance of Mg-deficient symptoms such as chlorosis, necrotic spots on the leaves, and droop. During the last decade, a variety of physiological and molecular responses to Mg(2+) deficiency that potentially link to leaf senescence have been recognized, allowing us to reconsider the mechanisms of Mg(2+) deficiency. This review focuses on the current knowledge about the physiological responses to Mg(2+) deficiency including a decline in transpiration, accumulation of sugars and starch in source leaves, change in redox states, increased oxidative stress, metabolite alterations, and a decline in photosynthetic activity. In addition, we refer to the molecular responses that are thought to be related to leaf senescence. With these current data, we give an overview of leaf senescence induced by Mg deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Tanoi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Natsuko I Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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86
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Wang B, Ma M, Lu H, Meng Q, Li G, Yang X. Photosynthesis, sucrose metabolism, and starch accumulation in two NILs of winter wheat. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2015; 126:363-73. [PMID: 25823798 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-015-0126-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The photosynthetic oxygen evolution rate, Hill reaction activity of seedlings and photosynthetic parameter, Pn-Ci curve and some source-sink metabolism-related enzyme activities, and substance content of flag leaves were measured by using two wheat near isogenic lines with significant differences in the photosynthetic rate of the 154 (high photosynthetic rate) and 212 (low photosynthetic rate) lines as materials. The results showed that the maximal carboxylation efficiency (Vcmax) and Hill reaction activity were higher in line 154 than that of line 212. The Pn in flag leaves of line 154 was significantly higher than that of line 212 during the anthesis to grain-filling stage. Higher leaf sucrose phosphate synthase activity, grain sucrose synthase activity, and grain ADPG pyrophosphorylase activity ensured that the photosynthate of line 154 could be transported to grains and translated into starch in a timely and effective manner, which also contributed to the maintenance of its high photosynthetic rate. Eventually, all of these factors of line 154 resulted in its higher grain yield compared with the low photosynthetic rate of line 212.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoshan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiguo Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingwei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinghong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China.
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87
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Bahaji A, Baroja-Fernández E, Ricarte-Bermejo A, Sánchez-López ÁM, Muñoz FJ, Romero JM, Ruiz MT, Baslam M, Almagro G, Sesma MT, Pozueta-Romero J. Characterization of multiple SPS knockout mutants reveals redundant functions of the four Arabidopsis sucrose phosphate synthase isoforms in plant viability, and strongly indicates that enhanced respiration and accelerated starch turnover can alleviate the blockage of sucrose biosynthesis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 238:135-47. [PMID: 26259182 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We characterized multiple knock-out mutants of the four Arabidopsis sucrose phosphate synthase (SPSA1, SPSA2, SPSB and SPSC) isoforms. Despite their reduced SPS activity, spsa1/spsa2, spsa1/spsb, spsa2/spsb, spsa2/spsc, spsb/spsc, spsa1/spsa2/spsb and spsa2/spsb/spsc mutants displayed wild type (WT) vegetative and reproductive morphology, and showed WT photosynthetic capacity and respiration. In contrast, growth of rosettes, flowers and siliques of the spsa1/spsc and spsa1/spsa2/spsc mutants was reduced compared with WT plants. Furthermore, these plants displayed a high dark respiration phenotype. spsa1/spsb/spsc and spsa1/spsa2/spsb/spsc seeds poorly germinated and produced aberrant and sterile plants. Leaves of all viable sps mutants, except spsa1/spsc and spsa1/spsa2/spsc, accumulated WT levels of nonstructural carbohydrates. spsa1/spsc leaves possessed high levels of metabolic intermediates and activities of enzymes of the glycolytic and tricarboxylic acid cycle pathways, and accumulated high levels of metabolic intermediates of the nocturnal starch-to-sucrose conversion process, even under continuous light conditions. Results presented in this work show that SPS is essential for plant viability, reveal redundant functions of the four SPS isoforms in processes that are important for plant growth and nonstructural carbohydrate metabolism, and strongly indicate that accelerated starch turnover and enhanced respiration can alleviate the blockage of sucrose biosynthesis in spsa1/spsc leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellatif Bahaji
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Edurne Baroja-Fernández
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Adriana Ricarte-Bermejo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Ángela María Sánchez-López
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Francisco José Muñoz
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Jose M Romero
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, Isla de la Cartuja, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Teresa Ruiz
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, Isla de la Cartuja, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marouane Baslam
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Goizeder Almagro
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - María Teresa Sesma
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Javier Pozueta-Romero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain.
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88
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Mitsui Y, Shimomura M, Komatsu K, Namiki N, Shibata-Hatta M, Imai M, Katayose Y, Mukai Y, Kanamori H, Kurita K, Kagami T, Wakatsuki A, Ohyanagi H, Ikawa H, Minaka N, Nakagawa K, Shiwa Y, Sasaki T. The radish genome and comprehensive gene expression profile of tuberous root formation and development. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10835. [PMID: 26056784 PMCID: PMC4650646 DOI: 10.1038/srep10835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the processes that regulate plant sink formation and development at the molecular level will contribute to the areas of crop breeding, food production and plant evolutionary studies. We report the annotation and analysis of the draft genome sequence of the radish Raphanus sativus var. hortensis (long and thick root radish) and transcriptome analysis during root development. Based on the hybrid assembly approach of next-generation sequencing, a total of 383 Mb (N50 scaffold: 138.17 kb) of sequences of the radish genome was constructed containing 54,357 genes. Syntenic and phylogenetic analyses indicated that divergence between Raphanus and Brassica coincide with the time of whole genome triplication (WGT), suggesting that WGT triggered diversification of Brassiceae crop plants. Further transcriptome analysis showed that the gene functions and pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism were prominently activated in thickening roots, particularly in cell proliferating tissues. Notably, the expression levels of sucrose synthase 1 (SUS1) were correlated with root thickening rates. We also identified the genes involved in pungency synthesis and their transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Mitsui
- Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1, Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Michihiko Shimomura
- Mitsubishi Space Software Co., Ltd., 1-6-1, Takezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0032, Japan
| | - Kenji Komatsu
- Junior College of Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1, Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Namiki
- Mitsubishi Space Software Co., Ltd., 1-6-1, Takezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0032, Japan
| | - Mari Shibata-Hatta
- Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1, Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Misaki Imai
- Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1, Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Yuichi Katayose
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 1-2, Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Mukai
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 1-2, Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kanamori
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 1-2, Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Kanako Kurita
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 1-2, Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kagami
- Sakata Seed Corporation, 2-7-1, Nakamachidai, Tuzuki-ku, Yokohama, 224-0041, Japan
| | - Akihito Wakatsuki
- Sakata Seed Corporation, 2-7-1, Nakamachidai, Tuzuki-ku, Yokohama, 224-0041, Japan
| | - Hajime Ohyanagi
- Mitsubishi Space Software Co., Ltd., 1-6-1, Takezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0032, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ikawa
- Mitsubishi Space Software Co., Ltd., 1-6-1, Takezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0032, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Minaka
- 1] Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1, Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan [2] National Institute for Agro-Environmental Science, 3-1-3, Tukuba, 305-8604, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Nakagawa
- Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1, Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Yu Shiwa
- Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1, Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Takuji Sasaki
- 1] Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1, Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan [2] National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 1-2, Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
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89
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Bahaji A, Sánchez-López ÁM, De Diego N, Muñoz FJ, Baroja-Fernández E, Li J, Ricarte-Bermejo A, Baslam M, Aranjuelo I, Almagro G, Humplík JF, Novák O, Spíchal L, Doležal K, Pozueta-Romero J. Plastidic phosphoglucose isomerase is an important determinant of starch accumulation in mesophyll cells, growth, photosynthetic capacity, and biosynthesis of plastidic cytokinins in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119641. [PMID: 25811607 PMCID: PMC4374969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) catalyzes the reversible isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate. It is involved in glycolysis and in the regeneration of glucose-6-P molecules in the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP). In chloroplasts of illuminated mesophyll cells PGI also connects the Calvin-Benson cycle with the starch biosynthetic pathway. In this work we isolated pgi1-3, a mutant totally lacking pPGI activity as a consequence of aberrant intron splicing of the pPGI encoding gene, PGI1. Starch content in pgi1-3 source leaves was ca. 10-15% of that of wild type (WT) leaves, which was similar to that of leaves of pgi1-2, a T-DNA insertion pPGI null mutant. Starch deficiency of pgi1 leaves could be reverted by the introduction of a sex1 null mutation impeding β-amylolytic starch breakdown. Although previous studies showed that starch granules of pgi1-2 leaves are restricted to both bundle sheath cells adjacent to the mesophyll and stomata guard cells, microscopy analyses carried out in this work revealed the presence of starch granules in the chloroplasts of pgi1-2 and pgi1-3 mesophyll cells. RT-PCR analyses showed high expression levels of plastidic and extra-plastidic β-amylase encoding genes in pgi1 leaves, which was accompanied by increased β-amylase activity. Both pgi1-2 and pgi1-3 mutants displayed slow growth and reduced photosynthetic capacity phenotypes even under continuous light conditions. Metabolic analyses revealed that the adenylate energy charge and the NAD(P)H/NAD(P) ratios in pgi1 leaves were lower than those of WT leaves. These analyses also revealed that the content of plastidic 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP)-pathway derived cytokinins (CKs) in pgi1 leaves were exceedingly lower than in WT leaves. Noteworthy, exogenous application of CKs largely reverted the low starch content phenotype of pgi1 leaves. The overall data show that pPGI is an important determinant of photosynthesis, energy status, growth and starch accumulation in mesophyll cells likely as a consequence of its involvement in the production of OPPP/glycolysis intermediates necessary for the synthesis of plastidic MEP-pathway derived hormones such as CKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellatif Bahaji
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, 31192, Spain
| | - Ángela M. Sánchez-López
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, 31192, Spain
| | - Nuria De Diego
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Francisco J. Muñoz
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, 31192, Spain
| | - Edurne Baroja-Fernández
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, 31192, Spain
| | - Jun Li
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, 31192, Spain
| | - Adriana Ricarte-Bermejo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, 31192, Spain
| | - Marouane Baslam
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, 31192, Spain
| | - Iker Aranjuelo
- Plant Biology and Ecology Department, Science and Technology Faculty, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Goizeder Almagro
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, 31192, Spain
| | - Jan F. Humplík
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Spíchal
- Plant Biology and Ecology Department, Science and Technology Faculty, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Karel Doležal
- Plant Biology and Ecology Department, Science and Technology Faculty, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Javier Pozueta-Romero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, 31192, Spain
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90
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Katoh A, Ashida H, Kasajima I, Shigeoka S, Yokota A. Potato yield enhancement through intensification of sink and source performances. BREEDING SCIENCE 2015; 65:77-84. [PMID: 25931982 PMCID: PMC4374566 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.65.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The combined total annual yield of six major crops (maize, rice, wheat, cassava, soybean, and potato; Solanum tuberosum L.) amounts to 3.1 billion tons. In recent years, staple crops have begun to be used as substitutes for fossil fuel and feedstocks. The diversion of crop products to fuels and industrial feedstocks has become a concern in many countries because of competition for arable lands and increased food prices. These concerns are definitely justified; however, if plant biotechnology succeeds in increasing crop yields to double the current yields, it will be possible to divert the surplus to purposes other than food without detrimental effects. Maize, rice, wheat, and soybean bear their sink organs in the aerial parts of the plant, and potato in the underground parts. Plants with aerial storage organs cannot accumulate products beyond their capacity to support the weight of these organs. In contrast, potato has heavy storage organs that are supported by the soil. In this mini-review, we introduce strategies of intensifying potato productivity and discuss recent advances in this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Katoh
- Center for Frontier Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology,
Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192,
Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency,
Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012,
Japan
| | - Hiroki Ashida
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University,
3-11 Tsurukabuto, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501,
Japan
| | - Ichiro Kasajima
- Center for Frontier Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology,
Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192,
Japan
- Institute of Floricultural Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization,
2-1, Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8519,
Japan
| | - Shigeru Shigeoka
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency,
Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012,
Japan
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University,
3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505,
Japan
| | - Akiho Yokota
- Center for Frontier Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology,
Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192,
Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency,
Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012,
Japan
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
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91
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Hardigan MA, Bamberg J, Buell CR, Douches DS. Taxonomy and Genetic Differentiation among Wild and Cultivated Germplasm of Solanum sect. Petota. THE PLANT GENOME 2015; 8:eplantgenome2014.06.0025. [PMID: 33228289 DOI: 10.3835/plantgenome2014.06.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Because of their adaptation to a diverse set of habitats and stresses, wild species of cultivated crops offer new sources of genetic diversity for germplasm improvement. Using an Infinium array representing a genome-wide set of 8303 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), phylogenetic relationships and allelic diversity were evaluated within a diversity panel of germplasm from Solanum sect. Petota. This panel consists of 74 plant introductions (PIs) representing 25 species and provides a diverse representation of tuber-bearing Solanum germplasm. Unlike other molecular markers, genome-wide SNPs have not been widely implemented in potato. To determine relatedness between current species classifications and SNP-based genetic distances, a phylogeny was generated based on random individuals from each core collection PI. With few exceptions, SNP-based estimates of species relationships revealed general agreement with the existing taxonomic grouping of species in Solanum sect. Petota. Genotype comparisons between the Solanum sect. Petota diversity panel and a panel of 213 tetraploid cultivars and breeding lines indicated a greater extent of diversity between populations of native Andean landraces than among modern cultivated varieties. Comparison of SNP allele frequencies between the Solanum sect. Petota panel and tetraploid cultivars identified loci with extreme divergence between cultivated potato and its tuber-bearing relatives. Several of these loci are associated with genes related to carbohydrate metabolism and tuber development, suggesting potential roles in potato domestication. The Infinium SNP data offer a new taxonomic view of potato germplasm, while further identifying candidate alleles likely to differentiate wild germplasm and cultivated potato, possibly underlying key agronomic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Hardigan
- Dep. of Plant Biology, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI, 48824-1312
| | | | - C Robin Buell
- Dep. of Plant Biology, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI, 48824-1312
| | - David S Douches
- Dep. of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI, 48824-1312
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92
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Nguyen QA, Luan S, Wi SG, Bae H, Lee DS, Bae HJ. Pronounced Phenotypic Changes in Transgenic Tobacco Plants Overexpressing Sucrose Synthase May Reveal a Novel Sugar Signaling Pathway. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1216. [PMID: 26793204 PMCID: PMC4707253 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Soluble sugars not only serve as nutrients, but also act as signals for plant growth and development, but how sugar signals are perceived and translated into physiological responses in plants remains unclear. We manipulated sugar levels in transgenic plants by overexpressing sucrose synthase (SuSy), which is a key enzyme believed to have reversible sucrose synthesis and sucrose degradation functions. The ectopically expressed SuSy protein exhibited sucrose-degrading activity, which may change the flux of sucrose demand from photosynthetic to non-photosynthetic cells, and trigger an unknown sucrose signaling pathway that lead to increased sucrose content in the transgenic plants. An experiment on the transition from heterotrophic to autotrophic growth demonstrated the existence of a novel sucrose signaling pathway, which stimulated photosynthesis, and enhanced photosynthetic synthesis of sucrose, which was the direct cause or the sucrose increase. In addition, a light/dark time treatment experiment, using different day length ranges for photosynthesis/respiration showed the carbohydrate pattern within a 24-h day and consolidated the role of sucrose signaling pathway as a way to maintain sucrose demand, and indicated the relationships between increased sucrose and upregulation of genes controlling development of the shoot apical meristem (SAM). As a result, transgenic plants featured a higher biomass and a shorter time required to switch to reproduction compared to those of control plants, indicating altered phylotaxis and more rapid advancement of developmental stages in the transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quynh Anh Nguyen
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National UniversityGwangju, South Korea
| | - Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, USA
| | - Seung G. Wi
- Bio-Energy Research Center, Chonnam National UniversityGwangju, South Korea
| | - Hanhong Bae
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam UniversityGyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Dae-Seok Lee
- Bio-Energy Research Center, Chonnam National UniversityGwangju, South Korea
| | - Hyeun-Jong Bae
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National UniversityGwangju, South Korea
- Bio-Energy Research Center, Chonnam National UniversityGwangju, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Hyeun-Jong Bae
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93
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Kleczkowski LA, Decker D. Sugar Activation for Production of Nucleotide Sugars as Substrates for Glycosyltransferases in Plants. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2015. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2015_003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Decker
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University
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94
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Tuncel A, Kawaguchi J, Ihara Y, Matsusaka H, Nishi A, Nakamura T, Kuhara S, Hirakawa H, Nakamura Y, Cakir B, Nagamine A, Okita TW, Hwang SK, Satoh H. The rice endosperm ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase large subunit is essential for optimal catalysis and allosteric regulation of the heterotetrameric enzyme. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:1169-83. [PMID: 24747952 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Although an alternative pathway has been suggested, the prevailing view is that starch synthesis in cereal endosperm is controlled by the activity of the cytosolic isoform of ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase). In rice, the cytosolic AGPase isoform is encoded by the OsAGPS2b and OsAGPL2 genes, which code for the small (S2b) and large (L2) subunits of the heterotetrameric enzyme, respectively. In this study, we isolated several allelic missense and nonsense OsAGPL2 mutants by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) treatment of fertilized egg cells and by TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes). Interestingly, seeds from three of the missense mutants (two containing T139I and A171V) were severely shriveled and had seed weight and starch content comparable with the shriveled seeds from OsAGPL2 null mutants. Results from kinetic analysis of the purified recombinant enzymes revealed that the catalytic and allosteric regulatory properties of these mutant enzymes were significantly impaired. The missense heterotetramer enzymes and the S2b homotetramer had lower specific (catalytic) activities and affinities for the activator 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA). The missense heterotetramer enzymes showed more sensitivity to inhibition by the inhibitor inorganic phosphate (Pi) than the wild-type AGPase, while the S2b homotetramer was profoundly tolerant to Pi inhibition. Thus, our results provide definitive evidence that starch biosynthesis during rice endosperm development is controlled predominantly by the catalytic activity of the cytoplasmic AGPase and its allosteric regulation by the effectors. Moreover, our results show that the L2 subunit is essential for both catalysis and allosteric regulatory properties of the heterotetramer enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aytug Tuncel
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USAThese authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Joe Kawaguchi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581 JapanThese authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yasuharu Ihara
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581 Japan
| | | | - Aiko Nishi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581 Japan
| | | | - Satoru Kuhara
- Department of Genetic Resources Technology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581 Japan
| | - Hideki Hirakawa
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Department of Plant Genome Research, Kisarazu, Japan
| | - Yasunori Nakamura
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Bilal Cakir
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Ai Nagamine
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USAFaculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581 Japan
| | - Thomas W Okita
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Seon-Kap Hwang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Hikaru Satoh
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581 Japan
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95
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Cloning, 3D modeling and expression analysis of three vacuolar invertase genes from cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz). Molecules 2014; 19:6228-45. [PMID: 24838076 PMCID: PMC6270675 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19056228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vacuolar invertase is one of the key enzymes in sucrose metabolism that irreversibly catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose in plants. In this research, three vacuolar invertase genes, named MeVINV1-3, and with 653, 660 and 639 amino acids, respectively, were cloned from cassava. The motifs of NDPNG (β-fructosidase motif), RDP and WECVD, which are conserved and essential for catalytic activity in the vacuolar invertase family, were found in MeVINV1 and MeVINV2. Meanwhile, in MeVINV3, instead of NDPNG we found the motif NGPDG, in which the three amino acids GPD are different from those in other vacuolar invertases (DPN) that might result in MeVINV3 being an inactivated protein. The N-terminal leader sequence of MeVINVs contains a signal anchor, which is associated with the sorting of vacuolar invertase to vacuole. The overall predicted 3D structure of the MeVINVs consists of a five bladed β-propeller module at N-terminus domain, and forms a β-sandwich module at the C-terminus domain. The active site of the protein is situated in the β-propeller module. MeVINVs are classified in two subfamilies, α and β groups, in which α group members of MeVINV1 and 2 are highly expressed in reproductive organs and tuber roots (considered as sink organs), while β group members of MeVINV3 are highly expressed in leaves (source organs). All MeVINVs are highly expressed in leaves, while only MeVINV1 and 2 are highly expressed in tubers at cassava tuber maturity stage. Thus, MeVINV1 and 2 play an important role in sucrose unloading and starch accumulation, as well in buffering the pools of sucrose, hexoses and sugar phosphates in leaves, specifically at later stages of plant development.
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96
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AbdElgawad H, Peshev D, Zinta G, Van den Ende W, Janssens IA, Asard H. Climate extreme effects on the chemical composition of temperate grassland species under ambient and elevated CO2: a comparison of fructan and non-fructan accumulators. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92044. [PMID: 24670435 PMCID: PMC3966776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated CO2 concentrations and extreme climate events, are two increasing components of the ongoing global climatic change factors, may alter plant chemical composition and thereby their economic and ecological characteristics, e.g. nutritional quality and decomposition rates. To investigate the impact of climate extremes on tissue quality, four temperate grassland species: the fructan accumulating grasses Lolium perenne, Poa pratensis, and the nitrogen (N) fixing legumes Medicago lupulina and Lotus corniculatus were subjected to water deficit at elevated temperature (+3°C), under ambient CO2 (392 ppm) and elevated CO2 (620 ppm). As a general observation, the effects of the climate extreme were larger and more ubiquitous in combination with elevated CO2. The imposed climate extreme increased non-structural carbohydrate and phenolics in all species, whereas it increased lignin in legumes and decreased tannins in grasses. However, there was no significant effect of climate extreme on structural carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and mineral contents and stoichiometric ratios. In combination with elevated CO2, climate extreme elicited larger increases in fructan and sucrose content in the grasses without affecting the total carbohydrate content, while it significantly increased total carbohydrates in legumes. The accumulation of carbohydrates in legumes was accompanied by higher activity of sucrose phosphate synthase, sucrose synthase and ADP-Glc pyrophosphorylase. In the legumes, elevated CO2 in combination with climate extreme reduced protein, phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg) contents and the total element:N ratio and it increased phenol, lignin, tannin, carbon (C), nitrogen (N) contents and C:N, C:P and N:P ratios. On the other hand, the tissue composition of the fructan accumulating grasses was not affected at this level, in line with recent views that fructans contribute to cellular homeostasis under stress. It is speculated that quality losses will be less prominent in grasses (fructan accumulators) than legumes under climate extreme and its combination with elevated CO2 conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamada AbdElgawad
- Laboratory for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Darin Peshev
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gaurav Zinta
- Laboratory for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp (Campus Drie Eiken), Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ivan A. Janssens
- Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp (Campus Drie Eiken), Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Han Asard
- Laboratory for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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97
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Wang H, Sui X, Guo J, Wang Z, Cheng J, Ma S, Li X, Zhang Z. Antisense suppression of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) sucrose synthase 3 (CsSUS3) reduces hypoxic stress tolerance. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:795-810. [PMID: 24028217 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose synthase (SUS; EC 2.4.1.13) plays important roles in sugar metabolism and abiotic stress response. But the genes encoding SUS in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) have not been well studied. Here, we isolated four cucumber sucrose synthase genes (CsSUS). Among them, CsSUS3, which highly expressed in the roots, was chosen for further study. Immunolocalization and subcellular localization analysis indicated that CsSUS3 localized in the cytosol and the plasma membrane, and mainly existed in the companion cells of phloem in the roots. When suffering hypoxia stress from flooding, CsSUS3 expression and SUS activity in roots increased, especially in the lateral roots; moreover, the soluble SUS activity increased clearly, but the membrane fraction hardly changed. Compared with the wild-type cucumbers, the transgenic lines with antisense expression of CsSUS3 were more sensitive to flooding. After 6 d of flooding, the SUS activity, soluble sugar and uridine 5'-diphosphate glucose (UDPG) content and the ratio of ATP/ADP in the roots of transgenic plants were significantly lower than that in wild-type plants. Moreover, the transgenic lines grew more slowly with more yellow necrosis in the leaves. These findings suggested CsSUS3 participated in resisting hypoxic stress. Furthermore, the mechanism of CsSUS3 in resisting hypoxic stress was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agriculture University, Beijing, 100193, China; Yantai Agricultural Science and Technology Institute, Yantai, 265500, China
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98
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Valdés A, Simó C, Ibáñez C, García-Cañas V. Foodomics strategies for the analysis of transgenic foods. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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99
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Xie M, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Wang X, Yang H, Yu O, Dai W, Fang C. Transcriptome profiling of fruit development and maturation in Chinese white pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd). BMC Genomics 2013; 14:823. [PMID: 24267665 PMCID: PMC4046828 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pear (Pyrus spp) is an important fruit species worldwide; however, its genetics and genomic information is limited. Combining the Solexa/Illumina RNA-seq high-throughput sequencing approach (RNA-seq) with Digital Gene Expression (DGE) analysis would be a powerful tool for transcriptomic study. This paper reports the transcriptome profiling analysis of Chinese white pear (P. bretschneideri) using RNA-seq and DGE to better understand the molecular mechanisms in fruit development and maturation of Chinese white pear. RESULTS De novo transcriptome assembly and gene expression analysis of Chinese white pear were performed in an unprecedented depth (5.47 gigabase pairs) using high-throughput Illumina RNA-seq combined with a tag-based Digital Gene Expression (DGE) system. Approximately, 60.77 million reads were sequenced, trimmed, and assembled into 90,227 unigenes. These unigenes comprised 17,619 contigs and 72,608 singletons with an average length of 508 bp and had an N50 of 635 bp. Sequence similarity analyses against six public databases (Uniprot, NR, and COGs at NCBI, Pfam, InterPro, and KEGG) found that 61,636 unigenes can be annotated with gene descriptions, conserved protein domains, or gene ontology terms. By BLASTing all 61,636 unigenes in KEGG, a total of 31,215 unigenes were annotated into 121 known metabolic or signaling pathways in which a few primary, intermediate, and secondary metabolic pathways are directly related to pear fruit quality. DGE libraries were constructed for each of the five fruit developmental stages. Variations in gene expression among all developmental stages of pear fruit were significantly different in a large amount of unigenes. CONCLUSION Extensive transcriptome and DGE profiling data at five fruit developmental stages of Chinese white pear have been obtained from a deep sequencing, which provides comprehensive gene expression information at the transcriptional level. This could facilitate understanding of the molecular mechanisms in fruit development and maturation. Such a database can also be used as a public information platform for research on molecular biology and functional genomics in pear and other related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xie
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, P R China.
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100
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Tuncel A, Okita TW. Improving starch yield in cereals by over-expression of ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase: expectations and unanticipated outcomes. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 211:52-60. [PMID: 23987811 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Significant improvements in crop productivity are required to meet the nutritional requirements of a growing world population. This challenge is magnified by an increased demand for bioenergy as a means to mitigate carbon inputs into the environment. Starch is a major component of the harvestable organs of many crop plants, and various endeavors have been taken to improve the yields of starchy organs through the manipulation of starch synthesis. Substantial efforts have centered on the starch regulatory enzyme ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) due to its pivotal role in starch biosynthesis. These efforts include over-expression of this enzyme in cereal plants such as maize, rice and wheat as well as potato and cassava, as they supply the bulk of the staple food worldwide. In this perspective, we describe efforts to increase starch yields in cereal grains by first providing an introduction about the importance of source-sink relationship and the motives behind the efforts to alter starch biosynthesis and turnover in leaves. We then discuss the catalytic and regulatory properties of AGPase and the molecular approaches used to enhance starch synthesis by manipulation of this process during grain filling using seed-specific promoters. Several studies have demonstrated increases in starch content per seed using endosperm-specific promoters, but other studies have demonstrated an increase in seed number with only marginal impact on seed weight. Potential mechanisms that may be responsible for this paradoxical increase in seed number will also be discussed. Finally, we describe current efforts and future prospects to improve starch yield in cereals. These efforts include further enhancement of starch yield in rice by augmenting the process of ADPglucose transport into amyloplast as well as other enzymes involved in photoassimilate partitioning in seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aytug Tuncel
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, United States
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