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Caturegli G, Materi J, Howard BM, Caturegli P. Clinical Validity of Serum Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 : A Case-Control Study. Ann Intern Med 2020; 173:614-622. [PMID: 32628534 PMCID: PMC7370852 DOI: 10.7326/m20-2889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical utility of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies remains undefined. OBJECTIVE To determine the clinical validity and utility of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING First month of testing for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by using a nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) on nasopharyngeal swabs at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland (11 066 persons). PARTICIPANTS Of the 11 066 tested persons, 115 (1%) were hospitalized adults investigated for COVID-19. Clinical record review was performed to classify them into a COVID-19 case group (n = 60) or a non-COVID-19 control group (n = 55). The laboratory control groups comprised 513 persons not tested by NAAT: 160 healthy laboratory employees, 101 persons positive for IgG antibodies against Epstein-Barr virus capsid antigen, 215 positive for thyroperoxidase antibody, and 37 positive for rheumatoid factor. MEASUREMENTS Serum IgG and IgA antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein were detected by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Sensitivity and specificity of the SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay were 0.976 (95% CI, 0.928 to 0.995) and 0.988 (CI, 0.974 to 0.995), respectively, when performed 14 days or later after symptom onset, but sensitivity decreased at earlier time points. Immunoglobulin G developed rapidly and was sustained at high levels throughout follow-up (up to 58 days). Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 predicted the odds of developing acute respiratory distress syndrome, which increased by 62% (CI, 48% to 81%; P < 0.001) for every 2-fold increase in IgG. Of 11 066 NAAT-tested patients, 457 were repeatedly NAAT-negative, and serum samples were obtained for 18 such patients (6 COVID-19 case patients and 12 non-COVID-19 control patients). Antibodies were present in 5 of 6 case patients and none of the 12 control patients (P = 0.001). LIMITATIONS The study was retrospective and performed at a single center; the sample was small; follow-up was limited; and selection bias may have occurred. CONCLUSION Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 demonstrate infection when measured at least 14 days after symptom onset, are associated with clinical severity, and provide valuable diagnostic support in patients who test negative by NAAT but remain clinically suspicious for COVID-19. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Caturegli
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (G.C., J.M., B.M.H., P.C.)
| | - Joshua Materi
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (G.C., J.M., B.M.H., P.C.)
| | - Brittney M Howard
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (G.C., J.M., B.M.H., P.C.)
| | - Patrizio Caturegli
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (G.C., J.M., B.M.H., P.C.)
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Chen SY, Lee YL, Lin YC, Lee NY, Liao CH, Hung YP, Lu MC, Wu JL, Tseng WP, Lin CH, Chung MY, Kang CM, Lee YF, Lee TF, Cheng CY, Chen CP, Huang CH, Liu CE, Cheng SH, Ko WC, Hsueh PR, Chen SC. Multicenter evaluation of two chemiluminescence and three lateral flow immunoassays for the diagnosis of COVID-19 and assessment of antibody dynamic responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Taiwan. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:2157-2168. [PMID: 32940547 PMCID: PMC7580576 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1825016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This multicenter, retrospective study included 346 serum samples from 74 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and 194 serum samples from non-COVID-19 patients to evaluate the performance of five anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibody tests, i.e. two chemiluminescence immunoassays (CLIAs): Roche Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Test (Roche Test) and Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG (Abbott Test), and three lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs): Wondfo SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Test (Wondfo Test), ASK COVID-19 IgG/IgM Rapid Test (ASK Test), and Dynamiker 2019-nCoV IgG/IgM Rapid Test (Dynamiker Test). We found high diagnostic sensitivities (%, 95% confidence interval [CI]) for the Roche Test (97.4%, 93.4–99.0%), Abbott Test (94.0%, 89.1–96.8%), Wondfo Test (91.4%, 85.8–94.9%), ASK Test (97.4%, 93.4–99.0%), and Dynamiker Test (90.1%, 84.3–94.0%) after >21 days of symptom onset. Meanwhile, the diagnostic specificity was 99.0% (95% CI, 96.3–99.7%) for the Roche Test, 97.9% (95% CI, 94.8–99.2%) for the Abbott Test, and 100.0% (95% CI, 98.1–100.0%) for the three LFIAs. Cross-reactivity was observed in sera containing anti-cytomegalovirus (CMV) IgG/IgM antibodies and autoantibodies. No difference was observed in the time to seroconversion detection of the five serological tests. Specimens from patients with COVID-19 pneumonia demonstrated a shorter seroconversion time and higher chemiluminescent signal than those without pneumonia. Our data suggested that understanding the dynamic antibody response after COVID-19 infection and performance characteristics of different serological test are crucial for the appropriate interpretation of serological test result for the diagnosis and risk assessment of patient with COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shey-Ying Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Quality Management, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lin Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Lin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Yao Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Center for Infection Control, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Liao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare Nantou Hospital, Nantou, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Pin Hung
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Tainan Hospital, Ministry of Health & Welfare, Tainan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Min-Chi Lu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jhong-Lin Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Pin Tseng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hao Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yi Chung
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Min Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Fan Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Fen Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Cheng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,School of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Pin Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hua Huang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Eng Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hsing Cheng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chien Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine and Center for Infection Control, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ren Hsueh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shyr-Chyr Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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53
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SARS-CoV-2 exposure, symptoms and seroprevalence in healthcare workers in Sweden. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5064. [PMID: 33033249 PMCID: PMC7544689 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18848-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 may pose an occupational health risk to healthcare workers. Here, we report the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, self-reported symptoms and occupational exposure to SARS-CoV-2 among healthcare workers at a large acute care hospital in Sweden. The seroprevalence of IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 was 19.1% among the 2149 healthcare workers recruited between April 14th and May 8th 2020, which was higher than the reported regional seroprevalence during the same time period. Symptoms associated with seroprevalence were anosmia (odds ratio (OR) 28.4, 95% CI 20.6–39.5) and ageusia (OR 19.2, 95% CI 14.3–26.1). Seroprevalence was also associated with patient contact (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.9–4.5) and covid-19 patient contact (OR 3.3, 95% CI 2.2–5.3). These findings imply an occupational risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers. Continued measures are warranted to assure healthcare workers safety and reduce transmission from healthcare workers to patients and to the community. Healthcare workers may be at higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection than the general population. Here, the authors report 19% seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among 2,149 employees in a Swedish hospital. Seroprevalence was associated with patient contact and higher than the seroprevalence in the community in same time period.
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54
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Sauer K, Harris T. An Effective COVID-19 Vaccine Needs to Engage T Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:581807. [PMID: 33117391 PMCID: PMC7549399 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.581807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Sauer
- Repertoire Immune Medicines, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Tim Harris
- Repertoire Immune Medicines, Cambridge, MA, United States
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55
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Goldman JD, Wang K, Röltgen K, Nielsen SCA, Roach JC, Naccache SN, Yang F, Wirz OF, Yost KE, Lee JY, Chun K, Wrin T, Petropoulos CJ, Lee I, Fallen S, Manner PM, Wallick JA, Algren HA, Murray KM, Su Y, Hadlock J, Jeharajah J, Berrington WR, Pappas GP, Nyatsatsang ST, Greninger AL, Satpathy AT, Pauk JS, Boyd SD, Heath JR. Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 and Failure of Humoral Immunity: a case report. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.09.22.20192443. [PMID: 32995830 PMCID: PMC7523175 DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.22.20192443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recovery from COVID-19 is associated with production of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, but it is uncertain whether these confer immunity. We describe viral RNA shedding duration in hospitalized patients and identify patients with recurrent shedding. We sequenced viruses from two distinct episodes of symptomatic COVID-19 separated by 144 days in a single patient, to conclusively describe reinfection with a new strain harboring the spike variant D614G. With antibody and B cell analytics, we show correlates of adaptive immunity, including a differential response to D614G. Finally, we discuss implications for vaccine programs and begin to define benchmarks for protection against reinfection from SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D. Goldman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Providence St. Joseph Health, Renton, WA, USA
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Fan Yang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Oliver F. Wirz
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kathryn E. Yost
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ji-Yeun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Terri Wrin
- Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Inyoul Lee
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Paula M. Manner
- Providence St. Joseph Health, Renton, WA, USA
- Swedish Center for Research and Innovation, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Julie A. Wallick
- Providence St. Joseph Health, Renton, WA, USA
- Swedish Center for Research and Innovation, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Heather A. Algren
- Providence St. Joseph Health, Renton, WA, USA
- Swedish Center for Research and Innovation, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Yapeng Su
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer Hadlock
- Providence St. Joseph Health, Renton, WA, USA
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - William R. Berrington
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Providence St. Joseph Health, Renton, WA, USA
| | - George P. Pappas
- Division of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sonam T. Nyatsatsang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Providence St. Joseph Health, Renton, WA, USA
| | - Alexander L. Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - John S. Pauk
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Providence St. Joseph Health, Renton, WA, USA
| | - Scott D. Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford, CA, USA
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56
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Competitive SARS-CoV-2 Serology Reveals Most Antibodies Targeting the Spike Receptor-Binding Domain Compete for ACE2 Binding. mSphere 2020; 5:5/5/e00802-20. [PMID: 32938700 PMCID: PMC7494835 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00802-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With the emergence and continued spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and of the associated disease, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), there is an urgent need for improved understanding of how the body mounts an immune response to the virus. Here, we developed a competitive SARS-CoV-2 serological assay that can simultaneously determine whether an individual has developed antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) and measure the proportion of these antibodies that block interaction with the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) required for viral entry. Using this assay and 144 SARS-CoV-2 patient serum samples, we found that a majority of anti-RBD antibodies compete for ACE2 binding. These results not only highlight the need to design vaccines to generate such blocking antibodies but also demonstrate the utility of this assay to rapidly screen patient sera for potentially neutralizing antibodies. As severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to spread around the world, there is an urgent need for new assay formats to characterize the humoral response to infection. Here, we present an efficient, competitive serological assay that can simultaneously determine an individual’s seroreactivity against the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and determine the proportion of anti-Spike antibodies that block interaction with the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) required for viral entry. In this approach based on the use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), we present natively folded viral Spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD)-containing antigens via avidin-biotin interactions. Sera are then competed with soluble ACE2-Fc, or with a higher-affinity variant thereof, to determine the proportion of ACE2 blocking anti-RBD antibodies. Assessment of sera from 144 SARS-CoV-2 patients ultimately revealed that a remarkably consistent and high proportion of antibodies in the anti-RBD pool targeted the epitope responsible for ACE2 engagement (83% ± 11%; 50% to 107% signal inhibition in our largest cohort), further underscoring the importance of tailoring vaccines to promote the development of such antibodies. IMPORTANCE With the emergence and continued spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and of the associated disease, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), there is an urgent need for improved understanding of how the body mounts an immune response to the virus. Here, we developed a competitive SARS-CoV-2 serological assay that can simultaneously determine whether an individual has developed antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) and measure the proportion of these antibodies that block interaction with the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) required for viral entry. Using this assay and 144 SARS-CoV-2 patient serum samples, we found that a majority of anti-RBD antibodies compete for ACE2 binding. These results not only highlight the need to design vaccines to generate such blocking antibodies but also demonstrate the utility of this assay to rapidly screen patient sera for potentially neutralizing antibodies.
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57
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58
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da Silva SJR, Silva CTAD, Guarines KM, Mendes RPG, Pardee K, Kohl A, Pena L. Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2, the Virus Causing COVID-19. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:2319-2336. [PMID: 32786280 PMCID: PMC7441751 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In December 2019, a novel beta (β) coronavirus eventually named SARS-CoV-2 emerged in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, causing an outbreak of severe and even fatal pneumonia in humans. The virus has spread very rapidly to many countries across the world, resulting in the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare a pandemic on March 11, 2020. Clinically, the diagnosis of this unprecedented illness, called coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), becomes difficult because it shares many symptoms with other respiratory pathogens, including influenza and parainfluenza viruses. Therefore, laboratory diagnosis is crucial for the clinical management of patients and the implementation of disease control strategies to contain SARS-CoV-2 at clinical and population level. Here, we summarize the main clinical and imaging findings of COVID-19 patients and discuss the advances, features, advantages, and limitations of different laboratory methods used for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Targino Alves da Silva
- Department of Virology, Aggeu
Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz),
50670-420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Klarissa Miranda Guarines
- Department of Virology, Aggeu
Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz),
50670-420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Renata Pessôa Germano Mendes
- Department of Virology, Aggeu
Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz),
50670-420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Keith Pardee
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2,
Canada
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus
Research, Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH, U.K.
| | - Lindomar Pena
- Department of Virology, Aggeu
Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz),
50670-420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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59
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Borremans B, Gamble A, Prager KC, Helman SK, McClain AM, Cox C, Savage V, Lloyd-Smith JO. Quantifying antibody kinetics and RNA detection during early-phase SARS-CoV-2 infection by time since symptom onset. eLife 2020; 9:e60122. [PMID: 32894217 PMCID: PMC7508557 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding and mitigating SARS-CoV-2 transmission hinges on antibody and viral RNA data that inform exposure and shedding, but extensive variation in assays, study group demographics and laboratory protocols across published studies confounds inference of true biological patterns. Our meta-analysis leverages 3214 datapoints from 516 individuals in 21 studies to reveal that seroconversion of both IgG and IgM occurs around 12 days post-symptom onset (range 1-40), with extensive individual variation that is not significantly associated with disease severity. IgG and IgM detection probabilities increase from roughly 10% at symptom onset to 98-100% by day 22, after which IgM wanes while IgG remains reliably detectable. RNA detection probability decreases from roughly 90% to zero by day 30, and is highest in feces and lower respiratory tract samples. Our findings provide a coherent evidence base for interpreting clinical diagnostics, and for the mathematical models and serological surveys that underpin public health policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benny Borremans
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- I-BioStat, Data Science Institute, Hasselt UniversityHasseltBelgium
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Amandine Gamble
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - KC Prager
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Sarah K Helman
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | | | - Caitlin Cox
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Van Savage
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Biomathematics Department, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - James O Lloyd-Smith
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
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60
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Bisoffi Z, Pomari E, Deiana M, Piubelli C, Ronzoni N, Beltrame A, Bertoli G, Riccardi N, Perandin F, Formenti F, Gobbi F, Buonfrate D, Silva R. Sensitivity, Specificity and Predictive Values of Molecular and Serological Tests for COVID-19: A Longitudinal Study in Emergency Room. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E669. [PMID: 32899333 PMCID: PMC7555224 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10090669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We assessed the sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive value (PPV and NPV) of molecular and serological tests for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS A total of 346 patients were enrolled in the emergency room. We evaluated three Reverse Transcriptase-real time PCRs (RT-PCRs) including six different gene targets, five serologic rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) and one ELISA. The final classification of infected/non-infected patients was performed using Latent Class Analysis combined with clinical re-assessment of incongruous cases. RESULTS Out of these, 24.6% of patients were classified as infected. The molecular test RQ-SARS-nCoV-2 showed the highest performance with 91.8% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100.0% PPV and 97.4% NPV respectively. Considering the single gene targets, S and RdRp of RQ-SARS-nCoV-2 had the highest sensitivity (94.1%). The in-house RdRp presented the lowest sensitivity (62.4%). The specificity ranged from 99.2% for in-house RdRp and N2 to 95.0% for E. The PPV ranged from 97.1% of N2 to 85.4% of E and the NPV from 98.1% of S to 89.0% of in-house RdRp. All serological tests had < 50% sensitivity and low PPV and NPV. VivaDiag IgM (RDT) had 98.5% specificity, with 84.0% PPV, but 24.7% sensitivity. CONCLUSION Molecular tests for SARS-CoV-2 infection showed excellent specificity, but significant differences in sensitivity. Serological tests have limited utility in a clinical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeno Bisoffi
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, 37024 Verona, Italy; (Z.B.); (M.D.); (C.P.); (N.R.); (A.B.); (G.B.); (N.R.); (F.P.); (F.F.); (F.G.); (D.B.); (R.S.)
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Elena Pomari
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, 37024 Verona, Italy; (Z.B.); (M.D.); (C.P.); (N.R.); (A.B.); (G.B.); (N.R.); (F.P.); (F.F.); (F.G.); (D.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Michela Deiana
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, 37024 Verona, Italy; (Z.B.); (M.D.); (C.P.); (N.R.); (A.B.); (G.B.); (N.R.); (F.P.); (F.F.); (F.G.); (D.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Chiara Piubelli
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, 37024 Verona, Italy; (Z.B.); (M.D.); (C.P.); (N.R.); (A.B.); (G.B.); (N.R.); (F.P.); (F.F.); (F.G.); (D.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Niccolò Ronzoni
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, 37024 Verona, Italy; (Z.B.); (M.D.); (C.P.); (N.R.); (A.B.); (G.B.); (N.R.); (F.P.); (F.F.); (F.G.); (D.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Anna Beltrame
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, 37024 Verona, Italy; (Z.B.); (M.D.); (C.P.); (N.R.); (A.B.); (G.B.); (N.R.); (F.P.); (F.F.); (F.G.); (D.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Giulia Bertoli
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, 37024 Verona, Italy; (Z.B.); (M.D.); (C.P.); (N.R.); (A.B.); (G.B.); (N.R.); (F.P.); (F.F.); (F.G.); (D.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Niccolò Riccardi
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, 37024 Verona, Italy; (Z.B.); (M.D.); (C.P.); (N.R.); (A.B.); (G.B.); (N.R.); (F.P.); (F.F.); (F.G.); (D.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Francesca Perandin
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, 37024 Verona, Italy; (Z.B.); (M.D.); (C.P.); (N.R.); (A.B.); (G.B.); (N.R.); (F.P.); (F.F.); (F.G.); (D.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Fabio Formenti
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, 37024 Verona, Italy; (Z.B.); (M.D.); (C.P.); (N.R.); (A.B.); (G.B.); (N.R.); (F.P.); (F.F.); (F.G.); (D.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Federico Gobbi
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, 37024 Verona, Italy; (Z.B.); (M.D.); (C.P.); (N.R.); (A.B.); (G.B.); (N.R.); (F.P.); (F.F.); (F.G.); (D.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Dora Buonfrate
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, 37024 Verona, Italy; (Z.B.); (M.D.); (C.P.); (N.R.); (A.B.); (G.B.); (N.R.); (F.P.); (F.F.); (F.G.); (D.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Ronaldo Silva
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, 37024 Verona, Italy; (Z.B.); (M.D.); (C.P.); (N.R.); (A.B.); (G.B.); (N.R.); (F.P.); (F.F.); (F.G.); (D.B.); (R.S.)
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Patel EU, Bloch EM, Clarke W, Hsieh YH, Boon D, Eby Y, Fernandez RE, Baker OR, Keruly M, Kirby CS, Klock E, Littlefield K, Miller J, Schmidt HA, Sullivan P, Piwowar-Manning E, Shrestha R, Redd AD, Rothman RE, Sullivan D, Shoham S, Casadevall A, Quinn TC, Pekosz A, Tobian AA, Laeyendecker O. Comparative performance of five commercially available serologic assays to detect antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and identify individuals with high neutralizing titers. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.08.31.20184788. [PMID: 32908987 PMCID: PMC7480035 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.31.20184788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Accurate serological assays to detect antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 are needed to characterize the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and identify potential candidates for COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) donation. This study compared the performance of commercial enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) to detect IgG or total antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and neutralizing antibodies (nAb). The diagnostic accuracy of five commercially available EIAs (Abbott, Euroimmun, EDI, ImmunoDiagnostics, and Roche) to detect IgG or total antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 was evaluated from cross-sectional samples of potential CCP donors that had prior molecular confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection for sensitivity (n=214) and pre-pandemic emergency department patients for specificity (n=1,102). Of the 214 potential CCP donors, all were sampled >14 days since symptom onset and only a minority had been hospitalized due to COVID-19 (n=16 [7.5%]); 140 potential CCP donors were tested by all five EIAs and a microneutralization assay. When performed according to the manufacturers' protocol to detect IgG or total antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the sensitivity of each EIA ranged from 76.4% to 93.9%, and the specificity of each EIA ranged from 87.0% to 99.6%. Using a nAb titer cutoff of ≥160 as the reference positive test (n=140 CCP donors), the empirical area under receiver operating curve of each EIA ranged from 0.66 (Roche) to 0.90 (Euroimmun). Commercial EIAs with high diagnostic accuracy to detect SARS-CoV-2 antibodies did not necessarily have high diagnostic accuracy to detect high nAbs. Some but not all commercial EIAs may be useful in the identification of individuals with high nAbs in convalescent individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshan U. Patel
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Evan M. Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William Clarke
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yu-Hsiang Hsieh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Denali Boon
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yolanda Eby
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Reinaldo E. Fernandez
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Owen R. Baker
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Morgan Keruly
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Charles S. Kirby
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ethan Klock
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kirsten Littlefield
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jernelle Miller
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Haley A. Schmidt
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Philip Sullivan
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Ruchee Shrestha
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew D. Redd
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard E. Rothman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shmuel Shoham
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas C. Quinn
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Aaron A.R. Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Pavlova IP, Nair SS, Kyprianou N, Tewari AK. The Rapid Coronavirus Antibody Test: Can We Improve Accuracy? Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:569. [PMID: 32984390 PMCID: PMC7492556 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ina P. Pavlova
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sujit S. Nair
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Natasha Kyprianou
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ash K. Tewari
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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63
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Pickering S, Betancor G, Galão RP, Merrick B, Signell AW, Wilson HD, Kia Ik MT, Seow J, Graham C, Acors S, Kouphou N, Steel KJA, Hemmings O, Patel A, Nebbia G, Douthwaite S, O’Connell L, Luptak J, McCoy LE, Brouwer P, van Gils MJ, Sanders RW, Martinez Nunez R, Bisnauthsing K, O’Hara G, MacMahon E, Batra R, Malim MH, Neil SJD, Doores KJ, Edgeworth JD. Comparative assessment of multiple COVID-19 serological technologies supports continued evaluation of point-of-care lateral flow assays in hospital and community healthcare settings. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008817. [PMID: 32970782 PMCID: PMC7514033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a clear requirement for an accurate SARS-CoV-2 antibody test, both as a complement to existing diagnostic capabilities and for determining community seroprevalence. We therefore evaluated the performance of a variety of antibody testing technologies and their potential use as diagnostic tools. Highly specific in-house ELISAs were developed for the detection of anti-spike (S), -receptor binding domain (RBD) and -nucleocapsid (N) antibodies and used for the cross-comparison of ten commercial serological assays-a chemiluminescence-based platform, two ELISAs and seven colloidal gold lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs)-on an identical panel of 110 SARS-CoV-2-positive samples and 50 pre-pandemic negatives. There was a wide variation in the performance of the different platforms, with specificity ranging from 82% to 100%, and overall sensitivity from 60.9% to 87.3%. However, the head-to-head comparison of multiple sero-diagnostic assays on identical sample sets revealed that performance is highly dependent on the time of sampling, with sensitivities of over 95% seen in several tests when assessing samples from more than 20 days post onset of symptoms. Furthermore, these analyses identified clear outlying samples that were negative in all tests, but were later shown to be from individuals with mildest disease presentation. Rigorous comparison of antibody testing platforms will inform the deployment of point-of-care technologies in healthcare settings and their use in the monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Pickering
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gilberto Betancor
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rui Pedro Galão
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Blair Merrick
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian W. Signell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Harry D. Wilson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Tan Kia Ik
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey Seow
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carl Graham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Acors
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neophytos Kouphou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn J. A. Steel
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology (CIBCI), Dept of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Hemmings
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amita Patel
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gaia Nebbia
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Douthwaite
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lorcan O’Connell
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jakub Luptak
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Laura E. McCoy
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Brouwer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marit J. van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rogier W. Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rocio Martinez Nunez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Bisnauthsing
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Geraldine O’Hara
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eithne MacMahon
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rahul Batra
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael H. Malim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart J. D. Neil
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katie J. Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D. Edgeworth
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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64
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Haselmann V, Özçürümez MK, Klawonn F, Ast V, Gerhards C, Eichner R, Costina V, Dobler G, Geilenkeuser WJ, Wölfel R, Neumaier M. Results of the first pilot external quality assessment (EQA) scheme for anti-SARS-CoV2-antibody testing. Clin Chem Lab Med 2020; 58:2121-2130. [PMID: 32853163 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2020-1183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Assessment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection prevalence and immunity is cornerstones in the fight against COVID-19 pandemic. For pandemic control, reliable assays for the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies are required. This pilot external quality assessment (EQA) scheme aimed to independently assess the participants' clinical performance of anti-SARS-CoV-2 testing, to identify shortcomings in clinical practice and to evaluate the suitability of the scheme format. Methods The EQA scheme consisted of eight serum samples with variable reactivity against SARS-CoV-2 intended for the analysis of anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgA, and IgM antibodies. Laboratories reported: (1) results for each sample and the respective method, (2) raw data from replicate testing of each sample. Results The 16 selected pilot EQA participants reported 294 interpreted results and 796 raw data results from replicate testing. The overall error rate for the anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG, IgA, and IgM tests was 2.7, 6.9, and 16.7%, respectively. While the overall diagnostic specificity was rated as very high, sensitivity rates between 67 and 98% indicate considerable quality differences between the manufacturers, especially for IgA and IgM. Conclusions Even the results reported by the small number of participants indicate a very heterogeneous landscape of anti-SARS-CoV-2 serological testing. Differences of available tests and the individual performance of laboratories result in a success rate of 57.1% with one laboratory succeeding for all three antibody-classes. These results are an incentive for laboratories to participate in upcoming open EQA schemes that are needed to achieve a harmonization of test results and to improve serological testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Haselmann
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medicine Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mustafa K Özçürümez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine of the Medical Clinic at the University Medical Center Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Frank Klawonn
- Biostatistics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Computer Science, Ostfalia University of Applied Sciences, Wolfenbuttel, Germany
| | - Volker Ast
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medicine Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Catharina Gerhards
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medicine Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Romy Eichner
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medicine Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Victor Costina
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medicine Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gerhard Dobler
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolf-Jochen Geilenkeuser
- Reference-Institute for Bioanalytics, German Society for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (DGKL), Bonn, Germany
| | - Roman Wölfel
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Neumaier
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medicine Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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65
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Paiva KJ, Grisson RD, Chan PA, Huard RC, Caliendo AM, Lonks JR, King E, Tang EW, Pytel-Parenteau DL, Nam GH, Yakirevich E, Lu S. Validation and performance comparison of three SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays. J Med Virol 2020; 93:916-923. [PMID: 32710669 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Serology testing of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is increasingly being used during the current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), although its clinical and epidemiologic utilities are still debatable. Characterizing these assays provides scientific basis to best use them. The current study assessed one chemiluminescent assay (Abbott COVID-2 IgG) and two lateral flow assays (STANDARD Q [SQ] IgM/IgG Duo and Wondfo total antibody test) using 113 blood samples from 71 PCR-confirmed COVID-19 hospitalized patients, 119 samples with potential cross-reactions, and 1068 negative controls including 942 pre-pandemic samples. SARS-CoV-2 IgM antibodies became detectable 3-4 days post-symptom onset using SQ IgM test and IgG antibodies were first detected 5-6 days post-onset using SQ IgG. Abbott IgG and Wondfo Total were able to detect antibodies 7 to 8 days post-onset. After 14 days post-symptom onset, the SQ IgG, Abbott IgG and Wondfo Total tests were able to detect antibodies from 100% of the PCR-confirmed patients in this series; 87.5% sensitivity for SQ IgM. Overall agreement was 88.5% between SQ IgM/IgG and Wondfo Total and 94.6% between SQ IgG and Abbott IgG. No cross-reaction due to recent sera with three of the endemic coronaviruses was observed. Viral hepatitis and autoimmune samples were the main source of limited cross-reactions. The specificities were 100% for SQ IgG and Wondfo Total, 99.62% for Abbott IgG, and 98.87% for SQ IgM. These findings demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity of appropriately validated SARS-CoV-2 serologic assays with implications for clinical use and epidemiological seroprevalence studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly J Paiva
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Ricky D Grisson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Philip A Chan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Richard C Huard
- Rhode Island State Laboratory, Rhode Island Department of Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Angela M Caliendo
- Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - John R Lonks
- Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Ewa King
- Rhode Island State Laboratory, Rhode Island Department of Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Eric W Tang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Diane L Pytel-Parenteau
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Ga H Nam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Evgeny Yakirevich
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Shaolei Lu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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66
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Clinical Utility of a Highly Sensitive Lateral Flow Immunoassay as determined by Titer Analysis for the Detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies at the Point-of-Care. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020. [PMID: 32766594 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.30.20163824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), became a pandemic in early 2020. Lateral flow immunoassays for antibody testing have been viewed as a cheap and rapidly deployable method for determining previous infection with SARS-CoV-2; however, these assays have shown unacceptably low sensitivity. We report on nine lateral flow immunoassays currently available and compare their titer sensitivity in serum to a best-practice enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and viral neutralization assay. For a small group of PCR-positive, we found two lateral flow immunoassay devices with titer sensitivity roughly equal to the ELISA; these devices were positive for all PCR-positive patients harboring SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. One of these devices was deployed in Northern Italy to test its sensitivity and specificity in a real-world clinical setting. Using the device with fingerstick blood on a cohort of 27 hospitalized PCR-positive patients and seven hospitalized controls, ROC curve analysis gave AUC values of 0.7646 for IgG. For comparison, this assay was also tested with saliva from the same patient population and showed reduced discrimination between cases and controls with AUC values of 0.6841 for IgG. Furthermore, during viral neutralization testing, one patient was discovered to harbor autoantibodies to ACE2, with implications for how immune responses are profiled. We show here through a proof-of-concept study that these lateral flow devices can be as analytically sensitive as ELISAs and adopted into hospital protocols; however, additional improvements to these devices remain necessary before their clinical deployment.
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67
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Ladner JT, Henson SN, Boyle AS, Engelbrektson AL, Fink ZW, Rahee F, D’ambrozio J, Schaecher KE, Stone M, Dong W, Dadwal S, Yu J, Caligiuri MA, Cieplak P, Bjørås M, Fenstad MH, Nordbø SA, Kainov DE, Muranaka N, Chee MS, Shiryaev SA, Altin JA. Epitope-resolved profiling of the SARS-CoV-2 antibody response identifies cross-reactivity with an endemic human CoV. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.07.27.222943. [PMID: 32743570 PMCID: PMC7386487 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.27.222943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A high-resolution understanding of the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 is important for the design of effective diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics. However, SARS-CoV-2 antibody epitopes remain largely uncharacterized, and it is unknown whether and how the response may cross-react with related viruses. Here, we use a multiplexed peptide assay ('PepSeq') to generate an epitope-resolved view of reactivity across all human coronaviruses. PepSeq accurately detects SARS-CoV-2 exposure and resolves epitopes across the Spike and Nucleocapsid proteins. Two of these represent recurrent reactivities to conserved, functionally-important sites in the Spike S2 subunit, regions that we show are also targeted for the endemic coronaviruses in pre-pandemic controls. At one of these sites, we demonstrate that the SARS-CoV-2 response strongly and recurrently cross-reacts with the endemic virus hCoV-OC43. Our analyses reveal new diagnostic and therapeutic targets, including a site at which SARS-CoV-2 may recruit common pre-existing antibodies and with the potential for broadly-neutralizing responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T Ladner
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Sierra N Henson
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix and Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Annalee S Boyle
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix and Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Anna L Engelbrektson
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix and Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Zane W Fink
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Fatima Rahee
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix and Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | | | | | - Mars Stone
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wenjuan Dong
- Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Sanjeet Dadwal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Michael A Caligiuri
- Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Piotr Cieplak
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Magnar Bjørås
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mona H Fenstad
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Svein A Nordbø
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Medical Microbiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Denis E Kainov
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | | | - Sergey A Shiryaev
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John A Altin
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix and Flagstaff, AZ, USA
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68
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Theel ES, Harring J, Hilgart H, Granger D. Performance Characteristics of Four High-Throughput Immunoassays for Detection of IgG Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58:e01243-20. [PMID: 32513859 PMCID: PMC7383546 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01243-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of serologic testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), in both the clinical and public health settings, will continue to evolve as we gain increasing insight into our immune response to the virus. Here, we evaluated four high-throughput serologic tests for detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies, from Abbott Laboratories (Abbott Park, IL), Epitope Diagnostics, Inc. (San Diego, CA), Euroimmun (Lubeck, Germany), and Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics (Rochester, NY), using a panel of serially collected serum samples (n = 224) from 56 patients with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), healthy donor sera from 2018, and a cross-reactivity serum panel collected in early 2020. The sensitivities of the Abbott, Epitope, Euroimmun, and Ortho-Clinical IgG assays in convalescent-phase serum samples collected more than 14 days post-symptom onset or post-initial positive reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) result were 92.9% (78/84), 88.1% (74/84), 97.6% (82/84), and 98.8% (83/84), respectively. Among unique convalescent patients, sensitivities of the Abbott, Epitope, Euroimmun, and Ortho-Clinical anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG assays were 97.3% (36/37), 73% (27/37), 94.6% (35/37), and 97.3% (36/37), respectively. Overall assay specificity/positive predictive values based on a 5% prevalence rate were 99.6%/92.8%, 99.6%/90.6%, 98.0%/71.2%, and 99.6%/92.5%, respectively, for the Abbott, Epitope, Euroimmun, and Ortho-Clinical IgG assays. In conclusion, we show high sensitivity in convalescent-phase sera and high specificity for the Abbott, Euroimmun, and Ortho-Clinical anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG assays. With the unprecedented influx of commercially available serologic tests for detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, it remains imperative that laboratories thoroughly evaluate such assays for accuracy prior to implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elitza S Theel
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Julie Harring
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Heather Hilgart
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Dane Granger
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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69
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Dzimianski JV, Lorig-Roach N, O’Rourke SM, Alexander DL, Kimmey JM, DuBois RM. Rapid and sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies by biolayer interferometry. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.07.17.20156281. [PMID: 32743612 PMCID: PMC7388487 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.17.20156281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Serological testing to evaluate antigen-specific antibodies in plasma is generally performed by rapid lateral flow test strips that lack quantitative results or by high complexity immunoassays that are time- and labor-intensive but provide quantitative results. Here, we describe a novel application of biolayer interferometry for the rapid detection of antigen-specific antibody levels in plasma samples, and demonstrate its utility for quantification of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Our biolayer interferometry immunosorbent assay (BLI-ISA) utilizes single-use biosensors in an automated "dip-and-read" format, providing real-time optical measurements of antigen loading, plasma antibody binding, and antibody isotype detection. Complete quantitative results are obtained in less than 20 minutes. BLI-ISA meets or exceeds the performance of high complexity methods such as Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and Chemiluminescent Immunoassay. Importantly, our method can be immediately implemented on existing BLI platforms for urgent COVID-19 studies, such as serosurveillance and the evaluation of vaccine candidates. In a broader sense, BLI-ISA can be developed as a novel diagnostic platform to evaluate antibodies and other biomolecules in clinical specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V. Dzimianski
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Nicholas Lorig-Roach
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Sara M. O’Rourke
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | | | - Jacqueline M. Kimmey
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Rebecca M. DuBois
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
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70
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Dumonteil E, Herrera C. Polymorphism and Selection Pressure of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine and Diagnostic Antigens: Implications for Immune Evasion and Serologic Diagnostic Performance. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9070584. [PMID: 32709055 PMCID: PMC7400351 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has triggered multiple efforts for serological tests and vaccine development. Most of these tests and vaccines are based on the Spike glycoprotein (S) or the Nucleocapsid (N) viral protein. Conservation of these antigens among viral strains is critical to ensure optimum diagnostic test performance and broad protective efficacy, respectively. We assessed N and S antigen diversity from 17,853 SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences and evaluated selection pressure. Up to 6–7 incipient phylogenetic clades were identified for both antigens, confirming early variants of the S antigen and identifying new ones. Significant diversifying selection was detected at multiple sites for both antigens. Some sequence variants have already spread in multiple regions, in spite of their low frequency. In conclusion, the N and S antigens of SARS-CoV-2 are well-conserved antigens, but new clades are emerging and may need to be included in future diagnostic and vaccine formulations.
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71
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Silveira MF, Barros AJD, Horta BL, Pellanda LC, Victora GD, Dellagostin OA, Struchiner CJ, Burattini MN, Valim ARM, Berlezi EM, Mesa JM, Ikeda MLR, Mesenburg MA, Mantesso M, Dall'Agnol MM, Bittencourt RA, Hartwig FP, Menezes AMB, Barros FC, Hallal PC, Victora CG. Population-based surveys of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in Southern Brazil. Nat Med 2020; 26:1196-1199. [PMID: 32641783 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-0992-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Population-based data on COVID-19 are urgently needed. We report on three rounds of probability sample household surveys in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil), carried out in nine large municipalities using the Wondfo lateral flow point-of-care test for immunoglobulin M and G antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 (https://en.wondfo.com.cn/product/wondfo-sars-cov-2-antibody-test-lateral-flow-method-2/). Before survey use, the assay underwent four validation studies with pooled estimates of sensitivity (84.8%; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 81.4-87.8%) and specificity (99.0%; 95% CI = 97.8-99.7%). We calculated that the seroprevalence was 0.048% (2/4,151; 95% CI = 0.006-0.174) on 11-13 April (round 1), 0.135% (6/4,460; 95% CI = 0.049-0.293%) on 25-27 April (round 2) and 0.222% (10/4,500; 95% CI = 0.107-0.408) on 9-11 May (round 3), with a significant upward trend over the course of the surveys. Of 37 family members of positive individuals, 17 (35%) were also positive. The epidemic is at an early stage in the state, and there is high compliance with social distancing, unlike in other parts of Brazil. Periodic survey rounds will continue to monitor trends until at least the end of September, and our population-based data will inform decisions on preventive policies and health system preparedness at the state level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lúcia C Pellanda
- Fundação Universidade Federal de Ciências de Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gabriel D Victora
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marilia A Mesenburg
- Fundação Universidade Federal de Ciências de Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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72
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Özçürümez MK, Ambrosch A, Frey O, Haselmann V, Holdenrieder S, Kiehntopf M, Neumaier M, Walter M, Wenzel F, Wölfel R, Renz H. SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing-questions to be asked. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 146:35-43. [PMID: 32479758 PMCID: PMC7256507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and development of coronavirus disease 2019 presents a major health care challenge of global dimensions. Laboratory diagnostics of infected patients, and the assessment of immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, presents a major cornerstone in handling the pandemic. Currently, there is an increase in demand for antibody testing and a large number of tests are already marketed or are in the late stage of development. However, the interpretation of test results depends on many variables and factors, including sensitivity, specificity, potential cross-reactivity and cross-protectivity, the diagnostic value of antibodies of different isotypes, and the use of antibody testing in identification of acutely ill patients or in epidemiological settings. In this article, the recently established COVID-19 Task Force of the German Society for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (DGKL) addresses these issues on the basis of currently available data sets in this rapidly moving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa K Özçürümez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine of the Medical Clinic at the University Medical Center Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Andreas Ambrosch
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Microbiology and Hygiene, Barmherzige Brüder Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Frey
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Brandenburg Medical School, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany; Institute of Medical Diagnostics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Haselmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medicine Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Holdenrieder
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, German Heart Centre, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Kiehntopf
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Neumaier
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medicine Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Walter
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, and Pathobiochemistry, Charité University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Folker Wenzel
- Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, Hochschule Furtwangen, Furtwangen, Germany
| | - Roman Wölfel
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Harald Renz
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Philipps Universität Marburg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany
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73
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Lisboa Bastos M, Tavaziva G, Abidi SK, Campbell JR, Haraoui LP, Johnston JC, Lan Z, Law S, MacLean E, Trajman A, Menzies D, Benedetti A, Ahmad Khan F. Diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for covid-19: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2020; 370:m2516. [PMID: 32611558 PMCID: PMC7327913 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m2516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 490] [Impact Index Per Article: 122.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19). DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES Medline, bioRxiv, and medRxiv from 1 January to 30 April 2020, using subject headings or subheadings combined with text words for the concepts of covid-19 and serological tests for covid-19. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA AND DATA ANALYSIS Eligible studies measured sensitivity or specificity, or both of a covid-19 serological test compared with a reference standard of viral culture or reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Studies were excluded with fewer than five participants or samples. Risk of bias was assessed using quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies 2 (QUADAS-2). Pooled sensitivity and specificity were estimated using random effects bivariate meta-analyses. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was overall sensitivity and specificity, stratified by method of serological testing (enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs), or chemiluminescent immunoassays (CLIAs)) and immunoglobulin class (IgG, IgM, or both). Secondary outcomes were stratum specific sensitivity and specificity within subgroups defined by study or participant characteristics, including time since symptom onset. RESULTS 5016 references were identified and 40 studies included. 49 risk of bias assessments were carried out (one for each population and method evaluated). High risk of patient selection bias was found in 98% (48/49) of assessments and high or unclear risk of bias from performance or interpretation of the serological test in 73% (36/49). Only 10% (4/40) of studies included outpatients. Only two studies evaluated tests at the point of care. For each method of testing, pooled sensitivity and specificity were not associated with the immunoglobulin class measured. The pooled sensitivity of ELISAs measuring IgG or IgM was 84.3% (95% confidence interval 75.6% to 90.9%), of LFIAs was 66.0% (49.3% to 79.3%), and of CLIAs was 97.8% (46.2% to 100%). In all analyses, pooled sensitivity was lower for LFIAs, the potential point-of-care method. Pooled specificities ranged from 96.6% to 99.7%. Of the samples used for estimating specificity, 83% (10 465/12 547) were from populations tested before the epidemic or not suspected of having covid-19. Among LFIAs, pooled sensitivity of commercial kits (65.0%, 49.0% to 78.2%) was lower than that of non-commercial tests (88.2%, 83.6% to 91.3%). Heterogeneity was seen in all analyses. Sensitivity was higher at least three weeks after symptom onset (ranging from 69.9% to 98.9%) compared with within the first week (from 13.4% to 50.3%). CONCLUSION Higher quality clinical studies assessing the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for covid-19 are urgently needed. Currently, available evidence does not support the continued use of existing point-of-care serological tests. STUDY REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42020179452.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara Lisboa Bastos
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Social Medicine Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gamuchirai Tavaziva
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Syed Kunal Abidi
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jonathon R Campbell
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Departments of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Louis-Patrick Haraoui
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Zhiyi Lan
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Stephanie Law
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily MacLean
- Departments of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Anete Trajman
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Social Medicine Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dick Menzies
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Departments of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Andrea Benedetti
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Departments of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Faiz Ahmad Khan
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Departments of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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74
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Santaella-Tenorio J. SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic testing alternatives for Latin America. Colomb Med (Cali) 2020; 51:e4272. [PMID: 33012887 PMCID: PMC7518727 DOI: 10.25100/cm.v51i2.4272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past four months SARS-CoV-2 has reached most countries in the world. Public health strategies based on widespread testing and proper isolation of positive cases have shown to be helpful to reduce local transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Confirmatory tests, that identify viral RNA, and screening serological tests that identify viral antigens or host antibodies against viral proteins are part of the tools that nations can use to fight infectious disease epidemics. Understanding how each test works can provide insights about their test characteristics and how they can be used for different clinical and public health goals. Testing is a key strategy to reduce viral transmission, not only for this epidemic, but also for others to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián Santaella-Tenorio
- Universidad del Valle; Escuela de Salud Pública, Facultad de Salud. Cali, Colombia
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Maestría en Epidemiología Clínica, Cali, Colombia
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75
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Bohn MK, Lippi G, Horvath A, Sethi S, Koch D, Ferrari M, Wang CB, Mancini N, Steele S, Adeli K. Molecular, serological, and biochemical diagnosis and monitoring of COVID-19: IFCC taskforce evaluation of the latest evidence. Clin Chem Lab Med 2020; 58:1037-1052. [PMID: 32459192 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2020-0722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has presented major challenges for clinical laboratories, from initial diagnosis to patient monitoring and treatment. Initial response to this pandemic involved the development, production, and distribution of diagnostic molecular assays at an unprecedented rate, leading to minimal validation requirements and concerns regarding their diagnostic accuracy in clinical settings. In addition to molecular testing, serological assays to detect antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are now becoming available from numerous diagnostic manufacturers. In both cases, the lack of peer-reviewed data and regulatory oversight, combined with general misconceptions regarding their appropriate use, have highlighted the importance of laboratory professionals in robustly validating and evaluating these assays for appropriate clinical use. The International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC) Task Force on COVID-19 has been established to synthesize up-to-date information on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and laboratory diagnosis and monitoring of COVID-19, as well as to develop practical recommendations on the use of molecular, serological, and biochemical tests in disease diagnosis and management. This review summarizes the latest evidence and status of molecular, serological, and biochemical testing in COVID-19 and highlights some key considerations for clinical laboratories operating to support the global fight against this ongoing pandemic. Confidently this consolidated information provides a useful resource to laboratories and a reminder of the laboratory's critical role as the world battles this unprecedented crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Kathryn Bohn
- Clinical Biochemistry, DPLM, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Giuseppe Lippi
- IFCC Taskforce on COVID-19, International Federation of Clinical Chemistry, Milan, Italy.,Section of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea Horvath
- IFCC Taskforce on COVID-19, International Federation of Clinical Chemistry, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Chemistry and Endocrinology, New South Wales Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sunil Sethi
- IFCC Taskforce on COVID-19, International Federation of Clinical Chemistry, Milan, Italy.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Koch
- IFCC Taskforce on COVID-19, International Federation of Clinical Chemistry, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, and Director of Clinical Chemistry, Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Maurizio Ferrari
- IFCC Taskforce on COVID-19, International Federation of Clinical Chemistry, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Cheng-Bin Wang
- IFCC Taskforce on COVID-19, International Federation of Clinical Chemistry, Milan, Italy.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Nicasio Mancini
- IFCC Taskforce on COVID-19, International Federation of Clinical Chemistry, Milan, Italy.,Università "Vita-Salute" San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Shannon Steele
- Clinical Biochemistry, DPLM, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Khosrow Adeli
- IFCC Taskforce on COVID-19, International Federation of Clinical Chemistry, Milan, Italy.,Clinical Biochemistry, DPLM, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5P 2R6, Canada
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76
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Wu JL, Tseng WP, Lin CH, Lee TF, Chung MY, Huang CH, Chen SY, Hsueh PR, Chen SC. Four point-of-care lateral flow immunoassays for diagnosis of COVID-19 and for assessing dynamics of antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2. J Infect 2020; 81:435-442. [PMID: 32553841 PMCID: PMC7295501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluate the role of rapid serological tests in the management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. METHODS This retrospective study enrolled 16 real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction-confirmed symptomatic patients with COVID-19 and 58 COVID-19 negative patients at a medical center in Taiwan over a 3-month period. Serial serum samples were collected and tested for antibody response using four point-of-care (POC) lateral flow immunoassays (LFIA) (ALLTEST 2019-nCoV IgG/IgM Rapid Test, Dynamiker 2019-nCoV IgG/IgM Rapid Test, ASK COVID-19 IgG/IgM Rapid Test, and Wondfo SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Test). Time-dependent detection sensitivity and timeliness of seroconversion were determined and compared between the four POC rapid tests. RESULTS The overall sensitivity and specificity of the four tests for detecting anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies after 3 weeks of symptom onset were 100% and 100%, respectively. There was no significant difference between the rapid tests used for detection of IgM and IgG separately and those used for detection of combined total antibody (mainly IgM/IgG). There was no significant difference between the four POC rapid tests in terms of time required for determining seroconversion of COVID-19. Patients with COVID-19 with pneumonia demonstrated shorter seroconversion time than those without pneumonia. CONCLUSION Though the POC antibody rapid tests based on LFIA showed reliable performance in the detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, the results of these tests should be interpreted and applied appropriately in the context of antibody dynamic of COVID-19 infection. COVID-19 patients complicated with pneumonia exhibited earlier anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody response than COVID-19 patients without pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhong-Lin Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, 7, Chung Shan South Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Pin Tseng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, 7, Chung Shan South Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hao Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, 7, Chung Shan South Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Fen Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, 7, Chung Shan South Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yi Chung
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, 7, Chung Shan South Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hua Huang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, 7, Chung Shan South Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Shey-Ying Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, 7, Chung Shan South Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan; Center for Quality Management, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Ren Hsueh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, 7, Chung Shan South Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Shyr-Chyr Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, 7, Chung Shan South Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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77
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Weissleder R, Lee H, Ko J, Pittet MJ. COVID-19 diagnostics in context. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:12/546/eabc1931. [PMID: 32493791 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abc1931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has highlighted the need for different types of diagnostics, comparative validation of new tests, faster approval by federal agencies, and rapid production of test kits to meet global demands. In this Perspective, we discuss the utility and challenges of current diagnostics for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA. .,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Division of Interventional Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Hakho Lee
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jina Ko
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mikael J Pittet
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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78
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Adams ER, Ainsworth M, Anand R, Andersson MI, Auckland K, Baillie JK, Barnes E, Beer S, Bell JI, Berry T, Bibi S, Carroll M, Chinnakannan SK, Clutterbuck E, Cornall RJ, Crook DW, de Silva T, Dejnirattisai W, Dingle KE, Dold C, Espinosa A, Eyre DW, Farmer H, Fernandez Mendoza M, Georgiou D, Hoosdally SJ, Hunter A, Jefferey K, Kelly DF, Klenerman P, Knight J, Knowles C, Kwok AJ, Leuschner U, Levin R, Liu C, López-Camacho C, Martinez J, Matthews PC, McGivern H, Mentzer AJ, Milton J, Mongkolsapaya J, Moore SC, Oliveira MS, Pereira F, Perez E, Peto T, Ploeg RJ, Pollard A, Prince T, Roberts DJ, Rudkin JK, Sanchez V, Screaton GR, Semple MG, Slon-Campos J, Skelly DT, Smith EN, Sobrinodiaz A, Staves J, Stuart DI, Supasa P, Surik T, Thraves H, Tsang P, Turtle L, Walker AS, Wang B, Washington C, Watkins N, Whitehouse J. Antibody testing for COVID-19: A report from the National COVID Scientific Advisory Panel. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 5:139. [PMID: 33748431 PMCID: PMC7941096 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15927.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic caused >1 million infections during January-March 2020. There is an urgent need for reliable antibody detection approaches to support diagnosis, vaccine development, safe release of individuals from quarantine, and population lock-down exit strategies. We set out to evaluate the performance of ELISA and lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) devices. Methods: We tested plasma for COVID (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SARS-CoV-2) IgM and IgG antibodies by ELISA and using nine different LFIA devices. We used a panel of plasma samples from individuals who have had confirmed COVID infection based on a PCR result (n=40), and pre-pandemic negative control samples banked in the UK prior to December-2019 (n=142). Results: ELISA detected IgM or IgG in 34/40 individuals with a confirmed history of COVID infection (sensitivity 85%, 95%CI 70-94%), vs. 0/50 pre-pandemic controls (specificity 100% [95%CI 93-100%]). IgG levels were detected in 31/31 COVID-positive individuals tested ≥10 days after symptom onset (sensitivity 100%, 95%CI 89-100%). IgG titres rose during the 3 weeks post symptom onset and began to fall by 8 weeks, but remained above the detection threshold. Point estimates for the sensitivity of LFIA devices ranged from 55-70% versus RT-PCR and 65-85% versus ELISA, with specificity 95-100% and 93-100% respectively. Within the limits of the study size, the performance of most LFIA devices was similar. Conclusions: Currently available commercial LFIA devices do not perform sufficiently well for individual patient applications. However, ELISA can be calibrated to be specific for detecting and quantifying SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG and is highly sensitive for IgG from 10 days following first symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R. Adams
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Mark Ainsworth
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Rekha Anand
- NHS Blood and Transplant Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2SG, UK
| | | | - Kathryn Auckland
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | | | - Eleanor Barnes
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Sally Beer
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - John I. Bell
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Tamsin Berry
- Department of Health and Social Care, UK Government, London, UK
| | - Sagida Bibi
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Miles Carroll
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Senthil K. Chinnakannan
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Elizabeth Clutterbuck
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Richard J. Cornall
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Derrick W. Crook
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Thushan de Silva
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Wanwisa Dejnirattisai
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Kate E. Dingle
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Christina Dold
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Alexis Espinosa
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - David W. Eyre
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Helen Farmer
- Department of Health and Social Care, UK Government, London, UK
| | | | | | - Sarah J. Hoosdally
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Alastair Hunter
- NHS Blood and Transplant Basildon, Burnt Mills Industrial Estate, Basildon, SS13 1FH, UK
| | - Katie Jefferey
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Dominic F. Kelly
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Julian Knight
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Clarice Knowles
- Department of Health and Social Care, UK Government, London, UK
| | - Andrew J. Kwok
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Ullrich Leuschner
- NHS Blood and Transplant Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Chang Liu
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - César López-Camacho
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Jose Martinez
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Philippa C. Matthews
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Hannah McGivern
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Alexander J. Mentzer
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Jonathan Milton
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Juthathip Mongkolsapaya
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Shona C. Moore
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marta S. Oliveira
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | | | - Elena Perez
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Timothy Peto
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Rutger J. Ploeg
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Andrew Pollard
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Tessa Prince
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - David J. Roberts
- NHS Blood and Transplant Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Justine K. Rudkin
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Veronica Sanchez
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Gavin R. Screaton
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Malcolm G. Semple
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jose Slon-Campos
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Donal T. Skelly
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | | | | | - Julie Staves
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - David I. Stuart
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 ODE, UK
| | - Piyada Supasa
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Tomas Surik
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Hannah Thraves
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Pat Tsang
- NHS Blood and Transplant Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Lance Turtle
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Tropical & Infectious Disease Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital (member of Liverpool Health Partners), Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - A. Sarah Walker
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Beibei Wang
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | | | - Nicholas Watkins
- NHS Blood and Transplant Cambridge, Long Road, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK
| | | | - National COVID Testing Scientific Advisory Panel
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- NHS Blood and Transplant Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2SG, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RJ, UK
- Department of Health and Social Care, UK Government, London, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
- NHS Blood and Transplant Basildon, Burnt Mills Industrial Estate, Basildon, SS13 1FH, UK
- NHS Blood and Transplant Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Worthing Hospital, Worthing, BN11 2DH, UK
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 ODE, UK
- Tropical & Infectious Disease Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital (member of Liverpool Health Partners), Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
- NHS Blood and Transplant Cambridge, Long Road, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK
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79
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Bahadur G, Acharya S, Muneer A, Huirne J, Łukaszuk M, Doreski PA, Homburg R. SARS-CoV-2: diagnostic and design conundrums in the context of male factor infertility. Reprod Biomed Online 2020; 41:365-369. [PMID: 32565229 PMCID: PMC7267791 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The question of whether SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 [SARS-CoV-2], leading to the COVID-19 infection) can be harboured in the testes and/or semen is currently unanswered. It is essential to understand the limitations of both antibody and real-time PCR tests in interpreting SARS-CoV-2 data in relation to analyses of semen and testicular tissue without appropriate controls. This article critically analyses the evidence so far on this, and the possible implications. The limitations of diagnostic tests in both sampling and testing methodologies, their validation and their relevance in interpreting data are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulam Bahadur
- Reproductive Medicine Unit, North Middlesex University Hospital, London, UK; Homerton Fertility Centre, Homerton University Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Santanu Acharya
- Ayrshire Fertility Unit, University Hospital Crosshouse, Kilmarnock, Scotland
| | - Asif Muneer
- University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Judith Huirne
- University Medical Centers Amsterdam, Location VUmc and AMC, Research Institute Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Roy Homburg
- Homerton Fertility Centre, Homerton University Hospital, London, UK
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80
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Byrnes JR, Zhou XX, Lui I, Elledge SK, Glasgow JE, Lim SA, Loudermilk R, Chiu CY, Wilson MR, Leung KK, Wells JA. A SARS-CoV-2 serological assay to determine the presence of blocking antibodies that compete for human ACE2 binding. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.05.27.20114652. [PMID: 32511506 PMCID: PMC7273274 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.27.20114652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
As SARS-CoV-2 continues to spread around the world, there is an urgent need for new assay formats to characterize the humoral response to infection. Convalescent serum is being used for treatment and for isolation of patient-derived antibodies. However, currently there is not a simple means to estimate serum bulk neutralizing capability. Here we present an efficient competitive serological assay that can simultaneously determine an individual's seropositivity against the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and estimate the neutralizing capacity of anti-Spike antibodies to block interaction with the human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) required for viral entry. In this ELISA-based assay, we present natively-folded viral Spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD)-containing antigens via avidin-biotin interactions. Sera are then supplemented with soluble ACE2-Fc to compete for RBD-binding serum antibodies, and antibody binding quantified. Comparison of signal from untreated serum and ACE2-Fc-treated serum reveals the presence of antibodies that compete with ACE2 for RBD binding, as evidenced by loss of signal with ACE2-Fc treatment. In our test cohort of nine convalescent SARS-CoV-2 patients, we found all patients had developed anti-RBD antibodies targeting the epitope responsible for ACE2 engagement. This assay provides a simple and high-throughput method to screen patient sera for potentially neutralizing anti-Spike antibodies to enable identification of candidate sera for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Byrnes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
| | - Xin X. Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
| | - Irene Lui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
| | - Susanna K. Elledge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
| | - Jeff E. Glasgow
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
| | - Shion A. Lim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
| | - Rita Loudermilk
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
| | - Charles Y. Chiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
| | - Michael R. Wilson
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
| | - Kevin K. Leung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
| | - James A. Wells
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
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81
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82
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Adams ER, Ainsworth M, Anand R, Andersson MI, Auckland K, Baillie JK, Barnes E, Beer S, Bell JI, Berry T, Bibi S, Carroll M, Chinnakannan SK, Clutterbuck E, Cornall RJ, Crook DW, de Silva T, Dejnirattisai W, Dingle KE, Dold C, Espinosa A, Eyre DW, Farmer H, Fernandez Mendoza M, Georgiou D, Hoosdally SJ, Hunter A, Jefferey K, Kelly DF, Klenerman P, Knight J, Knowles C, Kwok AJ, Leuschner U, Levin R, Liu C, López-Camacho C, Martinez J, Matthews PC, McGivern H, Mentzer AJ, Milton J, Mongkolsapaya J, Moore SC, Oliveira MS, Pereira F, Perez E, Peto T, Ploeg RJ, Pollard A, Prince T, Roberts DJ, Rudkin JK, Sanchez V, Screaton GR, Semple MG, Slon-Campos J, Skelly DT, Smith EN, Sobrinodiaz A, Staves J, Stuart DI, Supasa P, Surik T, Thraves H, Tsang P, Turtle L, Walker AS, Wang B, Washington C, Watkins N, Whitehouse J. Antibody testing for COVID-19: A report from the National COVID Scientific Advisory Panel. Wellcome Open Res 2020. [PMID: 33748431 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15927.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic caused >1 million infections during January-March 2020. There is an urgent need for reliable antibody detection approaches to support diagnosis, vaccine development, safe release of individuals from quarantine, and population lock-down exit strategies. We set out to evaluate the performance of ELISA and lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) devices. Methods: We tested plasma for COVID (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SARS-CoV-2) IgM and IgG antibodies by ELISA and using nine different LFIA devices. We used a panel of plasma samples from individuals who have had confirmed COVID infection based on a PCR result (n=40), and pre-pandemic negative control samples banked in the UK prior to December-2019 (n=142). Results: ELISA detected IgM or IgG in 34/40 individuals with a confirmed history of COVID infection (sensitivity 85%, 95%CI 70-94%), vs. 0/50 pre-pandemic controls (specificity 100% [95%CI 93-100%]). IgG levels were detected in 31/31 COVID-positive individuals tested ≥10 days after symptom onset (sensitivity 100%, 95%CI 89-100%). IgG titres rose during the 3 weeks post symptom onset and began to fall by 8 weeks, but remained above the detection threshold. Point estimates for the sensitivity of LFIA devices ranged from 55-70% versus RT-PCR and 65-85% versus ELISA, with specificity 95-100% and 93-100% respectively. Within the limits of the study size, the performance of most LFIA devices was similar. Conclusions: Currently available commercial LFIA devices do not perform sufficiently well for individual patient applications. However, ELISA can be calibrated to be specific for detecting and quantifying SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG and is highly sensitive for IgG from 10 days following first symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Adams
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Mark Ainsworth
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Rekha Anand
- NHS Blood and Transplant Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2SG, UK
| | | | - Kathryn Auckland
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | | | - Eleanor Barnes
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Sally Beer
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - John I Bell
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Tamsin Berry
- Department of Health and Social Care, UK Government, London, UK
| | - Sagida Bibi
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Miles Carroll
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Senthil K Chinnakannan
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Elizabeth Clutterbuck
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Richard J Cornall
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Derrick W Crook
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Thushan de Silva
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Wanwisa Dejnirattisai
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Kate E Dingle
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Christina Dold
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Alexis Espinosa
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - David W Eyre
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Helen Farmer
- Department of Health and Social Care, UK Government, London, UK
| | | | | | - Sarah J Hoosdally
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Alastair Hunter
- NHS Blood and Transplant Basildon, Burnt Mills Industrial Estate, Basildon, SS13 1FH, UK
| | - Katie Jefferey
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Dominic F Kelly
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Julian Knight
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Clarice Knowles
- Department of Health and Social Care, UK Government, London, UK
| | - Andrew J Kwok
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Ullrich Leuschner
- NHS Blood and Transplant Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Chang Liu
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - César López-Camacho
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Jose Martinez
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Philippa C Matthews
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Hannah McGivern
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Alexander J Mentzer
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Jonathan Milton
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Juthathip Mongkolsapaya
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Shona C Moore
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marta S Oliveira
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | | | - Elena Perez
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Timothy Peto
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Rutger J Ploeg
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Andrew Pollard
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Tessa Prince
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - David J Roberts
- NHS Blood and Transplant Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Justine K Rudkin
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Veronica Sanchez
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Gavin R Screaton
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Malcolm G Semple
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jose Slon-Campos
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Donal T Skelly
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | | | | | - Julie Staves
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - David I Stuart
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 ODE, UK
| | - Piyada Supasa
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Tomas Surik
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Hannah Thraves
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Pat Tsang
- NHS Blood and Transplant Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Lance Turtle
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Tropical & Infectious Disease Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital (member of Liverpool Health Partners), Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - A Sarah Walker
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Beibei Wang
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | | | - Nicholas Watkins
- NHS Blood and Transplant Cambridge, Long Road, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK
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