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Wan R, Song J, Lv Z, Qi X, Han X, Guo Q, Wang S, Shi J, Jian Z, Hu Q, Chen Y. Genome-Wide Identification and Comprehensive Analysis of the AP2/ERF Gene Family in Pomegranate Fruit Development and Postharvest Preservation. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13050895. [PMID: 35627280 PMCID: PMC9141937 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a kind of fruit with significant economic, ecological and health values. AP2/ERF transcription factors belong to a large group of factors mainly found in plants and play key roles in plant growth and development. However, AP2/ERF genes in pomegranate and their implication in development and postharvest preservation have been little described. In this study, 116 PgAP2/ERF genes in pomegranate were identified and renamed based on their chromosomal distributions. Phylogenetic relationship with genes from other species, structures, duplications, annotations, cis-elements in promoter sequences, and protein-protein interaction networks among PgAP2/ERF proteins were comprehensively explored. Expression analysis revealed several PgAP2/ERFs associated with the phenotypes of pomegranate seed hardness, including PgAP2/ERF5, PgAP2/ERF36, PgAP2/ERF58, and PgAP2/ERF86. Subsequent analysis indicated that many differentially expressed PgAP2/ERF genes are potentially important regulators of pomegranate fruit development. Furthermore, expression of more than one-half of PgAP2/ERFs was repressed in ‘Tunisian soft seed’ pomegranate fruit under low-temperature cold storage. The results showed that 1-MCP implicated in promoting postharvest preservation of ‘Tunisian soft seed’ pomegranate upregulated the PgAP2/ERF4, PgAP2/ERF15, PgAP2/ERF26, PgAP2/ERF30, PgAP2/ERF35 and PgAP2/ERF45 genes compared to those under low-temperature cold storage. This indicates that these genes are important candidate genes involved in pomegranate postharvest preservation. In summary, the findings of the present study provide an important basis for characterizing the PgAP2/ERF family genes and provide information on the candidate genes involved in pomegranate fruit development and postharvest preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wan
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (R.W.); (J.S.); (Z.L.); (X.Q.); (X.H.); (Q.G.); (S.W.); (J.S.); (Z.J.); (Y.C.)
| | - Jinhui Song
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (R.W.); (J.S.); (Z.L.); (X.Q.); (X.H.); (Q.G.); (S.W.); (J.S.); (Z.J.); (Y.C.)
| | - Zhenyang Lv
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (R.W.); (J.S.); (Z.L.); (X.Q.); (X.H.); (Q.G.); (S.W.); (J.S.); (Z.J.); (Y.C.)
| | - Xingcheng Qi
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (R.W.); (J.S.); (Z.L.); (X.Q.); (X.H.); (Q.G.); (S.W.); (J.S.); (Z.J.); (Y.C.)
| | - Xuemeng Han
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (R.W.); (J.S.); (Z.L.); (X.Q.); (X.H.); (Q.G.); (S.W.); (J.S.); (Z.J.); (Y.C.)
| | - Qiang Guo
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (R.W.); (J.S.); (Z.L.); (X.Q.); (X.H.); (Q.G.); (S.W.); (J.S.); (Z.J.); (Y.C.)
| | - Sa Wang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (R.W.); (J.S.); (Z.L.); (X.Q.); (X.H.); (Q.G.); (S.W.); (J.S.); (Z.J.); (Y.C.)
| | - Jiangli Shi
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (R.W.); (J.S.); (Z.L.); (X.Q.); (X.H.); (Q.G.); (S.W.); (J.S.); (Z.J.); (Y.C.)
| | - Zaihai Jian
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (R.W.); (J.S.); (Z.L.); (X.Q.); (X.H.); (Q.G.); (S.W.); (J.S.); (Z.J.); (Y.C.)
| | - Qingxia Hu
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (R.W.); (J.S.); (Z.L.); (X.Q.); (X.H.); (Q.G.); (S.W.); (J.S.); (Z.J.); (Y.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Yanhui Chen
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (R.W.); (J.S.); (Z.L.); (X.Q.); (X.H.); (Q.G.); (S.W.); (J.S.); (Z.J.); (Y.C.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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Li Z, Pi Y, Fan J, Yang X, Zhai C, Chen H, Wang F, Ding J, Gu T, Li Y, Wu H. High mobility group A3 enhances transcription of the DNA demethylase gene SlDML2 to promote tomato fruit ripening. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:315-328. [PMID: 35171288 PMCID: PMC9070846 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation plays an important role in regulating tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit ripening. Although SlDML2, a DNA demethylase (DML) gene, is critically involved in tomato fruit ripening, little is known about genes that regulate its expression. Using yeast one-hybrid screening, we identified a High Mobility Group A protein, named SlHMGA3, and demonstrated its binding activity to the AT-rich region of the SlDML2 promoter. We produced slhmga3 tomato mutants using CRISPR/Cas9 and observed that slhmga3 fruit reached the breaker stage much later than fruit from the wild-type. We further demonstrated that at the initiation stage of fruit ripening, the increased expression of SlDML2 and ethylene biosynthetic and signaling genes was significantly delayed in slhmga3 fruit, along with delays in ethylene production and demethylation and activation of ripening-associated transcription factor genes. Our results demonstrate that SlHMGA3 plays a role in enhancing SlDML2 expression, and its effects on tomato fruit ripening are largely through DNA demethylation of ripening-associated transcription factor genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ying Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Junmiao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xinxin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Changsheng Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jing Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tingting Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | | | - Han Wu
- Author for correspondence:
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53
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Yu J, Qiu K, Sun W, Yang T, Wu T, Song T, Zhang J, Yao Y, Tian J. A long noncoding RNA functions in high-light-induced anthocyanin accumulation in apple by activating ethylene synthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:66-83. [PMID: 35148400 PMCID: PMC9070812 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanin production in apple (Malus domestica) fruit and their consequent coloration can be induced by high-light treatment. The hormone ethylene is also essential for this coloration, but the regulatory relationships that link ethylene and light with anthocyanin-associated coloration are not well defined. In this study, we observed that high-light treatment of apple fruit increased anthocyanin accumulation more than moderate-light treatment did and was the main contributor of induced ethylene production and activation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. A transcriptome study of light-treated apple fruit suggested that a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), MdLNC610, the corresponding gene of which is physically located downstream from the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxygenase (ACO) ethylene biosynthesis gene MdACO1, likely affects anthocyanin biosynthesis under high-light treatment. Expression and promoter β-glucuronidase reporter analyses further showed that MdLNC610 upregulates expression of MdACO1 and so likely participates in high-light-induced ethylene biosynthesis. Overexpression of MdACO1 and MdLNC610 in apple fruit and calli indicated that a major increase in MdLNC610 expression activates MdACO1 expression, thereby causing an increase in ethylene production and anthocyanin levels. These results suggest that MdLNC610 participates in the regulation of high-light-induced anthocyanin production by functioning as a positive regulator to promote MdACO1 expression and ethylene biosynthesis. Our study provides insights into the relationship between mRNA and lncRNA networks in the ethylene biosynthetic pathway and anthocyanin accumulation in apple fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tuo Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Wu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Song
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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54
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Wang S, Zhang Z, Li LX, Wang HB, Zhou H, Chen XS, Feng SQ. Apple MdMYB306-like inhibits anthocyanin synthesis by directly interacting with MdMYB17 and MdbHLH33. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:1021-1034. [PMID: 35220614 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Li-Xian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Hai-Bo Wang
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Tai'an, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Ecophysiology of Horticultural Crops, Institute of Horticulture, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Xue-Sen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Shou-Qian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
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55
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Zhang H, Tao X, Fan X, Zhang S, Qin G. PpybZIP43 contributes to sucrose synthesis in pear fruits by activating PpySPS3 expression and interacts with PpySTOP1. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13732. [PMID: 35689502 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose is an important factor affecting sweetness and flavor in pear fruits, but the molecular mechanism of sucrose synthesis regulation is relatively unknown. Here, we characterized a transcription factor gene from pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai cv. "Hosui") fruits, PpybZIP43, and found that the transient overexpression of PpybZIP43 in pear fruits significantly increased the sucrose content and the relative expression level of sucrose phosphate synthase genes (PpySPS3 and PpySPS8). Subcellular localization analysis in tobacco leaves showed that PpybZIP43 was localized in the nucleus. Yeast one-hybrid, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), and dual-luciferase reporter assays indicated that PpybZIP43 was able to activate the expression of PpySPS3 by binding specifically to the G-box (CACGTG) element in the promoter. The protein-protein interaction assays using yeast two-hybrid, bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC), firefly luciferase complementation imaging (LCI), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down demonstrated that PpybZIP43 could directly interact with PpySTOP1 to form a transcription complex. This study is helpful for understanding the molecular basis of sucrose synthesis and accumulation in pear fruits and provides candidate genes for breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huping Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Tao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianwei Fan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Shaoling Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gaihua Qin
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement and Eco-Physiology of Anhui Province, Key Laboratory of Fruit Quality and Developmental Biology, Institute of Horticulture Research, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
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56
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Jia M, Li X, Wang W, Li T, Dai Z, Chen Y, Zhang K, Zhu H, Mao W, Feng Q, Liu L, Yan J, Zhong S, Li B, Jia W. SnRK2 subfamily I protein kinases regulate ethylene biosynthesis by phosphorylating HB transcription factors to induce ACO1 expression in apple. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1262-1277. [PMID: 35182082 PMCID: PMC9314909 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene (ETH) controls climacteric fruit ripening and can be triggered by osmotic stress. However, the mechanism regulating ETH biosynthesis during fruit ripening and under osmotic stress is largely unknown in apple (Malus domestica). Here, we explored the roles of SnRK2 protein kinases in ETH biosynthesis related to fruit ripening and osmoregulation. We identified the substrates of MdSnRK2-I using phosphorylation analysis techniques. Finally, we identified the MdSnRK2-I-mediated signaling pathway for ETH biosynthesis related to fruit ripening and osmoregulation. The activity of two MdSnRK2-I members, MdSnRK2.4 and MdSnRK2.9, was significantly upregulated during ripening or following mannitol treatment. Overexpression of MdSnRK2-I increased ETH biosynthesis under normal and osmotic conditions in apple fruit. MdSnRK2-I phosphorylated the transcription factors MdHB1 and MdHB2 to enhance their protein stability and transcriptional activity on MdACO1. MdSnRK2-I also interacted with MdACS1 and increased its protein stability through two phosphorylation sites. The increased MdACO1 expression and MdACS1 protein stability resulted in higher ETH production in apple fruit. In addition, heterologous expression of MdSnRK2-I or manipulation of SlSnRK2-I expression in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit altered fruit ripening and ETH biosynthesis. We established that MdSnRK2-I functions in fruit ripening and osmoregulation, and identified the MdSnRK2-I-mediated signaling pathway controlling ETH biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiru Jia
- State Key Laboratory of AgrobiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityNo.2 Yuanmingyuan West RoadBeijing100193China
- Department of PomologyCollege of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityNo.2 Yuanmingyuan West RoadBeijing100193China
| | - Xingliang Li
- State Key Laboratory of AgrobiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityNo.2 Yuanmingyuan West RoadBeijing100193China
- Department of PomologyCollege of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityNo.2 Yuanmingyuan West RoadBeijing100193China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of PomologyCollege of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityNo.2 Yuanmingyuan West RoadBeijing100193China
| | - Tianyu Li
- Department of PomologyCollege of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityNo.2 Yuanmingyuan West RoadBeijing100193China
| | - Zhengrong Dai
- Department of PomologyCollege of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityNo.2 Yuanmingyuan West RoadBeijing100193China
| | - Yating Chen
- State Key Laboratory of AgrobiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityNo.2 Yuanmingyuan West RoadBeijing100193China
- Department of PomologyCollege of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityNo.2 Yuanmingyuan West RoadBeijing100193China
| | - Kaikai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of AgrobiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityNo.2 Yuanmingyuan West RoadBeijing100193China
- Department of PomologyCollege of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityNo.2 Yuanmingyuan West RoadBeijing100193China
| | - Haocheng Zhu
- Department of PomologyCollege of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityNo.2 Yuanmingyuan West RoadBeijing100193China
| | - Wenwen Mao
- Department of PomologyCollege of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityNo.2 Yuanmingyuan West RoadBeijing100193China
| | - Qianqian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of AgrobiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityNo.2 Yuanmingyuan West RoadBeijing100193China
- Department of PomologyCollege of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityNo.2 Yuanmingyuan West RoadBeijing100193China
| | - Liping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of AgrobiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityNo.2 Yuanmingyuan West RoadBeijing100193China
- Department of PomologyCollege of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityNo.2 Yuanmingyuan West RoadBeijing100193China
| | - Jiaqi Yan
- Department of PomologyCollege of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityNo.2 Yuanmingyuan West RoadBeijing100193China
| | - Silin Zhong
- School of Life SciencesState Key Laboratory of AgrobiotechnologyChinese University of Hong KongEG12 Science Centre EastHong Kong999077China
| | - Bingbing Li
- State Key Laboratory of AgrobiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityNo.2 Yuanmingyuan West RoadBeijing100193China
- Department of PomologyCollege of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityNo.2 Yuanmingyuan West RoadBeijing100193China
| | - Wensuo Jia
- Department of PomologyCollege of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityNo.2 Yuanmingyuan West RoadBeijing100193China
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Wang S, Wang T, Li Q, Xu C, Tian J, Wang Y, Zhang X, Xu X, Han Z, Wu T. Phosphorylation of MdERF17 by MdMPK4 promotes apple fruit peel degreening during light/dark transitions. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1980-2000. [PMID: 35166845 PMCID: PMC9048921 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
As apple fruits (Malus domestica) mature, they accumulate anthocyanins concomitantly with losing chlorophyll (Chl); however, the molecular pathways and events that coordinate Chl degradation and fruit coloration have not been elucidated. We showed previously that the transcription factor ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR17 (MdERF17) modulates Chl degradation in apple fruit peels and that variation in the pattern of MdERF17 serine (Ser) residues is responsible for differences in its transcriptional regulatory activity. Here, we report that MdERF17 interacts with and is phosphorylated by MAP KINASE4 (MdMPK4-14G). Phosphorylation of MdERF17 at residue Thr67 by MdMPK4-14G is necessary for its transcriptional regulatory activity and its regulation of Chl degradation. We also show that MdERF17 mutants with different numbers of Ser repeat insertions exhibit altered phosphorylation profiles, with more repeats increasing its interaction with MdMPK4. MdMPK4-14G can be activated by exposure to darkness and is involved in the dark-induced degreening of fruit peels. We also demonstrate that greater phosphorylation of MdERF17 by MdMPK4-14G is responsible for the regulation of Chl degradation during light/dark transitions. Overall, our findings reveal the mechanism by which MdMPK4 controls fruit peel coloration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiqi Li
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Xu
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Tian
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Ting Wu
- Author for correspondence: (T.W.), (Z.H.)
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Hu Y, Han Z, Wang T, Li H, Li Q, Wang S, Tian J, Wang Y, Zhang X, Xu X, Han Z, Lü P, Wu T. Ethylene response factor MdERF4 and histone deacetylase MdHDA19 suppress apple fruit ripening through histone deacetylation of ripening-related genes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:2166-2181. [PMID: 35088866 PMCID: PMC8968277 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase enzymes participate in the regulation of many aspects of plant development. However, the genome-level targets of histone deacetylation during apple (Malus domestica) fruit development have not been resolved in detail, and the mechanisms of regulation of such a process are unknown. We previously showed that the complex of ethylene response factor 4 (MdERF4) and the TOPLESS co-repressor (MdTPL4; MdERF4-MdTPL4) is constitutively active during apple fruit development (Hu et al., 2020), but whether this transcriptional repression complex is coupled to chromatin modification is unknown. Here, we show that a histone deacetylase (MdHDA19) is recruited to the MdERF4-MdTPL4 complex, thereby impacting fruit ethylene biosynthesis. Transient suppression of MdHDA19 expression promoted fruit ripening and ethylene production. To identify potential downstream target genes regulated by MdHDA19, we conducted chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing of H3K9 and ChIP-quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays. We found that MdHDA19 affects ethylene production by facilitating H3K9 deacetylation and forms a complex with MdERF4-MdTPL4 to directly repress MdACS3a expression by decreasing the degree of acetylation. We demonstrate that an early-maturing-specific acetylation H3K9ac peak in MdACS3a and expression of MdACS3a were specifically up-regulated in fruit of an early-maturing, but not a late-maturing, cultivar. We provide evidence that a C-to-G mutation in the ethylene-responsive element binding factor-associated amphiphilic repression motif of MdERF4 reduces the repression of MdACS3a by the MdERF4-MdTPL4-MdHDA19 complex. Taken together, our results reveal that the MdERF4-MdTPL-MdHDA19 repressor complex participates in the epigenetic regulation of apple fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hua Li
- College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 35002, China
| | - Qiqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ji Tian
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhenhai Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Wang S, Li LX, Zhang Z, Fang Y, Li D, Chen XS, Feng SQ. Ethylene precisely regulates anthocyanin synthesis in apple via a module comprising MdEIL1, MdMYB1, and MdMYB17. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac034. [PMID: 35184186 PMCID: PMC9039505 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene regulates anthocyanin synthesis in ripening apple fruit via the antagonistic activities of the R2R3-MYB repressors and activators. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this process remains unknown. In this study, ethylene significantly induced the expression of the R2R3-MYB gene MdMYB17 in apple fruit. Moreover, MdMYB17 was revealed to be an important repressor of anthocyanin synthesis. Specifically, MdMYB17 binds directly to the promoters of the ethylene-induced genes MdMYB1 and MdEIL1, which encode positive regulators of anthocyanin synthesis, and represses their expression. Additionally, MdMYB1 and MdEIL1 bind to the MdMYB17 promoter to activate its expression. Thus, MdMYB17, MdMYB1, and MdEIL1 form a regulatory module that controls the expression of the corresponding genes. MdMYB17 interacts with MdEIL1. The interaction between MdMYB17 and MdEIL1 attenuates the regulatory effects of MdMYB17 on MdMYB1 and MdEIL1 as well as the regulatory effects of MdEIL1 on MdMYB17. Overall, our results reveal the molecular mechanisms by which MdMYB17, MdMYB1, and MdEIL1 finely mediate ethylene-regulated anthocyanin synthesis in apple fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Li-Xian Li
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yue Fang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xue-Sen Chen
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Shou-Qian Feng
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
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Li M, Duan X, Gao G, Liu T, Qi H. Running title: ABA pathway meets CBF pathway at CmADC. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac002. [PMID: 35147169 PMCID: PMC9016860 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Low temperatures severely restrict melon-seedling growth. However, the mechanisms by which melon adapts to cold stress are poorly understood. Arginine decarboxylase (ADC), a key synthetase, catalyzes putrescine biosynthesis in plants. In this study, we found that CmADC functions as a positive regulator of melon-seedling cold tolerance. In addition, two transcription factors, abscisic acid-responsive element (ABRE)-binding factor 1 (CmABF1) and C-repeat binding factor 4 (CmCBF4), directly target CmADC to trigger its expression. Consistently, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of CmABF1 or CmCBF4 downregulated CmADC abundance, decreased putrescine accumulation and reduced cold tolerance. Furthermore, some other CBF and ABF members, at least in part, have functional redundancy and complementarity with CmABF1 and CmCBF4. Overall, our work reveals that the ABA, CBF and polyamine pathways may form a regulatory network to co-participate in plant cold stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Northern Horticultural, Facilities Design and Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaoyu Duan
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Northern Horticultural, Facilities Design and Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Ge Gao
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Northern Horticultural, Facilities Design and Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Tao Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Northern Horticultural, Facilities Design and Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Hongyan Qi
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Northern Horticultural, Facilities Design and Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
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Wang Z, Zhao X, Ren Z, Abou-Elwafa SF, Pu X, Zhu Y, Dou D, Su H, Cheng H, Liu Z, Chen Y, Wang E, Shao R, Ku L. ZmERF21 directly regulates hormone signaling and stress-responsive gene expression to influence drought tolerance in maize seedlings. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:312-328. [PMID: 34873716 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress adversely impacts crop development and yield. Maize frequently encounters drought stress during its life cycle. Improvement of drought tolerance is a priority of maize breeding programs. Here, we identified a novel transcription factor encoding gene, APETALA2 (AP2)/Ethylene response factor (ERF), which is tightly associated with drought tolerance in maize seedlings. ZmERF21 is mainly expressed in the root and leaf and it can be highly induced by polyethylene glycol treatment. Genetic analysis showed that the zmerf21 mutant plants displayed a reduced drought tolerance phenotype, accompanied by phenotypical and physiological changes that are commonly observed in drought conditions. Overexpression of ZmERF21 in maize significantly increased the chlorophyll content and activities of antioxidant enzymes under drought conditions. RNA-Seq and DNA affinity purification sequencing analysis further revealed that ZmERF21 may directly regulate the expression of genes related to hormone (ethylene, abscisic acid) and Ca signaling as well as other stress-response genes through binding to the promoters of potential target genes. Our results thereby provided molecular evidence of ZmERF21 is involved in the drought stress response of maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Zhenzhen Ren
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | | | - Xiaoyu Pu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yingfang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Dandan Dou
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Huihui Su
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Haiyang Cheng
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhixue Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yanhui Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ertao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruixin Shao
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lixia Ku
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Ma S, Li H, Wang L, Li B, Wang Z, Ma B, Ma F, Li M. F-box protein MdAMR1L1 regulates ascorbate biosynthesis in apple by modulating GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:653-669. [PMID: 35051284 PMCID: PMC8774718 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbate (Asc) is an important antioxidant in plants and humans that plays key roles in various physiological processes. Understanding the regulation of Asc content in fruit plants is important for improving plant resiliency and optimizing Asc in food. Here, we found that both the transcript level and protein abundance of Asc Mannose pathway Regulator 1 Like 1 (MdAMR1L1) was negatively associated with Asc levels during the development of apple (Malus × domestica) fruit. The overexpression or silencing of MdAMR1L1 in apple indicated that MdAMR1L1 negatively regulated Asc levels. However, in the leaves of MdAMR1L1-overexpressing apple lines, the transcript levels of the Asc synthesis gene Guanosine diphosphate-mannose pyrophosphorylase MdGMP1 were increased, while its protein levels and enzyme activity were reduced. This occurred because the MdAMR1L1 protein interacted with MdGMP1 and promoted its degradation via the ubiquitination pathway to inhibit Asc synthesis at the post-translational level. MdERF98, an apple ethylene response factor, whose transcription was modulated by Asc level, is directly bound to the promoter of MdGMP1 to promote the transcription of MdGMP1. These findings provide insights into the regulatory mechanism of Asc biosynthesis in apples and revealed potential opportunities to improve fruit Asc levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songya Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Huixia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Baiyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhengyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Baiquan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Mingjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Author for communication:
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Niu H, Wang H, Zhao B, He J, Yang L, Ma X, Cao J, Li Z, Shen J. Exogenous auxin-induced ENHANCER OF SHOOT REGENERATION 2 (ESR2) enhances femaleness of cucumber via activating CsACS2 gene. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab085. [PMID: 35048108 PMCID: PMC9039497 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is a model for the study of sex differentiation in the last two decades. In cucumber, sex differentiation is mainly controlled by genetic material, but plant growth regulators can also influence or even change it. However, the effect of exogenous auxin application on cucumber sex differentiation is mostly limited in physiological level. In this study, we explored the effects of different exogenous auxin concentrations on the varieties with different mutant sex-controlling genotypes and found that there was a dosage effect of exogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) on the enhancement of cucumber femaleness. Several ACC synthetase (ACS) family members could directly respond to the induction of exogenous IAA to improve endogenous ethylene synthesis, and this process can be independent on the previously identified sex-related ACC oxidase CsACO2. We further demonstrated that ENHANCER OF SHOOT REGENERATION 2 (ESR2), responding to the induction of exogenous auxin, could directly activate CsACS2 expression by combining the ERE cis-acting element regions in the promoter, and then increase endogenous ethylene content, which may induce femaleness. These findings reveal that exogenous auxin improves cucumber femaleness via inducing sex-controlling gene and promoting ethylene synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Hu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Bosi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jiao He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Luming Yang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiongfeng Ma
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jiajian Cao
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Nonda Road 1, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Junjun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Schröpfer S, Lempe J, Emeriewen OF, Flachowsky H. Recent Developments and Strategies for the Application of Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of Apple Malus × domestica Borkh. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:928292. [PMID: 35845652 PMCID: PMC9280197 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.928292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Genetic transformation has become an important tool in plant genome research over the last three decades. This applies not only to model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana but also increasingly to cultivated plants, where the establishment of transformation methods could still pose many problems. One of such plants is the apple (Malus spp.), the most important fruit of the temperate climate zone. Although the genetic transformation of apple using Agrobacterium tumefaciens has been possible since 1989, only a few research groups worldwide have successfully applied this technology, and efficiency remains poor. Nevertheless, there have been some developments, especially in recent years, which allowed for the expansion of the toolbox of breeders and breeding researchers. This review article attempts to summarize recent developments in the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation strategies of apple. In addition to the use of different tissues and media for transformation, agroinfiltration, as well as pre-transformation with a Baby boom transcription factor are notable successes that have improved transformation efficiency in apple. Further, we highlight targeted gene silencing applications. Besides the classical strategies of RNAi-based silencing by stable transformation with hairpin gene constructs, optimized protocols for virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and artificial micro RNAs (amiRNAs) have emerged as powerful technologies for silencing genes of interest. Success has also been achieved in establishing methods for targeted genome editing (GE). For example, it was recently possible for the first time to generate a homohistont GE line into which a biallelic mutation was specifically inserted in a target gene. In addition to these methods, which are primarily aimed at increasing transformation efficiency, improving the precision of genetic modification and reducing the time required, methods are also discussed in which genetically modified plants are used for breeding purposes. In particular, the current state of the rapid crop cycle breeding system and its applications will be presented.
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Song C, Cao Y, Dai J, Li G, Manzoor MA, Chen C, Deng H. The Multifaceted Roles of MYC2 in Plants: Toward Transcriptional Reprogramming and Stress Tolerance by Jasmonate Signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:868874. [PMID: 35548315 PMCID: PMC9082941 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.868874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Environmental stress is one of the major restrictions on plant development and foodstuff production. The adaptive response in plants largely occurs through an intricate signaling system, which is crucial for regulating the stress-responsive genes. Myelocytomatosis (MYC) transcription factors are the fundamental regulators of the jasmonate (JA) signaling branch that participates in plant development and multiple stresses. By binding to the cis-acting elements of a large number of stress-responsive genes, JA-responsive transcription factors activate the stress-resistant defense genes. The mechanism of stress responses concerns myriad regulatory processes at the physiological and molecular levels. Discovering stress-related regulatory factors is of great value in disclosing the response mechanisms of plants to biotic or abiotic stress, which could guide the genetic improvement of plant resistance. This review summarizes recent researches in various aspects of MYC2-mediated JA signaling and emphasizes MYC2 involvement in plant growth and stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Song
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
| | - Yunpeng Cao
- Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Dai
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
| | - Guohui Li
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
| | | | - Cunwu Chen
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
| | - Hui Deng
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Deng,
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66
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Zhai Y, Fan Z, Cui Y, Gu X, Chen S, Ma H. APETALA2/ethylene responsive factor in fruit ripening: Roles, interactions and expression regulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:979348. [PMID: 36061806 PMCID: PMC9434019 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.979348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Insects and animals are attracted to, and feed on ripe fruit, thereby promoting seed dispersal. As a vital vitamin and nutrient source, fruit make up an indispensable and enjoyable component of the human diet. Fruit ripening involves a series of physiological and biochemical changes in, among others, pigmentation, chlorophyll (Chl) degradation, texture, sugar accumulation, and flavor. Growing evidence indicates that the coordinated and ordered trait changes during fruit ripening depend on a complex regulatory network consisting of transcription factors, co-regulators, hormonal signals, and epigenetic modifications. As one of the predominant transcription factor families in plants and a downstream component of ethylene signaling, more and more studies are showing that APETALA2/ethylene responsive factor (AP2/ERF) family transcription factors act as critical regulators in fruit ripening. In this review, we focus on the regulatory mechanisms of AP2/ERFs in fruit ripening, and in particular the recent results on their target genes and co-regulators. We summarize and discuss the role of AP2/ERFs in the formation of key fruit-ripening attributes, the enactment of their regulatory mechanisms by interaction with other proteins, their role in the orchestration of phytohormone-signaling networks, and the epigenetic modifications associated with their gene expression. Our aim is to provide a multidimensional perspective on the regulatory mechanisms of AP2/ERFs in fruit ripening, and a reference for understanding and furthering research on the roles of AP2/ERF in fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlei Zhai
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyi Fan
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Cui
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojiao Gu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shangwu Chen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiqin Ma
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Huiqin Ma,
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González-Villagra J, Pino R, Inostroza-Blancheteau C, Cartes P, Ribera-Fonseca A, Reyes-Díaz M. Pre-Harvest MeJA Application Counteracts the Deleterious Impact of Al and Mn Toxicity in Highbush Blueberry Grown in Acid Soils. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10122730. [PMID: 34961201 PMCID: PMC8709121 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Volcanic ash-derived soils are characterized by low pH (pH ≤ 5.5) with increased concentrations of aluminum (Al3+) and manganese (Mn2+), which decreases plant growth, fruit quality, and yield. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) improves abiotic stress tolerance. Our work aimed to evaluate the application of MeJA's impact on the growth, antioxidant defense, and fruit quality of highbush blueberry grown under Al and Mn toxicity. A field assay was conducted with four-year-old bushes of highbush blueberry cultivar Legacy under eight treatments (Control, Al (87% of Al saturation), Mn (240 mg kg-1), and Al-Mn with and without MeJA application). Physiological, biochemical, and fruit quality parameters were measured. Growth rate significantly decreased with Al (20%), Mn (45%), and Al-Mn (40%). MeJA application recovered the growth rate. Photosynthetic parameters were not affected. Antioxidant activity increased under all treatments compared with controls, being higher with MeJA application. Total phenols (TP) were decreased in plants under Al (43%) and Mn (20%) compared with controls. MeJA application increased TP in all treatments. Fruits of bushes under Al and Mn toxicity with MeJA applications exhibited an increase in fruit firmness and weight, maintaining suitable contents of soluble solids. Our results provide insights about the beneficial effect of MeJA application on growth, antioxidant properties, and fruit quality of highbush blueberry plants grown in acid soils under Al and Mn toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge González-Villagra
- Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Acuícolas, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco P.O. Box 15-D, Chile; (J.G.-V.); (C.I.-B.)
- Núcleo de Investigación en Producción Alimentaria, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco P.O. Box 15-D, Chile
| | - Rocio Pino
- Carrera de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco P.O. Box 54-D, Chile;
| | - Claudio Inostroza-Blancheteau
- Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Acuícolas, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco P.O. Box 15-D, Chile; (J.G.-V.); (C.I.-B.)
- Núcleo de Investigación en Producción Alimentaria, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco P.O. Box 15-D, Chile
| | - Paula Cartes
- Center of Plant-Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco P.O. Box 54-D, Chile;
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco P.O. Box 54-D, Chile
| | - Alejandra Ribera-Fonseca
- Center of Plant-Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco P.O. Box 54-D, Chile;
- Centro de Fruticultura, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco P.O. Box 54-D, Chile
| | - Marjorie Reyes-Díaz
- Center of Plant-Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco P.O. Box 54-D, Chile;
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco P.O. Box 54-D, Chile
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Chen Y, Shu P, Wang R, Du X, Xie Y, Du K, Deng H, Li M, Zhang Y, Grierson D, Liu M. Ethylene response factor AcERF91 affects ascorbate metabolism via regulation of GDP-galactose phosphorylase encoding gene (AcGGP3) in kiwifruit. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 313:111063. [PMID: 34763857 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Kiwifruit is known as 'the king of vitamin C' because of the high content of ascorbic acid (AsA) in the fruit. Deciphering the regulatory network and identification of the key regulators mediating AsA biosynthesis is vital for fruit nutrition and quality improvement. To date, however, the key transcription factors regulating AsA metabolism during kiwifruit developmental and ripening processes remains largely unknown. Here, we generated a putative transcriptional regulatory network mediating ascorbate metabolism by transcriptome co-expression analysis. Further studies identified an ethylene response factor AcERF91 from this regulatory network, which is highly co-expressed with a GDP-galactose phosphorylase encoding gene (AcGGP3) during fruit developmental and ripening processes. Through dual-luciferase reporter and yeast one-hybrid assays, it was shown that AcERF91 is able to bind and directly activate the activity of the AcGGP3 promoter. Furthermore, transient expression of AcERF91 in kiwifruit fruits resulted in a significant increase in AsA content and AcGGP3 transcript level, indicating a positive role of AcERF91 in controlling AsA accumulation via regulation of the expression of AcGGP3. Overall, our results provide a new insight into the regulation of AsA metabolism in kiwifruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Peng Shu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Ruochen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaofei Du
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue Xie
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Kiwifruit in Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial Academy of Natural Resource Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Kui Du
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Kiwifruit in Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial Academy of Natural Resource Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Heng Deng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingzhang Li
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Kiwifruit in Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial Academy of Natural Resource Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Don Grierson
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Mingchun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China.
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Wang X, Pan L, Wang Y, Meng J, Deng L, Niu L, Liu H, Ding Y, Yao JL, Nieuwenhuizen NJ, Ampomah-Dwamena C, Lu Z, Cui G, Wang Z, Zeng W. PpIAA1 and PpERF4 form a positive feedback loop to regulate peach fruit ripening by integrating auxin and ethylene signals. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 313:111084. [PMID: 34763869 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The signaling pathways of both auxin and ethylene regulate peach fruit ripening via the Aux/IAA and ERF transcription factors, respectively. However, the molecular mechanisms that coordinate both auxin and ethylene signals during peach fruit ripening remain unclear. In this study, we show that PpIAA1 and PpERF4 act as key players in a positive feedback loop, and promote peach fruit ripening by directly binding to and enhancing the activity of target gene promoters. PpIAA1 increased the expression of the ethylene biosynthesis gene PpACS1. Furthermore, PpERF4 enhanced the transcription of PpACO1 and PpIAA1 genes by binding to their promoters. Additionally, PpIAA1 and PpERF4 bound to each other to form a complex, which then enhanced the transcription of abscisic acid biosynthesis genes (PpNCED2 and PpNCED3) and the fruit softening gene (PpPG1) to levels higher than those achieved by each transcription factor individually. Moreover, overexpression of PpIAA1 in tomato accelerated fruit ripening and shortened the fruit shelf-life by increasing the production of ethylene and the expression levels of ripening regulator genes. Collectively, these results advance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying peach fruit ripening and softening via auxin and ethylene signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobei Wang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, PR China
| | - Lei Pan
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, PR China
| | - Junren Meng
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, PR China
| | - Li Deng
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, PR China
| | - Liang Niu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, PR China
| | - Hui Liu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, PR China
| | - Yifeng Ding
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, PR China
| | - Jia-Long Yao
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, PR China; The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Zhenhua Lu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, PR China
| | - Guochao Cui
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, PR China.
| | - Wenfang Zeng
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, PR China.
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Gan Z, Yuan X, Shan N, Wan C, Chen C, Zhu L, Xu Y, Kai W, Zhai X, Chen J. AcERF1B and AcERF073 Positively Regulate Indole-3-acetic Acid Degradation by Activating AcGH3.1 Transcription during Postharvest Kiwifruit Ripening. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:13859-13870. [PMID: 34779211 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene can accelerate the postharvest ripening process of kiwifruit, while indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) delays it. However, the molecular mechanism by which ethylene regulates IAA degradation is unclear. Here, we found that ethephon promotes the degradation of free IAA in kiwifruit. Furthermore, ethylene can promote the expression of AcGH3.1 and enhance its promoter activity. Two ethylene response factors (ERFs), AcERF1B and AcERF073, were obtained using an AcGH3.1 promoter as bait for a yeast one-hybrid screening library. Both AcERF1B and AcERF073 bind to the AcGH3.1 promoter to activate it. Also, AcERF1B/073 enhanced AcGH3.1 expression, decreased the free IAA content, and increased the IAA-Asp content in kiwifruit. In addition, we found that the AcERF1B and AcERF073 proteins directly interact, and this interaction enhanced their binding to the AcGH3.1 promoter. In summary, our results suggest that AcERF1B and AcERF073 positively regulate IAA degradation by activating AcGH3.1 transcription, which accelerated postharvest kiwifruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengyu Gan
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits and Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Postharvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xin Yuan
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits and Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Postharvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Nan Shan
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits and Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Postharvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Chunpeng Wan
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits and Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Postharvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Chuying Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits and Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Postharvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Liqin Zhu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits and Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Postharvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Yunhe Xu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits and Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Postharvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Wenbin Kai
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits and Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Postharvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xiawan Zhai
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits and Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Postharvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Jinyin Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits and Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Postharvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Pingxiang University, Pingxiang 330075, China
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71
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Dong Y, Ye X, Cao L, Yu X, Qu S. The regulation of DKGA2ox1 and miR171f_3 in scion dwarfing with Diospyros kaki Thunb. cv. 'Nan-tong-xiao-fang-shi' as interstocks. PLANTA 2021; 254:113. [PMID: 34739601 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03765-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing and yeast one and two-hybrid library screening reveal that DKGA2ox1 and miR171f_3 are involved in the regulation of scion dwarfing with 'Nan-tong-xiao-fang-shi' as interstocks. Diospyros kaki Thunb. cv. Nan-tong-xiao-fang-shi ('Nan-tong-xiao-fang-shi') interstocks play a critical role in the scion dwarfing. However, the understanding of the molecular signaling pathways that regulate the scion dwarfing with 'Nan-tong-xiao-fang-shi' as interstocks remain unclear. In this work, the regulatory network in the scion dwarfing with 'Nan-tong-xiao-fang-shi' as interstocks was identified. Using a yeast one-hybrid library screening, luciferase activity analysis, luciferase complementation imaging assays and GFP signal detection, a SPL transcription factor named Diospyros kaki SPL (DKSPL), potentially functioning as a transcriptional activator of the Diospyros kaki GA2ox1 (DKGA2ox1) gene, was identified as a key stimulating factor in the persimmon growth and development. The DKSPL was found in the nucleus, and might play a role in the transcriptional regulation system. A microRNA named miR171f_3 was identified, which might act as a negative regulator of Diospyros kaki SCR (DKSCR) in persimmon. The interactions between DKSCR and seven proteins were experimentally validated with a yeast two-hybrid library screening. Compared to the non-grafted wildtype persimmon, the tissue section of graft union healed well due to the increased expression of cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase. These results indicate that DKGA2ox1 and miR171f_3 may co-promote the scion dwarfing by plant hormone signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Dong
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xialin Ye
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifang Cao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Yu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shenchun Qu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
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Khan M, Hu J, Dahro B, Ming R, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Alhag A, Li C, Liu JH. ERF108 from Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. functions in cold tolerance by modulating raffinose synthesis through transcriptional regulation of PtrRafS. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:705-724. [PMID: 34398993 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene-responsive factors (ERFs) are plant-specific transcription factors involved in cold stress response, and raffinose is known to accumulate in plants exposed to cold. However, it remains elusive whether ERFs function in cold tolerance by modulating raffinose synthesis. Here, we identified a cold-responsive PtrERF108 from trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.), a cold-tolerant plant closely related to citrus. PtrERF108 is localized in the nucleus and has transcriptional activation activity. Overexpression of PtrERF108 conferred enhanced cold tolerance of transgenic lemon, whereas virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS)-mediated knockdown of PtrERF108 in trifoliate orange greatly elevated cold sensitivity. Transcriptome profiling showed that PtrERF108 overexpression caused extensive reprogramming of genes associated with signaling transduction, physiological processes and metabolic pathways. Among them, a raffinose synthase (RafS)-encoding gene, PtrRafS, was confirmed as a direct target of PtrERF108. RafS activity and raffinose content were significantly increased in PtrERF108-overexpressing transgenic plants, but prominently decreased in the VIGS plants under cold conditions. Meanwhile, exogenous replenishment of raffinose could recover the cold tolerance of PtrERF108-silenced plants, whereas VIGS-mediated knockdown of PtrRafS resulted in cold-sensitive phenotype. Taken together, the current results demonstrate that PtrERF108 plays a positive role in cold tolerance by modulation of raffinose synthesis via regulating PtrRafS. Our findings reveal a new transcriptional module composed of ERF108-RafS underlying cold-induced raffinose accumulation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madiha Khan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jianbing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Bachar Dahro
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ruhong Ming
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ahmed Alhag
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chunlong Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ji-Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Ma H, Yang T, Li Y, Zhang J, Wu T, Song T, Yao Y, Tian J. The long noncoding RNA MdLNC499 bridges MdWRKY1 and MdERF109 function to regulate early-stage light-induced anthocyanin accumulation in apple fruit. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:3309-3330. [PMID: 34270784 PMCID: PMC8505877 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanin pigments contribute to plant coloration and are valuable sources of antioxidants in the human diet as components of fruits and vegetables. Their production is known to be induced by light in apple fruit (Malus domestica); however, the underlying molecular mechanism responsible for early-stage light-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis remains unclear. Here, we identified an ethylene response factor (ERF) protein, ERF109, involved in light-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis and found that it promotes coloration by directly binding to anthocyanin-related gene promoters. Promoter::β-glucuronidase reporter analysis and Hi-C sequencing showed that a long noncoding RNA, MdLNC499, located nearby MdERF109, induces the expression of MdERF109. A W-box cis-element in the MdLNC499 promoter was found to be regulated by a transcription factor, MdWRKY1. Transient expression in apple fruit and stable transformation of apple calli allowed us to reconstruct a MdWRKY1-MdLNC499-MdERF109 transcriptional cascade in which MdWRKY1 is activated by light to increase the transcription of MdLNC499, which in turn induces MdERF109. The MdERF109 protein induces the expression of anthocyanin-related genes and the accumulation of anthocyanins in the early stages of apple coloration. Our results provide a platform for better understanding the various regulatory mechanisms involved in light-induced apple fruit coloration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaying Ma
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Tuo Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yu Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ting Wu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Tingting Song
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yuncong Yao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ji Tian
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
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Guo ZH, Zhang YJ, Yao JL, Xie ZH, Zhang YY, Zhang SL, Gu C. The NAM/ATAF1/2/CUC2 transcription factor PpNAC.A59 enhances PpERF.A16 expression to promote ethylene biosynthesis during peach fruit ripening. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:209. [PMID: 34593759 PMCID: PMC8484547 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00644-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Peach is a typical climacteric fruit that releases ethylene during fruit ripening. Several studies have been conducted on the transcriptional regulation of ethylene biosynthesis in peach fruit. Herein, an ethylene response factor, PpERF.A16, which was induced by exogenous ethylene, could enhance ethylene biosynthesis by directly inducing the expression of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (PpACS1) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase (PpACO1) genes. Moreover, the NAM/ATAF1/2/CUC2 (NAC) transcription factor (TF) PpNAC.A59 was coexpressed with PpERF.A16 in all tested peach cultivars. Interestingly, PpNAC.A59 can directly interact with the promoter of PpERF.A16 to induce its expression but not enhance LUC activity driven by any promoter of PpACS1 or PpACO1. Thus, PpNAC.A59 can indirectly mediate ethylene biosynthesis via the NAC-ERF signaling cascade to induce the expression of both PpACS1 and PpACO1. These results enrich the genetic network of fruit ripening in peach and provide new insight into the ripening mechanism of other perennial fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hua Guo
- College of Horticulture/State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - You-Jia Zhang
- College of Horticulture/State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia-Long Yao
- New Zealand Institute of Plant & Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Zhi-Hua Xie
- College of Horticulture/State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Yan Zhang
- Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, 210014, Nanjing, China
| | - Shao-Ling Zhang
- College of Horticulture/State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Gu
- College of Horticulture/State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China.
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75
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Wei Y, Jin J, Xu Y, Liu W, Yang G, Bu H, Li T, Wang A. Ethylene-activated MdPUB24 mediates ubiquitination of MdBEL7 to promote chlorophyll degradation in apple fruit. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:169-182. [PMID: 34296800 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll (Chl) degradation is a natural phenomenon that occurs during ripening in many fleshy fruit species, and also during fruit storage. The plant hormone ethylene is a key factor in promoting Chl degradation during fruit storage, but the mechanisms involved in this induction are largely unknown. In this study, an apple (Malus domestica) BEL1-LIKE HOMEODOMAIN transcription factor 7 (MdBEL7), potentially functioning as a transcriptional repressor of the Chl catabolic genes (CCGs), including MdCLH, MdPPH2 and MdRCCR2, was identified as a partner of the ethylene-activated U-box type E3 ubiquitin ligase MdPUB24 in a yeast library screen. Yeast-two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation and luciferase complementation imaging assays were then used to verify the interaction between MdBEL7 and MdPUB24. In vitro and in vivo ubiquitination experiments revealed that MdPUB24 functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase to ubiquitinate MdBEL7, thereby causing its degradation through the 26S proteasome pathway. Transient overexpression of MdPUB24 in apple fruit led to a decrease in MdBEL7 abundance and increased expression of CCG genes, including MdCLH, MdPPH2 and MdRCCR2, as well as greater Chl degradation. Taken together, the data indicated that an ethylene-activated U-box type E3 ubiquitin ligase MdPUB24 directly interacts with and ubiquitinates MdBEL7. Consequent degradation of MdBEL7 results in enhanced expression of MdCLH, MdPPH2 and MdRCCR2, and thus Chl degradation during apple fruit storage. Our results reveal that an ethylene-MdPUB24-MdBEL7 module regulates Chl degradation by post-translational modification during apple fruit storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wei
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology, Liaoning Province, 110866, China
| | - Juntong Jin
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology, Liaoning Province, 110866, China
| | - Yaxiu Xu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology, Liaoning Province, 110866, China
| | - Weiting Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology, Liaoning Province, 110866, China
| | - Guangxin Yang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology, Liaoning Province, 110866, China
| | - Haidong Bu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology, Liaoning Province, 110866, China
| | - Tong Li
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology, Liaoning Province, 110866, China
| | - Aide Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology, Liaoning Province, 110866, China
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76
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Recent Advances in Phytohormone Regulation of Apple-Fruit Ripening. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102061. [PMID: 34685870 PMCID: PMC8539861 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Apple (Malus domestica) is, globally, one of the largest fruits in terms of cultivated area and yield. Apple fruit is generally marketed after storage, which is of great significance for regulating the market supply in the off-season of fruit production. Apple-fruit ripening, which culminates in desirable changes in structural and textural properties, is governed by a complex regulatory network. Much is known about ethylene as one of the most important factors promoting apple-fruit ripening. However, the dynamic interplay between phytohormones also plays an important part in apple-fruit ripening. Here, we review and evaluate the complex regulatory network concerning the action of phytohormones during apple-fruit ripening. Interesting future research areas are discussed.
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Liu Q, Li L, Cheng H, Yao L, Wu J, Huang H, Ning W, Kai G. The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor TabHLH1 increases chlorogenic acid and luteolin biosynthesis in Taraxacum antungense Kitag. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:195. [PMID: 34465735 PMCID: PMC8408231 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00630-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols are the main active components of the anti-inflammatory compounds in dandelion, and chlorogenic acid (CGA) is one of the primary polyphenols. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the transcriptional regulation of CGA biosynthesis remains unclear. Hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HQT2) is the last rate-limiting enzyme in chlorogenic acid biosynthesis in Taraxacum antungense. Therefore, using the TaHQT2 gene promoter as a probe, a yeast one-hybrid library was performed, and a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, TabHLH1, was identified that shared substantial homology with Gynura bicolor DC bHLH1. The TabHLH1 transcript was highly induced by salt stress, and the TabHLH1 protein was localized in the nucleus. CGA and luteolin concentrations in TabHLH1-overexpression transgenic lines were significantly higher than those in the wild type, while CGA and luteolin concentrations in TabHLH1-RNA interference (RNAi) transgenic lines were significantly lower. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that overexpression and RNAi of TabHLH1 in T. antungense significantly affected CGA and luteolin concentrations by upregulating or downregulating CGA and luteolin biosynthesis pathway genes, especially TaHQT2, 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (Ta4CL), chalcone isomerase (TaCHI), and flavonoid-3'-hydroxylase (TaF3'H). Dual-luciferase, yeast one-hybrid, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that TabHLH1 directly bound to the bHLH-binding motifs of proTaHQT2 and proTa4CL. This study suggests that TabHLH1 participates in the regulatory network of CGA and luteolin biosynthesis in T. antungense and might be useful for metabolic engineering to promote plant polyphenol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Liu
- Laboratory for Core Technology of TCM Quality Improvement and Transformation, College of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, PR China
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem.Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Haitao Cheng
- College of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Lixiang Yao
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, 530023, PR China
| | - Jie Wu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, PR China
| | - Hui Huang
- Laboratory for Core Technology of TCM Quality Improvement and Transformation, College of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, PR China
| | - Wei Ning
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Laboratory for Core Technology of TCM Quality Improvement and Transformation, College of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, PR China.
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Pan H, Lyu S, Chen Y, Xu S, Ye J, Chen G, Wu S, Li X, Chen J, Pan D. MicroRNAs and Transcripts Associated with an Early Ripening Mutant of Pomelo ( Citrus grandis Osbeck). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9348. [PMID: 34502256 PMCID: PMC8431688 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
'Liuyuezaoyou' is an early-ripening cultivar selected from a bud mutation of Citrus grandis Osbeck 'Guanximiyou'. They were designated here as MT and WT, respectively. The fruit of MT matures about 45 days earlier than WT, which was accompanied by significant changes in key phytohormones, sugar compounds and organic acids. Recent studies have showed that microRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in regulation of fruit ripening process. The aim of this study was to compare MT fruits with WT ones to uncover if miRNAs were implicated in the ripening of C. grandis. Fruits of both WT and MT at four developmental stages were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing and RT-PCR. Several independent miRNA libraries were constructed and sequenced. A total of 747 known miRNAs were identified and 99 novel miRNAs were predicted across all libraries. The novel miRNAs were found to have hairpin structures and possess star sequences. These results showed that transcriptome and miRNAs are substantially involved in a complex and comprehensive network in regulation of fruit ripening of this species. Further analysis of the network model revealed intricate interactions of miRNAs with mRNAs during the fleshy fruit ripening process. Several identified miRNAs have potential targets. These include auxin-responsive protein IAA9, sucrose synthase 3, V-type proton ATPase, NCED1 (ABA biosynthesis) and PL1/5 (pectate lyase genes), as well as NAC100 putative coordinated regulation networks, whose interactions with respective miRNAs may contribute significantly to fruit ripening of C. grandis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Pan
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (H.P.); (S.L.); (Y.C.); (S.X.); (G.C.); (S.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Shiheng Lyu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (H.P.); (S.L.); (Y.C.); (S.X.); (G.C.); (S.W.); (X.L.)
- Department of Environmental Horticulture and Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL 32703, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yanqiong Chen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (H.P.); (S.L.); (Y.C.); (S.X.); (G.C.); (S.W.); (X.L.)
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Shirong Xu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (H.P.); (S.L.); (Y.C.); (S.X.); (G.C.); (S.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Jianwen Ye
- Agricultural and Rural Bureau of Pinghe County, Zhangzhou 363700, China;
| | - Guixin Chen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (H.P.); (S.L.); (Y.C.); (S.X.); (G.C.); (S.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Shaohua Wu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (H.P.); (S.L.); (Y.C.); (S.X.); (G.C.); (S.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiaoting Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (H.P.); (S.L.); (Y.C.); (S.X.); (G.C.); (S.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Environmental Horticulture and Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL 32703, USA
| | - Dongming Pan
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (H.P.); (S.L.); (Y.C.); (S.X.); (G.C.); (S.W.); (X.L.)
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79
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Khaksar G, Sirikantaramas S. Transcriptome-wide identification and expression profiling of the ERF gene family suggest roles as transcriptional activators and repressors of fruit ripening in durian. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252367. [PMID: 34375337 PMCID: PMC8354473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of the phytohormone ethylene as the main trigger of climacteric fruit ripening is well documented. However, our knowledge regarding the role of ethylene response factor (ERF) transcription factor in the transcriptional regulation of ethylene biosynthesis during fruit ripening remains limited. Here, comprehensive transcriptome analysis and expression profiling revealed 63 ERFs in durian pulps, termed DzERF1-DzERF63, of which 34 exhibited ripening-associated expression patterns at three stages (unripe, midripe, and ripe) during fruit ripening. Hierarchical clustering analysis classified 34 ripening-associated DzERFs into three distinct clades, among which, clade I consisted of downregulated DzERFs and clade III included those upregulated during ripening. Phylogenetic analysis predicted the functions of some DzERFs based on orthologs of previously characterized ERFs. Among downregulated DzERFs, DzERF6 functional prediction revealed its role as a negative regulator of ripening via ethylene biosynthetic gene repression, whereas among upregulated genes, DzERF9 was predicted to positively regulate ethylene biosynthesis. Correlation network analysis of 34 ripening-associated DzERFs with potential target genes revealed a strong negative correlation between DzERF6 and ethylene biosynthetic genes and a strong positive correlation between DzERF9 and ethylene biosynthesis. DzERF6 and DzERF9 showed differential expression patterns in association with different ripening treatments (natural, ethylene-induced, and 1-methylcyclopropene-delayed ripening). DzERF6 was downregulated, whereas DzERF9 was upregulated, during ripening and after ethylene treatment. The auxin-repressed and auxin-induced expression of DzERF6 and DzERF9, respectively, confirmed its dose-dependent responsiveness to exogenous auxin. We suggest ethylene- and auxin-mediated roles of DzERF6 and DzERF9 during fruit ripening, possibly through transcriptional regulation of ethylene biosynthetic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Khaksar
- Molecular Crop Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supaart Sirikantaramas
- Molecular Crop Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Omics Sciences and Bioinformatics Center, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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80
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Gan Z, Yuan X, Shan N, Wan C, Chen C, Xu Y, Xu Q, Chen J. AcWRKY40 mediates ethylene biosynthesis during postharvest ripening in kiwifruit. PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 309:110948. [PMID: 34134847 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
WRKY transcription factors belong to a superfamily that is involved in many important biological processes, including plant development and senescence. However, little is known about the transcriptional regulation mechanisms of WRKY genes involved in kiwifruit postharvest ripening. Here, we isolated a WRKY gene from the kiwifruit genome and named it AcWRKY40. AcWRKY40 is a nucleus-localized protein that possesses transcriptional activation activity. The expression of AcWRKY40 was detected, and the gene responded to ethylene treatment during kiwifruit postharvest ripening, indicating its involvement in this process at the transcriptional level. We found multiple cis-acting elements related to maturation and senescence in the AcWRKY40 promoter. GUS activity analysis showed that its promoter activity was induced by exogenous ethylene. Yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase assays demonstrated that AcWRKY40 binds to the promoters of AcSAM2, AcACS1, and AcACS2 to activate them. In addition, transient transformations showed that AcWRKY40 enhances the expression of AcSAM2, AcACS1, and AcACS2. Taken together, these results suggest that AcWRKY40 is involved in kiwifruit postharvest ripening, possibly by regulating the expression of genes related to ethylene biosynthesis, thus deepening our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of WRKY transcription factors in fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengyu Gan
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits and Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Postharvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Xin Yuan
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits and Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Postharvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Nan Shan
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits and Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Postharvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Chunpeng Wan
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits and Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Postharvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Chuying Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits and Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Postharvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Yunhe Xu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits and Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Postharvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Qin Xu
- Agriculture and Rural Bureau of Gongcheng Yao Autonomous County, Guilin, 542500, China
| | - Jinyin Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits and Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Postharvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China; College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Pingxiang University, Pingxiang, 330075, China.
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Gong J, Tian Z, Qu X, Meng Q, Guan Y, Liu P, Chen C, Deng X, Guo W, Cheng Y, Wang P. Illuminating the cells: transient transformation of citrus to study gene functions and organelle activities related to fruit quality. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:175. [PMID: 34333523 PMCID: PMC8325690 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00611-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Although multiple microscopic techniques have been applied to horticultural research, few studies of individual organelles in living fruit cells have been reported to date. In this paper, we established an efficient system for the transient transformation of citrus fruits using an Agrobacterium-mediated method. Kumquat (Fortunella crassifolia Swingle) was used; it exhibits higher transformation efficiency than all citrus fruits that have been tested and a prolonged-expression window. Fruits were transformed with fluorescent reporters, and confocal microscopy and live-cell imaging were used to study their localization and dynamics. Moreover, various pH sensors targeting different subcellular compartments were expressed, and the local pH environments in cells from different plant tissues were compared. The results indicated that vacuoles are most likely the main organelles that contribute to the low pH of citrus fruits. In summary, our method is effective for studying various membrane trafficking events, protein localization, and cell physiology in fruit and can provide new insight into fruit biology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinli Gong
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Interdisciplinary Sciences Research Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Tian
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Interdisciplinary Sciences Research Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolu Qu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiunan Meng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Interdisciplinary Sciences Research Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Yajie Guan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Interdisciplinary Sciences Research Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Guangxi Academy of Specialty Crops/Guangxi Engineering Research Center of Citrus Breeding and Culture, 541004, Guilin, China
| | - Chuanwu Chen
- Guangxi Academy of Specialty Crops/Guangxi Engineering Research Center of Citrus Breeding and Culture, 541004, Guilin, China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenwu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Pengwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China.
- National R&D Centre for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China.
- Interdisciplinary Sciences Research Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China.
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82
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Liu G, Li H, Fu D. Applications of virus-induced gene silencing for identification of gene function in fruit. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
With the development of bioinformatics, it is easy to obtain information and data about thousands of genes, but the determination of the functions of these genes depends on methods for rapid and effective functional identification. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a mature method of gene functional identification developed over the last 20 years, which has been widely used in many research fields involving many species. Fruit quality formation is a complex biological process, which is closely related to ripening. Here, we review the progress and contribution of VIGS to our understanding of fruit biology and its advantages and disadvantages in determining gene function.
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83
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A MYB4-MAN3-Mannose-MNB1 signaling cascade regulates cadmium tolerance in Arabidopsis. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009636. [PMID: 34181654 PMCID: PMC8270467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies showed that MAN3-mediated mannose plays an important role in plant responses to cadmium (Cd) stress. However, the underlying mechanisms and signaling pathways involved are poorly understood. In this study, we showed that an Arabidopsis MYB4-MAN3-Mannose-MNB1 signaling cascade is involved in the regulation of plant Cd tolerance. Loss-of-function of MNB1 (mannose-binding-lectin 1) led to decreased Cd accumulation and tolerance, whereas overexpression of MNB1 significantly enhanced Cd accumulation and tolerance. Consistently, expression of the genes involved in the GSH-dependent phytochelatin (PC) synthesis pathway (such as GSH1, GSH2, PCS1, and PCS2) was significantly reduced in the mnb1 mutants but markedly increased in the MNB1-OE lines in the absence or presence of Cd stress, which was positively correlated with Cd-activated PC synthesis. Moreover, we found that mannose is able to bind to the GNA-related domain of MNB1, and that mannose binding to the GNA-related domain of MNB1 is required for MAN3-mediated Cd tolerance in Arabidopsis. Further analysis showed that MYB4 directly binds to the promoter of MAN3 to positively regulate the transcript of MAN3 and thus Cd tolerance via the GSH-dependent PC synthesis pathway. Consistent with these findings, overexpression of MAN3 rescued the Cd-sensitive phenotype of the myb4 mutant but not the mnb1 mutant, whereas overexpression of MNB1 rescued the Cd-sensitive phenotype of the myb4 mutant. Taken together, our results provide compelling evidence that a MYB4-MAN3-Mannose-MNB1 signaling cascade regulates cadmium tolerance in Arabidopsis through the GSH-dependent PC synthesis pathway. Cadmium (Cd) pollution in soils is recognized as an environmental problem worldwide, and phytoremediation is one of the important approaches for cleaning Cd-contaminated soils. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in Cd tolerance remains unclear. Here we demonstrated that overexpression of MNB1, which encodes a mannose-binding lectin, manifestly increased Cd tolerance, whereas loss-of-function of MNB1 led to enhanced Cd sensitivity. Further analysis showed that mannose binding to the GNA-related domain of MNB1 is required for MAN3-mediated Cd tolerance. Moreover, under Cd stress, MYB4 directly binds the promoter of MAN3 to positively regulate the expression of MAN3, and thus Cd tolerance via the glutathione (GSH)-dependent phytochelatin (PC) synthesis pathway. Our results demonstrated that a MYB4-MAN3-Mannose-MNB1 signaling cascade regulates Cd tolerance through the GSH-dependent PC synthesis pathway in Arabidopsis.
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84
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Sun X, Wen C, Xu J, Wang Y, Zhu J, Zhang Y. The apple columnar gene candidate MdCoL and the AP2/ERF factor MdDREB2 positively regulate ABA biosynthesis by activating the expression of MdNCED6/9. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:1065-1076. [PMID: 33238313 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
MdCoL, which encodes a putative 2OG-Fe(II) oxygenase, is a strong candidate gene for control of the columnar growth phenotype in apple. However, the mechanism by which MdCoL produces the columnar trait is unclear. Here, we show that MdCoL influences abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis through its interactions with the MdDREB2 transcription factor. Expression analyses and transgenic tobacco studies have confirmed that MdCoL is likely a candidate for control of the columnar phenotype. Furthermore, the ABA level in columnar apple trees is significantly higher than that in standard apple trees. A protein interaction experiment has showed that MdCoL interacts with MdDREB2. Transient expression and electrophoretic mobility shift assays have demonstrated that MdDREB2 binds directly to the DRE motif in the MdNCED6 and MdNCED9 (MdNCED6/9) gene promoters, thereby activating the transcription of these ABA biosynthesis genes. In addition, a higher ABA content has been detected following co-overexpression of MdCoL-MdDREB2 when compared with the overexpression of MdCoL or MdDREB2 alone. Taken together, our results indicate that an interaction between MdCoL and MdDREB2 promotes the expression of MdNCED6/9 and increases ABA levels, a phenomenon that may underlie the columnar growth phenotype in apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Sun
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Development and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Cuiping Wen
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Jihua Xu
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Development and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yihe Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yugang Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Development and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Qingdao 266109, China
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85
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Wu B, Shen F, Wang X, Zheng WY, Xiao C, Deng Y, Wang T, Yu Huang Z, Zhou Q, Wang Y, Wu T, Feng Xu X, Hai Han Z, Zhong Zhang X. Role of MdERF3 and MdERF118 natural variations in apple flesh firmness/crispness retainability and development of QTL-based genomics-assisted prediction. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:1022-1037. [PMID: 33319456 PMCID: PMC8131039 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Retention of flesh texture attributes during cold storage is critical for the long-term maintenance of fruit quality. The genetic variations determining flesh firmness and crispness retainability are not well understood. The objectives of this study are to identify gene markers based on quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and to develop genomics-assisted prediction (GAP) models for apple flesh firmness and crispness retainability. Phenotype data of 2664 hybrids derived from three Malus domestica cultivars and a M. asiatica cultivar were collected in 2016 and 2017. The phenotype segregated considerably with high broad-sense heritability of 83.85% and 83.64% for flesh firmness and crispness retainability, respectively. Fifty-six candidate genes were predicted from the 62 QTLs identified using bulked segregant analysis and RNA-seq. The genotype effects of the markers designed on each candidate gene were estimated. The genomics-predicted values were obtained using pyramiding marker genotype effects and overall mean phenotype values. Fivefold cross-validation revealed that the prediction accuracy was 0.5541 and 0.6018 for retainability of flesh firmness and crispness, respectively. An 8-bp deletion in the MdERF3 promoter disrupted MdDOF5.3 binding, reduced MdERF3 expression, relieved the inhibition on MdPGLR3, MdPME2, and MdACO4 expression, and ultimately decreased flesh firmness and crispness retainability. A 3-bp deletion in the MdERF118 promoter decreased its expression by disrupting the binding of MdRAVL1, which increased MdPGLR3 and MdACO4 expression and reduced flesh firmness and crispness retainability. These results provide insights regarding the genetic variation network regulating flesh firmness and crispness retainability, and the GAP models can assist in apple breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Wu
- College of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Fei Shen
- College of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xuan Wang
- College of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Wen Yan Zheng
- College of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chen Xiao
- College of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yang Deng
- College of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ting Wang
- College of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhen Yu Huang
- College of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Qian Zhou
- College of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yi Wang
- College of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ting Wu
- College of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xue Feng Xu
- College of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhen Hai Han
- College of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xin Zhong Zhang
- College of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
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Wang R, Li R, Cheng L, Wang X, Fu X, Dong X, Qi M, Jiang C, Xu T, Li T. SlERF52 regulates SlTIP1;1 expression to accelerate tomato pedicel abscission. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:1829-1846. [PMID: 33638643 PMCID: PMC8133580 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Abscission of plant organs is induced by developmental signals and diverse environmental stimuli and involves multiple regulatory networks, including biotic or abiotic stress-impaired auxin flux in the abscission zone (AZ). Depletion of auxin activates AZ ethylene (ETH) production and triggers acceleration of abscission, a process that requires hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). However, the interaction between these networks and the underlying mechanisms that control abscission are poorly understood. Here, we found that expression of tonoplast intrinsic proteins, which belong to the aquaporin (AQP) family in the AZ was important for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) pedicel abscission. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and in situ hybridization revealed that SlTIP1;1 was most abundant and specifically present in the tomato pedicel AZ. SlTIP1;1 localized in the plasma membrane and tonoplast. Knockout of SlTIP1;1 resulted in delayed abscission, whereas overexpression of SlTIP1;1 accelerated abscission. Further analysis indicated that SlTIP1;1 mediated abscission via gating of cytoplasmic H2O2 concentrations and osmotic water permeability (Pf). Elevated cytoplasmic levels of H2O2 caused a suppressed auxin signal in the early abscission stage and enhanced ETH production during abscission. Furthermore, we found that increasing Pf was required to enhance the turgor pressure to supply the break force for AZ cell separation. Moreover, we observed that SlERF52 bound directly to the SlTIP1;1 promoter to regulate its expression, demonstrating a positive loop in which cytoplasmic H2O2 activates ETH production, which activates SlERF52. This, in turn, induces SlTIP1;1, which leads to elevated cytoplasmic H2O2 and water influx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ruizhen Li
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Lina Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xin Fu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiufen Dong
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Mingfang Qi
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Caizhong Jiang
- Crops Pathology and Genetic Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Research Service, California, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, California, USA
| | - Tao Xu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
- Author for communication:
| | - Tianlai Li
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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87
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Ji Y, Qu Y, Jiang Z, Yan J, Chu J, Xu M, Su X, Yuan H, Wang A. The mechanism for brassinosteroids suppressing climacteric fruit ripening. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:1875-1893. [PMID: 33743010 PMCID: PMC8133653 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone ethylene is important for the ripening of climacteric fruit, such as pear (Pyrus ussuriensis), and the brassinosteroid (BR) class of phytohormones affects ethylene biosynthesis during ripening via an unknown molecular mechanism. Here, we observed that exogenous BR treatment suppressed ethylene production and delayed fruit ripening, whereas treatment with a BR biosynthesis inhibitor promoted ethylene production and accelerated fruit ripening in pear, suggesting BR is a ripening suppressor. The expression of the transcription factor BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT 1PuBZR1 was enhanced by BR treatment during pear fruit ripening. PuBZR1 interacted with PuACO1, which converts 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) to ethylene, and suppressed its activity. BR-activated PuBZR1 bound to the promoters of PuACO1 and of PuACS1a, which encodes ACC synthase, and directly suppressed their transcription. Moreover, PuBZR1 suppressed the expression of transcription factor PuERF2 by binding its promoter, and PuERF2 bound to the promoters of PuACO1 and PuACS1a. We concluded that PuBZR1 indirectly suppresses the transcription of PuACO1 and PuACS1a through its regulation of PuERF2. Ethylene production and expression profiles of corresponding apple (Malus domestica) homologs showed similar changes following epibrassinolide treatment. Together, these results suggest that BR-activated BZR1 suppresses ACO1 activity and the expression of ACO1 and ACS1, thereby reducing ethylene production and suppressing fruit ripening. This likely represents a conserved mechanism by which BR suppresses ethylene biosynthesis during climacteric fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglin Ji
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology, Liaoning Province, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yi Qu
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology, Liaoning Province, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zhongyu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology, Liaoning Province, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Jijun Yan
- National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jinfang Chu
- National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Mingyang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology, Liaoning Province, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xin Su
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology, Liaoning Province, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Hui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology, Liaoning Province, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Aide Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Postharvest Biology, Liaoning Province, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Author for communication:
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88
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Wang Y, Jiang H, Mao Z, Liu W, Jiang S, Xu H, Su M, Zhang J, Wang N, Zhang Z, Chen X. Ethylene increases the cold tolerance of apple via the MdERF1B-MdCIbHLH1 regulatory module. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:379-393. [PMID: 33497017 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cold stress has always been a major abiotic factor affecting the yield and quality of temperate fruit crops. Ethylene plays a critical regulatory role in the cold stress response, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we revealed that ethylene positively modulates apple responses to cold stress. Treatment with 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (an ethylene precursor) and aminoethoxyvinylglycine (an ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor) respectively increased and decreased the cold tolerance of apple seedlings. Consistent with the positive effects of ethylene on cold stress responses, a low-temperature treatment rapidly induced ethylene release and the expression of MdERF1B, which encodes an ethylene signaling activator, in apple seedlings. Overexpression of MdERF1B significantly increased the cold tolerance of apple plant materials (seedlings and calli) and Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. A quantitative real-time PCR analysis indicated that MdERF1B upregulates the expression of the cold-responsive gene MdCBF1 in apple seedlings. Moreover, MdCIbHLH1, which functions upstream of CBF-dependent pathways, enhanced the binding of MdERF1B to target gene promoters as well as the consequent transcriptional activation. The stability of MdERF1B-MdCIbHLH1 was affected by cold stress and ethylene. Furthermore, MdERF1B interacted with the promoters of two genes critical for ethylene biosynthesis, MdACO1 and MdERF3. The resulting upregulated expression of these genes promoted ethylene production. However, the downregulated MdCIbHLH1 expression in MdERF1B-overexpressing apple calli significantly inhibited ethylene production. These findings imply that MdERF1B-MdCIbHLH1 is a potential regulatory module that integrates the cold and ethylene signaling pathways in apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
- College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Huiyan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
- College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Zuolin Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
- College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
- College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Shenghui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
- College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Haifeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
- College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Mengyu Su
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
- College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
- College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Nan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
- College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Zongying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
- College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Xuesen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
- College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
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89
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Pan J, Wen H, Chen G, Lin WH, Du H, Chen Y, Zhang L, Lian H, Wang G, Cai R, Pan J. A Positive Feedback Loop Mediated by CsERF31 Initiates Female Cucumber Flower Development: ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR31 mediates a positive feedback loop that initiates female cucumber flower development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:kiab141. [PMID: 33744968 PMCID: PMC8195516 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Sex determination is a crucially important developmental event that is pervasive throughout nature and enhances the adaptation of species. Among plants, cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) can generate both unisexual and bisexual flowers, and the sex type is mainly controlled by several 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthases. However, the regulatory mechanism of these synthases remains elusive. Here, we used gene expression analysis, protein-DNA interaction assays and transgenic plants to study the function of a gynoecium-specific gene, ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR31 (CsERF31), in female flower differentiation. We found that in a predetermined female flower, ethylene signalling activates CsERF31 by CsEIN3, and then CsERF31 stimulates CsACS2, which triggers a positive feedback loop to ensure female rather than bisexual flower development. A similar interplay is functionally conserved in melon (Cucumis melo L.). Knockdown of CsERF31 by RNAi causes defective bisexual flowers to replace female flowers. Ectopic expression of CsERF31 suppresses stamen development and promotes pistil development in male flowers, demonstrating that CsERF31 functions as a sex switch. Taken together, our data confirm that CsERF31 represents the molecular link between female-male determination and female-bisexual determination, and provide mechanistic insight into how ethylene promotes female flowers, rather than bisexual flowers, in cucumber sex determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Pan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifan Wen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanqun Chen
- School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Hui Lin
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, The Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Du
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Leyu Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongli Lian
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Run Cai
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junsong Pan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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90
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Lu L, Zuo W, Wang C, Li C, Feng T, Li X, Wang C, Yao Y, Zhang Z, Chen X. Analysis of the postharvest storage characteristics of the new red-fleshed apple cultivar 'meihong'. Food Chem 2021; 354:129470. [PMID: 33752117 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of postharvest storage conditions on the fruit quality of a new red-fleshed apple cultivar ('Meihong'). Mature 'Meihong' and 'Golden delicious' apples were exposed to room temperature, low temperature, and low temperature and 1-MCP, after which several fruit characteristics were evaluated (i.e., firmness, ethylene release rate, relative content of aroma components, phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity, fruit softening-related enzyme activities, and related gene expression). Both 'Meihong' and 'Golden delicious' were ACS1-1/-2 heterozygotes, but the ethylene release rate in 'Meihong' fruits was lower than that in 'Golden delicious' fruits during storage. Therefore, 'Meihong' fruits are more conducive to storage. The low temperature storage with and without 1-MCP delayed fruit softening, decreased the ethylene release rate and ester aroma component content, and maintained total flavonoid and anthocyanin contents. Therefore, storage at low temperatures with 1-MCP or other preservatives may be useful for maintaining the 'Meihong' fruit quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, PR China
| | - Weifang Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Cuicui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, PR China
| | - Cuixia Li
- College of Life Sciences and Enology, Tai'shan University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, PR China
| | - Tian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Yuxin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Zongying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Xuesen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, PR China.
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91
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Wu B, Shen F, Chen CJ, Liu L, Wang X, Zheng WY, Deng Y, Wang T, Huang ZY, Xiao C, Zhou Q, Wang Y, Wu T, Xu XF, Han ZH, Zhang XZ. Natural variations in a pectin acetylesterase gene, MdPAE10, contribute to prolonged apple fruit shelf life. THE PLANT GENOME 2021; 14:e20084. [PMID: 33605090 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Room-temperature shelf life is a key factor in fresh market apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) quality and commercial value. To investigate the genetic and molecular mechanism underlying apple shelf life, quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified using bulked segregant analysis via sequencing (BSA-seq). Ethylene emission, flesh firmness, or crispness of apple fruit from 1,273 F1 plants of M. asiatica Nakai 'Zisai Pearl' × M. domestica 'Golden Delicious' were phenotyped prior to and during 6 wk of room-temperature storage. Segregation of ethylene emission and the flesh firmness or crispness traits was detected in the population. Thirteen QTL, including three major ones, were identified on chromosome 03, 08, and 16. A candidate gene encoding pectin acetylesterase, MdPAE10, from the QTL Z16.1 negatively affected fruit shelf life. A 379-bp deletion in the coding sequence of MdPAE10 disrupted its function. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the MdPAE10 promoter region reduced its transcription activity. These findings provided insight into the genetic control of fruit shelf life and can be potentially used in apple marker-assisted selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Wu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fei Shen
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chi Jie Chen
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Li Liu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wen Yan Zheng
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yang Deng
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhen Yu Huang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chen Xiao
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ting Wu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xue Feng Xu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhen Hai Han
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xin Zhong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
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92
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Cui Y, Zhai Y, Flaishman M, Li J, Chen S, Zheng C, Ma H. Ethephon induces coordinated ripening acceleration and divergent coloration responses in fig (Ficus carica L.) flowers and receptacles. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:347-364. [PMID: 33185823 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01092-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The regulatory landscape of ethephon-accelerated fig ripening is revealed; flowers and receptacles exhibit opposite responses in anthocyanin accumulation; PG, PL and EXP are suggested key genes in fig softening. Ethephon is used to accelerate fig-fruit ripening for improvement of harvesting efficiency, but the underlying molecular mechanism is still unclear. To elucidate the detailed biological mechanism of ethylene-accelerated fig ripening, fruit in phase II (the lag phase on the double sigmoid growth curve) were treated with ethephon, and reached commercial ripeness 6 days earlier than the nontreated controls. Transcriptomes of flowers and the surrounding receptacles-which together make up the pseudocarp in fig fruit-were analyzed. There were 5189, 5818 and 2563 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) 2, 4 and 6 days after treatment (DAT) in treated compared to control fruit, screened by p-adjust < 0.05 and |log2(fold change) |≥ 2. The DEGs were significantly enriched in plant hormone metabolism and signal transduction, cell-wall modification, sugar accumulation and anthocyanin accumulation pathways. DEGs in the first three pathway categories demonstrated an overall similar expression change in flowers and receptacles, whereas DEGs in anthocyanin pigmentation revealed divergent transcript abundance. Specifically, in both flowers and receptacles, ethephon significantly upregulated 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase and downregulated most of the ethylene-response factor genes; polygalacturonase, pectate lyase and expansin were mainly upregulated; two acid beta-fructofuranosidases were upregulated. However, structural genes in the anthocyanin-synthesis pathway were mainly downregulated in female flowers 2 and 4 DAT, whereas they were upregulated in the receptacles. Our study reveals the regulatory landscape of the two tissues of fig fruit in ethylene-induced ripening; the differentially expressed pathways and genes provide valuable resources for the mining of target genes for crucial biological and commercial trait improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Cui
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yanlei Zhai
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Moshe Flaishman
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Jinping Li
- Fig Research Institute of Weiyuan County, Neijiang, 642450, Sichuan, China
| | - Shangwu Chen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chuanlin Zheng
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Huiqin Ma
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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93
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Ma Y, Xue H, Zhang F, Jiang Q, Yang S, Yue P, Wang F, Zhang Y, Li L, He P, Zhang Z. The miR156/SPL module regulates apple salt stress tolerance by activating MdWRKY100 expression. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:311-323. [PMID: 32885918 PMCID: PMC7868983 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress dramatically impedes plant growth and development as well as crop yield. The apple production regions are reduced every year, because of the secondary salt damage by improper fertilization and irrigation. To expand the cultivation area of apple (Malus domestica) and select salt-resistant varieties, the mechanism of salt tolerance in apple is necessary to be clarified. The miR156/SPL regulatory module plays key roles in embryogenesis, morphogenesis, life cycle stage transformation, flower formation and other processes. However, its roles in the mechanisms of salt tolerance are unknown. In order to elucidate the mechanism of 156/SPL regulating salt stress in apple, we performed RLM-5' RACE and stable genetic transformation technology to verify that both mdm-MIR156a and MdSPL13 responded to salt stress in apple and that the latter was the target of the former. MIR156a overexpression weakened salt resistance in apple whereas MdSPL13 overexpression strengthened it. A total of 6094 differentially expressed genes relative to nontransgenic apple plants were found by RNA-Seq analysis of MdSPL13OE. Further verification indicated that MdSPL13 targeted the MdWRKY100 gene promoter. Moreover, MdWRKY100 overexpression enhanced salt tolerance in apple. Our results revealed that the miR156/SPL module regulates salt tolerance by up-regulating MdWRKY100 in apple. This study is the first to elucidate the mechanism underlying the miRNA network response to salt stress in apple and provides theoretical and empirical bases and genetic resources for the molecular breeding of salt tolerance in apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ma
- College of HorticultureShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Hao Xue
- College of HorticultureShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangChina
- College of HorticultureAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Feng Zhang
- College of Bioscience and BiotechnologyShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Qiu Jiang
- College of HorticultureShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Shuang Yang
- College of HorticultureShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Pengtao Yue
- College of HorticultureShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Feng Wang
- College of Plant ProtectionShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Yuanyan Zhang
- College of HorticultureShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Linguang Li
- Shandong Institute of PomologyTaianShandongChina
| | - Ping He
- Shandong Institute of PomologyTaianShandongChina
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- College of HorticultureShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangChina
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94
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Kou J, Zhao Z, Zhang Q, Wei C, Ference CM, Guan J, Wang W. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals the mechanism involving ethylene and cell wall modification related genes in Diospyros kaki fruit firmness during ripening. Genomics 2021; 113:552-563. [PMID: 33460734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Rapid loss of firmness is a major handicap for persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) transportation and retail. The present study employed a comparative transcriptomic approach to elucidate the mechanism involving ethylene and cell wall modification related genes in fruit firmness control of two cultivars during post harvest ripening. In contrast to the short shelf life cultivar (Mopan), the long shelf life cultivar (Yoho) kept high firmness during ripening. Extensive loss of firmness in Mopan drove an intense transcriptional activity. Globally, Mopan and Yoho shared very few common differentially expressed structural genes and regulators. Yoho strongly repressed the expression of ACC synthase and several classes of cell wall degradation genes at the onset of ripening and only induced them during late ripening period. Various ERF, WRKY, MYB, bHLH transcription factors were found highly active during fruit ripening. Overall, this study generates novel gene resources as important tools for extending persimmon shelf life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Kou
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, PR China
| | - Zhihui Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, PR China; Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, 071001 Baoding, Hebei, PR China.
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, 071001 Baoding, Hebei, PR China; Shandong Institute of pomology, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, PR China
| | - Chuangqi Wei
- Institute of Genetics and Physiology, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Shijia Zhuang 050051, PR China
| | - Christopher M Ference
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, 2550 Hull Road, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Junfeng Guan
- Institute of Genetics and Physiology, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Shijia Zhuang 050051, PR China
| | - Wenjiang Wang
- Mountainous Area Research Institute of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Agriculture in Northern Mountainous Areas, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, PR China; Agricultural Technology Innovation Center in Mountainous Areas of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, PR China.
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95
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Fenn MA, Giovannoni JJ. Phytohormones in fruit development and maturation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:446-458. [PMID: 33274492 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones are integral to the regulation of fruit development and maturation. This review expands upon current understanding of the relationship between hormone signaling and fruit development, emphasizing fleshy fruit and highlighting recent work in the model crop tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and additional species. Fruit development comprises fruit set initiation, growth, and maturation and ripening. Fruit set transpires after fertilization and is associated with auxin and gibberellic acid (GA) signaling. Interaction between auxin and GAs, as well as other phytohormones, is mediated by auxin-responsive Aux/IAA and ARF proteins. Fruit growth consists of cell division and expansion, the former shown to be influenced by auxin signaling. While regulation of cell expansion is less thoroughly understood, evidence indicates synergistic regulation via both auxin and GAs, with input from additional hormones. Fruit maturation, a transitional phase that precipitates ripening, occurs when auxin and GA levels subside with a concurrent rise in abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene. During fruit ripening, ethylene plays a clear role in climacteric fruits, whereas non-climacteric ripening is generally associated with ABA. Recent evidence indicates varying requirements for both hormones within both ripening physiologies, suggesting rebalancing and specification of roles for common regulators rather than reliance upon one. Numerous recent discoveries pertaining to the molecular basis of hormonal activity and crosstalk are discussed, while we also note that many questions remain such as the molecular basis of additional hormonal activities, the role of epigenome changes, and how prior discoveries translate to the plethora of angiosperm species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Fenn
- Section of Plant Breeding and Genetics, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - James J Giovannoni
- Section of Plant Breeding and Genetics, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service and Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University campus, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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96
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Wang Q, Liu H, Zhang M, Liu S, Hao Y, Zhang Y. MdMYC2 and MdERF3 Positively Co-Regulate α-Farnesene Biosynthesis in Apple. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:512844. [PMID: 32983209 PMCID: PMC7492718 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.512844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
α-Farnesene, a sesquiterpene volatile compound plays an important role in plant defense and is known to be associated with insect attraction and with superficial scald of apple and pear fruits during cold storage. But the mechanism whereby transcription factors regulate apple α-farnesene biosynthesis has not been clarified. Here, we report that two transcription factors, MdMYC2 and MdERF3 regulated α-farnesene biosynthesis in apple fruit. Dual-luciferase assays and Y1H assays indicated that MdMYC2 and MdERF3 effectively trans-activated the MdAFS promoter. EMSAs showed that MdERF3 directly binds the DRE motif in the MdAFS promoter. Subsequently, overexpression of MdMYC2 and MdERF3 in apple calli markedly activated the transcript levels of MdHMGR2 and MdAFS. Furthermore, transient overexpression of MdMYC2 and MdERF3 in apple fruit significantly increased MdAFS expression and hence, α-farnesene production. These results indicate that MdMYC2 and MdERF3 are positive regulators of α-farnesene biosynthesis and have important value in genetic engineering of α-farnesene production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Heng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Shaohua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Yujin Hao
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Yuanhu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
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97
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Sun HJ, Luo ML, Zhou X, Zhou Q, Sun YY, Ge WY, Yao MM, Ji SJ. PuMYB21/PuMYB54 coordinate to activate PuPLDβ1 transcription during peel browning of cold-stored "Nanguo" pears. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:136. [PMID: 32922808 PMCID: PMC7459126 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00356-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Refrigeration is commonly used to extend the storage life of "Nanguo" pears, but fruit in long-term refrigeration is prone to peel browning, which is related to membrane lipid degradation. To determine the mechanism of membrane lipid degradation, we identified two R2R3-MYB transcription factors (TFs), PuMYB21 and PuMYB54, from "Nanguo" pears, which were notably expressed in response to cold stress and during the peel-browning process. The results from yeast one-hybrid, electrophoretic mobility shift, and transient expression assays indicated that both PuMYB21 and PuMYB54 directly bind to the promoter of PuPLDβ1 (a key enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids) and activate its expression, which probably enhances the degradation of membrane phospholipids and eventually results in peel browning. Moreover, the overexpression of PuMYB21 and PuMYB54 can greatly activate the transcription of endogenous PuPLDβ1 in both "Nanguo" pear fruits and calli, and their silencing can inhibit its transcription. Furthermore, yeast two-hybrid, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, and pull-down assays verified that PuMYB21 interacts with PuMYB54 to enhance the expression of PuPLDβ1. In summary, we demonstrate that PuMYB21 and PuMYB54 may have roles in membrane lipid metabolism by directly binding to the downstream structural gene PuPLDβ1 during the low temperature-induced peel browning of "Nanguo" pears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Jun Sun
- Department of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866 Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Man-Li Luo
- Department of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866 Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866 Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Department of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866 Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang-Yang Sun
- Department of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866 Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wan-Ying Ge
- Department of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866 Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Miao-Miao Yao
- Department of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866 Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu-Juan Ji
- Department of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866 Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
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98
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Guo T, Zhang X, Li Y, Liu C, Wang N, Jiang Q, Wu J, Ma F, Liu C. Overexpression of MdARD4 Accelerates Fruit Ripening and Increases Cold Hardiness in Tomato. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176182. [PMID: 32867065 PMCID: PMC7503420 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethylene plays an important role in stress adaptation and fruit ripening. Acireductone dioxygenase (ARD) is pivotal for ethylene biosynthesis. However, the response of ARD to fruit ripening or cold stress is still unclear. In this study, we identified three members of Malus ARD family, and expression profile analysis revealed that the transcript level of MdARD4 was induced during apple fruit ripening and after apple plants were being treated with cold stress. To investigate its function in cold tolerance and fruit ripening, MdARD4 was ectopically expressed in Solanum lycopersicum cultivar ‘Micro-Tom’, which has been considered as an excellent model plant for the study of fruit ripening. At the cellular level, the MdARD protein expressed throughout Nicotiana benthamiana epidermal cells. Overexpression of MdARD4 in tomato demonstrated that MdARD4 regulates the ethylene and carotenoid signaling pathway, increases ethylene and carotenoid concentrations, and accelerates fruit ripening. Furthermore, MdARD4 increased the antioxidative ability and cold hardiness in tomato. To conclude, MdARD4 may potentially be used in apple breeding to accelerate fruit ripening and increase cold hardiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianli Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiuzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yuxing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Chenlu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Na Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Qi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Junyao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Changhai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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99
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Hu Y, Han Z, Sun Y, Wang S, Wang T, Wang Y, Xu K, Zhang X, Xu X, Han Z, Wu T. ERF4 affects fruit firmness through TPL4 by reducing ethylene production. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:937-950. [PMID: 32564488 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The firmness of fleshy fruit crops has a significant effect on their quality, consumer preference, shelf life and transportability. In a combined quantitative trait locus and genome-wide association studies study of apple fruit texture, we identified a mutation (C-G) in the ethylene response factor-associated amphiphilic repression (EAR) motif in the coding region of the apple ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR4 (ERF4) gene. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing showed that ERF4 binds to the promoter of ERF3, which is involved in regulation of ethylene biosynthesis. The EAR mutation in ERF4 results in reduced repression of ERF3 expression, which is turn promotes ethylene production and loss of fruit firmness. ERF4 acts as a transcriptional repressor whose activity is modulated by a TOPLESS co-repressor 4 (TPL4)-binding EAR repression motif. Biolayer interferometry analysis showed that the mutation in the EAR motif causes a reduction in the interaction with TPL4. Suppression of ERF4 or TPL4 promoted fruit ripening and ethylene production. Taken together, our results provide insights into how ERF4 allelic variation underlies an important fruit quality trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Hu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyun Han
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yaqiang Sun
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Kenong Xu
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhai Han
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Ting Wu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
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100
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Zhang T, Li W, Xie R, Xu L, Zhou Y, Li H, Yuan C, Zheng X, Xiao L, Liu K. CpARF2 and CpEIL1 interact to mediate auxin-ethylene interaction and regulate fruit ripening in papaya. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:1318-1337. [PMID: 32391615 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a commercially important fruit crop. Various phytohormones, particularly ethylene and auxin, control papaya fruit ripening. However, little is known about the interaction between auxin and ethylene signaling during the fruit ripening process. In the present study, we determined that the interaction between the CpARF2 and CpEIL1 mediates the interaction between auxin and ethylene signaling to regulate fruit ripening in papaya. We identified the ethylene-induced auxin response factor CpARF2 and demonstrated that it is essential for fruit ripening in papaya. CpARF2 interacts with an important ethylene signal transcription factor CpEIL1, thus increasing the CpEIL1-mediated transcription of the fruit ripening-associated genes CpACS1, CpACO1, CpXTH12 and CpPE51. Moreover, CpEIL1 is ubiquitinated by CpEBF1 and is degraded through the 26S proteasome pathway. However, CpARF2 weakens the CpEBF1-CpEIL1 interaction and interferes with CpEBF1-mediated degradation of CpEIL1, promoting fruit ripening. Therefore, CpARF2 functions as an integrator in the auxin-ethylene interaction and regulates fruit ripening by stabilizing CpEIL1 protein and promoting the transcriptional activity of CpEIL1. To our knowledge, we have revealed a novel module of CpARF2/CpEIL1/CpEBF1 that fine-tune fruit ripening in papaya. Manipulating this mechanism could help growers tightly control papaya fruit ripening and prolong shelf life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, 524048, China
| | - Weijin Li
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, 524048, China
| | - Ruxiu Xie
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, 524048, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, 524048, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, 524048, China
| | - Haili Li
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, 524048, China
| | - Changchun Yuan
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, 524048, China
| | - Xiaolin Zheng
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310035, China
| | - Langtao Xiao
- College of Bioscience and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Kaidong Liu
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, 524048, China
- College of Bioscience and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
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