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Cui P, Li M, Yu M, Liu Y, Ding Y, Liu W, Liu J. Advances in sports food: Sports nutrition, food manufacture, opportunities and challenges. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111258. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lobo LF, de Morais MG, Marcucci-Barbosa LS, Martins-Junior FDAD, Avelar LM, Vieira ELM, Aidar FJ, Wanner SP, Silva LS, Noman MC, Camargos BM, Freitas KM, Gonçalves WA, Pinho V, Nunes-Silva A. A Single Bout of Fatiguing Aerobic Exercise Induces Similar Pronounced Immunological Responses in Both Sexes. Front Physiol 2022; 13:833580. [PMID: 35755444 PMCID: PMC9213785 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.833580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Physical exercise can acutely and chronically modulate immunological responses. Women and men have different innate and adaptive immune responses, and in this sense, these two groups may also have different acute immunological responses induced by exercise. In addition, it is essential to understand further whether the effects of physical exercise on the immune system responses depend on sex because limited scientific evidence on this topic is available. This information may allow athletes and coaches to improve the training process, mainly to understand if the physiological impact of given training stimuli in women is similar to that in men. Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the acute effects of continuous submaximal exercise until fatigue on physiological and immunological parameters in amateur female and male runners. Methods: This study included 18 female and 15 male volunteers. Each participant visited the laboratory on four consecutive days. The first visit consisted of medical history taking and explaining the study design. On the second visit, the participants were subjected to an incremental test to determine their maximal rate of oxygen consumption (VO2max) that was required to prescribe the intensity of the submaximal exercise protocol. On the third visit, the fatiguing exercise protocol was performed at 77%–80% of the VO2max. During this submaximal exercise, the heart rate, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and blood lactate were recorded. Blood samples were collected before, immediately after, and 1 h after the fatiguing protocol to analyze the plasma levels of cytokines and creatine kinase (CK) and to count leukocytes. Finally, on the fourth visit, the participants underwent physical evaluations to measure their body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) imaging. Results: The average ages of the female and male groups were 34.2 ± 3.7 and 30.5 ± 4.3 years old, respectively. The female group ran 57 ± 27 min, while the male group ran 52 ± 15 min before fatiguing. In the female group, when comparing before and after the submaximal exercise, marked increases were observed in the following variables: heart rate (from 68.5 to 180.4 bpm), RPE (from 3.6 to 8.2), lactate (from 2.1 to 4.49 mmol/L), and CK (from 89.5 to 126.3 U/L). In addition, the female group showed an increased number of total leukocytes (from 7222.3 to 11162.9 × 106/μl), neutrophils (from 4,403 to 6,480 × 106/μl), and lymphocytes (from 2,342 ± to 3,562 × 106/μl) from pre- to post-submaximal exercise. In the male group, similar elevations in psychophysiological variables were observed, as evidenced by comparing the heart rate (from 52.8 to 184.1 bpm), RPE (from 0.0 to 8.9), lactate (from 2.7 to 7.2 mmol/L), and CK (from 106.2 to 165 U/L) before and after the submaximal exercise. The male group also showed an augmented number of total leukocytes (from 6,245 to 8,050 × 106/μl), neutrophils (from 3,335 to 4,128 × 106/), and lymphocytes (from 2,191 to 3,212 × 106/μl) when comparing pre- and post-submaximal exercise. There were no differences in the changes between women and men for these parameters. Conclusion: The aerobically fatiguing exercise protocol induced pronounced changes in the heart rate, plasma levels of lactate and CK, total leukocyte count, especially the number of neutrophils and lymphocytes, in both sexes. The fatiguing exercise protocol also changed the plasma levels of IL-6 and IL-10 in the female and male groups. Under the present conditions, the physiological changes induced by fatiguing submaximal exercise, including the immunological changes, were not influenced by sex. This study shows that the same aerobic physical exercise can alter immunological parameters in women and men, and this response is similar between sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lázaro Fernandes Lobo
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunologia do Exercício, Escola de Educação Física da Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (EEFUFOP), Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Mariana Gomes de Morais
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia-Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lucas Soares Marcucci-Barbosa
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunologia do Exercício, Escola de Educação Física da Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (EEFUFOP), Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Luíza Martino Avelar
- Programa de Residência Médica em Medicina de Família e Comunidade-Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Erica Leandro Marciano Vieira
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina-Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Felipe J Aidar
- Departamento de Educação, Física da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Samuel Penna Wanner
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lucélia Scarabeli Silva
- Programa de Residência Médica em Medicina de Família e Comunidade-Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maria Clara Noman
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina-Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Bruno Muzzi Camargos
- Departamento de Educação, Física da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Kátia Michelle Freitas
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - William Antonio Gonçalves
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto- USP, Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Pinho
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunologia do Exercício, Escola de Educação Física da Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (EEFUFOP), Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Albená Nunes-Silva
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia-Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Immunoprotecting Effects of Exercise Program against Ovarian Cancer: A Single-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112808. [PMID: 35681788 PMCID: PMC9179373 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise is known to help the immune function of cancer survivors after cancer cell removal, but there is little information about the effect of exercise on ovarian cancer survivors. We conducted this study to investigate the effects of exercise training on the physical fitness and innate immunity of ovarian cancer survivors (OCS). Twenty-seven OCS between forty-two and sixty-one years of age volunteered for this study. The participants were divided into a control group (COG, n = 15) and an exercise group (EXG, n = 12). The mean (SD) age was 51.07 (5.67) years, and the mean post-operation period was 45.96 (5.88) months. EXG participated in regular exercise training 6 days a week for 12 weeks. Body weight, fat mass, and body mass index of EXE were significantly decreased compared with those of COG. The muscle mass in EXE was increased compared to that of COG. Physical fitness factors showed positive changes in EXG compared to COG. We found that exercise training enhanced lymphocyte and neutrophil counts of leucocytes and total natural killer (NK) and natural killer T (NKT) cell counts of lymphocytes through improved body composition and physical fitness after 12 weeks. Moreover, we found that improved innate immune cells through the exercise program were achieved through an increase in NKG2D+NK receptors and a decrease in KIR2DL3+NK receptors in OCS.
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The Relationships between Physical Activity, Exercise, and Sport on the Immune System. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116777. [PMID: 35682358 PMCID: PMC9180823 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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55
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Maia S, Girgis B, Nunes GF, Reis-Mendes A, Bovolini A, Duarte JA. Splenic morphologic changes induced by a strenuous and exhaustive training program in Wistar rats. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2022; 62:873-882. [PMID: 34028237 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12251-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessively intense physical training can compromise the functionality of the immune system and contribute to the appearance of symptoms associated with overtraining syndrome (OTS). The aim of this study was to analyze the splenic morphological changes in Wistar rats submitted to demanding training. METHODS The animals were randomly assigned to 2 groups; control group (CG) and exercise group (EG), animals in the EG group were sacrificed after 1 (EG1) and 3 weeks (EG3) of training. The animals were stimulated to run on the treadmill (-20 °; from 25 m/min, with a progressive increase of 1.25 m/minute at each session; 1 hour/day) 6 days/week. Body weight, food intake, appearance of hair, behavior and ability of animals to perform the imposed work were assessed during the protocol. The spleen was collected for histological analysis and immunohistochemical identification of CD4+ T lymphocytes and CD8+ T cells and NF-kB transcription factor. RESULTS The protocol did not induce OTS, however, decreases were observed in areas of white pulp in EG3 in relation to the other groups. The training induced a decrease in splenic CD4+ T cells with an increase in CD8+ T cells. The training increased the expression of NF-κB P65 compared to sedentary animals. CONCLUSIONS Even without manifestation of OTS, strenuous physical training, alter the histological and immunological structures of the spleen, suggesting in part a compromise in the functionality of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Maia
- CIAFEL, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Experimental Morphology, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal -
| | - Beshoy Girgis
- CIAFEL, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Experimental Morphology, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Grace F Nunes
- CIAFEL, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Experimental Morphology, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Reis-Mendes
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Antonio Bovolini
- CIAFEL, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Experimental Morphology, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José A Duarte
- CIAFEL, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Experimental Morphology, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Stojanović E, Radovanović D, Hew-Butler T, Hamar D, Jakovljević V. Vitamin D in Basketball Players: Current Evidence and Future Directions. Sports Health 2022; 14:377-388. [PMID: 34085865 PMCID: PMC9112709 DOI: 10.1177/19417381211019343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Despite growing interest in quantifying and correcting vitamin D inadequacy in basketball players, a critical synthesis of these data is yet to be performed to overcome the low generalizability of findings from individual studies. OBJECTIVE To provide a comprehensive analysis of data in basketball pertaining to (1) the prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy; (2) the effects of vitamin D supplementation on 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration (and its association with body composition), bone health, and performance; and (3) crucial aspects that warrant further investigation. DATA SOURCES PubMed, MEDLINE, ERIC, Google Scholar, SCIndex, and ScienceDirect databases were searched. STUDY SELECTION After screening, 15 studies were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. DATA EXTRACTION The prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy, serum 25(OH)D, body composition, stress fractures, and physical performance were extracted. RESULTS The pooled prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy for 527 basketball players in 14 studies was 77% (P < 0.001; 95% CI, 0.70-0.84). Supplementation with 4000 IU/d and 4000 IU/wk (absolute mean difference [AMD]: 25.39 nmol/L; P < 0.001; 95% CI, 13.44-37.33), as well as 10,000 IU/d (AMD: 100.01; P < 0.001; 95% CI, 70.39-129.63) vitamin D restored 25(OH)D to normal concentrations. Body composition data revealed inverse correlations between changes in serum 25(OH)D (from pre- to postsupplementation) and body fat (r = -0.80; very large). Data concerning positive impacts of vitamin D supplementation on bone health and physical performance remain sparse. CONCLUSION The high proportion of vitamin D inadequacy underscores the need to screen for serum 25(OH)D in basketball players. Although supplementation restored vitamin D sufficiency, the beneficial effects on bone health and physical performance remain sparse. Adiposity can modulate 25(OH)D response to supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilija Stojanović
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | | | - Tamara Hew-Butler
- Faculty of Exercise and Sport Science, Division of Kinesiology, Health and Sport Studies, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Dušan Hamar
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Department of Sports Kinanthropology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vladimir Jakovljević
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Department of Human Pathology, Moscow State Medical University IM Sechenov, Moscow, Russia
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Cuthbertson L, Turner SE, Jackson A, Ranson C, Loosemore M, Kelleher P, Moffatt MF, Cookson WO, Hull JH, Shah A. Evidence of immunometabolic dysregulation and airway dysbiosis in athletes susceptible to respiratory illness. EBioMedicine 2022; 79:104024. [PMID: 35490556 PMCID: PMC9062742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methods Findings Interpretation Funding
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Derman W, Badenhorst M, Eken M, Gomez-Ezeiza J, Fitzpatrick J, Gleeson M, Kunorozva L, Mjosund K, Mountjoy M, Sewry N, Schwellnus M. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory illnesses in athletes: a systematic review by a subgroup of the IOC consensus on ‘acute respiratory illness in the athlete’. Br J Sports Med 2022; 56:639-650. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-104795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
ObjectiveTo review risk factors associated with acute respiratory illness (ARill) in athletes, including non-infectious ARill and suspected or confirmed acute respiratory infections (ARinf).DesignSystematic review.Data sourcesElectronic databases: PubMed-Medline, EbscoHost and Web of Science.Eligibility criteriaOriginal research articles published between January 1990 and July 2020 in English were searched for prospective and retrospective full text studies that reported quantitative data on risk factors associated with ARill/ARinf in athletes, at any level of performance (elite/non-elite), aged 15–65 years.Results48 studies (n=19 390 athletes) were included in the study. Risk factors associated with ARill/ARinf were: increased training monotony, endurance training programmes, lack of tapering, training during winter or at altitude, international travel and vitamin D deficits. Low tear-(SIgA) and salivary-(IgA) were immune biomarkers associated with ARill/ARinf.ConclusionsModifiable training and environmental risk factors could be considered by sports coaches and athletes to reduce the risk of ARill/ARinf. Clinicians working with athletes can consider assessing and treating specific nutritional deficiencies such as vitamin D. More research regarding the role and clinical application of measuring immune biomarkers in athletes at high risk of ARill/ARinf is warranted.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020160928.
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Santos de Lima K, Schuch FB, Camponogara Righi N, Chagas P, Hemann Lamberti M, Puntel GO, Vargas da Silva AM, Ulisses Signori L. Effects of the combination of vitamins C and E supplementation on oxidative stress, inflammation, muscle soreness, and muscle strength following acute physical exercise: meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:7584-7597. [PMID: 35261309 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2048290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Background:The combined supplementation of vitamins C and E potentially can mitigate oxidative stress (OS) and accelerate recovery following exercise. However, there is little evidence and a lack of consensus on the effects of these vitamins for this purpose. The objective of this systematic review was to summarize the evidence on the effects of the combined supplementation of vitamins C and E in OS, inflammatory markers, muscle damage, muscle soreness, and musculoskeletal functionality following acute exercise. Methods: The search was carried out from inception until March 2021, on MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL, Web of Science, and SPORT Discus. We included placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that evaluated the effects of combined supplementation of vitamins C and E in OS, inflammatory markers, muscle damage, muscle soreness, and muscle strength following a single bout of exercise. Random-effect meta-analyses were used to compare pre to post-exercise mean changes in subjects who received supplementation with vitamins C and E or placebo versus controls. Data are presented as standard mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results: Eighteen RCTs, accounting for data from 322 individuals, were included. The use of vitamins attenuated lipid peroxidation (SMD= -0.703; 95% CI= -1.035 to -0.372; p < 0.001), IL-6 (SMD= -0.576; 95%CI= -1.036 to -0.117; p = 0.014), and cortisol levels (SMD= -0.918; 95%CI= -1.475 to -0.361; p = 0.001) immediately, and creatine kinase levels 48 h following exercise (SMD= -0.991; 95%CI= -1.611 to -0.372; p = 0.002). Supplementing the combination of vitamins had no effects on protein carbonyls, reduced/oxidized glutathione ratio, catalase, interleukin-1Ra, C-reactive protein, lactate dehydrogenase, muscle soreness, and muscle strength. Conclusion: Prior supplementation of the combination of vitamins C and E attenuates OS (lipid peroxidation), the inflammatory response (interleukin-6), cortisol levels, and muscle damage (creatine kinase) following a session of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felipe Barreto Schuch
- Departamento de Métodos e Técnicas Desportivas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brasil
| | | | - Patricia Chagas
- Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Luis Ulisses Signori
- Fisioterapia e Reabilitação, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brasil
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Lange KW. The contribution of food bioactives and nutrition to the management of COVID-19. JOURNAL OF FUTURE FOODS 2022. [PMCID: PMC9012071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfutfo.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Poor nutrition predisposes to infection, and various food compounds, such as micronutrients, are key elements of immune competence. A large number of scientific publications have suggested a role of phytochemicals, food bioactives and nutrition in combating the current coronavirus pandemic. Various dietary components and specific food supplements have been proposed to be helpful in the prevention or therapy of COVID-19. While findings in preclinical models suggest that food bioactives and micronutrients may potentially augment viral defense, evidence supporting antiviral and immunomodulatory efficacy of these compounds in the prevention or management of COVID-19 is non-existent. Large-scale epidemiological and well-designed clinical studies investigating dosage and combinations of food compounds in different age groups and populations are needed before any recommendations can be made. Both malnutrition and overnutrition can adversely affect the immune system. Malnutrition at population level appears to be associated with elevated rates of fatal outcomes of COVID-19. Obesity and non-communicable diseases have been found to be a prognostic risk factor associated with worse COVID-19 outcomes. A focus on obesity and nutrition-related chronic diseases should be a key element of public health. This approach would be more effective than the far less promising search for food bioactives with potential immune-supportive efficacy.
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Baakhtari M, Imaizumi N, Kida T, Yanagita T, Ramah A, Ahmadi P, Takebe N, Iwamoto Y, Korosue K, Tsuzuki N, Yasuda M. Effects of branched-chain amino acids on immune status of young racing horses. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:558-565. [PMID: 35197413 PMCID: PMC9096041 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
High-intensity exercise and competition are associated with depressed immune function.
Young horses, which participate in high-intensity exercise and competitions, are at
increased risk for the development of infectious disease due to depression of immune
function. The effects of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation on the immune
status of young racing horses were evaluated, determining whether BCAA might help to avoid
or reduce immune suppression during exercise and competitions. Twenty horses (10 male and
10 female) were treated with BCAA supplementation; another twenty untreated horses (10
male and 10 female) constituted control group. Peripheral blood was collected from each
animal and evaluated for lymphocyte subsets, phagocytosis analysis of monocytes and
granulocytes, lymphocyte proliferative response, and expression of cytokine-encoding
messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs). The numbers of CD4+, CD8+, and
major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II+ cells in females of the
treated group were significantly higher than those in females of the control group. The
lymphocyte proliferative response in female of the treated group also was significantly
higher than that in females of the control group. In addition, expression of mRNAs
encoding interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in females of the treated group
was significantly higher than that in females of the control group. There were no
significant differences between males of the treated and control groups. The results of
this study indicated the positive effects of BCAA supplementation in counteracting
immunosuppression in young female racing horses during and following high-intensity
exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Baakhtari
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki.,Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki.,Faculty of Veterinary Science, Balkh University
| | - Noriko Imaizumi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki
| | - Tetsuo Kida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki
| | - Tenya Yanagita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki
| | - Amany Ramah
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki.,Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University
| | - Parnian Ahmadi
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki.,Faculty of Veterinary Science, Balkh University
| | - Naoya Takebe
- Japan Racing Association (JRA) and Miyazaki Yearling Training Farm
| | - Yohei Iwamoto
- Japan Racing Association (JRA) and Miyazaki Yearling Training Farm
| | - Kenji Korosue
- Japan Racing Association (JRA) and Miyazaki Yearling Training Farm
| | - Nao Tsuzuki
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Masahiro Yasuda
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki.,Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki
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Mulder LTC, Busch M, Kristoffersen AE, Hök Nordberg J, van der Werf ET. Prevalence and predictive factors of complementary medicine use during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 in the Netherlands. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:43. [PMID: 35168630 PMCID: PMC8845358 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03528-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Major life changing events such as the COVID-19 pandemic may have major impact on one’s health and general well-being. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and predictive factors, including gender specific differences, of Complementary Medicine (CM) use (including CM consultations, self-care management and self-help techniques) during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 in the Netherlands. Methods CM use was studied among a random representative sample (n = 1004) of the adult Dutch population using an online survey conducted from 22–27 May 2020. The survey included a modified version of I-CAM-Q and additional questions on demographic characteristics, reasons for CM use, perceived effectiveness and side effects. Results 68.0% of the participants reported to have used CM (CM consultations (13.3%), self-management strategies (59.4%), self-help techniques (30.0%)). Most frequently reported reason of CM use was to improve general well-being (61.6%), prevention and/or treatment of COVID-19 was only reported by 10%. Perceived effectiveness of CM was high and number of experienced side effects low. Being a women, worried to get infected with COVID-19, higher education and living in northern/ middle region of the Netherlands were predictive factors to use CM. Conclusions In the Netherlands, specific groups (e.g. women/ highly educated) use CM, mainly to improve general wellbeing, and seem to benefit of it during the first months of the pandemic. The high perceived effectiveness and low reporting of side effects should encourage medical professionals and policy makers for more openness towards considering CM as being part of an integrative approach to public health in times life changing events occur. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-022-03528-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise T C Mulder
- Louis Bolk Institute, Kosterijland 3-5, 3981 AJ, Bunnik, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Busch
- Van Praag Institute, Springweg 7, 3511 VH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Dutch Consortium for Integrative Medicine and Health (CIZG), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Agnete E Kristoffersen
- National Research Centre in Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NAFKAM), Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Johanna Hök Nordberg
- Regional Cancer Centre Stockholm Gotland, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department Neurobiology, Care Sciences & Society, Division of Nursing & Department Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Esther T van der Werf
- Louis Bolk Institute, Kosterijland 3-5, 3981 AJ, Bunnik, The Netherlands. .,Dutch Consortium for Integrative Medicine and Health (CIZG), Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Agha-Alinejad H, Ahmadi Hekmatikar AH, Ruhee RT, Shamsi MM, Rahmati M, Khoramipour K, Suzuki K. A Guide to Different Intensities of Exercise, Vaccination, and Sports Nutrition in the Course of Preparing Elite Athletes for the Management of Upper Respiratory Infections during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031888. [PMID: 35162910 PMCID: PMC8835175 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Elite athletes use high-intensity training to maintain their fitness level. However, intense training can harm the immune system, making athletes suspectable to COVID-19 and negatively affecting their performance. In addition, the diet of athletes should be appreciated more as it is another influencer of the immune system, especially during the COVID 19 pandemic. The other important issue elite athletes face currently is vaccination and its possible intervention with their training. The present study attempts to discuss the impact of different training intensities, nutritional strategies, and vaccination on the immune system function in elite athletes. To this end, Scopus, ISC, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched from 1988 to 2021 using the related keywords. The results of our review showed that although high-intensity exercise can suppress the immune system, elite athletes should not stop training in the time of infection but use low- and moderate-intensity training. Moderate-intensity exercise can improve immune function and maintain physical fitness. In addition, it is also better for athletes not to undertake high-intensity training at the time of vaccination, but instead perform moderate to low-intensity training. Furthermore, nutritional strategies can be employed to improve immune function during high-intensity training periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Agha-Alinejad
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Teheran 1411713116, Iran; (H.A.-A.); (A.H.A.H.); (M.M.S.)
| | - Amir Hossein Ahmadi Hekmatikar
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Teheran 1411713116, Iran; (H.A.-A.); (A.H.A.H.); (M.M.S.)
| | | | - Mahdieh Molanouri Shamsi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Teheran 1411713116, Iran; (H.A.-A.); (A.H.A.H.); (M.M.S.)
| | - Masoud Rahmati
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Lorestan University, Khoramabad 6816785468, Iran;
| | - Kayvan Khoramipour
- Institute of Neuropharmacology, Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616914115, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7619813159, Iran
- Correspondence: or (K.K.); (K.S.); Tel.: +98-9120356383 (K.K.); +81-4-2947-6898 (K.S.)
| | - Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan
- Correspondence: or (K.K.); (K.S.); Tel.: +98-9120356383 (K.K.); +81-4-2947-6898 (K.S.)
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Defining the importance of stress reduction in managing cardiovascular disease - the role of exercise. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 70:84-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2022.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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“Food First but Not Always Food Only”: Recommendations for Using Dietary Supplements in Sport. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2022; 32:371-386. [DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The term “food first” has been widely accepted as the preferred strategy within sport nutrition, although there is no agreed definition of this and often limited consideration of the implications. We propose that food first should mean “where practically possible, nutrient provision should come from whole foods and drinks rather than from isolated food components or dietary supplements.” There are many reasons to commend a food first strategy, including the risk of supplement contamination resulting in anti-doping violations. However, a few supplements can enhance health and/or performance, and therefore a food only approach could be inappropriate. We propose six reasons why a food only approach may not always be optimal for athletes: (a) some nutrients are difficult to obtain in sufficient quantities in the diet, or may require excessive energy intake and/or consumption of other nutrients; (b) some nutrients are abundant only in foods athletes do not eat/like; (c) the nutrient content of some foods with established ergogenic benefits is highly variable; (d) concentrated doses of some nutrients are required to correct deficiencies and/or promote immune tolerance; (e) some foods may be difficult to consume immediately before, during or immediately after exercise; and (f) tested supplements could help where there are concerns about food hygiene or contamination. In these situations, it is acceptable for the athlete to consider sports supplements providing that a comprehensive risk minimization strategy is implemented. As a consequence, it is important to stress that the correct terminology should be “food first but not always food only.”
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A Review on Dietary Additive, Food Supplement and Exercise Effects on the Prevention of Covid-19. NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCES RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.52547/nfsr.9.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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67
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Verdú E, Homs J, Boadas-Vaello P. Physiological Changes and Pathological Pain Associated with Sedentary Lifestyle-Induced Body Systems Fat Accumulation and Their Modulation by Physical Exercise. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:13333. [PMID: 34948944 PMCID: PMC8705491 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A sedentary lifestyle is associated with overweight/obesity, which involves excessive fat body accumulation, triggering structural and functional changes in tissues, organs, and body systems. Research shows that this fat accumulation is responsible for several comorbidities, including cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and metabolic dysfunctions, as well as pathological pain behaviors. These health concerns are related to the crosstalk between adipose tissue and body systems, leading to pathophysiological changes to the latter. To deal with these health issues, it has been suggested that physical exercise may reverse part of these obesity-related pathologies by modulating the cross talk between the adipose tissue and body systems. In this context, this review was carried out to provide knowledge about (i) the structural and functional changes in tissues, organs, and body systems from accumulation of fat in obesity, emphasizing the crosstalk between fat and body tissues; (ii) the crosstalk between fat and body tissues triggering pain; and (iii) the effects of physical exercise on body tissues and organs in obese and non-obese subjects, and their impact on pathological pain. This information may help one to better understand this crosstalk and the factors involved, and it could be useful in designing more specific training interventions (according to the nature of the comorbidity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Verdú
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain;
| | - Judit Homs
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain;
- Department of Physical Therapy, EUSES-University of Girona, 17190 Salt, Spain
| | - Pere Boadas-Vaello
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain;
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68
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ONU I, IORDAN DA, CODREANU CM, MATEI Daniela, GALACTION Anca-Irina. Anti-inflammatory effects of exercise training. A systematic review. BALNEO AND PRM RESEARCH JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.12680/balneo.2021.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The diseases number with a known inflammatory etiology is constantly increasing. Cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, osteoporosis, cancer, asthma, atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes and obesity are associated with chronic low-grade inflammation. There is evidence that individuals who engage in intense physical activity or who exercise regularly, shows changes in biomarkers associated with chronic inflammation. Physical exercise is useful in preventing many diseases, due to improved cardiorespiratory, metabolic, musculoskeletal function. All these improve the immunity and antioxidant capacity, thus reducing the incidence of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases.
Materials and Methods: In this study were included 90 bibliographic sources, of which the title contains the following keywords: exercise - 23, inflammation - 27, anti-inflammatory - 6, IL-6 - 13, IL-10 - 4, myokine - 3, IL-15 - 3, irisin - 6, obesity - 11, chronic inflammation - 7. This study discussed aspects of exercise, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, immunological mechanisms, the dual role of IL-6 cytokine, and the anti-inflammatory effects of physical exercise.
Results: Physical exercise is an efficient clinical tool, that limits chronic inflammation activating the immune system that will increase the level of anti-inflammatory IL-6 myokine. There is a direct relationship between the volume and intensity of exercise and the amount of IL-6 myokine in the blood stream.
Conclusions: These studies contribute significantly to the understanding of the mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory effect of exercise. More studies on chronic low-grade inflammatory diseases are needed to understand their pathophysiology, and that will inspire the specialists improve long-term treatment strategies.
Keywords: physical exercise, chronic low-grade inflammation, anti-inflammatory, IL-6, myokine,
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilie ONU
- Faculty of Medical Bioengineering, “University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T Popa”, Iasi, Romania
| | - Daniel-Andrei IORDAN
- Department of Individual Sports and Kinetotherapy, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, “Dunărea de Jos” University of Galati, 800008 Galați, România
| | - Corneliu Mircea CODREANU
- Department of Individual Sports and Kinetotherapy, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, “Dunărea de Jos” University of Galati, 800008 Galați, România
| | - MATEI Daniela
- Faculty of Medical Bioengineering, “University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T Popa”, Iasi, Romania
| | - GALACTION Anca-Irina
- Faculty of Medical Bioengineering, “University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T Popa”, Iasi, Romania
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69
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Molina E, Petri M, Manno R, Williamson L, Williamson L, Timlin H. A prescription for exercise in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2021; 30:2183-2190. [PMID: 34903093 DOI: 10.1177/09612033211061060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have increased cardiovascular risk, and fatigue is a major subjective complaint. Sedentary lifestyle has been shown to have negative health impacts in cardiovascular and rheumatic disease, though exercise has not traditionally been incorporated into routine therapy recommendations. Regular exercise in SLE may improve difficult to treat Type 2 symptoms, such as fatigue, depression, stress, and quality of life. Insufficient counseling on exercise by physicians is a notable barrier for SLE patients to engage in physical activity. Aerobic exercise regimens are more commonly studied, and have been shown to improve cardiovascular health in SLE. Exercise may improve some inflammatory markers, though does not definitively affect SLE clinical disease activity. Physical activity should be recommended to improve quality of life and cardiovascular health in patients with SLE. Developing clearer guidelines for exercise regimens in a patient-centered manner is warranted, especially given diverse phenotypes of SLE patients and varying degrees of physical limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Molina
- Department of Internal Medicine, 1501Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michelle Petri
- Department of Internal Medicine, 1501Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca Manno
- Department of Rheumatology, 249252Comprehensive Orthopaedic Global, Saint Thomas, VI, USA
| | - Luke Williamson
- Department of Rheumatology, 8539Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, USA
| | - Lyn Williamson
- Department of Rheumatology, 8539Great Western Hospital Wiltshire, Swindon, UK
| | - Homa Timlin
- Division of Rheumatology, 1501Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Krill-Oil-Dependent Increases in HS-Omega-3 Index, Plasma Choline and Antioxidant Capacity in Well-Conditioned Power Training Athletes. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124237. [PMID: 34959789 PMCID: PMC8708578 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that both omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) and choline can influence sports performance, but information establishing their combined effects when given in the form of krill oil during power training protocols is missing. The purpose of this study was therefore to characterize n-3 PUFA and choline profiles after a one-hour period of high-intensity physical workout after 12 weeks of supplementation. Thirty-five healthy power training athletes received either 2.5 g/day of Neptune krill oilTM (550 mg EPA/DHA and 150 mg choline) or olive oil (placebo) in a randomized double-blind design. After 12 weeks, only the krill oil group showed a significant HS-Omega-3 Index increase from 4.82 to 6.77% and a reduction in the ARA/EPA ratio (from 50.72 to 13.61%) (p < 0.001). The krill oil group showed significantly higher recovery of choline concentrations relative to the placebo group from the end of the first to the beginning of the second exercise test (p = 0.04) and an 8% decrease in total antioxidant capacity post-exercise versus 21% in the placebo group (p = 0.35). In conclusion, krill oil can be used as a nutritional strategy for increasing the HS-Omega-3 Index, recover choline concentrations and address oxidative stress after intense power trainings.
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71
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Impacts of different intensities of exercise on inflammation and hypoxia markers in low altitude. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:145. [PMID: 34809670 PMCID: PMC8609846 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00375-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background This study aims to determine and compare the effects of exercise modalities with different intensities on the secretion of key inflammation and hypoxia markers in amateur athletes. Methods Twenty-three athletes with a mean age of 20.1 years, living at low altitude (1850 m) participated in this study. The participants' maximal oxygen consumption values (VO2 max) were determined with an incremental cycle exercise test as 54.15 ± 6.14 mL kg min−1. Athletes performed four protocols: at rest, 50% VO2 max, 75% VO2 max and 100% VO2 max (until exhaustion) with one-week intervals. 50% VO2 max, 75% VO2 max sessions were performed continuously for 30 min on a bicycle ergometer and 100% VO2 max session was performed by cycling until exhaustion. Blood samples were obtained at rest and immediately after each exercise session. Serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) levels were measured.
Results There were significant differences in serum TNF-α levels in 75% VO2 max and 100% VO2 max sessions (489.03 ± 368.37 and 472.70 ± 365.21 ng/L, respectively) compared to rest conditions (331.65 ± 293.52 ng/L). Serum CRP levels of 50% VO2 max and 75% VO2 max sessions (1.19 ± 0.50; 1.07 ± 0.52 mg/L) were significantly higher than the rest condition (0.74 ± 0.35 mg/L). There were significant differences in serum IL-10 levels of rest condition and 50% VO2 max; 50% VO2 max, and 100% VO2 max sessions (328.09 ± 128.87; 446.36 ± 142.84; 347.44 ± 135.69; 324.88 ± 168.06 pg/mL). Serum HIF-1α levels were significantly higher in 75% VO2 max session compared to rest (1.26 ± 0.16; 1.08 ± 0.19 ng/mL) (P < 0.05 for all comparisons). Conclusions Both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathway is induced on different exercise intensities. Exercise protocols performed until exhaustion may lead to activation of inflammatory pathways and hypoxia-induced damage.
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72
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Irawan R, Mahmudiono T, Martiana T. Interleukin-6 as Immune System and Inflammation Biomarker on the Response of Basic Pencak Silat Exercise in Perguruan Pencak Silat Perisai Diri, Bojonegoro. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.7303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Pencak Silat is a self-defense exercise originated from Indonesia and categorized as a high-intensity exercise.
AIM: This research was intended to identify the acute response of Pencak Silat basic exercise toward interleukin-6 (IL-6) as an immune system biomarker on students of Perguruan Pencak Silat Perisai Diri Tulungrejo, Bojonegoro.
METHODS: A number of 26 students (10 boys and 16 girls) of Perguruan Pencak Silat Tulungrejo, Bojonegoro, were participated in this study. The students did the 2 h Perguruan Pencak Silat Perisai Diri, Bojonegoro, training program with 75–85% intensity. The IL-6 serum was measured using ELISA method.
RESULTS: The result of this study showed that the IL-6 serum level in post-2 (12 h after training) (6.2981 pg/mL) was higher compared with the IL-6 serum level in post-1 (shortly after training) (6.11981 pg/mL) and before training (4.5146 pg/mL). The result also showed that there was a significant difference of IL-6 levels between pre-training and after training.
CONCLUSION: This study concluded that the basic exercise performed by the new students of Perguruan Pencak Silat Perisai Diri increased IL-6 serum level.
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73
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Lee M, Lee JS, Kim K, Kim C. Efficacy of immune-strengthening functional drinks in top-level athletes: a questionnaire survey-based research. Phys Act Nutr 2021; 25:23-27. [PMID: 34727685 PMCID: PMC8580581 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2021.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Functional beverages are intended to support those who want to maintain optimal physical condition and improve their quality of life through the enhancement of heart health, immunity, and digestion. The purpose of this study was to investigate the performance of top-level athletes consuming immune-strengthening conditioning nutritional drinks. METHODS A total of 107 top-level athletes (baseball (56 players), pro volleyball (17), athletics (16), cycling (8), golf (6), and fencing (6)) participated in the experiment. They consumed an immune-enhancing functional beverage once a day for 8 weeks and responded to a survey before, during, and after drinking the beverage. RESULTS Three total aspect-based subfactors were drawn from 24 questions in the factor analysis: physical, satisfaction with mental stability, and activity in performance. The physical, mental stability and performance changes of athletes significantly increased in period 2 (4 weeks after intake) and period 3 (after 8 weeks of intake). CONCLUSION We evaluated the efficacy of a new conditioned beverage containing Lactobacillus B240 and protein in improving the performance and physiological utility of top athletes. This functional drink may gain popularity among those seeking health benefits and improved exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchul Lee
- Department of Sports Medicine, CHA University, Pocheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Sook Lee
- Sports Science team, Dong-a Otsuka, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghee Kim
- Sports Science team, Dong-a Otsuka, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanju Kim
- Sports Science team, Dong-a Otsuka, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Polymorphonuclear leucocyte phagocytic function, γδ T-lymphocytes and testosterone as separate stress-responsive markers of prolonged, high-intensity training programs. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 13:100234. [PMID: 34589749 PMCID: PMC8474673 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive exercise with limited recovery may lead to detrimental states of overreaching or the overtraining syndrome. Chronic maladaptation in endocrine and immune mechanisms occur with the incidence of these states. Exercise-induced cortisol and testosterone responses have been proposed as biomarkers of overreaching, with blunted responses following intensified-training periods. Yet, limited information on the effects of overreaching in immunity is available. Healthy individuals completed a 30-min running protocol (the RPETP) before and after a 12-day intensified-training period. Blood and saliva were collected before, after and 30min after RPETP at pre-training and post-training. Plasma and salivary cortisol and testosterone, leucocyte proliferation and polymorphonuclear leucocyte phagocytic activity were examined. Plasma and salivary cortisol were acutely unaffected pre-training (-14% and 0%, p > 0.05) and post-training (-14% and +46%, p > 0.05). Comparing pre-training with post-training, blunted responses were observed in plasma testosterone (43%-19%, p < 0.05) and salivary testosterone (55%-24%, p > 0.05). No acute or resting changes in total leucocyte counts or most leucocyte subsets occurred pre-training or post-training. Yet, a 194% acute elevation in γδ T-lymphocyte number occurred pre-training (p < 0.05), and average resting concentrations were 174% higher post-training. Baseline phagocytic activity was 47% lower post-training (p < 0.05). Intensified training was detrimental, significantly reducing phagocytic activity. Testosterone blunted post-training, indicating an excessive training-related hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal dysfunction. The γδ T-lymphocytes sensitivity to exercise was noted, rendering it as a potential stress-responsive cellular marker. The usefulness of the RPETP to track the onset of overreaching is proposed.
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75
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Sowers K, Litwin B, Lee A, Galantino ML. Effect of Moderate Intensity Exercise on Infection Rates in Individuals with Primary Immunodeficiency Disease: A Preliminary Pilot Randomized Investigation. Physiother Theory Pract 2021; 38:2677-2688. [PMID: 34587873 DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2021.1983907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Individuals with a diagnosis of primary immunodeficiency disease (PID) have poorer health-related quality of life (HRQoL) compared with healthy individuals. Regular moderate exercise enhances immune function and wellbeing. Whether exercise at recommended levels for the general population is tolerated by individuals diagnosed with PID, without adverse effects, is unknown and warrants investigation. METHODS A prospective randomized preliminary pilot investigation with individuals diagnosed with PID was undertaken; participants were assigned to either an exercise (n = 18) or control group (n = 16). The exercise group completed an eight-week, semi-customized, home-based, moderate intensity exercise program, while the control group engaged in routine activities. Participants completed recall surveys assessing infection rates and non-routine medical care over 8 weeks prior to the eight-week intervention. RESULTS Given recruitment issues, the study was underpowered. Thus, as expected, no difference between groups was observed. CONCLUSION This preliminary pilot investigation provides the foundation for a large scale, appropriately powered, randomized controlled trial to investigate the effect of moderate exercise on infection rates and non-routine medical care for individuals with PID. Recommendations are made to strengthen the methodology of future investigations on the effects of exercise on the immune function and quality of life for individuals diagnosed with PID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri Sowers
- Health Science Program, Stockton University, Galloway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Bini Litwin
- Physical Therapy Department, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, Florida, USA
| | - Alan Lee
- Physical Therapy Department, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, Florida, USA.,Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, Mount Saint Mary's University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mary Lou Galantino
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA.,Physiotherapy Department, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Potential Long-Term Health Problems Associated with Ultra-Endurance Running: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2021; 52:725-740. [PMID: 34542868 PMCID: PMC8450723 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01561-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that physical activity reduces all-cause mortality and can prolong life. Ultra-endurance running (UER) is an extreme sport that is becoming increasingly popular, and comprises running races above marathon distance, exceeding 6 h, and/or running fixed distances on multiple days. Serious acute adverse events are rare, but there is mounting evidence that UER may lead to long-term health problems. The purpose of this review is to present the current state of knowledge regarding the potential long-term health problems derived from UER, specifically potential maladaptation in key organ systems, including cardiovascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal, renal, immunological, gastrointestinal, neurological, and integumentary systems. Special consideration is given to youth, masters, and female athletes, all of whom may be more susceptible to certain long-term health issues. We present directions for future research into the pathophysiological mechanisms that underpin athlete susceptibility to long-term issues. Although all body systems can be affected by UER, one of the clearest effects of endurance exercise is on the cardiovascular system, including right ventricular dysfunction and potential increased risk of arrhythmias and hypertension. There is also evidence that rare cases of acute renal injury in UER could lead to progressive renal scarring and chronic kidney disease. There are limited data specific to female athletes, who may be at greater risk of certain UER-related health issues due to interactions between energy availability and sex-hormone concentrations. Indeed, failure to consider sex differences in the design of female-specific UER training programs may have a negative impact on athlete longevity. It is hoped that this review will inform risk stratification and stimulate further research about UER and the implications for long-term health.
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Abstract
Athletes commonly experience mental health symptoms. However, prevalence estimates require refinement so that symptoms are interpreted in context and diagnostic labels are accurately applied. Further prevalence studies are also needed in subgroups within sport, in particular female athletes, athletes with disabilities, and coaches. Existing consensus-based and evidence-based therapies must be adapted not only to the individual athlete but also to the ecology of sports. Filling the gaps in our knowledge on what treatment modifications may be required for the individual athlete and how services should be designed to deliver treatment most effectively will require well-designed studies that use standardized terminology and defined outcome measures.
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78
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Tarnowski M, Kopytko P, Piotrowska K. Epigenetic Regulation of Inflammatory Responses in the Context of Physical Activity. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1313. [PMID: 34573295 PMCID: PMC8465911 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications occur in response to environmental changes and play a fundamental role in the regulation of gene expression. PA is found to elicit an inflammatory response, both from the innate and adaptive divisions of the immunological system. The inflammatory reaction is considered a vital trigger of epigenetic changes that in turn modulate inflammatory actions. The tissue responses to PA involve local and general changes. The epigenetic mechanisms involved include: DNA methylation, histone proteins modification and microRNA. All of them affect genetic expression in an inflammatory milieu in physical exercise depending on the magnitude of physiological stress experienced by the exerciser. PA may evoke acute or chronic biochemical and physiological responses and have a positive or negative immunomodulatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Tarnowski
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (P.K.); (K.P.)
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, 70-453 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Patrycja Kopytko
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (P.K.); (K.P.)
| | - Katarzyna Piotrowska
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (P.K.); (K.P.)
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79
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Effects of High Intensity Plank Exercise on Physical Fitness and Immunocyte Function in a Middle-Aged Man: A Case Report. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57080845. [PMID: 34441051 PMCID: PMC8399219 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57080845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Although the plank exercise is difficult to perform for untrained people, it does not require money, special equipment, or much space. However, it is not known how plank exercises affect physical fitness and immunocyte function. This study analyzed the changes in physical fitness and immune cells of a middle-aged man after performing 4 weeks of elbow plank exercise. Materials and Methods: Elbow plank exercise was performed for approximately 20 min (resting time, around 10 min) a day, 5 days a week for 4 weeks. The intensity was checked daily with ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). When the participant reached an intensity of RPE 15, RPE 16, and RPE 17 of the RPE 20 scale, 1 min of rest was given before repeating the process. Results: Compared with the pre-values, (1) all the physical fitness factors (muscle strength, muscle endurance, flexibility, and cardiopulmonary fitness) were increased after 4 weeks; (2) body weight, skeletal muscle mass, and the basal metabolic rate were increased, whereas body fat mass and fat percentage were decreased; and (3) although the variables of complete blood count were changed positively, some were not. Specifically, CD3, CD8, and CD56 were increased, whereas CD4, CD4/CD8, and cytotoxicity were decreased. These results show that elbow plank exercise can improve all factors of physical fitness and improve some of the immunocyte functions of a middle-aged man. Conclusions: This study confirmed that, although the elbow plank exercise of vigorous intensity for 4 weeks improved physical fitness, it was not effective in improving some immunocyte functions. Therefore, the exercise intensity of plank exercises for improving immunocyte functions should be reconsidered.
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Buchmann Godinho D, da Silva Fiorin F, Schneider Oliveira M, Furian AF, Rechia Fighera M, Freire Royes LF. The immunological influence of physical exercise on TBI-induced pathophysiology: Crosstalk between the spleen, gut, and brain. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 130:15-30. [PMID: 34400178 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a non-degenerative and non-congenital insult to the brain and is recognized as a global public health problem, with a high incidence of neurological disorders. Despite the causal relationship not being entirely known, it has been suggested that multiorgan inflammatory response involving the autonomic nervous system and the spleen-gut brain axis dysfunction exacerbate the TBI pathogenesis in the brain. Thus, applying new therapeutic tools, such as physical exercise, have been described in the literature to act on the immune modulation induced by brain injuries. However, there are caveats to consider when interpreting the effects of physical exercise on this neurological injury. Given the above, this review will highlight the main findings of the literature involving peripheral immune responses in TBI-induced neurological damage and how changes in the cellular metabolism of the spleen-gut brain axis elicited by different protocols of physical exercise alter the pathophysiology induced by this neurological injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Buchmann Godinho
- Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando da Silva Fiorin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neuroengenharia, Instituto Internacional de Neurociências Edmond e Lily Safra, Instituto Santos Dumont, Macaíba, RN, Brazil
| | - Mauro Schneider Oliveira
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Flavia Furian
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Michele Rechia Fighera
- Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Clínica Médica e Pediatria, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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81
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Effect of Seasonal Variation during Annual Cyclist Training on Somatic Function, White Blood Cells Composition, Immunological System, Selected Hormones and Their Interaction with Irisin. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10153299. [PMID: 34362082 PMCID: PMC8348623 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10153299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate somatic, hormonal and immunological changes during the macrocycle of cyclists (9 well-trained men, age 25.6 ± 5.2 years and body weight 72.4 ± 7.35 kg). During the training macrocycle, four exercise control tests were carried out, and biochemical markers were measured in the laboratory. Seasonal training changes did not significantly disturb resting somatic and functional parameters, physical capacity (VO2max), body weight, the number of leukocytes and selected hormones. The secretory system of the organism did not respond significantly to the exercise stress in the training process, even with the increasing share of anaerobic processes in the subsequent periods of the macrocycle. Irisin and other parameters globally did not correlate with training volume. Irisin showed a significant correlation only with cortisol in the first period and human growth hormone in the second, and it showed a weak correlation in the third period with body mass and BMI. The lack of interactions between irisin level and other variables practically excludes its use in monitoring cyclist training. Future research would be complemented by the assessment of stress and postexercise changes in the cyclists’ macrocycle and expanding the research group to other athletes, including women.
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82
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Miguel-Dos-Santos R, Moreira JBN, Loennechen JP, Wisløff U, Mesquita T. Exercising immune cells: The immunomodulatory role of exercise on atrial fibrillation. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 68:52-59. [PMID: 34274371 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Exercise training is generally beneficial for cardiovascular health, improving stroke volume, cardiac output, and aerobic capacity. Despite these benefits, some evidence indicates that endurance training may increase the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF), particularly in highly trained individuals. Among multiple mechanisms, autonomic tone changes and atrial remodeling have been proposed as main contributors for exercise-induced AF. However, the contribution of local and systemic immunity is poorly understood in the development of atrial arrhythmogenic substrates. Here we aim to update the field of immunomodulation in the context of exercise and AF by compiling and reconciling the most recent evidence from preclinical and human studies and rationalize the applicability of "lone" AF terminology in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Miguel-Dos-Santos
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil; Cardiac Exercise Research Group (CERG), Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - José Bianco Nascimento Moreira
- Cardiac Exercise Research Group (CERG), Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jan Pål Loennechen
- Cardiac Exercise Research Group (CERG), Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway; Department of Cardiology, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ulrik Wisløff
- Cardiac Exercise Research Group (CERG), Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway; School of Human Movement and Nutrition Science, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Thássio Mesquita
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, California, United States..
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83
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Padilha CS, Figueiredo C, Minuzzi LG, Chimin P, Deminice R, Krüger K, Rosa-Neto JC, Lira FS. Immunometabolic responses according to physical fitness status and lifelong exercise during aging: New roads for exercise immunology. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 68:101341. [PMID: 33839332 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Molecules such as cytokines, energetic substrates, and hormones found in the immune cell environment, especially lymphocytes and monocytes, are crucial for directing energy metabolism. In turn, changes in energy metabolism occur in a synchronized manner with the activation of certain signaling pathways, thereby this crosstalk is responsible for determining the functionality of immune cells. The immunometabolism field has grown over time and that is becoming increasingly promising in several populations; here we discuss the mechanisms involved in sedentary and physically active middle-aged individuals and master athletes. In this context, this review shows that the physical activity status and lifelong exercise seems to be good strategies for the promotion of metabolic and functional adaptations in T lymphocytes and monocytes, counteracting inflammatory environments caused by expanded adipose tissue and sedentary behavior, as well as delaying the immunosenescence caused by aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila S Padilha
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Postgraduation Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Caique Figueiredo
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Postgraduation Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciele Guerra Minuzzi
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Postgraduation Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Chimin
- Laboratory of Biochemistry Exercise, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Rafael Deminice
- Laboratory of Biochemistry Exercise, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Institute of Sports Science, Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - José Cesar Rosa-Neto
- Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Cell Biology and Development, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio Santos Lira
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Postgraduation Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
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84
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Jansen van Rensburg A, Janse van Rensburg DCC, Schwellnus MP, Janse van Rensburg C, Jordaan E. Days until return-to-play differ for sub-categories of acute respiratory tract illness in Super Rugby players: A cross-sectional study over 5 seasons (102,738 player-days). J Sci Med Sport 2021; 24:1218-1223. [PMID: 34246554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To document incidence rate and severity of specific sub-categories of respiratory tract illness (RTill) in rugby players during the Super Rugby tournament. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Team physicians completed daily illness logs in 537 professional male rugby players from South African teams participating in the Super Rugby Union tournaments (2013-2017) (1141 player-seasons, 102,738 player-days). The incidence rate (IR: illness episodes/1000 player-days) and severity [%RTill resulting in time-loss, illness burden (IB: days lost to illness/1000 player-days) and days until return-to-play (DRTP)/single illness (mean: 95% Confidence Intervals)] are reported for the following specific sub-categories of RTill: non-infective respiratory tract illness (RTnon-inf), respiratory tract infections (RTinf), influenza-like illness, infective sinusitis, upper respiratory tract infections (URTinf), lower respiratory tract infections (LRTinf). RESULTS The overall IR of RTill was 2.9 (2.6-3.3). IR was higher for RTinf (2.5; 2.2-2.9) vs. RTnon-inf (0.4; 0.3-0.6) (p < 0.001). For sub-categories the highest IR was in URTinf (1.9; 1.7-2.2), while the % illness causing time-loss was influenza-like illness (100%), LRTinf (91.7%), infective sinusitis (55.6%), and URTinf (49.0%). IB was highest for URTinf (2.0; 1.6-2.5), and the DRTP/single illness was highest for LRTinf (3.2; 2.3-4.4), and influenza-like illness (2.1; 1.6-2.8). CONCLUSIONS RTinf accounted for >57% of all illness during the Super Rugby tournament, and mostly URTinf. Influenza-like illness. LRTinf caused time-loss in >90% cases. URTinf, LRTinf and influenza-like illness resulted in the highest burden of illness and LRTinf caused the highest DRTP. Prevention strategies should focus on mitigating the risk of RTinf, specifically URTinf, LRTinf and influenza-like illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Jansen van Rensburg
- Sport Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI) & Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Dina C Christa Janse van Rensburg
- Sport Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI) & Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Martin P Schwellnus
- Sport Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI) & Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Emeritus Professor of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa; International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre, South Africa
| | | | - Esme Jordaan
- Biostatistics Unit, South African Medical Research Council, South Africa; Statistics and Population Studies Department, University of the Western Cape, South Africa
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85
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Polito R, Monaco ML, Mallardo M, Elce A, Daniele A, Nigro E. Treatment with sera from Water Polo athletes activates AMPKα and ACC proteins In HepG2 hepatoma cell line. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00742-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Physical activity and professional physical activity such as water polo (WP) sport, has numerous beneficial effects to fight metabolism-related disorders through several mechanisms, including the promotion of liver metabolic adaptations, and the modulation of cytokine production. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different types of physical activity on AMPKα and ACC, two proteins involved in liver metabolism; therefore, we treated the hepatoma cell line Hep G2 with sera from elite WP athletes and amateur (basket) players. As control, we used serum from both sedentary and obese subjects.
Methods
Help G2 cells were treated with 5% of human sera from the different subjects; after 24 h and 48 h, HepG2 cell viability was verified through MTT assay and activation status of AMPKα and ACC through western blotting. Cytokine’s serum levels were measured through ELISA assay.
Results
After 72 h, the treatment of HepG2 cells with sera from the different subjects produced no effect on cell viability. Furthermore, after 48 h of treatment, both AMPKα and ACC phosphorylation statistically increases in HepG2 cells treated with sera from WP athletes. Furthermore, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10 levels resulted statistically increased in WP athlete’s sera than in sedentary subjects.
Conclusion
The specific activation of AMPKα and ACC by WP sera confirms that professional sport activity carried out by WP athletes can be considered as a physiological activator of these two proteins also in HepG2 liver cells. In addition, the increase of anti-inflammatory cytokines in WP sera confirms the ample evidence for multiple anti-inflammatory activities carried out by WP discipline.
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86
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The Use of Recovery Strategies in Professional Soccer: A Worldwide Survey. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:1804-1815. [PMID: 34051698 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To survey soccer practitioners' recovery strategy: (1) use, (2) perceived effectiveness, and (3) factors influencing their implementation in professional soccer. METHODS A cross-sectional convenience sample of professional soccer club/confederation practitioners completed a web-based survey (April to July 2020). Pearson chi-square and Fisher exact tests with Cramer V (φ - c) assessed relationships and their strength, respectively, between the perceived effectiveness and frequency of strategy use. RESULTS A total of 80 soccer practitioners (13 countries) completed the survey. The 3 most important recovery objectives were "alleviating muscle damage/fatigue," "minimizing injury risk," and "performance optimization." The most frequently used strategies were active recovery, structured recovery day, extra rest day, massage, cold-water therapy, and carbohydrate provision (predominantly on match day and match day + 1). Relationships were identified between perceived effectiveness and frequency of strategy use for sleep medication (P < .001, φ - c = 0.48), carbohydrate provision (P = .007, φ - c = 0.60), protein provision (P = .007, φ - c = 0.63), an extra rest day (P < .001, φ - c = 0.56), and a structured recovery day (P = .049, φ - c = 0.50). CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrates that professional soccer practitioners have a range of objectives geared toward enhancing player recovery. A disconnect is apparent between the perceived effectiveness of many recovery strategies and their frequency of use in an applied setting. Novel data indicate that strategies are most frequently employed around match day. Challenges to strategy adoption are mainly competing disciplinary interests and resource limitations. Researchers and practitioners should liaise to ensure that the complexities involved with operating in an applied environment are elucidated and apposite study designs are adopted, in turn, facilitating the use of practically effective and compatible recovery modalities.
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87
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Pyöriä L, Valtonen M, Luoto R, Grönroos W, Waris M, Heinonen OJ, Ruuskanen O, Perdomo MF. Survey of Viral Reactivations in Elite Athletes: A Case-Control Study. Pathogens 2021; 10:666. [PMID: 34071724 PMCID: PMC8229584 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise-induced immune perturbations have been proposed to increase susceptibility to viral infections. We investigated the replication of persisting viruses as indicators of immune function in elite cross-country skiers after ten months of sustained high-performance exercise. The viruses evaluated, nine human herpesviruses (HHVs) and torque teno virus (TTV), are typically restrained in health but replicate actively in immunosuppressed individuals. We collected sera from 27 Finnish elite cross-country skiers at the end of the competition's season and 27 matched controls who perform moderate exercise. We quantified all the HHVs and-TTV via highly sensitive qPCRs. To verify equal past exposures between the groups, we assessed the IgG antibody prevalences toward HHV-4 (Epstein-Barr virus, EBV) and HHV-5 (human cytomegalovirus, HCMV). We found equal TTV DNA prevalences in athletes (63%) and controls (63%) and loads with respective geometric means of 1.7 × 103 and 1.2 × 103 copies/mL of serum. Overall, the copy numbers were low and consistent with those of healthy individuals. Neither of the groups presented with herpesvirus viremia despite similar past exposures to HHVs (seroprevalences of EBV 70% vs. 78% and HCMV 52% vs. 44% in athletes and controls, respectively). We found no evidence of increased replication of persistent viruses in elite athletes, arguing against impaired viral immunity due to high-performance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lari Pyöriä
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Maarit Valtonen
- Research Institute for Olympics Sports, 40700 Jyväskylä, Finland;
| | - Raakel Luoto
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, 20521 Turku, Finland; (R.L.); (O.R.)
| | - Wilma Grönroos
- Paavo Nurmi Centre and Unit of Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (W.G.); (O.J.H.)
| | - Matti Waris
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku and Department of Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland;
| | - Olli J. Heinonen
- Paavo Nurmi Centre and Unit of Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (W.G.); (O.J.H.)
| | - Olli Ruuskanen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, 20521 Turku, Finland; (R.L.); (O.R.)
| | - Maria F. Perdomo
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland;
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Furtado GE, Letieri RV, Caldo-Silva A, Sardão VA, Teixeira AM, de Barros MP, Vieira RP, Bachi ALL. Sustaining efficient immune functions with regular physical exercise in the COVID-19 era and beyond. Eur J Clin Invest 2021; 51:e13485. [PMID: 33393082 PMCID: PMC7883243 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) appearance in Wuhan, China, did rise the new virus disease (COVID-19), which spread globally in a short time, leading the World Health Organization to declare a new global pandemic. To contain and mitigate the spread of SARS-CoV-2, specific public health procedures were implemented in virtually all countries, with a significant impact on society, making it difficult to keep the regular practice of physical activity. It is widely accepted that an active lifestyle contributes to the improvement of general health and preservation of cardiovascular, respiratory, osteo-muscular and immune system capacities. The positive effects of regular physical activity on the immune system have emerged as a pivotal trigger of general health, underlying the beneficial effects of physical activity on multiple physiological systems. Accordingly, recent studies have already pointed out the negative impact of physical inactivity caused by the social isolation imposed by the public sanitary authorities due to COVID-19. Nevertheless, there are still no current narrative reviews evaluating the real impact of COVID-19 on active lifestyle or even discussing the possible beneficial effects of exercise-promoted immune upgrade against the severity or progression of COVID-19. Based on the consensus in the scientific literature, in this review, we discuss how an exercise adherence could adequately improve immune responses in times of the 'COVID-19 Era and beyond'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Eustáquio Furtado
- Health Sciences Research Unit, Nursing (UICISA:E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), Coimbra, Portugal.,N2i - Polytechnic Institute of Maia, Maia, Portugal.,University of Coimbra-Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF, UID/PTD/04213/2019) at Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, (FCDEF-UC), Portugal
| | - Rubens Vinícius Letieri
- Post-doctoral Researcher, Rehabilitation Sciences Program, Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), Alfenas, Brazil.,Multidisciplinary Research Nucleus in Physical Education (NIMEF), Physical Education Department, Federal University of Tocantins (UFT), Tocantinópolis, Brazil
| | - Adriana Caldo-Silva
- University of Coimbra-Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF, UID/PTD/04213/2019) at Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, (FCDEF-UC), Portugal
| | - Vilma A Sardão
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), UC_Biotech, University of Coimbra, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Ana Maria Teixeira
- Multidisciplinary Research Nucleus in Physical Education (NIMEF), Physical Education Department, Federal University of Tocantins (UFT), Tocantinópolis, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Paes de Barros
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), UC_Biotech, University of Coimbra, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Rodolfo Paula Vieira
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports (ICAFE), MSc/PhD Interdisciplinary Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil.,Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Post-graduation Program in Sciences of Human Movement and Rehabilitation, Santos, Brazil.,Post-Graduation Program in Bioengineering and in Biomedical Engineering, University Brazil, São Paulo, Brazil.,School of Medicine, Anhembi Morumbi University, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - André Luís Lacerda Bachi
- Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology, São José dos Campos, Brazil.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, ENT Lab, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Santo Amaro University (UNISA), São Paulo, Brazil
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Conway JJ, Curriero FC, Camp CL, Toresdahl BG, Coleman S, Kinderknecht JJ. Time Out of Play Due to Illness in Major and Minor League Baseball. Clin J Sport Med 2021; 31:e137-e143. [PMID: 31219928 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To generate a summative report on the most commonly diagnosed illnesses in Major League Baseball (MLB) and Minor League Baseball (MiLB) athletes with specific attention to their impact based on time out of play. DESIGN Retrospective analysis. SETTING Injury and illness data from the MLB Health and Injury Tracking System. PARTICIPANTS All MLB and MiLB athletes active between 2011 and 2016. ASSESSMENT OF RISK FACTORS Illnesses were defined as atraumatic medical diagnoses that occurred during the MLB or MiLB season and resulted in at least 1 day out of play. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Incidence of illness diagnoses and resulting time out play. RESULTS Eight thousand eight hundred thirty-four illnesses were reported, representing 14.7% of all diagnoses resulting in time out of play. Total days missed (DM) due to illness were 39 614, with a mean of 4.6 (SD 9.9 days) and median 2 DM per diagnosis. The annual incidence of illness per season was 20.3 per 100 athletes. The most common diagnosis was nonspecific viral illness (15.3%), followed by gastroenteritis (13.6%), other gastrointestinal illness (8.3%), influenza (7.0%), and upper respiratory infection (6.2%). Appendicitis (15.2%) and Epstein-Barr virus/cytomegalovirus (9.1%) were the most common season-ending diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS Illnesses represent a significant cause of time out of play in MLB and MiLB. Prevention efforts should focus on limiting the spread of communicable viral, respiratory, and gastrointestinal disease among players, as the majority of diagnoses fell into these categories. This work may be used to guide future research into illness treatment and prevention in professional baseball.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank C Curriero
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Brett G Toresdahl
- Primary Care Sports Medicine Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York; and
| | - Struan Coleman
- Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - James J Kinderknecht
- Primary Care Sports Medicine Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York; and
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90
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Khemila S, Abedelmalek S, Romdhani M, Souissi A, Chtourou H, Souissi N. Listening to motivational music during warming-up attenuates the negative effects of partial sleep deprivation on cognitive and short-term maximal performance: Effect of time of day. Chronobiol Int 2021; 38:1052-1063. [PMID: 33874838 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.1904971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the effect of time of day (TOD) and listening to music during warm-up on cognitive and physical performances after partial sleep deprivation (PSD) and normal sleep nights (NSN). In a randomized order, twelve male physical education students [mean (SD) age 20.3 ± 2.0 y; BMI 22.90 ± 3.57 kg/m2)] completed a 30-s Wingate test (i.e., mean (MP) and peak powers (PP)), simple (SRT) and choice reaction times (CRT), a mental rotation test (MRT) and a selective attention test. Measurements were performed at 07:00 h and 17:00 h after a NSN and PSD with and without music, with an in-between recovery period of ≥72. Salivary cortisol was measured before and immediately after the Wingate test. Compared to NSN, the results showed that PSD decreased PP (p < .05, d = 0.86) and MP (p < .01, d = 0.86) in the afternoon. However, compared to NSN, listening to music during the warm up after PSD enhanced PP (p < .01, d = 1.40) and MP (p < .05, d = 0.82) in the morning and PP (p < .05, d = 0.78) in the afternoon. Moreover, listening to music lowered post-exercise cortisol in the morning both after NSN (p < .05, d = 0.79) and PSD (p < .05, d = 0.11). After PSD, music reduced the negative mood states (p < .01, d = 0.94), the SRT (p < .05, d = 0.79) and the CRT (p < .05, d = 0.49) in the afternoon. These findings suggest that listening to music during warm-up (i) enhances cognitive and short-term all out performances after NSN and PSD and (ii) partially counteracts sleep-loss-induced degradation of physical and cognitive performances at both TODs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syrine Khemila
- Research Unit Physical Activity, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis, Tunisia.,High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Salma Abedelmalek
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia.,Research Unit Sport Performance, Health & Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar Saîd University of Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Romdhani
- Research Unit Physical Activity, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis, Tunisia.,High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Amine Souissi
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- Research Unit Physical Activity, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis, Tunisia.,High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nizar Souissi
- Research Unit Physical Activity, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis, Tunisia.,High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia
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91
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Sharp M, Wilson J, Stefan M, Gheith R, Lowery R, Ottinger C, Reber D, Orhan C, Sahin N, Tuzcu M, Durkee S, Saiyed Z, Sahin K. Marine phytoplankton improves recovery and sustains immune function in humans and lowers proinflammatory immunoregulatory cytokines in a rat model. Phys Act Nutr 2021; 25:42-55. [PMID: 33887828 PMCID: PMC8076584 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2021.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study investigated the effects of marine phytoplankton supplementation (Oceanix®, Tetraselmis chuii) on 1) maximal isometric strength and immune function in healthy humans following a oneweek high-intensity resistance-training program and 2) the proinflammatory cytokine response to exercise in a rat model. Methods In the human trial, 22 healthy male and female participants were randomly divided into marine phytoplankton and placebo groups. Following baseline testing, participants underwent a 14-day supplement loading phase before completing five consecutive days of intense resistance training. In the rat model, rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=7 per condition): (i) control, (ii) exercise, (iii) exercise + marine phytoplankton (2.55 mg/kg/day), or (iv) exercise + marine phytoplankton (5.1 mg/kg/day). Rats in the exercising groups performed treadmill exercise 5 days per week for 6 weeks. Results In the human model, marine phytoplankton prevented significant declines in the isometric peak rate of force development compared to placebo. Additionally, salivary immunoglobulin A concentration was significantly lower following the resistance training protocol in the placebo group but not in the marine phytoplankton group. Marine phytoplankton in exercising rats decreased intramuscular levels and serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and intramuscular concentrations of malondialdehyde. Conclusion Marine phytoplankton prevented decrements in indices of functional exercise recovery and immune function. Mechanistically, these outcomes could be prompted by modulating the oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokine response to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Sharp
- Research Division, Applied Science and Performance Institute, Florida, USA
| | - Jacob Wilson
- Research Division, Applied Science and Performance Institute, Florida, USA
| | - Matthew Stefan
- Research Division, Applied Science and Performance Institute, Florida, USA
| | - Raad Gheith
- Research Division, Applied Science and Performance Institute, Florida, USA
| | - Ryan Lowery
- Research Division, Applied Science and Performance Institute, Florida, USA
| | - Charlie Ottinger
- Research Division, Applied Science and Performance Institute, Florida, USA
| | - Dallen Reber
- Research Division, Applied Science and Performance Institute, Florida, USA
| | - Cemal Orhan
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Nurhan Sahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Tuzcu
- Department of Biology, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Shane Durkee
- Lonza Consumer Health Inc., Greenwood, South Carolina, USA
| | | | - Kazim Sahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
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92
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Methods for Proteomics-Based Analysis of the Human Muscle Secretome Using an In Vitro Exercise Model. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2261:433-442. [PMID: 33421006 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1186-9_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, the skeletal muscle as a secretory organ has gained importance. A growing number of peptides is described which are produced and released by the muscle fibers and work in an autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine fashion. The contraction-induced secretion of these myokines is considered to contribute to the health promoting effects of exercise. To gain further insights into the molecular processes that occur during contraction, an in vitro exercise model, electric pulse stimulation (EPS), was established. Recent publications show that this model is suitable to electrostimulate human skeletal muscle cells and thus mimic muscle contraction in vitro. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the proteomics-based analysis of the human muscle secretome, starting with the cultivation of human myotubes and ending with sample preparation for targeted and untargeted proteome analysis of the cell culture supernatant. This workflow should allow for deeper insights into the complex nature of the muscle secretome and the identification of new myokines which might help to understand the cross talk of the working muscle with different organs and the beneficial effects of exercise.
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93
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Does Flavonoid Consumption Improve Exercise Performance? Is It Related to Changes in the Immune System and Inflammatory Biomarkers? A Systematic Review of Clinical Studies since 2005. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041132. [PMID: 33808153 PMCID: PMC8065858 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are attracting increasing attention due to their antioxidant, cardioprotective, and immunomodulatory properties. Nevertheless, little is known about their role in exercise performance in association with immune function. This systematic review firstly aimed to shed light on the ergogenic potential of flavonoids. A search strategy was run using SCOPUS database. The returned studies were screened by prespecified eligibility criteria, including intervention lasting at least one week and performance objectively quantified, among others. Fifty-one studies (54 articles) met the inclusion criteria, involving 1288 human subjects, either physically untrained or trained. Secondly, we aimed to associate these studies with the immune system status. Seventeen of the selected studies (18 articles) assessed changes in the immune system. The overall percentage of studies reporting an improved exercise performance following flavonoid supplementation was 37%, the proportion being 25% when considering quercetin, 28% for flavanol-enriched extracts, and 54% for anthocyanins-enriched extracts. From the studies reporting an enhanced performance, only two, using anthocyanin supplements, focused on the immune system and found certain anti-inflammatory effects of these flavonoids. These results suggest that flavonoids, especially anthocyanins, may exert beneficial effects for athletes’ performances, although further studies are encouraged to establish the optimal dosage and to clarify their impact on immune status.
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94
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Rico-González M, Clemente FM, Oliveira R, Bustamante-Hernández N, Pino-Ortega J. Part I: Relationship among Training Load Management, Salivary Immunoglobulin A, and Upper Respiratory Tract Infection in Team Sport: A Systematic Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:366. [PMID: 33805186 PMCID: PMC8064383 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9040366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA), which is the first line of defense against upper respiratory tract viruses, has been related with training load management. This article aimed to systematically identify and summarize (1) the studies that have found a relationship between training load and salivary IgA in team sports, and (2) the studies that have highlighted a relationship between IgA and upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) in team sports. A systematic review of relevant articles was carried out using two electronic databases (PubMed and WoK) until 3 October 2020. From a total of 174 studies initially found, 24 were included in the qualitative synthesis. This systematic review confirmed that lower values of IgA occurred after greater training load (intensity/volume) and congested periods. In this scenario, a low level of IgA was correlated with higher URTI, which makes training load management mandatory to healthcare avoiding immunosuppression. Therefore, physical fitness and conditioning coaches should carefully manage training load progression, avoiding high-intensity sessions in two consecutive days. In addition, they should not program high-intensity training sessions during at least the two days following competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markel Rico-González
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- BIOVETMED & SPORTSCI Research Group, University of Murcia, 30720 San Javier, Spain;
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal;
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rafael Oliveira
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior, Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2140-413 Rio Maior, Portugal;
- Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2140-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Naia Bustamante-Hernández
- Department of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - José Pino-Ortega
- BIOVETMED & SPORTSCI Research Group, University of Murcia, 30720 San Javier, Spain;
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, 30720 San Javier, Spain
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95
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Griffin JS, Dent SC, Berger SM. Pathways linking activity, adiposity, and inflammation to bone mineral density in women and men from NHANES 2007 to 2010. Am J Hum Biol 2021; 33:e23583. [PMID: 33645876 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Age, sedentary activity, central adiposity, and inflammation have all been independently associated with bone mineral density (BMD). We assessed how the effects of sedentary activity and central adiposity on BMD of the lumbar spine and femoral neck change across early to late adulthood and whether these relationships are mediated by inflammation. METHODS We analyzed data from 7135 women and men 20 years of age and older from NHANES 2007 to 2010. Anthropometrics, sedentary activity (min/day), serum CRP (mg/dl), and BMD (gm/cm2 measured by DXA scans) at the femoral neck and lumbar spine. Data were compared by age and sex groups and through causal mediation analysis. RESULTS The effect of waist circumference on BMD was significantly mediated by serum CRP at both skeletal sites in men and at the femoral neck in women. Sedentary activity did not have a direct relationship to BMD but was mediated by waist circumference in men. Least square means differed significantly by sex and age groups with a general age-related decline in BMD at both skeletal sites. CONCLUSIONS We found that central adiposity, independent of overall body size and composition as measured through BMI, has an inverse relationship with BMD that is mediated by serum CRP. In addition, the negative impact of increased sedentism acted through changes in central adiposity (waist circumference) but only in men. Although low bone density and osteoporosis are often considered degenerative diseases that primarily impact postmenopausal women, our findings show that sedentary activity and central adiposity impact bone density beginning in early adulthood in both women and men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Griffin
- Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sophia C Dent
- Department of Anthropology, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, USA
| | - Steph M Berger
- Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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96
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Manera M. Exploratory Factor Analysis of Rainbow Trout Serum Chemistry Variables. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041537. [PMID: 33562845 PMCID: PMC7914411 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Clinical chemistry offers a valuable, affordable, moderately invasive, and nondisruptive way to assess animal physiological status and wellness within defined ranges and is widely used as a diagnostic clinical tool. Because of physiological differences between mammals, clinical correlates of blood chemistry variables are not known in detail in fish, in which tissue/organ function tests are inferred from mammal-derived clinical chemistry data. The aim of the present study was to apply exploratory factor analysis on a serum chemistry dataset from clinically healthy, reared rainbow trout Oncorhynchusmykiss (Walbaum, 1792) to select the most correlated variables and to test for possible underlying factors explaining the observed correlations as possible physiological status estimates in trout. The obtained factors were tested for correlation with hepatosomatic and splenosomatic indexes. Thirteen highly correlated variables were selected out of 18 original serum chemistry variables, and three underlying factors (Factors 1, 2, and 3) were identified that explained the observed correlations among variables. Moreover, Factor 1 correlated negatively with the hepatosomatic index and Factors 2 and 3 negatively with the splenosomatic index. The obtained factors were tentatively associated with: protein (liver) metabolism (Factor 1), cell turnover (Factor 2), and lipid (muscle) metabolism (Factor 3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Manera
- Faculty of Biosciences, Food and Environmental Technologies, University of Teramo, St. R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
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97
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Cancer Related Anemia: An Integrated Multitarget Approach and Lifestyle Interventions. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020482. [PMID: 33535496 PMCID: PMC7912724 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is often accompanied by worsening of the patient's iron profile, and the resulting anemia could be a factor that negatively impacts antineoplastic treatment efficacy and patient survival. The first line of therapy is usually based on oral or intravenous iron supplementation; however, many patients remain anemic and do not respond. The key might lie in the pathogenesis of the anemia itself. Cancer-related anemia (CRA) is characterized by a decreased circulating serum iron concentration and transferrin saturation despite ample iron stores, pointing to a more complex problem related to iron homeostatic regulation and additional factors such as chronic inflammatory status. This review explores our current understanding of iron homeostasis in cancer, shedding light on the modulatory role of hepcidin in intestinal iron absorption, iron recycling, mobilization from liver deposits, and inducible regulators by infections and inflammation. The underlying relationship between CRA and systemic low-grade inflammation will be discussed, and an integrated multitarget approach based on nutrition and exercise to improve iron utilization by reducing low-grade inflammation, modulating the immune response, and supporting antioxidant mechanisms will also be proposed. Indeed, a Mediterranean-based diet, nutritional supplements and exercise are suggested as potential individualized strategies and as a complementary approach to conventional CRA therapy.
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98
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Messonnier LA, Bartolucci P, d'Humières T, Dalmais E, Lacour JR, Freund H, Galactéros F, Féasson L. Preventive measures for the critical postexercise period in sickle cell trait and disease. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:485-490. [PMID: 33270510 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00855.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The immediate postexercise/physical activity period is critical for sickle cell trait (SCT) carriers and disease (SCD) patients. Exercise-related blood acidosis is known to trigger the cascade of HbS deoxygenation and polymerization, leading to red blood cell sickling and subsequent complications. Unfortunately, two facts worsen exercise-related blood acidosis during the initial postexercise period: First, blood lactate and H+ concentrations continue to increase for several minutes after exercise completion, exacerbating blood acidosis. Second, blood lactate concentration remains elevated and pH altered for 20-45 min during inactivity after intense exercise, keeping acid/base balance disturbed for a long period after exercise. Therefore, the risk of complications (including vasoocclusive crises and even sudden death) persists and even worsens several minutes after intense exercise completion in SCT carriers or SCD patients. Light physical activity following intense exercise (namely, active recovery) may, by accelerating lactate removal and acid/base balance restoration, reduce the risk of complications. Scientific evidence suggests that light exercise at or below the first lactate threshold is an appropriate strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent A Messonnier
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Chambéry, France
| | - Pablo Bartolucci
- INSERM U955, Equipe 2 Transfusion et maladies du globule rouge, Laboratoire d'Excellence GRex, Créteil, France.,Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Université Paris Est-Créteil (UPEC) Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France.,Reference Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Créteil, France
| | - Thomas d'Humières
- Service de Physiologie Cardiovasculaire, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Créteil, France
| | - Etienne Dalmais
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Chambéry, France.,Centre d'Evaluation et de Prévention Articulaire, Challes-les-Eaux, France
| | - Jean-René Lacour
- Laboratoire de Physiologie de l'Exercice, Faculté de Médecine Lyon-Sud, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Oullins, France
| | - Hubert Freund
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Chambéry, France
| | - Frédéric Galactéros
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Université Paris Est-Créteil (UPEC) Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France.,Reference Center for Sickle Cell Disease, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Créteil, France
| | - Léonard Féasson
- University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Myology Unit, Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, Referent Center of Neuromuscular Diseases, Euro-NmD, Saint-Etienne, France.,Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424, Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France
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99
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Mitochondrial Functionality in Inflammatory Pathology-Modulatory Role of Physical Activity. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11010061. [PMID: 33467642 PMCID: PMC7831038 DOI: 10.3390/life11010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence and severity of metabolic diseases can be reduced by introducing healthy lifestyle habits including moderate exercise. A common observation in age-related metabolic diseases is an increment in systemic inflammation (the so-called inflammaging) where mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production may have a key role. Exercise prevents these metabolic pathologies, at least in part, due to its ability to alter immunometabolism, e.g., reducing systemic inflammation and by improving immune cell metabolism. Here, we review how exercise regulates immunometabolism within contracting muscles. In fact, we discuss how circulating and resident macrophages alter their function due to mitochondrial signaling, and we propose how these effects can be triggered within skeletal muscle in response to exercise. Finally, we also describe how exercise-induced mitochondrial adaptations can help to fight against virus infection. Moreover, the fact that moderate exercise increases circulating immune cells must be taken into account by public health agencies, as it may help prevent virus spread. This is of interest in order to face not only acute respiratory-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV) responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic but also for future virus infection challenges.
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100
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Sang X, Menhas R, Saqib ZA, Mahmood S, Weng Y, Khurshid S, Iqbal W, Shahzad B. The Psychological Impacts of COVID-19 Home Confinement and Physical Activity: A Structural Equation Model Analysis. Front Psychol 2021; 11:614770. [PMID: 33519638 PMCID: PMC7843378 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.614770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19 break out has created panic and fear in society. A strict kind of lockdown was imposed in Wuhan, Hubei province of China. During home confinement due to lockdown, people face multidimensional issues. The present study explored the psychological impacts of COVID-19 home confinement during the lockdown period and Wuhan’s residents’ attitude toward physical activity. Methods A cross-sectional online survey was conducted to collect the primary data according to the study objectives. The population was Wuhan residents (+ 18 years) who were in home confinement. A total of 2280 participant’s reply to the online questionnaire survey and collected data after quantifying the data, about 2200 (96.49%); about (49.8%) female, about (49.4%) male, others about (0.2%), and about (0.6%) were not disclosed their gender participants responses were used for analysis. The collected data were analyzed through appropriate statistical techniques. Results According to results, H1 is supported with β = −40.793, t = 57.835, p = 0.000, which claimed a negative association between COVID-19 lockdown policy and behavior and attitude. Results for H2 reveals that the COVID-19 lockdown policy have negative influence on emotional control with β = −0.769, t = 46.766, p = 0.000 and it is supported. H3 documented a significant positive relationship between COVID-19 lockdown policy and lockdown period psychological impact, which means lockdown policy, is the main reason to increase the lockdown psychological impact. Further, COVID-19 lockdown policy have negative influence on physical activity (H4) and self-belief (H5) with β = −0.657, t = 32.766, p = 0.000 and β = −0.620, t = −6.766, p = 0.000 respectively. H6 stated that there is a positive impact of behavior and attitude toward physical activity. The results for H6, behavior, and attitude affecting the physical activity with β = 0.401, t = 10, p = 0.000, which is supported. Conclusion COVID-19 home confinement created various psychological impacts, negatively affecting the emotional state due to depression and anxiety. Physical activity is the best strategy to manage human nature’s psychological issues, and people’s attitudes were positive toward physical activity during home confinement. However, the lockdown policy also affects physical activity participation negatively, and a sedentary lifestyle prevailed during home confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehui Sang
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rashid Menhas
- Postdoctoral Researcher, Research Center of Sports Social Sciences, School of Physical Education and Sports, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | | | - Sajid Mahmood
- Department of Zoology, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Yu Weng
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Sumaira Khurshid
- School of Education and Science, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang, China
| | - Waseem Iqbal
- School of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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