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Kang EB, Koo JH, Jang YC, Yang CH, Lee Y, Cosio-Lima LM, Cho JY. Neuroprotective Effects of Endurance Exercise Against High-Fat Diet-Induced Hippocampal Neuroinflammation. J Neuroendocrinol 2016; 28. [PMID: 26991447 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity contributes to systemic inflammation, which is associated with the varied pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Growing evidence has demonstrated that endurance exercise (EE) mitigates obesity-induced brain inflammation. However, exercise-mediated anti-inflammatory mechanisms remain largely unknown. We investigated how treadmill exercise (TE) reverses obesity-induced brain inflammation, mainly focusing on toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4)-dependent neuroinflammation in the obese rat brain after 20 weeks of a high-fat diet (HFD). TE in HFD-fed rats resulted in a significant lowering in the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index, the area under the curve for glucose and abdominal visceral fat, and also improved working memory ability in a passive avoidance task relative to sedentary behaviour in HFD-fed rats, with the exception of body weight. More importantly, TE revoked the increase in HFD-induced proinflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor α and interleukin-1β) and cyclooxygenase-2, which is in parallel with a reduction in TLR-4 and its downstream proteins, myeloid differentiation 88 and tumour necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6, and phosphorylation of transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1, IkBα and nuclear factor-κB. Moreover, TE reduced an indicator of microglia activation, ionised calcium-binding adapter molecule-1, and also decreased glial fibrillary acidic protein, an indicator of gliosis formed by activated astrocytes in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampal dentate gyrus, compared to HFD-fed sedentary rats. Finally, EE up-regulated the expression of anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2, and suppressed the expression of pro-apoptotic protein, Bax, in the hippocampus compared to HFD-fed sedentary rats. Taken together, these data suggest that TE may exert neuroprotective effects as a result of mitigating the production of proinflammatory cytokines by inhibiting the TLR4 signalling pathways. The results of the present study suggest that the unique combination of the beneficial effects of TE on the restoration of the blood profile and the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects on cognitive function should inspire further investigations into its therapeutic potential for metabolic disorders and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E-B Kang
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea
| | - J-H Koo
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Y-C Jang
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea
| | - C-H Yang
- Department of Marine Sports, University of Han-Seo, Seosansi, Korea
| | - Y Lee
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL, USA
| | - L M Cosio-Lima
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL, USA
| | - J-Y Cho
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea
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Röhling M, Herder C, Stemper T, Müssig K. Influence of Acute and Chronic Exercise on Glucose Uptake. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:2868652. [PMID: 27069930 PMCID: PMC4812462 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2868652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance plays a key role in the development of type 2 diabetes. It arises from a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental and lifestyle factors including lack of physical exercise and poor nutrition habits. The increased risk of type 2 diabetes is molecularly based on defects in insulin signaling, insulin secretion, and inflammation. The present review aims to give an overview on the molecular mechanisms underlying the uptake of glucose and related signaling pathways after acute and chronic exercise. Physical exercise, as crucial part in the prevention and treatment of diabetes, has marked acute and chronic effects on glucose disposal and related inflammatory signaling pathways. Exercise can stimulate molecular signaling pathways leading to glucose transport into the cell. Furthermore, physical exercise has the potential to modulate inflammatory processes by affecting specific inflammatory signaling pathways which can interfere with signaling pathways of the glucose uptake. The intensity of physical training appears to be the primary determinant of the degree of metabolic improvement modulating the molecular signaling pathways in a dose-response pattern, whereas training modality seems to have a secondary role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Röhling
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Herder
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Theodor Stemper
- Department Fitness and Health, University Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Karsten Müssig
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Lesser IA, Dick TJM, Guenette JA, Hoogbruin A, Mackey DC, Singer J, Lear SA. The association between cardiorespiratory fitness and abdominal adiposity in postmenopausal, physically inactive South Asian women. Prev Med Rep 2016; 2:783-7. [PMID: 26844150 PMCID: PMC4721410 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In South Asians, a unique obesity phenotype of high abdominal fat is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is associated with abdominal fat and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this paper is to determine whether CRF as assessed by VO2 peak, in post-menopausal South Asian women, was associated with body fat distribution and abdominal fat. Physically inactive post-menopausal South Asian women (n = 55) from the Greater Vancouver area were recruited and assessed from January to August 2014. At baseline, VO2 peak was measured with the Bruce Protocol, abdominal fat with CT imaging, and body composition with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. ANOVA was used to assess differences in subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAAT), visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and total abdominal adipose tissue (TAAT) between tertiles of CRF. Bivariate correlation and multiple linear regression analyses explored the association between VO2 peak with SAAT, VAT, TAAT and body composition. Models were further adjusted for body fat and body mass index (BMI). Compared to women in the lowest tertile of VO2 peak (13.8-21.8 mL/kg/min), women in the highest tertile (25.0-27.7 mL/kg/min) had significantly lower waist circumference, BMI, total body fat, body fat percentage, lean mass, SAAT, VAT and TAAT (p < 0.05). We found VO2 peak to be negatively associated with SAAT, VAT and TAAT, independent of age and body fatness but not independent of BMI. Further research is necessary to assess whether exercise and therefore improvements in CRF would alter SAAT, VAT and TAAT in post-menopausal South Asian women.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Lesser
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6B 5K3
| | - T J M Dick
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6B 5K3
| | - J A Guenette
- Department of Physical Therapy and Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia and St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6Z 1Y6
| | - A Hoogbruin
- Faculty of Health, Kwantlen Polytechnic University, Surrey, BC, Canada V3W 2M8
| | - D C Mackey
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6B 5K3; Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1M9
| | - J Singer
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6Z 1Y6
| | - S A Lear
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6B 5K3; Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6; Division of Cardiology, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6Z 1Y6
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Pedersen LR, Olsen RH, Jürs A, Anholm C, Fenger M, Haugaard SB, Prescott E. A randomized trial comparing the effect of weight loss and exercise training on insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism in coronary artery disease. Metabolism 2015; 64:1298-307. [PMID: 26296452 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM The majority of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) exhibit abnormal glucose metabolism, which is associated with mortality even at non-diabetic glucose levels. This trial aims to compare the effects of a considerable weight loss and exercise with limited weight loss on glucose metabolism in prediabetic, CAD patients. METHODS AND RESULTS Seventy non-diabetic participants with CAD, BMI 28-40 kg/m(2), age 45-75 years were randomized to 12 weeks' aerobic interval training (AIT) at 90% peak heart rate three times weekly or a low energy diet (LED, 800-1,000 kcal/day) for 8-10 weeks followed by 2-4 weeks' weight maintenance diet. Glucose tolerance, insulin action, β-cell function and suppression of lipolysis were assessed using a 3-h oral glucose tolerance test. ISI-composite and ISI-HOMA (=1/HOMA-IR) were calculated as surrogate measures of whole-body and hepatic insulin sensitivity, respectively. Magnetic resonance imaging estimated abdominal adipose tissue. Twenty-six (74%) AIT and 29 (83%) LED participants completed intervention per protocol. LED increased ISI-composite by 55% and ISI-HOMA by 70% (p<0.01) while AIT did not change insulin sensitivity (p>0.7) revealing a significant difference between the groups (p<0.05). No concurrent significant changes in lipolysis, β-cell responsiveness or insulin clearance were seen. Changes in ISI-HOMA and ISI-composite were associated with reduced visceral abdominal fat, waist circumference and body weight. Intention-to-treat analyses (n=64) yielded similar results. CONCLUSION LED is superior to AIT in improving insulin sensitivity in prediabetic CAD patients. Changes in insulin sensitivity are associated with decreased visceral abdominal fat, waist circumference and body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene Rørholm Pedersen
- Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Rasmus Huan Olsen
- Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Jürs
- Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Anholm
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amager Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mogens Fenger
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen Bendix Haugaard
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amager Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; The Clinical Research Centre, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Eva Prescott
- Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Bouaziz W, Schmitt E, Kaltenbach G, Geny B, Vogel T. Health benefits of endurance training alone or combined with diet for obese patients over 60: a review. Int J Clin Pract 2015; 69:1032-49. [PMID: 25963846 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of obesity is rapidly increasing in older patients and it is ubiquitous in many developed countries. Obesity is related to various negative health outcomes, making it a major public health target for intervention. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to explore and summarise the literature that addresses endurance training alone or combined with nutrition interventions to combat obesity in obese patients over age 60. METHODS We searched online electronic databases up to September 2014 for original observational and intervention studies published between 1995 and 2014 on the relationship between endurance training alone or combined with a diet in obese patients over 60 regarding health outcomes. RESULTS Twenty-six studies examined interventions aimed specifically at promoting endurance training alone or combined with diet for older obese patients over 60. These studies demonstrated a positive effect of this intervention on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease, and a significant beneficial effect on the lipid profile. Improvement of body composition and insulin sensitivity, and a reduction in blood pressure were also well established. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this review demonstrates a positive effect of endurance training alone or combined with diet on health outcomes and metabolic benefits in older adults. Clinicians can now use this evidence to formulate actions to encourage the older obese to profit from the health benefits of endurance training and diet. This will not only help reduce the dramatic increase in the number of older obese but also help prevent sarcopenic obesity, which is a complex challenge for healthcare professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Bouaziz
- Geriatric Department, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Physiology and EA-3072, Faculty of Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - E Schmitt
- Geriatric Department, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Physiology and EA-3072, Faculty of Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - G Kaltenbach
- Geriatric Department, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - B Geny
- Department of Physiology and EA-3072, Faculty of Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
- Functional Explorations Department, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - T Vogel
- Geriatric Department, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Physiology and EA-3072, Faculty of Medicine, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
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Kasumov T, Solomon TP, Hwang C, Huang H, Haus JM, Zhang R, Kirwan JP. Improved insulin sensitivity after exercise training is linked to reduced plasma C14:0 ceramide in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:1414-21. [PMID: 25966363 PMCID: PMC4482773 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of exercise training on insulin sensitivity and plasma ceramides in obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS Twenty-four adults with obesity and normal glucose tolerance (NGT, n = 14) or diabetes (n = 10) were studied before and after a 12-week supervised exercise-training program (5 days/week, 1 h/day, 80-85% of maximum heart rate). Changes in body composition were assessed using hydrostatic weighing and computed tomography. Peripheral tissue insulin sensitivity was assessed by a 40 mU/m(2) /min hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. Plasma ceramides (C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C20:0, C24:0, and C24:1) were quantified using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry after separation with HPLC. RESULTS Plasma ceramides were similar for the subjects with obesity and NGT and the subjects with diabetes, despite differences in glucose tolerance. Exercise significantly reduced body weight and adiposity and increased peripheral insulin sensitivity in both groups (P < 0.05). In addition, plasma C14:0, C16:0, C18:1, and C24:0 ceramide levels were reduced in all subjects following the intervention (P < 0.05). Decreases in total (r = -0.51, P = 0.02) and C14:0 (r = -0.56, P = 0.009) ceramide were negatively correlated with the increase in insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS Ceramides are linked to exercise training-induced improvements in insulin sensitivity, and plasma C14:0 ceramide may provide a specific target for investigating lipid-related insulin resistance in obesity and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takhar Kasumov
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | | | - Calvin Hwang
- Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Hazel Huang
- Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Jacob M. Haus
- Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Renliang Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, and Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - John P. Kirwan
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
- Metabolic Translational Research Center, Endocrine and Metabolism Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
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Sari-Sarraf V, Aliasgarzadeh A, Naderali MM, Esmaeili H, Naderali EK. A combined continuous and interval aerobic training improves metabolic syndrome risk factors in men. Int J Gen Med 2015; 8:203-10. [PMID: 26056487 PMCID: PMC4445945 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s81938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with metabolic syndrome have significantly higher risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes leading to premature death mortality. Metabolic syndrome has a complex etiology; thus, it may require a combined and multi-targeted aerobic exercise regimen to improve risk factors associated with it. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of combined continuous and interval aerobic training on patients with metabolic syndrome. Thirty adult male with metabolic syndrome (54±8 years) were randomly divided into two groups: test training group (TTG; n=15) and control group (CG; n=15). Subjects in TTG performed combined continuous and interval aerobic training using a motorized treadmill three times per week for 16 weeks. Subjects in CG were advised to continue with their normal activities of life. Twenty-two men completed the study (eleven men in each group). At the end of the study, in TTG, there were significant (for all, P<0.05) reductions in total body weight (−3.2%), waist circumference (−3.43 cm), blood pressure (up to −12.7 mmHg), and plasma insulin, glucose, and triacylglyceride levels. Moreover, there were significant (for all, P<0.05) increases VO2max (−15.3%) and isometric strength of thigh muscle (28.1%) and high-density lipoprotein in TTG. None of the above indices were changed in CG at the end of 16-week study period. Our study suggests that adoption of a 16-week combined continuous and interval aerobic training regimen in men with metabolic syndrome could significantly reduce cardiovascular risk factors in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Sari-Sarraf
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Akbar Aliasgarzadeh
- Bone Research Centre, Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Mahdi Naderali
- The School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Hamid Esmaeili
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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Jashni HK, Mohebbi H, Delpasand A, Jahromy HK. Caloric restriction and exercise training, combined, not solely improve total plasma adiponectin and glucose homeostasis in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-014-0212-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Pinthus JH. Uncovering the metabolic complications of androgen deprivation therapy in patients with prostate cancer--where do we take it next? J Urol 2015; 193:1882-3. [PMID: 25794833 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2015.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jehonathan H Pinthus
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
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Winzer BM, Paratz JD, Whitehead JP, Whiteman DC, Reeves MM. The feasibility of an exercise intervention in males at risk of oesophageal adenocarcinoma: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117922. [PMID: 25706622 PMCID: PMC4338269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the feasibility and safety of a 24-week exercise intervention, compared to control, in males with Barrett’s oesophagus, and to estimate the effect of the intervention, compared to control, on risk factors associated with oesophageal adenocarcinoma development. Methods A randomized controlled trial of an exercise intervention (60 minutes moderate-intensity aerobic and resistance exercise five days/week over 24 weeks; one supervised and four unsupervised sessions) versus attention control (45 minutes stretching five days/week over 24 weeks; one supervised and four unsupervised sessions) in inactive, overweight/obese (25.0–34.9 kg/m2) males with Barrett’s oesophagus, aged 18–70 years. Primary outcomes were obesity-associated hormones relevant to oesophageal adenocarcinoma risk (circulating concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, C-reactive protein, and insulin resistance [HOMA]). Secondary outcomes included waist circumference, body composition, fitness, strength and gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms. Outcomes were measured at baseline and 24-weeks. Intervention effects were analysed using generalised linear models, adjusting for baseline value. Results Recruitment was difficult in this population with a total of 33 participants recruited (target sample size: n = 80); 97% retention at 24-weeks. Adherence to the exercise protocol was moderate. No serious adverse events were reported. A statistically significant intervention effect (exercise minus control) was observed for waist circumference (-4.5 [95% CI -7.5, -1.4] cm; p < 0.01). Effects on primary outcomes were not statistically significant. Conclusion This small, exploratory trial provides important information to inform future trial development including recruitment rates and estimates of effect sizes on outcomes related to oesophageal adenocarcinoma risk. Future trials should investigate a combined dietary and exercise intervention to achieve greater weight loss in this population and relax inclusion criteria to maximize recruitment. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) ACTRN12609000401257
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke M. Winzer
- Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jennifer D. Paratz
- Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jonathan P. Whitehead
- Metabolic Medicine Group, Mater Research Institute University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David C. Whiteman
- Cancer Control Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marina M. Reeves
- Cancer Prevention Research Centre, School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Exercise and Regulation of Adipokine and Myokine Production. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 135:313-36. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Khadir A, Tiss A, Abubaker J, Abu-Farha M, Al-Khairi I, Cherian P, John J, Kavalakatt S, Warsame S, Al-Madhoun A, Al-Ghimlas F, Elkum N, Behbehani K, Dermime S, Dehbi M. MAP kinase phosphatase DUSP1 is overexpressed in obese humans and modulated by physical exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308:E71-83. [PMID: 25370852 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00577.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation and dysregulation of the stress defense system are cardinal features of obesity, a major risk factor for the development of insulin resistance and diabetes. Dual-specificity protein phosphatase 1 (DUSP1), known also as MAP kinase phosphatase 1 (MKP1), is implicated in metabolism and energy expenditure. Mice lacking DUSP1 are resistant to high-fat diet-induced obesity. However, the expression of DUSP1 has not been investigated in human obesity. In the current study, we compared the expression pattern of DUSP1 between lean and obese nondiabetic human subjects using subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The levels of DUSP1 mRNA and protein were significantly increased in obese subjects with concomitant decrease in the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK (p-p38 MAPK) and PGC-1α and an increase in the levels of phospho-JNK (p-JNK) and phospho-ERK (p-ERK). Moreover, obese subjects had higher levels of circulating DUSP1 protein that correlated positively with various obesity indicators, triglycerides, glucagon, insulin, leptin, and PAI-1 (P < 0.05) but negatively with V̇O(2max) and high-density lipoprotein (P < 0.05). The observation that DUSP1 was overexpressed in obese subjects prompted us to investigate whether physical exercise could reduce its expression. In this study, we report for the first time that physical exercise significantly attenuated the expression of DUSP1 in both the SAT and PBMCs, with a parallel increase in the expression of PGC-1α and a reduction in the levels of p-JNK and p-ERK along with attenuated inflammatory response. Collectively, our data suggest that DUSP1 upregulation is strongly linked to adiposity and that physical exercise modulates its expression. This gives further evidence that exercise might be useful as a strategy for managing obesity and preventing its associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Tiss
- Deptartment of Biomedical Research
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Naser Elkum
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Kazem Behbehani
- Deptartment of Biomedical Research, Fitness and Rehabilitation Center, and Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Said Dermime
- King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; and
| | - Mohammed Dehbi
- Diabetes Research Centre, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
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Kelly KR, Navaneethan SD, Solomon TPJ, Haus JM, Cook M, Barkoukis H, Kirwan JP. Lifestyle-induced decrease in fat mass improves adiponectin secretion in obese adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 46:920-6. [PMID: 24614337 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Several studies have identified relationships between weight loss and adipokine levels; however, none have looked at the combined effect of aerobic exercise training with the consumption of a low- or a high-glycemic diet. We examined the effects of 12 wk of aerobic exercise combined with either a low-glycemic index diet (∼40 U) plus exercise (LoGIX) or a high-glycemic index diet (∼80 U) diet plus exercise (HiGIX) on plasma leptin and adiponectin (total and high molecular weight [HMW]) in 27 older obese adults (age = 65 ± 0.5 yr, body mass index = 34.5 ± 0.7 kg·m). METHODS Insulin sensitivity was calculated from an oral glucose tolerance test. Fasting HMW adiponectin and leptin were quantified from plasma samples obtained before the insulin sensitivity index obtained from the oral glucose tolerance test. Glucose and insulin measures were obtained before and every 30 min during the test. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and computerized tomography were used to determine body composition and to quantify subcutaneous and visceral abdominal adiposity, respectively. RESULTS Fasting leptin was significantly decreased in both groups (LoGIX: preintervention = 33.8 ± 4.7, postintervention = 19.2 ± 4.5; HiGIX: preintervention = 27.9 ± 4.2, postintervention = 11.9 ± 2.2 ng·mL; P = 0.004), and HMW adiponectin was significantly increased (LoGIX: preintervention = 1606.9 ± 34.6, postintervention = 3502.3 ± 57; HiGIX: preintervention = 3704.8 ± 38.1, postintervention = 4284.3 ± 52.8 pg·mL; P = 0.003) after the 12-wk intervention. Total body fat was reduced after both interventions. Visceral fat mass was inversely correlated with HMW adiponectin, whereas subcutaneous fat correlated with leptin. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that exercise training, independent of dietary glycemic index, favorably alters HMW adiponectin and leptin secretion and that a reduction in visceral fat mass is a key factor regulating HMW adiponectin in older obese persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen R Kelly
- 1Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; 2Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH; 3Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; 4Department of Physiology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH; and 5Metabolic Translational Research Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
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Fealy CE, Mulya A, Lai N, Kirwan JP. Exercise training decreases activation of the mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein-1 in insulin-resistant human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 117:239-45. [PMID: 24947026 PMCID: PMC4122691 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01064.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in mitochondrial dynamics, the processes of fission, fusion, and mitochondrial autophagy, may contribute to metabolic disease including type 2 diabetes. Dynamin-related protein-1 (Drp1) is a GTPase protein that plays a central role in mitochondrial fission. We hypothesized that aerobic exercise training would decrease Drp1 Ser(616) phosphorylation and increase fat oxidation and insulin sensitivity in obese (body mass index: 34.6 ± 0.8 kg/m(2)) insulin-resistant adults. Seventeen subjects performed supervised exercise for 60 min/day, 5 days/wk at 80-85% of maximal heart rate for 12 wk. Insulin sensitivity was measured by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, and fat oxidation was determined by indirect calorimetry. Skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle before and after the 12-wk program. The exercise intervention increased insulin sensitivity 2.1 ± 0.2-fold (P < 0.01) and fat oxidation 1.3 ± 0.3-fold (P < 0.01). Phosphorylation of Drp1 at Ser(616) was decreased (pre vs. post: 0.81 ± 0.15 vs. 0.58 ± 0.14 arbitrary units; P < 0.05) following the intervention. Furthermore, reductions in Drp1 Ser(616) phosphorylation were negatively correlated with increases in fat oxidation (r = -0.58; P < 0.05) and insulin sensitivity (rho = -0.52; P < 0.05). We also examined expression of genes related to mitochondrial dynamics. Dynamin1-like protein (DNM1L; P < 0.01), the gene that codes for Drp1, and Optic atrophy 1 (OPA1; P = 0.05) were significantly upregulated following the intervention, while there was a trend towards an increase in expression of both mitofusin protein MFN1 (P = 0.08) and MFN2 (P = 0.07). These are the first data to suggest that lifestyle-mediated improvements in substrate metabolism and insulin sensitivity in obese insulin-resistant adults may be regulated through decreased activation of the mitochondrial fission protein Drp1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciaran E Fealy
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
| | - Anny Mulya
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Metabolic Translational Research Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; and
| | - Nicola Lai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - John P Kirwan
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Metabolic Translational Research Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; and
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Prior SJ, Blumenthal JB, Katzel LI, Goldberg AP, Ryan AS. Increased skeletal muscle capillarization after aerobic exercise training and weight loss improves insulin sensitivity in adults with IGT. Diabetes Care 2014; 37:1469-75. [PMID: 24595633 PMCID: PMC3994928 DOI: 10.2337/dc13-2358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transcapillary transport of insulin is one determinant of glucose uptake by skeletal muscle; thus, a reduction in capillary density (CD) may worsen insulin sensitivity. Skeletal muscle CD is lower in older adults with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) compared with those with normal glucose tolerance and may be modifiable through aerobic exercise training and weight loss (AEX+WL). We tested the hypothesis that 6-month AEX+WL would increase CD to improve insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in older adults with IGT. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Sixteen sedentary, overweight-obese (BMI 27-35 kg/m2), older (63 ± 2 years) men and women with IGT underwent hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps to measure insulin sensitivity, oral glucose tolerance tests, exercise and body composition testing, and vastus lateralis muscle biopsies to determine CD before and after 6-month AEX+WL. RESULTS Insulin sensitivity (M) and 120-min postprandial glucose (G120) correlated with CD at baseline (r = 0.58 and r = -0.60, respectively, P < 0.05). AEX+WL increased maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) 18% (P = 0.02) and reduced weight and fat mass 8% (P < 0.02). CD increased 15% (264 ± 11 vs. 304 ± 14 capillaries/mm(2), P = 0.01), M increased 21% (42.4 ± 4.0 vs. 51.4 ± 4.3 µmol/kg FFM/min, P < 0.05), and G120 decreased 16% (9.35 ± 0.5 vs. 7.85 ± 0.5 mmol/L, P = 0.008) after AEX+WL. Regression analyses showed that the AEX+WL-induced increase in CD independently predicted the increase in M (r = 0.74, P < 0.01) as well as the decrease in G120 (r = -0.55, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Six-month AEX+WL increases skeletal muscle CD in older adults with IGT. This represents one mechanism by which AEX+WL improves insulin sensitivity in older adults with IGT.
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Physical exercise reduces the expression of RANTES and its CCR5 receptor in the adipose tissue of obese humans. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:627150. [PMID: 24895488 PMCID: PMC4016945 DOI: 10.1155/2014/627150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
RANTES and its CCR5 receptor trigger inflammation and its progression to insulin resistance in obese. In the present study, we investigated for the first time the effect of physical exercise on the expression of RANTES and CCR5 in obese humans. Fifty-seven adult nondiabetic subjects (17 lean and 40 obese) were enrolled in a 3-month supervised physical exercise. RANTES and CCR5 expressions were measured in PBMCs and subcutaneous adipose tissue before and after exercise. Circulating plasma levels of RANTES were also investigated. There was a significant increase in RANTES and CCR5 expression in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese compared to lean. In PBMCs, however, while the levels of RANTES mRNA and protein were comparable between both groups, CCR5 mRNA was downregulated in obese subjects (P < 0.05). Physical exercise significantly reduced the expression of both RANTES and CCR5 (P < 0.05) in the adipose tissue of obese individuals with a concomitant decrease in the levels of the inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-6, and P-JNK. Circulating RANTES correlated negatively with anti-inflammatory IL-1ra (P = 0.001) and positively with proinflammatory IP-10 and TBARS levels (P < 0.05). Therefore, physical exercise may provide an effective approach for combating the deleterious effects associated with obesity through RANTES signaling in the adipose tissue.
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Dal'Ava N, Bahamondes L, Bahamondes MV, Bottura BF, Monteiro I. Body weight and body composition of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate users. Contraception 2014; 90:182-7. [PMID: 24780631 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Weight gain is a concern with the contraceptive depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA); however, this issue remains controversial. The objective of this study was to compare body weight (BW) and body composition (BC) in DMPA and copper intrauterine device (IUD) users at baseline and after one year of use. STUDY DESIGN We enrolled new DMPA users and age and weight matched new IUD users into this prospective study. Weight and height were measured, BC (fat and lean mass) was evaluated using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and physical activity was assessed at baseline and at 12 months. Student's paired t test and the Wilcoxon paired test for matched samples were used. RESULTS Ninety-seven women were enrolled for the study; 26 matched pairs continued using the initial method for at least one year, and completed the baseline and 12 month assessments. An increase of 1.9 kg occurred in BW (p=.02) in DMPA users at 12 months of use, resulting from an increase in fat mass of 1.6 kg (p=.03). Weight remained stable in IUD users; however, there was an increase in lean mass at 12 months of use (p=.001). The number of women practicing physical activity increased in this group. There was a significant difference between the groups regarding the variation in the percentage of central fat (p=.04). CONCLUSION Weight gain in the DMPA group after the first year of use resulted from an increase in fat mass. Weight remained stable in the IUD group; however, an increase in lean mass and a reduction in localized abdominal fat mass occurred, possibly because more users were practicing physical activity. IMPLICATIONS STATEMENT There was a greater increase in body weight in DMPA users compared to TCu380A IUD users in the first year of use of the contraceptive method. Furthermore, the weight increase in users of DMPA occurred principally as the result of an increase in fat mass. Physical activity probably could increase the lean mass in the users of TCu380A IUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Dal'Ava
- Human Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), and the National Institute of Hormones and Women's Health, 13084-971, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Luis Bahamondes
- Human Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), and the National Institute of Hormones and Women's Health, 13084-971, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - M Valeria Bahamondes
- Human Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), and the National Institute of Hormones and Women's Health, 13084-971, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruna F Bottura
- Human Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), and the National Institute of Hormones and Women's Health, 13084-971, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ilza Monteiro
- Human Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), and the National Institute of Hormones and Women's Health, 13084-971, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Matos MAD, Ottone VDO, Duarte TC, Sampaio PFDM, Costa KB, Fonseca CA, Neves MPC, Schneider SM, Moseley P, Coimbra CC, Magalhães FDC, Rocha-Vieira E, Amorim FT. Exercise reduces cellular stress related to skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Cell Stress Chaperones 2014; 19:263-70. [PMID: 23975543 PMCID: PMC3933613 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-013-0453-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study sought to evaluate the effects of a single session of exercise on the expression of Hsp70, of c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and insulin receptor substrate 1 serine 612 (IRS(ser612)) phosphorylation in the skeletal muscle of obese and obese insulin-resistant patients. Twenty-seven volunteers were divided into three experimental groups (eutrophic insulin-sensitive, obese insulin-sensitive, and obese insulin-resistant) according to their body mass index and the presence of insulin resistance. The volunteers performed 60 min of aerobic exercise on a cycle ergometer at 60 % of peak oxygen consumption. M. vastus lateralis samples were obtained before and after exercise. The protein expressions were evaluated by Western blot. Our findings show that compared with paired eutrophic controls, obese subjects have higher basal levels of p-JNK (100 ± 23 % vs. 227 ± 67 %, p = 0.03) and p-IRS-1(ser612) (100 ± 23 % vs. 340 ± 67 %, p < 0.001) and reduced HSP70 (100 ± 16 % vs. 63 ± 12 %, p < 0.001). The presence of insulin resistance results in a further increase in p-JNK (460 ± 107 %, p < 0.001) and a decrease in Hsp70 (46 ± 5 %, p = 0.006), but p-IRS-1(ser612) levels did not differ from obese subjects (312 ± 73 %, p > 0.05). Exercise reduced p-JNK in obese insulin-resistant subjects (328 ± 33 %, p = 0.001), but not in controls or obese subjects. Furthermore, exercise reduced p-IRS-1(ser612) for both obese (122 ± 44 %) and obese insulin-resistant (185 ± 36 %) subjects. A main effect of exercise was observed in HSP70 (p = 0.007). We demonstrated that a single session of exercise promotes changes that characterize a reduction in cellular stress that may contribute to exercise-induced increase in insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Aguiar de Matos
- />Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Healthy and Biological Sciences Faculty, Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Rua da Glória 187, Diamantina, 39100-100 Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Vinícius de Oliveira Ottone
- />Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Healthy and Biological Sciences Faculty, Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Rua da Glória 187, Diamantina, 39100-100 Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Tamiris Campos Duarte
- />Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Healthy and Biological Sciences Faculty, Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Rua da Glória 187, Diamantina, 39100-100 Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Pâmela Fiche da Matta Sampaio
- />Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Healthy and Biological Sciences Faculty, Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Rua da Glória 187, Diamantina, 39100-100 Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Karine Beatriz Costa
- />Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Healthy and Biological Sciences Faculty, Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Rua da Glória 187, Diamantina, 39100-100 Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Cheyenne Alves Fonseca
- />Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Healthy and Biological Sciences Faculty, Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Rua da Glória 187, Diamantina, 39100-100 Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Miguel Pontes Correa Neves
- />Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Healthy and Biological Sciences Faculty, Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Rua da Glória 187, Diamantina, 39100-100 Minas Gerais Brazil
| | | | | | - Cândido Celso Coimbra
- />Endocrinology Laboratory, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Flávio de Castro Magalhães
- />Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Healthy and Biological Sciences Faculty, Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Rua da Glória 187, Diamantina, 39100-100 Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Etel Rocha-Vieira
- />Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Healthy and Biological Sciences Faculty, Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Rua da Glória 187, Diamantina, 39100-100 Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Fabiano Trigueiro Amorim
- />Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Healthy and Biological Sciences Faculty, Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Rua da Glória 187, Diamantina, 39100-100 Minas Gerais Brazil
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Bays H, Blonde L, Rosenson R. Adiposopathy: how do diet, exercise and weight loss drug therapies improve metabolic disease in overweight patients? Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 4:871-95. [PMID: 17173503 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.4.6.871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An increase in bodyweight is generally associated with an increased risk of excessive fat-related metabolic diseases (EFRMD), including Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidemia. However, not all patients who are overweight have EFRMD, and not all patients with EFRMD are significantly overweight. The adipocentric paradigm provides the basis for a unifying, pathophysiological process whereby fat gain in susceptible patients leads to fat dysfunction ('sick fat'), and wherein pathological abnormalities in fat function (adiposopathy) are more directly related to the onset of EFRMD than increases in fat mass (adiposity) alone. But just as worsening fat function worsens EFRMD, improved fat function improves EFRMD. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists increase the recruitment, proliferation and differentiation of preadipocytes ('healthy fat') and cause apoptosis of hypertrophic and dysfunctional (including visceral) adipocytes resulting in improved fat function and improved metabolic parameters associated with EFRMD. Weight loss interventions, such as a hypocaloric diet and physical exercise, in addition to agents such as orlistat, sibutramine and cannabinoid receptor antagonists, may have favorable effects upon fat storage (lipogenesis and fat distribution), nutrient metabolism (such as free fatty acids), favorable effects upon adipose tissue factors involved in metabolic processes and inflammation, and enhanced 'cross-talk' with other major organ systems. In some cases, weight loss therapeutic agents may even affect metabolic parameters and adipocyte function independently of weight loss alone, suggesting that the benefit of these agents in improving EFRMD may go beyond their efficacy in weight reduction. This review describes how adiposopathy interventions may affect fat function, and thus improve EFRMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold Bays
- L-MARC Research Center, Medical Director/President, 3288 Illinois Avenue, Louisville, KY 40213, USA.
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Malin SK, Navaneethan SD, Mulya A, Huang H, Kirwan JP. Exercise-induced lowering of chemerin is associated with reduced cardiometabolic risk and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in older adults. J Nutr Health Aging 2014; 18:608-15. [PMID: 24950152 PMCID: PMC4697740 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-014-0459-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of exercise on chemerin in relation to changes in fat loss, insulin action, and dyslipidemia in older adults. PARTICIPANTS Thirty older (65.9±0.9yr) obese adults (BMI:34.5±0.7kg/m2). SETTING Single-center, Cleveland Clinic. DESIGN Prospective clinical trial. INTERVENTION Twelve-weeks of exercise training (60minutes/day, 5day/week at ~85% HRmax). Subjects were instructed to maintain habitual nutrient intake. MEASUREMENTS Plasma chemerin was analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Peripheral and hepatic insulin sensitivity was assessed using a euglycemic-hyperinsulinic clamp with glucose kinetics. First-phase and total glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) was calculated from an oral glucose tolerance test. Fasting blood lipids (cholesterol, triglycerides), total/visceral fat (dual-x-ray absorptiometry and computerized tomography) and cardiorespiratory fitness (treadmill test) were also tested pre and post intervention. RESULTS Exercise increased fitness and reduced total/visceral fat, blood lipids, and first-phase GSIS (P<0.05). Training also increased peripheral insulin sensitivity and lowered basal/insulin-related hepatic glucose production (P<0.01). The intervention reduced chemerin (87.1±6.0 vs. 78.1±5.8ng/ml; P=0.02), and the reduction correlated with decreased visceral fat (r=0.50, P=0.009), total body fat (r=0.42, P=0.02), cholesterol (r=0.38, P=0.04), triglycerides (r=0.36, P=0.05), and first-phase and total GSIS (r=0.39, P=0.03 and r=0.43, P=0.02, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Lower chemerin appears to be an important hormone involved in cardiometabolic risk and GSIS reduction following exercise in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Malin
- John P. Kirwan, PhD, Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Ave (NE40), Cleveland, OH 44195, Phone: (216) 444-3412, Fax: (216) 636-1496 ,
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71
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Herzig KH, Ahola R, Leppäluoto J, Jokelainen J, Jämsä T, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S. Light physical activity determined by a motion sensor decreases insulin resistance, improves lipid homeostasis and reduces visceral fat in high-risk subjects: PreDiabEx study RCT. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013; 38:1089-96. [PMID: 24285336 PMCID: PMC4125749 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To examine physical activity (PA) thresholds affecting glucose, insulin and lipid concentrations and body fat composition in high-risk patients for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Intervention: A total of 113 subjects of both genders having abnormal glucose levels in the oral glucose tolerance test were contacted. A total of 78 subjects with age 58.8±10.4 years and body mass index 31.7±5.3 kg m−2 were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. Intervention consisted of a supervised walking (60 min three times weekly) for 3 months. All the subjects received standard care for PA and weight reduction and wore an accelerometer during the whole wakeful time. Results: Over 80% of the daily steps clustered at an acceleration level of 0.3–0.7 g (2–3 km h−1 of walking) and were 5870 in the intervention and 4434 in the control group (P<0.029). Between 0 and 3 months no significant changes were observed in fasting and 2-h glucose, body weight or maximal oxygen uptake. In contrast, changes in fasting and 2-h insulin (−3.4 mU l−1, P=0.035 and −26.6, P=0.003, respectively), homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (−1.0, P=0.036), total cholesterol (−0.55 mmol l−1, P=0.041), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (−0.36 mmol l−1, P=0.008) and visceral fat area (−5.5 cm2, P=0.030) were significantly greater in the intervention than in control subjects. The overall effects of PA were analyzed by quartiles of daily steps of all subjects. There were significant reductions in total and LDL cholesterol and visceral fat area between the highest (daily steps over 6520) and the lowest quartile (1780–2810 daily steps). The changes associated with PA remained significant after adjustments of baseline, sex, age and body weight change. Conclusion: Habitual and structured PAs with the acceleration levels of 0.3–0.7 g and daily steps over 6520, equivalent to walking at 2–3 km h−1 for 90 min daily, standing for the relative PA intensity of 30–35% of the maximal oxygen uptake, are clinically beneficial for overweight/obese and physically inactive individuals with a high risk for T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-H Herzig
- 1] Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Physiology and Biocenter of Oulu, Oulu University, Oulu, Finland [2] Medical Research Center Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - R Ahola
- Department of Medical Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - J Leppäluoto
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Physiology and Biocenter of Oulu, Oulu University, Oulu, Finland
| | - J Jokelainen
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - T Jämsä
- Department of Medical Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - S Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi
- 1] Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland [2] Oulu University Hospital, Unit of General Practice, and Health Center of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Malin SK, Finnegan S, Fealy CE, Filion J, Rocco MB, Kirwan JP. β-Cell dysfunction is associated with metabolic syndrome severity in adults. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2013; 12:79-85. [PMID: 24283920 DOI: 10.1089/met.2013.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome is prevalent in adults characterized by increased visceral adiposity and insulin resistance (IR). However, the link between pancreatic β-cell function and metabolic syndrome severity in adults across the glucose spectrum is unknown. We hypothesized that poor β-cell function would independently predict a higher metabolic syndrome Z-score (i.e., severity). METHODS Seventy (12 normal glucose tolerant, 37 prediabetic, 21 type 2 diabetic) obese adults [62.4±1.1 year; 34.6±0.6 kg/m(2); data are mean±standard error of the mean (SEM)] participated in this cross-sectional study. A 2-hr 75-gram oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was administered, and insulin and glucose area under the curve was determined for calculations of insulin action. Fasting and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was calculated using homeostasis model assessment of insulin secretion (HOMA-B) and the insulinogenic index (i.e., I(0-30)/Glc(0-30) or I(60-120)/Glc(60-120)), respectively. Fasting and postprandial insulin sensitivity was assessed by HOMA-IR and the Matsuda Index, respectively. β-cell function was estimated using the disposition index via HOMA-B/HOMA-IR, I(0-30)/Glc(0-30) or I(60-120)/Glc(60-120) × Matsuda Index, which represents basal, first-, and second-phase insulin release, respectively. Body composition (via computerized tomography and dual X-ray absorptiometry) and sex-specific metabolic syndrome Z-scores were calculated from waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting glucose, triglycerides, and high-density lipoproteins. RESULTS Compared to those with normal glucose tolerance, visceral fat and IR were higher and β-cell function was lower in adults with glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Elevated visceral fat and IR (HOMA-IR and Matsuda Index) correlated with elevated Z-scores (r=0.51, r=0.54, r=-0.49; all P<0.002, respectively). Basal, first-, and second-phase β-cell function correlated with low Z-scores (r=-0.59, r=-0.51, and r=-0.43, all P<0.001). Insulin secretion significantly predicted the Z-score independent of sex, body fat, blood lipids, blood pressure, IR, and glucose metabolism (P<0.005). CONCLUSION β-cell dysfunction is highly correlated with the severity of metabolic syndrome in adults. Future work is warranted to elucidate the mechanism by which cardiometabolic disturbances influence insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven K Malin
- 1 Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, Ohio
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Santa Mina D, Connor MK, Alibhai SMH, Toren P, Guglietti C, Matthew AG, Trachtenberg J, Ritvo P. Exercise effects on adipokines and the IGF axis in men with prostate cancer treated with androgen deprivation: A randomized study. Can Urol Assoc J 2013; 7:E692-8. [PMID: 24282459 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has significant deleterious effects on body composition that may be accompanied by unfavourable changes in adipokine levels. While exercise has been shown to improve a number of side effects associated with ADT for prostate cancer, no studies have assessed the effect of exercise on adiponectin and leptin levels, which have been shown to alter the mitogenic environment. METHODS Twenty-six men with prostate cancer treated with ADT were randomized to home-based aerobic exercise training or resistance exercise training for 24 weeks. Adiponectin, leptin, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) were analyzed by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), in addition to physical activity volume, peak aerobic capacity, and anthropometric measurements, at baseline, 3 months and 6 months. RESULTS Resistance exercise significantly reduced IGF-1 after 3 months (p = 0.019); however, this change was not maintained at 6 months. At 6 months, IGFBP-3 was significantly increased compared to baseline for the resistance training group (p = 0.044). In an exploratory analysis of all exercisers, favourable changes in body composition and aerobic fitness were correlated with favourable levels of leptin, and favourable leptin:adiponectin and IGF-1:IGFBP-3 ratios at 3 and 6 months. CONCLUSIONS Home-based exercise is correlated with positive changes in adipokine levels and the IGF-axis that may be related to healthy changes in physical fitness and body composition. While the improvements of adipokine markers appear to be more apparent with resistance training compared to aerobic exercise, these findings must be considered cautiously and require replication from larger randomized controlled trials to clarify the role of exercise on adipokines and IGF-axis proteins for men with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Santa Mina
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON; ; York University, Toronto, ON; ; University of Guelph-Humber, Toronto, ON
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Malin SK, Solomon TPJ, Blaszczak A, Finnegan S, Filion J, Kirwan JP. Pancreatic β-cell function increases in a linear dose-response manner following exercise training in adults with prediabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E1248-54. [PMID: 24045867 PMCID: PMC3840210 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00260.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although some studies suggest that a linear dose-response relationship exists between exercise and insulin sensitivity, the exercise dose required to enhance pancreatic β-cell function is unknown. Thirty-five older obese adults with prediabetes underwent a progressive 12-wk supervised exercise intervention (5 days/wk for 60 min at ~85% HRmax). Insulin and C-peptide responses to an OGTT were used to define the first- and second-phase disposition index (DI; β-cell function = glucose-stimulated insulin secretion × clamp-derived insulin sensitivity). Maximum oxygen consumption (Vo2max) and body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography) were also measured before and after the intervention. Exercise dose was computed using Vo2/heart-rate derived linear regression equations. Subjects expended 474.5 ± 8.8 kcal/session (2,372.5 ± 44.1 kcal/wk) during the intervention and lost ~8% body weight. Exercise increased first- and second-phase DI (P < 0.05), and these changes in DI were linearly related to exercise dose (DIfirst phase: r = 0.54, P < 0.001; DIsecond phase: r = 0.56, P = 0.0005). Enhanced DI was also associated with increased Vo2max (DIfirst phase: r = 0.36, P = 0.04; DIsecond phase: r = 0.41, P < 0.02) but not lower body fat (DIfirst phase: r = -0.21, P = 0.25; DIsecond phase: r = -0.30, P = 0.10) after training. Low baseline DI predicted an increase in DI after the intervention (DIfirst phase: r = -0.37; DIsecond phase: r = -0.41, each P < 0.04). Thus, exercise training plus weight loss increased pancreatic β-cell function in a linear dose-response manner in adults with prediabetes. Our data suggest that higher exercise doses (i.e., >2,000 kcal/wk) are necessary to enhance β-cell function in adults with poor insulin secretion capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven K Malin
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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75
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Jonker JT, de Mol P, de Vries ST, Widya RL, Hammer S, van Schinkel LD, van der Meer RW, Gans ROB, Webb AG, Kan HE, de Koning EJP, Bilo HJG, Lamb HJ. Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Changes in Tissue-specific Fat Distribution and Cardiac Function. Radiology 2013; 269:434-42. [DOI: 10.1148/radiol.13121631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Solomon TP, Haus JM, Cook MA, Flask CA, Kirwan JP. A low-glycemic diet lifestyle intervention improves fat utilization during exercise in older obese humans. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:2272-8. [PMID: 23512711 PMCID: PMC3696477 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the influence of dietary glycemic index on exercise training-induced adaptations in substrate oxidation in obesity. DESIGN AND METHODS Twenty older, obese individuals undertook 3 months of fully supervised aerobic exercise and were randomized to low- (LoGIX) or high-glycemic (HiGIX) diets. Changes in indirect calorimetry (VO2 ; VCO2 ) were assessed at rest, during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, and during submaximal exercise (walking: 65% VO2 max, 200 kcal energy expenditure). Intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) was measured by (1) H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. RESULTS Weight loss (-8.6 ± 1.1%) and improvements (P < 0.05) in VO2 max, glycemic control, fasting lipemia, and metabolic flexibility were similar for both LoGIX and HiGIX groups. During submaximal exercise, energy expenditure was higher following the intervention (P < 0.01) in both groups. Respiratory exchange ratio during exercise was unchanged in the LoGIX group but increased in the HiGIX group (P < 0.05). However, fat oxidation during exercise expressed in relation to changes in body weight was increased in the LoGIX group (+10.6 ± 3.6%; P < 0.05). Fasting IMCL was unchanged, however, extramyocellular lipid was reduced (P < 0.05) after LoGIX. CONCLUSIONS A LoGIX/exercise weight-loss intervention increased fat utilization during exercise independent of changes in energy expenditure. This highlights the potential therapeutic value of low-glycemic foods for reversing metabolic defects in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob M. Haus
- Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Marc A. Cook
- Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Chris A. Flask
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - John P. Kirwan
- Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
- Metabolic Translational Research Center, Endocrine and Metabolism Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195
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Malin SK, Huang H, Mulya A, Kashyap SR, Kirwan JP. Lower dipeptidyl peptidase-4 following exercise training plus weight loss is related to increased insulin sensitivity in adults with metabolic syndrome. Peptides 2013; 47:142-7. [PMID: 23872069 PMCID: PMC3825405 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) is a circulating glycoprotein that impairs insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and is linked to obesity and metabolic syndrome. However, the effect of exercise on plasma DPP-4 in adults with metabolic syndrome is unknown. Therefore, we determined the effect of exercise on DPP-4 and its role in explaining exercise-induced improvements in insulin sensitivity. Fourteen obese adults (67.9±1.2 years, BMI: 34.2±1.1kg/m(2)) with metabolic syndrome (ATP III criteria) underwent a 12-week supervised exercise intervention (60min/day for 5 days/week at ∼85% HRmax). Plasma DPP-4 was analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Insulin sensitivity was measured using the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp (40mU/m(2)/min) and estimated by HOMA-IR. Visceral fat (computerized tomography), 2-h glucose levels (75g oral glucose tolerance), and basal fat oxidation as well as aerobic fitness (indirect calorimetry) were also determined before and after exercise. The intervention reduced visceral fat, lowered blood pressure, glucose and lipids, and increased aerobic fitness (P<0.05). Exercise improved clamp-derived insulin sensitivity by 75% (P<0.001) and decreased HOMA-IR by 15% (P<0.05). Training decreased plasma DPP-4 by 10% (421.8±30.1 vs. 378.3±32.5ng/ml; P<0.04), and the decrease in DPP-4 was associated with clamp-derived insulin sensitivity (r=-0.59; P<0.04), HOMA-IR (r=0.59; P<0.04) and fat oxidation (r=-0.54; P<0.05). Increased fat oxidation also correlated with lower 2-h glucose levels (r=-0.64; P<0.02). Exercise training reduces plasma DPP-4, which may be linked to elevated insulin sensitivity and fat oxidation. Maintaining low plasma DPP-4 concentrations is a potential mechanism whereby exercise plus weight loss prevents/delays the onset of type 2 diabetes in adults with metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven K. Malin
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Hazel Huang
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Anny Mulya
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Sangeeta R. Kashyap
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Metabolic Translational Research Center, Endocrine and Metabolism Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - John P. Kirwan
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
- Metabolic Translational Research Center, Endocrine and Metabolism Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
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Malin SK, Mulya A, Fealy CE, Haus JM, Pagadala MR, Scelsi AR, Huang H, Flask CA, McCullough AJ, Kirwan JP. Fetuin-A is linked to improved glucose tolerance after short-term exercise training in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 115:988-94. [PMID: 23928114 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00237.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetuin-A is synthesized in the liver and may be associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes. Lifestyle-induced weight loss reduces fetuin-A, but the effect of exercise alone is unknown. We determined the effect of short-term exercise training on plasma fetuin-A in 13 (50.5 ± 3.4 yr) obese adults (body mass index, 33.3 ± 0.9 kg/m(2)) with clinically diagnosed NAFLD. Subjects participated in 7 days of supervised exercise training (60 min/day at ∼85% maximum heart rate) and were instructed to maintain their normal caloric and macronutrient intake. Insulin resistance was assessed by an oral glucose tolerance test. Hepatic triglyceride content (HTGC) was determined by proton MRI. We used C2C12 skeletal muscle cells to examine the direct effect of fetuin-A on 2-deoxyglucose uptake, insulin signaling [phosphorylation of Akt and AS160 (pAkt and pAS160, respectively)], and glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4) translocation. Insulin resistance was reduced by 29% (P < 0.05), and glucose area under the curve (AUC) was decreased by 13% (P < 0.01) after the 7 days of exercise. Furthermore, circulating fetuin-A was decreased by 11% (4.2 ± 03 vs. 3.6 ± 0.2 nM; P < 0.02), and this change correlated with reduced insulin resistance (r = 0.62; P < 0.04) and glucose AUC (r = 0.58; P < 0.04). Importantly, the exercise program did not change body weight (P = 0.12), HTGC (P = 0.73), or aerobic capacity (P = 0.14). In vitro experiments revealed that fetuin-A decreased skeletal muscle glucose uptake by downregulating pAkt and pAS160 and subsequent GLUT-4 translocation to the plasma membrane. Together, our findings highlight a role for fetuin-A in skeletal muscle insulin resistance and suggest that part of the exercise-induced improvement in glucose tolerance in patients with NAFLD may be due to lowering fetuin-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven K Malin
- Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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Jung DY, Ko HJ, Lichtman EI, Lee E, Lawton E, Ong H, Yu K, Azuma Y, Friedline RH, Lee KW, Kim JK. Short-term weight loss attenuates local tissue inflammation and improves insulin sensitivity without affecting adipose inflammation in obese mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 304:E964-76. [PMID: 23482446 PMCID: PMC3651644 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00462.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major cause of insulin resistance, and weight loss is shown to improve glucose homeostasis. But the underlying mechanism and the role of inflammation remain unclear. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 wk. After HFD, weight loss was induced by changing to a low-fat diet (LFD) or exercise with continuous HFD. The weight loss effects on energy balance and insulin sensitivity were determined using metabolic cages and hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamps in awake mice. Diet and exercise intervention for 3 wk caused a modest weight loss and improved glucose homeostasis. Weight loss dramatically reduced local inflammation in skeletal muscle, liver, and heart but not in adipose tissue. Exercise-mediated weight loss increased muscle glucose metabolism without affecting Akt phosphorylation or lipid levels. LFD-mediated weight loss reduced lipid levels and improved insulin sensitivity selectively in liver. Both weight loss interventions improved cardiac glucose metabolism. These results demonstrate that a short-term weight loss with exercise or diet intervention attenuates obesity-induced local inflammation and selectively improves insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle and liver. Our findings suggest that local factors, not adipose tissue inflammation, are involved in the beneficial effects of weight loss on glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Young Jung
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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Terada T, Friesen A, Chahal BS, Bell GJ, McCargar LJ, Boulé NG. Feasibility and preliminary efficacy of high intensity interval training in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2013. [PMID: 23183390 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2012.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To compare the feasibility of high intensity interval exercise (HI-IE) versus moderate intensity continuous exercise (MI-CE) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), and to investigate the preliminary efficacy of HI-IE and MI-CE for improving glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and body composition. METHODS Individuals with T2D were recruited and randomly assigned to HI-IE and MI-CE. Exercise training was performed 5 days per week for 12 weeks. Recruitment, retention, adherence, feeling states and self-efficacy were analyzed for feasibility. Changes in HbA1c and percent body fat from baseline were investigated at 12 weeks to determine the preliminary efficacy. RESULTS Of 126 participants showing interest to join the study, 15 individuals were randomized and completed the program. No participants dropped out from the study after enrollment. Adherence rates were high and did not differ between HI-IE and MI-CE (p>0.05; >97.2% of the eligible exercise sessions for both groups). Feeling states and self-efficacy did not differ between the groups. Percent trunk fat decreased in both HI-IE and MI-CE (p=0.007 and 0.085, respectively). Total percent body fat, percent leg fat, and subcutaneous fat width were significantly reduced in both groups (p<0.05), whereas HbA1c did not change from baseline (p>0.05). The degree of improvement was similar between the interventions (p>0.05). CONCLUSION In individuals with T2D, implementing a 12-week structured HI-IE training can be as feasible as MI-CE training. Both interventions are equally effective in lowering total body fat but have little impact on HbA1c in relatively well controlled participants with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Terada
- Faculty of Physical Education & Recreation, University of Alberta, 1-052 Li Ka Shing Center, Physical Activity and Diabetes Laboratory, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H9.
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Sakurai T, Ogasawara J, Kizaki T, Sato S, Ishibashi Y, Takahashi M, Kobayashi O, Oh-ishi S, Nagasawa J, Takahashi K, Ishida H, Izawa T, Ohno H. The effects of exercise training on obesity-induced dysregulated expression of adipokines in white adipose tissue. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:801743. [PMID: 24369466 PMCID: PMC3867917 DOI: 10.1155/2013/801743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is recognized as a risk factor for lifestyle-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. White adipose tissue (WAT) is not only a static storage site for energy; it is also a dynamic tissue that is actively involved in metabolic reactions and produces humoral factors, such as leptin and adiponectin, which are collectively referred to as adipokines. Additionally, because there is much evidence that obesity-induced inflammatory changes in WAT, which is caused by dysregulated expression of inflammation-related adipokines involving tumor necrosis factor- α and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, contribute to the development of insulin resistance, WAT has attracted special attention as an organ that causes diabetes and other lifestyle-related diseases. Exercise training (TR) not only leads to a decrease in WAT mass but also attenuates obesity-induced dysregulated expression of the inflammation-related adipokines in WAT. Therefore, TR is widely used as a tool for preventing and improving lifestyle-related diseases. This review outlines the impact of TR on the expression and secretory response of adipokines in WAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Sakurai
- Department of Molecular Predictive Medicine and Sport Science, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
- *Takuya Sakurai:
| | - Junetsu Ogasawara
- Department of Molecular Predictive Medicine and Sport Science, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Takako Kizaki
- Department of Molecular Predictive Medicine and Sport Science, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Shogo Sato
- Department of Molecular Predictive Medicine and Sport Science, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Yoshinaga Ishibashi
- Department of Molecular Predictive Medicine and Sport Science, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Motoko Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8556, Japan
| | - Osamu Kobayashi
- Department of Nursing, Kyorin University, Faculty of Health Science, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Shuji Oh-ishi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hachioji Medical Center, Tokyo Medical University, 1163 Tatemachi, Hachioji, Tokyo 193-0998, Japan
| | - Junichi Nagasawa
- Department of Applied Physics and Chemistry, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Kazuto Takahashi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ishida
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Izawa
- Department of Sports Biochemistry, Faculty of Health and Sport Science, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Hideki Ohno
- Department of Molecular Predictive Medicine and Sport Science, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
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Ho SS, Dhaliwal SS, Hills AP, Pal S. Effects of Chronic Exercise Training on Inflammatory Markers in Australian Overweight and Obese Individuals in a Randomized Controlled Trial. Inflammation 2012; 36:625-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-012-9584-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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84
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Seshadri KG, Ananthakrishnan V, Tamilselvan B, Amarabalan R, Kumar RN. Effect of mild physical activity in obese and elderly women with type 2 diabetes. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2012; 16:S453-4. [PMID: 23565464 PMCID: PMC3603112 DOI: 10.4103/2230-8210.104129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elderly, obese women with diabetes who have limitations in mobility often are unable to walk for a sustained period of time. We need to find a way to increase physical activity in these subjects. AIM To evaluate the effect of low-intensity, repetitive, home-based walking regimen on glycemic control in elderly, obese women with diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN A 24-week open, 2 arms, and prospective study. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 18 elderly people with type 2 diabetes were recruited. Nine subjects were instructed to walk for 5 minutes per hour for most waking hours for 24 weeks. The rest were given standard advice regarding diet and exercise. Glycemic control, HbA1c, weight, BMI, subjects' physical fitness, QOL, and distance walked in 6 minutes were determined before and after the intervention. INTERVENTION A mild physical activity of 5 minutes walking/hour everyday and antidiabetic medications prescribed as per clinic procedure. RESULTS There was a significant reduction in HbA1c within the study group (8.76% to 7.43%) (P = 0.08) vs rise in the control group (8.34% to 9.34%) (P = 0.07). There was a significant weight loss within the group which exercised (P = 0.01), but there was no significant difference between the groups. CONCLUSION Repetitive low-intensity activity is effective in improving glycemic control and weight management in elderly obese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna G. Seshadri
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Vidya Ananthakrishnan
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Bubblu Tamilselvan
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Rajendran Amarabalan
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Ram Nagendra Kumar
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
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Malin SK, Kirwan JP. Fasting hyperglycaemia blunts the reversal of impaired glucose tolerance after exercise training in obese older adults. Diabetes Obes Metab 2012; 14:835-41. [PMID: 22510250 PMCID: PMC3407343 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2012.01608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Lifestyle modification, consisting of exercise and weight loss, delays the progression from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, no study has determined the efficacy of exercise training on glucose metabolism in the different prediabetes subtypes. METHODS Seventy-six older (65.1 ± 0.6 years) obese adults with impaired fasting glucose (IFG; n = 12), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT; n = 9) and combined glucose intolerance (IFG + IGT = CGI; n = 22) were compared with normal glucose tolerant (NGT; n = 15) and T2D (n = 18) groups after 12 weeks of exercise training (60 min/day for 5 days/week at ~85% HR(max)). An oral glucose tolerance test was used to assess glucose levels. Insulin sensitivity (IS; euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp at 40 mU/m(2)/min), β-cell function (glucose-stimulated insulin secretion corrected for IS), body composition (hydrostatic weighing/computed tomography scan) and cardiovascular fitness (treadmill VO(2) max) were also assessed. RESULTS Exercise training reduced weight and increased cardiovascular fitness (p < 0.05). Exercise training lowered fasting glucose levels in IFG, CGI and T2D (p < 0.05) and 2-h glucose levels in IGT, CGI and T2D (p < 0.05). However, 2-h glucose levels were not normalized in adults with CGI compared with IGT (p < 0.05). β-Cell function improved similarly across groups (p < 0.05). Although not statistically significant, IS increased approximately 40% in IFG and IGT, but only 17% in CGI. CONCLUSION The magnitude of improvement in glucose metabolism after 12 weeks of exercise training is not uniform across the prediabetes subtypes. Given the high risk of progressing to T2D, adults with CGI may require more aggressive therapies to prevent diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven K. Malin
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - John P. Kirwan
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106
- Metabolic Translational Research Center, Endocrine and Metabolism Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195
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Ho SS, Dhaliwal SS, Hills AP, Pal S. The effect of 12 weeks of aerobic, resistance or combination exercise training on cardiovascular risk factors in the overweight and obese in a randomized trial. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:704. [PMID: 23006411 PMCID: PMC3487794 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that exercise training improves CVD risk factors. However, it is unclear whether health benefits are limited to aerobic training or if other exercise modalities such as resistance training or a combination are as effective or more effective in the overweight and obese. The aim of this study is to investigate whether 12 weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic, resistance, or combined exercise training would induce and sustain improvements in cardiovascular risk profile, weight and fat loss in overweight and obese adults compared to no exercise. METHODS Twelve-week randomized parallel design examining the effects of different exercise regimes on fasting measures of lipids, glucose and insulin and changes in body weight, fat mass and dietary intake. Participants were randomized to either: Group 1 (Control, n = 16); Group 2 (Aerobic, n = 15); Group 3 (Resistance, n = 16); Group 4 (Combination, n = 17). Data was analysed using General Linear Model to assess the effects of the groups after adjusting for baseline values. Within-group data was analyzed with the paired t-test and between-group effects using post hoc comparisons. RESULTS Significant improvements in body weight (-1.6%, p = 0.044) for the Combination group compared to Control and Resistance groups and total body fat compared to Control (-4.4%, p = 0.003) and Resistance (-3%, p = 0.041). Significant improvements in body fat percentage (-2.6%, p = 0.008), abdominal fat percentage (-2.8%, p = 0.034) and cardio-respiratory fitness (13.3%, p = 0.006) were seen in the Combination group compared to Control. Levels of ApoB48 were 32% lower in the Resistance group compared to Control (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION A 12-week training program comprising of resistance or combination exercise, at moderate-intensity for 30 min, five days/week resulted in improvements in the cardiovascular risk profile in overweight and obese participants compared to no exercise. From our observations, combination exercise gave greater benefits for weight loss, fat loss and cardio-respiratory fitness than aerobic and resistance training modalities. Therefore, combination exercise training should be recommended for overweight and obese adults in National Physical Activity Guidelines.This clinical trial was registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR), registration number: ACTRN12609000684224.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleen S Ho
- School of Public Health; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, Australia, 6845
| | - Satvinder S Dhaliwal
- School of Public Health; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, Australia, 6845
| | - Andrew P Hills
- Mater Mother’s Hospital, Mater Medical Research Institute. Conjoint appointment with Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sebely Pal
- School of Public Health; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, Australia, 6845
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Saremi A, Shavandi N, Parastesh M, Daneshmand H. Twelve-week aerobic training decreases chemerin level and improves cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese men. Asian J Sports Med 2012; 1:151-8. [PMID: 22375203 PMCID: PMC3289180 DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.34860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The inflammatory state of adipose tissue in obese subjects may be the most important factor linking increased adipose tissue mass to insulin resistance. Chemerin is a newly discovered adipokine that plays an important role in macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue and may contribute to the development of inflammation and insulin resistance. We examined the effects of 12 weeks of aerobic training on serum chemerin levels in association with cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese males. Methods Twenty-one overweight and obese subjects [44.3 (±4.1 yrs, body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2) were assigned to exercise training (obese EX, n= 11) and control (obese CON, n= 10) groups. The obese EX group participated in 12 weeks of progressive aerobic training 5 days a week. Serum chemerin, insulin resistance, lipid profiles, blood pressure, and body composition were all measured before and after the training. Results After the aerobic training, waist circumference (P=0.009), fat percent (P=0.03), visceral fat (P=0.03), subcutaneous fat (P=0.01), fasting glucose (P=0.01), insulin resistance (P=0.03), triglyceride (P=0.05), total cholesterol (P=0.04), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P=0.05) and systolic blood pressure (P=0.04) of participates were significantly decreased. Concurrently, serum chemerin concentrations were significantly decreased after aerobic program (P=0.02). Conclusion Aerobic training caused an improvement in cardiometabolic risk factors in obese subjects, and this improvement was accompanied by decreased chemerin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Saremi
- Department of Sport Sciences, Arak University, Arak, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Address: Department of Sport Sciences, University of Arak, Arak, IR Iran E-mail:
| | - Nader Shavandi
- Department of Sport Sciences, Arak University, Arak, IR Iran
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88
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Fealy CE, Haus JM, Solomon TPJ, Pagadala M, Flask CA, McCullough AJ, Kirwan JP. Short-term exercise reduces markers of hepatocyte apoptosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 113:1-6. [PMID: 22582214 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00127.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased hepatocyte apoptosis is a hallmark of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and contributes to the profibrogenic state responsible for the progression to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Strategies aimed at reducing apoptosis may result in better outcomes for individuals with NAFLD. We therefore examined the effect of a short-term exercise program on markers of apoptosis-plasma cytokeratin 18 (CK18) fragments, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), soluble Fas (sFas), and sFas ligand (sFasL)-in 13 obese individuals with NAFLD [body mass index 35.2 ± 1.2 kg/m(2), >5% intrahepatic lipid (IHL) assessed by (1)H-MR spectroscopy]. Exercise consisted of treadmill walking for 60 min/day on 7 consecutive days at ∼85% of maximal heart rate. Additionally, subjects underwent an oral glucose tolerance test and a maximal oxygen consumption (Vo(2max)) test before and after the exercise intervention. The Matsuda index was used to assess insulin sensitivity. We observed significant decreases in CK18 fragments (558.4 ± 106.8 vs. 323.4 ± 72.5 U/l, P < 0.01) and ALT (30.2 ± 5.1 vs. 24.3 ± 4.8 U/l, P < 0.05), and an increase in whole body fat oxidation (49.3 ± 6.1 vs. 69.4 ± 7.1 mg/min, P < 0.05), while decreases in circulating sFasL approached statistical significance (66.5 ± 6.0 vs. 63.0 ± 5.7 pg/ml, P = 0.06), as did the relationship between percent change in circulating CK18 fragments and ALT (r = 0.55, P = 0.05). We also observed a significant correlation between changes in fat oxidation and circulating sFasL (rho = -0.65, P < 0.05). There was no change in IHL following the intervention (18.2 ± 2.5 vs. 17.5 ± 2.1%, NS). We conclude that short-term exercise reduces a circulatory marker of hepatocyte apoptosis in obese individuals with NAFLD and propose that changes in the proapoptotic environment may be mediated through improved insulin sensitivity and increased oxidative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciaran E Fealy
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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89
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Borel AL, Nazare JA, Smith J, Alméras N, Tremblay A, Bergeron J, Poirier P, Després JP. Improvement in insulin sensitivity following a 1-year lifestyle intervention program in viscerally obese men: contribution of abdominal adiposity. Metabolism 2012; 61:262-72. [PMID: 21864868 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2011.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of the study were to quantify the effect of a 1-year healthy eating-physical activity/exercise lifestyle modification program on insulin sensitivity in viscerally obese men classified according to their glucose tolerance status and to evaluate the respective contributions of changes in body fat distribution vs changes in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) to the improvements in indices of plasma glucose/insulin homeostasis. Abdominally obese, dyslipidemic men (waist circumference ≥90 cm, triglycerides ≥1.69 mmol/L, and/or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol <1.03 mmol/L) were recruited. The 1-year intervention/evaluation was completed by 104 men. Body weight, composition, and fat distribution were assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry/computed tomography. Cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiometabolic risk profile were measured. After 1 year, insulin sensitivity improved in association with decreases in both visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous adiposity (SAT) as well as with the improvement in CRF, regardless of baseline glucose tolerance. Further analyses were performed according to changes in glucose tolerance status: improvement (group I, n = 39), no change (group N, n = 50), or worsening (group W, n = 15) after 1 year. Groups I and N improved their insulin sensitivity and their CRF, whereas group W did not, while losing less VAT than groups I and N. Multiple regressions showed that reduction in VAT was associated with an improvement in homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, whereas reduction in SAT was rather associated with improvement of the insulin sensitivity index of Matsuda. Changes in CRF were not independently associated with changes in indices of plasma glucose/insulin homeostasis. A 1-year lifestyle intervention improved plasma glucose/insulin homeostasis in viscerally obese men, including those with normal glucose tolerance status at baseline. Changes in SAT and VAT but not in CRF appeared to mediate these improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Borel
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
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90
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Kelly KR, Blaszczak A, Haus JM, Patrick-Melin A, Fealy CE, Solomon TPJ, Kalinski MI, Kirwan JP. A 7-d exercise program increases high-molecular weight adiponectin in obese adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012; 44:69-74. [PMID: 21685815 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318228bf85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE High-molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin is the biologically active form of adiponectin and is related to enhanced insulin sensitivity and metabolic function. Previously, we found that 7 d of exercise improves insulin sensitivity in obese subjects; however, whether short-term exercise training affects HMW adiponectin in obese persons is unknown. METHODS We examined the effect of seven consecutive days of supervised vigorous exercise (60 min · d(-1), 85% HRmax) on HMW adiponectin and leptin secretion in 17 obese individuals (age = 55 ± 3 yr; body mass index = 33.7 ± 0.9 kg · m(-2)). Insulin sensitivity was calculated from an oral glucose tolerance test (ISIOGTT) using the Matsuda Index. Fasting plasma HMW adiponectin and leptin were quantified from blood samples obtained before the ISIOGTT. Glucose and insulin measures were obtained before and every 30 min during the test. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was used to determine body composition, and indirect calorimetry was used to assess fat oxidation. RESULTS After the intervention, there was a significant increase in HMW adiponectin (3202 ± 543 vs 3878 ± 682 ng · mL(-1), P = 0.02) and a decrease in leptin (36.8 ± 5.1 vs 31.1 ± 4.2 μg · mL(-1), P = 0.03). Further, we observed an increase in ISIOGTT (1.7 ± 0.3 vs 2.1 ± 0.3, P = 0.04) and a decrease in glucose area under the curve (30,871 ± 2105 vs 28,469 ± 1657 mg · dL(-1) for 3 h, P = 0.01). The increase in HMW adiponectin was positively associated with the increase in basal fat oxidation (r = 0.57, P = 0.03), consistent with an improvement in adipose tissue metabolic function. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that 7 d of exercise is sufficient not only to improve insulin sensitivity and fat oxidation but also to favorably alter adipokine secretion, independent of changes in body weight or composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen R Kelly
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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91
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Lesser IA, Yew AC, Mackey DC, Lear SA. A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Association between Physical Activity and Visceral Adipose Tissue Accumulation in a Multiethnic Cohort. J Obes 2012; 2012:703941. [PMID: 23050128 PMCID: PMC3461293 DOI: 10.1155/2012/703941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher levels of VAT at the same body size and lower levels of physical activity (PA) have been reported in persons of Chinese and South Asian origin compared to European origin. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that higher levels of VAT in persons of Chinese and South Asian origin versus European origin are associated with lower levels of PA. Chinese, European, and South Asian participants were assessed for sociodemographics, obesity-related measures, anthropometrics, and PA. Bivariate correlations, analysis of covariance, and regression models were used to explore ethnic differences in PA and the role of PA in explaining obesity-related measures. We observed ethnic differences in both body fat distribution and PA. Chinese and South Asians had higher amounts of VAT at a given BMI but lower amounts of moderate PA, vigorous PA, and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA). Furthermore, we found ethnic-specific differences in the associations between body fat distribution and PA with only Europeans showing a consistent negative relationship between body fat distribution and PA. When ethnic differences in PA were taken into account, there were no longer any differences in VAT between the Chinese and European groups, while VAT remained higher in South Asians than Europeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris A. Lesser
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6B 5K3
| | - Ann C. Yew
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6B 5K3
| | - Dawn C. Mackey
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6B 5K3
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1M9
| | - Scott A. Lear
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6B 5K3
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
- Division of Cardiology, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6Z 1Y6
- *Scott A. Lear:
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92
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Tishinsky JM, Dyck DJ, Robinson LE. Lifestyle factors increasing adiponectin synthesis and secretion. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2012; 90:1-30. [PMID: 23017710 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398313-8.00001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin is an anti-inflammatory adipokine released from adipose tissue that is known to exert insulin-sensitizing effects in skeletal muscle and liver. Given that the secretion of adiponectin is impaired in obesity and related pathologies, strategies to enhance its synthesis and secretion are of interest. There is evidence that several lifestyle factors, including consumption of dietary long-chain n-3 PUFA, TZD administration, and weight loss can increase adiponectin synthesis and secretion. The effect of chronic exercise, independent of weight loss, is variable and less convincing. Potential mechanisms by which such lifestyle factors exert their favorable effects on adiponectin include activation of PPARγ and AMPK, regulation of posttranslational modifications, and changes in adipose tissue morphology and macrophage infiltration. As a clear role for adiponectin in mitigating obesity-related impairments in lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity is evident, further research investigating factors that enhance adiponectin synthesis and secretion is distinctly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine M Tishinsky
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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93
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Saafi MA, Frere-Meunier D, Feasson L, Boutahar N, Denis C. Physical fitness is independently related to blood leptin concentration and insulin sensitivity index in male subjects with central adiposity. Obes Facts 2012; 5:91-103. [PMID: 22433621 DOI: 10.1159/000336077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To compare the maximal power output (MPO) of subjects presenting a central adiposity to those of controls and to study the links between plasma leptin or indices of insulin sensitivity (QUICKI) and physical fitness (PF). METHODS MPO was determined for 169 middle-aged men divided into two groups according to waist circumference (WC- < 94 cm, WC+ ≥ 94 cm) each subdivided in two subgroups with low and high PF (WC-L, WC-H, WC+L, WC+H) determined from the median MPO relative to fat free mass (3.06 W/kg(FFM)). RESULTS MPO (W/kg(FFM)) was lower in WC+ than in WC-. Expressed relative to fat mass, leptin was lower and QUICKI higher in WC- than in WC+. In WC+H, leptin and QUICKI were significantly less disturbed than in WC+L and were independently correlated to MPO (r = -0.36 and r = 0.32 respectively; p < 0.001). In WC+, when visceral perimeter was added to the analysis, the relationships MPO/leptin remained significant but not MPO/QUICKI. CONCLUSION The low PF in subjects with abdominal obesity is independently linked to plasma leptin and insulin sensitivity even if leptin and insulin may share common pathways in their peripheral effects. Visceral adiposity participates to the link between MPO and QUICKI, but not between MPO and leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ali Saafi
- Laboratoire de Physiologie de l'Exercice, EA 4338, Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
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94
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Malin SK, Niemi N, Solomon TP, Haus JM, Kelly KR, Filion J, Rocco M, Kashyap SR, Barkoukis H, Kirwan JP. Exercise training with weight loss and either a high- or low-glycemic index diet reduces metabolic syndrome severity in older adults. ANNALS OF NUTRITION & METABOLISM 2012; 61:135-41. [PMID: 23036993 PMCID: PMC3586384 DOI: 10.1159/000342084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of combining carbohydrate quality with exercise on metabolic syndrome risk is unclear. Thus, we determined the effects of exercise training with a low (LoGIx)- or high (HiGIx)-glycemic index diet on the severity of the metabolic syndrome (Z-score). METHODS Twenty-one adults (66.2±1.1 years; BMI=35.3±0.9 kg/m2) with the metabolic syndrome were randomized to 12 weeks of exercise (60 min/day for 5 days/week at about 85% HRmax) and provided a LoGIx (n=11) or HiGIx (n=10) diet. Z-scores were determined from: blood pressure, triglycerides (TGs), high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and waist circumference (WC) before and after the intervention. Body composition, aerobic fitness, insulin resistance, and nonesterfied fatty acid (NEFA) suppression were also assessed. RESULTS LoGIx and HiGIx diets decreased body mass and insulin resistance and increased aerobic fitness comparably (p<0.05). LoGIx and HiGIx diets decreased the Z-score similarly as each intervention decreased blood pressure, TGs, FPG and WC (p<0.05). The HiGIx diet tended to suppress NEFA during insulin stimulation compared with the LoGIx diet (p=0.06). CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight that exercise with weight loss reduces the severity of the metabolic syndrome whether individuals were randomized to a HiGIx or a LoGIx diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven K. Malin
- Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Nicole Niemi
- Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | | | - Jacob M. Haus
- Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Karen R. Kelly
- Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Julianne Filion
- Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
- Metabolic Translational Research Center, Endocrine and Metabolism Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195
| | - Michael Rocco
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Sangeeta R. Kashyap
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195
- Metabolic Translational Research Center, Endocrine and Metabolism Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195
| | - Hope Barkoukis
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106
| | - John P. Kirwan
- Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106
- Metabolic Translational Research Center, Endocrine and Metabolism Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195
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Furutate R, Ishii T, Wakabayashi R, Motegi T, Yamada K, Gemma A, Kida K. Excessive visceral fat accumulation in advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2011; 6:423-30. [PMID: 21857782 PMCID: PMC3157945 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s22885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested links between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular disease, and abdominal obesity. Although abdominal visceral fat is thought to be associated with cardiovascular risk factors, the degree of visceral fat accumulation in patients with COPD has not been directly studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the abdominal visceral fat accumulation and the association between visceral fat and the severity and changes in emphysema in COPD patients. METHODS We performed clinical and laboratory tests, including pulmonary function, dyspnea score, and the six-minute walking test in COPD patients (n = 101) and control, which included subjects with a smoking history but without airflow obstruction (n = 62). We used computed tomography to evaluate the abdominal visceral fat area (VFA), subcutaneous fat area (SFA), and the extent of emphysema. RESULTS The COPD group had a larger VFA than the control group. The prevalence of non-obese subjects with an increased VFA was greater in the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease Stages III and IV than in the other stages of COPD. The extent of emphysema was inversely correlated with waist circumference and SFA. However, VFA did not decrease with the severity of emphysema. VFA was positively correlated with the degree of dyspnea. CONCLUSION COPD patients have excessive visceral fat, which is retained in patients with more advanced stages of COPD or severe emphysema despite the absence of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuko Furutate
- Respiratory Care Clinic, Nippon Medical School, Kudan-Minami, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeo Ishii
- Respiratory Care Clinic, Nippon Medical School, Kudan-Minami, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Oncology, Nippon Medical School, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Wakabayashi
- Respiratory Care Clinic, Nippon Medical School, Kudan-Minami, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Motegi
- Respiratory Care Clinic, Nippon Medical School, Kudan-Minami, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Oncology, Nippon Medical School, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouichi Yamada
- Respiratory Care Clinic, Nippon Medical School, Kudan-Minami, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Oncology, Nippon Medical School, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Gemma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Oncology, Nippon Medical School, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kozui Kida
- Respiratory Care Clinic, Nippon Medical School, Kudan-Minami, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Oncology, Nippon Medical School, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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97
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Recruitment of patients with type 2 diabetes for target group specific exercise programs at an Outpatient Department of a Medical University: A factor analysis. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2011; 123:350-3. [DOI: 10.1007/s00508-011-1576-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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98
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Kelly KR, Haus JM, Solomon TPJ, Patrick-Melin AJ, Cook M, Rocco M, Barkoukis H, Kirwan JP. A low-glycemic index diet and exercise intervention reduces TNF(alpha) in isolated mononuclear cells of older, obese adults. J Nutr 2011; 141:1089-94. [PMID: 21525252 PMCID: PMC3095140 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.139964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-glycemic index diets and exercise independently improve glucose tolerance and reduce diabetes risk. However, the combined effect of a low-glycemic index diet and exercise on inflammation and glucose metabolism is not known. Therefore, we randomized 28 insulin-resistant adults (age: 66 ± 1 y; BMI: 34.2 ± 0.7 kg · m(-2)) to a 12-wk, low (LGI = 40) or high- (HGI = 80) glycemic index diet plus aerobic exercise (5 d · wk(-1), 60 min · d(-1), 80-85% heart rate(max)) intervention. All food and fluids were provided during the study. Inflammation was assessed from cytokine (TNFα and IL-6) secretion using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNC) stimulated overnight with LPS. Glycemic response was determined following ingestion of a 75-g glucose solution. Fasting blood samples were collected for additional cytokine [TNFα, IL-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1)] analysis. Both interventions decreased BMI (P < 0.001), fasting plasma glucose (P = 0.01), and insulin (P = 0.02). The glycemic response was reduced only in the LGI group (P = 0.04). Plasma and MNC-derived TNFα secretion were reduced in the LGI group (P = 0.02) but increased in the HGI group (P = 0.02). Secretion of IL-6 from MNC and plasma IL-6 and MCP-1 concentrations were reduced in the LGI group. The change in MNC-derived TNFα (r = 0.43; P = 0.04) and plasma MCP-1 (r = 0.44; P = 0.04) correlated with decreases in the glycemic response. These data highlight the importance of diet composition in the treatment and prevention of inflammation and hyperglycemia. A low-glycemic index diet has antiinflammatory and antidiabetogenic effects when combined with exercise in older, obese prediabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen R. Kelly
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195,Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106
| | - Jacob M. Haus
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106
| | - Thomas P. J. Solomon
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Aimee J. Patrick-Melin
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Marc Cook
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Michael Rocco
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Hope Barkoukis
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106
| | - John P. Kirwan
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195,Department of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195,Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Sato K, Kawamura T, Yamagiwa S. The "Senobi" breathing exercise ameliorates depression in obese women through up-regulation of sympathetic nerve activity and hormone secretion. Biomed Res 2011; 32:175-80. [PMID: 21551954 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.32.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Obese individuals have an increased risk of developing depression. This study aimed to determine whether the "Senobi" breathing exercise (SBE), a stretching-breathing exercise that we have established, could relieve depression, especially in obese women. Forty premenopausal women, aged 40 to 49 years, participated in the present study. Twenty were healthy, and the other 20 were obese (body mass index > 25 and body fat > 30%) and in a depressive state (OWD). Sympathetic nerve activity determined by analyzing heart rate variability, and the hormone levels in the urine were investigated before and 30 min after one minute of SBE. The relative proportion of sympathetic nerve activity among healthy women in the daytime was 79.2 ± 2.3%, whereas that in OWD group was 30.4 ± 1.9%. After one minute of SBE, significant up-regulation of sympathetic nerve activity and increased concentrations of catecholamines, estradiol, and growth hormone (all P values < 0.001) were observed in OWD group. After 30 days of SBE, the sympathetic nerve activity and hormone levels had recovered in OWD group, and the depressive state, as evaluated by the Hamilton Depression Scale, had ameliorated. The "Senobi" breathing exercise was found to be effective for amelioration of depression in obese women possibly through up-regulation of sympathetic nerve activity and hormone secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunari Sato
- Division of Internal Medicine, Aoyama Clinic, Niigata, Japan
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100
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Gaesser GA, Angadi SS, Sawyer BJ. Exercise and diet, independent of weight loss, improve cardiometabolic risk profile in overweight and obese individuals. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2011; 39:87-97. [PMID: 21673488 DOI: 10.3810/psm.2011.05.1898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Diet and/or exercise are routinely advised as methods for weight loss in overweight/obese individuals, particularly those who are at high risk for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, physical activity and structured exercise programs rarely result in significant loss of body weight or body fat, and weight-loss diets have extraordinarily high recidivism rates. Despite only modest effects on body weight, exercise and ad libitum nutrient-dense diets for overweight/obese individuals have many health benefits, including skeletal muscle adaptations that improve fat and glucose metabolism, and insulin action; enhance endothelial function; have favorable changes in blood lipids, lipoproteins, and hemostatic factors; and reduce blood pressure, postprandial lipemia and glycemia, and proinflammatory markers. These lifestyle-induced adaptations occur independently of changes in body weight or body fat. Thus, overweight/obese men and women who are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes as a result of sedentary lifestyle, poor diet, and excess body weight should be encouraged to engage in regular physical activity and improve their diet, regardless of whether the healthier lifestyle leads to weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn A Gaesser
- Healthy Lifestyles Research Center, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ, USA.
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