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Sowers JR, Habibi J, Aroor AR, Yang Y, Lastra G, Hill MA, Whaley-Connell A, Jaisser F, Jia G. Epithelial sodium channels in endothelial cells mediate diet-induced endothelium stiffness and impaired vascular relaxation in obese female mice. Metabolism 2019; 99:57-66. [PMID: 31302199 PMCID: PMC6901094 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2019.153946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mineralocorticoid receptor activation of the epithelial sodium channel in endothelial cells (ECs) (EnNaC) is accompanied by aldosterone induced endothelial stiffening and impaired nitric oxide (NO)-mediated arterial relaxation. Recent data support enhanced activity of the alpha subunit of EnNaC (αEnNaC) mediates this aldosterone induced endothelial stiffening and associated endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) activation. There is mounting evidence that diet induced obesity diminishes expression and activation of AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα), sirtuin 1 (Sirt1), which would be expected to lead to impaired downstream eNOS activation. Thereby, we posited that enhanced EnNaC activation contributes to diet induced obesity related increases in stiffness of the endothelium and diminished NO mediated vascular relaxation by increasing oxidative stress and related inhibition of AMPKα, Sirt1, and associated eNOS inactivation. MATERIALS/METHODS Sixteen to twenty week-old αEnNaC knockout (αEnNaC-/-) and wild type littermate (EnNaC+/+) female mice were fed a mouse chow or an obesogenic western diet (WD) containing excess fat (46%) and fructose (17.5%) for 16 weeks. Sodium currents of ECs, endothelial stiffness and NO mediated aortic relaxation were examined along with indices of aortic oxidative stress, vascular remodeling and fibrosis. RESULTS Enhanced EnNaC activation-mediated WD-induced increases in sodium currents in isolated lung ECs, increased endothelial stiffness and impaired aortic endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine (10-9-10-4 mol/L). These abnormalities occurred in conjunction with WD-mediated aortic tissue oxidative stress, inflammation, and decreased activation of AMPKα, Sirt1, and downstream eNOS were substantially mitigated in αEnNaC-/- mice. Importantly, αEnNaC-/- prevented WD induced increases in endothelial stiffness and related impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxation as well as aortic fibrosis and remodeling. However, EnNaC signaling was not involved in diet-induced abnormal expression of adipokines and CYP11b2 in abdominal aortic perivascular adipose tissue. CONCLUSION These data suggest that endothelial specific EnNaC activation mediates WD-induced endothelial stiffness, impaired eNOS activation, aortic fibrosis and remodeling through increased aortic oxidative stress and increased inflammation related to a reduction of AMPKα and Sirt 1 mediated eNOS phosphorylation/activation and NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Sowers
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, 800 Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Javad Habibi
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, 800 Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Annayya R Aroor
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, 800 Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Yan Yang
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Guido Lastra
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, 800 Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Michael A Hill
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Adam Whaley-Connell
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, 800 Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Frederic Jaisser
- INSERM, UMRS 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne University, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Guanghong Jia
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, 800 Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
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Hayden MR. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Increases The Risk of Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease: Ultrastructural Remodeling of the Neurovascular Unit and Diabetic Gliopathy. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9100262. [PMID: 31569571 PMCID: PMC6826500 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9100262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and late-onset Alzheimer’s disease–dementia (LOAD) are increasing in global prevalence and current predictions indicate they will only increase over the coming decades. These increases may be a result of the concurrent increases of obesity and aging. T2DM is associated with cognitive impairments and metabolic factors, which increase the cellular vulnerability to develop an increased risk of age-related LOAD. This review addresses possible mechanisms due to obesity, aging, multiple intersections between T2DM and LOAD and mechanisms for the continuum of progression. Multiple ultrastructural images in female diabetic db/db models are utilized to demonstrate marked cellular remodeling changes of mural and glia cells and provide for the discussion of functional changes in T2DM. Throughout this review multiple endeavors to demonstrate how T2DM increases the vulnerability of the brain’s neurovascular unit (NVU), neuroglia and neurons are presented. Five major intersecting links are considered: i. Aging (chronic age-related diseases); ii. metabolic (hyperglycemia advanced glycation end products and its receptor (AGE/RAGE) interactions and hyperinsulinemia-insulin resistance (a linking linchpin); iii. oxidative stress (reactive oxygen–nitrogen species); iv. inflammation (peripheral macrophage and central brain microglia); v. vascular (macrovascular accelerated atherosclerosis—vascular stiffening and microvascular NVU/neuroglial remodeling) with resulting impaired cerebral blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin R Hayden
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
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Barrera-Chimal J, Jaisser F. Vascular mineralocorticoid receptor activation and disease. Exp Eye Res 2019; 188:107796. [PMID: 31521629 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mineralocorticoid receptor activation in endothelial and smooth muscle cells can promote vascular disease by increasing oxidative stress, promoting inflammation, accelerating vascular stiffness, remodeling, and calcification, altering vessel responsiveness to various vasoactive factors, thus altering vascular tone and blood pressure, and by altering angiogenesis. Here, we review the recent evidence highlighting the impact of vascular mineralocorticoid receptor activation in pathological situations, including kidney injury, vascular injury associated with metabolic diseases, atherosclerosis, cerebral vascular injury during hypertension, vascular stiffening and aging, pulmonary hypertension, vascular calcification, cardiac remodeling, wound healing, inflammation, thrombosis, and disorders related to angiogenic defects in the eye. The possible mechanisms implicating mineralocorticoid receptor activation in various vascular disorders are discussed. Altogether, recent evidence points towards pharmacological mineralocorticoid receptor inhibition as a strategy to treat diseases in which overactivation of the mineralocorticoid receptor in endothelial and/or smooth muscle cells may play a pivotal role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Barrera-Chimal
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Cardiovascular y Trasplante Renal, Unidad de Medicina Traslacional, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Frederic Jaisser
- INSERM U1116, Clinical Investigation Centre, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; INI-CRCT (Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists) F-CRIN Network, Nancy, France; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, F-75006, Paris, France.
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54
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Taylor LE, Ramirez LA, Musall JB, Sullivan JC. Tipping the scales: Are females more at risk for obesity- and high-fat diet-induced hypertension and vascular dysfunction? Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:4226-4242. [PMID: 31271650 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a common metabolic disorder that has become a widespread epidemic in several countries. Sex and gender disparities in the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) have been well documented with premenopausal women having a lower incidence of CVD than age-matched men. However, women are more likely than men to suffer from obesity, which can predispose them to a greater risk of CVD. The mechanisms underlying high-fat diet (HFD)- or obesity-induced hypertension are not well defined, although immune system activation and inflammation have been implicated in several studies. Further, the sex of the subject can have a profound influence on the immune response to hypertensive stimuli. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to examine the effects of sex and gender on the role of the immune system in HFD-induced hypertension and vascular dysfunction. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on The Importance of Sex Differences in Pharmacology Research. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.21/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia E Taylor
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Lindsey A Ramirez
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Jacqueline B Musall
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Jennifer C Sullivan
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
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Faulkner JL, Kennard S, Huby AC, Antonova G, Lu Q, Jaffe IZ, Patel VS, Fulton DJR, Belin de Chantemèle EJ. Progesterone Predisposes Females to Obesity-Associated Leptin-Mediated Endothelial Dysfunction via Upregulating Endothelial MR (Mineralocorticoid Receptor) Expression. Hypertension 2019; 74:678-686. [PMID: 31327274 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Compelling clinical evidence indicates that obesity and its associated metabolic abnormalities supersede the protective effects of female sex-hormones and predisposes premenopausal women to cardiovascular disease. The underlying mechanisms remain poorly defined; however, recent studies have implicated overactivation of the aldosterone-MR (mineralocorticoid receptor) axis as a cause of sex-specific cardiovascular risk in obese females. Experimental evidence indicates that the MR on endothelial cells contributes to obesity-associated, leptin-induced endothelial dysfunction in female experimental models, however, the vascular-specific mechanisms via which females are predisposed to heightened endothelial MR activation remain unknown. Therefore, we hypothesized that endogenous expression of endothelial MR is higher in females than males, which predisposes them to obesity-associated, leptin-mediated endothelial dysfunction. We found that endothelial MR expression is higher in blood vessels from female mice and humans compared with those of males, and further, that PrR (progesterone receptor) activation in endothelial cells is the driving mechanism for sex-dependent increases in endothelial MR expression in females. In addition, we show that genetic deletion of either the endothelial MR or PrR in female mice prevents leptin-induced endothelial dysfunction, providing direct evidence that interaction between the PrR and MR mediates obesity-associated endothelial impairment in females. Collectively, these novel findings suggest that progesterone drives sex-differences in endothelial MR expression and predisposes female mice to leptin-induced endothelial dysfunction, which indicates that MR antagonists may be a promising sex-specific therapy to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases in obese premenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Faulkner
- From the Vascular Biology Center (J.L.F., S.K., A.-C.H., G.A., D.J.R.F., E.J.B.d.C.), Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, GA
| | - Simone Kennard
- From the Vascular Biology Center (J.L.F., S.K., A.-C.H., G.A., D.J.R.F., E.J.B.d.C.), Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, GA
| | - Anne-Cecile Huby
- From the Vascular Biology Center (J.L.F., S.K., A.-C.H., G.A., D.J.R.F., E.J.B.d.C.), Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, GA
| | - Galina Antonova
- From the Vascular Biology Center (J.L.F., S.K., A.-C.H., G.A., D.J.R.F., E.J.B.d.C.), Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, GA
| | - Qing Lu
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (Q.L., I.Z.J.)
| | - Iris Z Jaffe
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (Q.L., I.Z.J.)
| | - Vijay S Patel
- Department of Surgery, Section of Cardiothoracic Surgery (V.S.P.), Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, GA
| | - David J R Fulton
- From the Vascular Biology Center (J.L.F., S.K., A.-C.H., G.A., D.J.R.F., E.J.B.d.C.), Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, GA
| | - Eric J Belin de Chantemèle
- From the Vascular Biology Center (J.L.F., S.K., A.-C.H., G.A., D.J.R.F., E.J.B.d.C.), Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, GA.,Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology (E.J.B.d.C.), Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, GA
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Seong HY, Cho HM, Kim M, Kim I. Maternal High-Fructose Intake Induces Multigenerational Activation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System. Hypertension 2019; 74:518-525. [PMID: 31327271 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although maternal high-fructose intake induces cardiometabolic syndrome in adult offspring, whether it induces hypertension in successive multiple generations has not yet been studied. We hypothesized that maternal high-fructose intake induces multigenerational activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Pregnant mice were offered 20% fructose in drinking water, of which subsequent first to fourth generation offspring were raised without being offered fructose. Blood pressure was measured via the tail-cuff method, mRNA expression was determined using the quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and fibrosis was evaluated using trichrome staining. Maternal high-fructose intake statistically significantly increased blood pressure in the first and second, but not the third and fourth, generation offspring as compared to the control group, with maximal increases in serum renin, angiotensin II, and aldosterone in the third generation offspring. It increased the mRNA expression of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system genes as well as the expression of renin in the kidneys in the first to third generation offspring, with the exception of the vasodilatory Mas1 gene, the mRNA expression of which was the lowest in the second generation offspring. Moreover, it maximally increased fibrosis and the mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines in the second generation offspring and increased the mRNA expression of oxidative factors in the first to third generation offspring, but maximally decreased the mRNA expression of antioxidant-encoding Sod1 in the second generation offspring. Maternal high-fructose intake induces multigenerational activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and the results of this study implicate that it epigenetically induces cardiometabolic syndrome in multiple generations of offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Yeong Seong
- From the Department of Pharmacology (H.Y.S., H.M.C., M.K., I.K.), School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (H.Y.S., H.M.C., M.K., I.K.), School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Min Cho
- From the Department of Pharmacology (H.Y.S., H.M.C., M.K., I.K.), School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (H.Y.S., H.M.C., M.K., I.K.), School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science (H.Y.S.)
| | - Mina Kim
- From the Department of Pharmacology (H.Y.S., H.M.C., M.K., I.K.), School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (H.Y.S., H.M.C., M.K., I.K.), School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - InKyeom Kim
- From the Department of Pharmacology (H.Y.S., H.M.C., M.K., I.K.), School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (H.Y.S., H.M.C., M.K., I.K.), School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence program, Department of Biomedical Science (I.K.), School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Hill MA, Sowers JR. Mineralocorticoid antagonists and ENaC inhibitors in hyperaldosteronism. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2019; 21:929-931. [PMID: 31169977 DOI: 10.1111/jch.13566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Hill
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, VA Medical Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - James R Sowers
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, VA Medical Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
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58
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DuPont JJ, Kenney RM, Patel AR, Jaffe IZ. Sex differences in mechanisms of arterial stiffness. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:4208-4225. [PMID: 30767200 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial stiffness progressively increases with aging and is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Evidence supports that there are sex differences in the time course of aging-related arterial stiffness and the associated CVD risk, which increases disproportionately in postmenopausal women. The association between arterial stiffness and mortality is almost twofold higher in women versus men. The differential clinical characteristics of the development of arterial stiffness between men and women indicate the involvement of sex-specific mechanisms. This review summarizes the current literature on sex differences in vascular stiffness induced by aging, obesity, hypertension, and sex-specific risk factors as well as the impact of hormonal status, diet, and exercise on vascular stiffness in males and females. An understanding of the mechanisms driving sex differences in vascular stiffness has the potential to identify novel sex-specific therapies to lessen CVD risk, the leading cause of death in males and females. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on The Importance of Sex Differences in Pharmacology Research. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.21/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J DuPont
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rachel M Kenney
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ayan R Patel
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Iris Z Jaffe
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Clemmer JS, Faulkner JL, Mullen AJ, Butler KR, Hester RL. Sex-specific responses to mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism in hypertensive African American males and females. Biol Sex Differ 2019; 10:24. [PMID: 31072402 PMCID: PMC6507140 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-019-0238-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African Americans (AA) develop hypertension (HTN) at an earlier age, have a greater frequency and severity of HTN, and greater prevalence of uncontrolled HTN as compared to the white population. Mineralocorticoid antagonists have been shown to be very effective in treating uncontrolled HTN in both AA and white patients, but sex-specific responses are unclear. METHODS We evaluated the sex-specific impact of mineralocorticoid antagonism in an AA population. An AA cohort (n = 1483) from the Genetic Epidemiology Network of Arteriopathy study was stratified based on sex and whether they were taking spironolactone, a mineralocorticoid antagonist, in their antihypertensive regimen. RESULTS As compared to AA women not prescribed a mineralocorticoid antagonist, AA women taking spironolactone (n = 9) had lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure despite having a similar number of antihypertensive medications. The proportion of AA women with uncontrolled HTN was significantly less for patients taking spironolactone than for patients not prescribed spironolactone. Interestingly, none of these associations were found in the AA males or in white females. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggests that spironolactone is particularly effective in reducing blood pressure and controlling HTN in AA women. Further research into the impact of this therapy in this underserved and understudied minority is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Clemmer
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Computational Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216-4505, USA.
| | - Jessica L Faulkner
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912-5563, USA
| | - Alex J Mullen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Computational Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216-4505, USA
| | - Kenneth R Butler
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216-4505, USA
| | - Robert L Hester
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Computational Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216-4505, USA.,Department of Data Sciences, John D. Bower School of Population Health, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216-4505, USA
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60
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Aroor AR, Habibi J, Nistala R, Ramirez-Perez FI, Martinez-Lemus LA, Jaffe IZ, Sowers JR, Jia G, Whaley-Connell A. Diet-Induced Obesity Promotes Kidney Endothelial Stiffening and Fibrosis Dependent on the Endothelial Mineralocorticoid Receptor. Hypertension 2019; 73:849-858. [PMID: 30827147 PMCID: PMC6448566 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by enhanced MR (mineralocorticoid receptor) activation, vascular stiffness, and associated cardiovascular and kidney disease. Consumption of a Western-style diet (WD), high in saturated fat and refined carbohydrates, by female mice, leads to obesity and vascular stiffening. Use of ECMR (endothelial cell-specific MR) knockout mice supports that ECMR activation is critical for development of vascular and cardiac fibrosis and stiffening. However, the role of ECMR activation in kidney inflammation and fibrosis remains unknown. We hypothesized that cell-specific deletion of ECMR would prevent WD-induced central aortic stiffness and protect the kidney from endothelial dysfunction and vascular stiffening. Four-week-old female ECMR KO and wild-type mice were fed either mouse chow or WD for 16 weeks. WD feeding increased body weight and fat mass, proteinuria, as well as vascular stiffness indices (pulse wave velocity and kidney artery stiffening) and impaired endothelial-dependent vasodilatation without blood pressure changes. The WD-induced kidney arterial stiffening was associated with attenuated eNOS (endothelial NO synthase) activation, increased oxidative stress, proinflammatory immune responses, alterations in extracellular matrix degradation pathways, and fibrosis. ECMR deletion prevented these abnormalities by improving eNOS activation and reducing macrophage proinflammatory M1 polarization, expression of TG2 (transglutaminase 2), and MMP (matrix metalloproteinase)-9. Our data support the concept that ECMR activation contributes to endothelial dysfunction, increased kidney artery fibrosis/stiffening, and impaired NOS (NO synthase) activation, processes associated with macrophage infiltration and polarization, inflammation, and oxidative stress, collectively resulting in tubulointerstitial fibrosis in females consuming a WD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annayya R Aroor
- From the Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center (A.R.A., J.H., R.N., J.R.S., G.J., A.W.-C.)
- Department of Medicine (A.R.A., J.H., R.N., J.R.S., G.J., A.W.-C.)
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (A.R.A., J.H., J.R.S., G.J., A.W.-C.)
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO (A.R.A., J.H., R.N., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S., A.W.-C.)
| | - Javad Habibi
- From the Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center (A.R.A., J.H., R.N., J.R.S., G.J., A.W.-C.)
- Department of Medicine (A.R.A., J.H., R.N., J.R.S., G.J., A.W.-C.)
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (A.R.A., J.H., J.R.S., G.J., A.W.-C.)
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO (A.R.A., J.H., R.N., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S., A.W.-C.)
| | - Ravi Nistala
- From the Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center (A.R.A., J.H., R.N., J.R.S., G.J., A.W.-C.)
- Department of Medicine (A.R.A., J.H., R.N., J.R.S., G.J., A.W.-C.)
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (R.N., A.W.-C.)
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO (A.R.A., J.H., R.N., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S., A.W.-C.)
| | - Francisco I Ramirez-Perez
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.)
| | - Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.)
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.)
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO (A.R.A., J.H., R.N., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S., A.W.-C.)
| | - Iris Z Jaffe
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (I.Z.J.)
| | - James R Sowers
- From the Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center (A.R.A., J.H., R.N., J.R.S., G.J., A.W.-C.)
- Department of Medicine (A.R.A., J.H., R.N., J.R.S., G.J., A.W.-C.)
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (A.R.A., J.H., J.R.S., G.J., A.W.-C.)
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.)
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine (F.I.R.-P., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S.)
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO (A.R.A., J.H., R.N., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S., A.W.-C.)
| | - Guanghong Jia
- From the Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center (A.R.A., J.H., R.N., J.R.S., G.J., A.W.-C.)
- Department of Medicine (A.R.A., J.H., R.N., J.R.S., G.J., A.W.-C.)
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (A.R.A., J.H., J.R.S., G.J., A.W.-C.)
| | - Adam Whaley-Connell
- From the Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center (A.R.A., J.H., R.N., J.R.S., G.J., A.W.-C.)
- Department of Medicine (A.R.A., J.H., R.N., J.R.S., G.J., A.W.-C.)
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (A.R.A., J.H., J.R.S., G.J., A.W.-C.)
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (R.N., A.W.-C.)
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO (A.R.A., J.H., R.N., L.A.M.-L., J.R.S., A.W.-C.)
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61
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Gorini S, Kim SK, Infante M, Mammi C, La Vignera S, Fabbri A, Jaffe IZ, Caprio M. Role of Aldosterone and Mineralocorticoid Receptor in Cardiovascular Aging. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:584. [PMID: 31507534 PMCID: PMC6716354 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) was originally identified as a regulator of blood pressure, able to modulate renal sodium handling in response to its principal ligand aldosterone. MR is expressed in several extra-renal tissues, including the heart, vasculature, and adipose tissue. More recent studies have shown that extra-renal MR plays a relevant role in the control of cardiovascular and metabolic functions and has recently been implicated in the pathophysiology of aging. MR activation promotes vasoconstriction and acts as a potent pro-fibrotic agent in cardiovascular remodeling. Aging is associated with increased arterial stiffness and vascular tone, and modifications of arterial structure and function are responsible for these alterations. MR activation contributes to increase blood pressure with aging by regulating myogenic tone, vasoconstriction, and vascular oxidative stress. Importantly, aging represents an important contributor to the increased prevalence of cardiometabolic syndrome. In the elderly, dysregulation of MR signaling is associated with hypertension, obesity, and diabetes, representing an important cause of increased cardiovascular risk. Clinical use of MR antagonists is limited by the adverse effects induced by MR blockade in the kidney, raising the risk of hyperkalaemia in older patients with reduced renal function. Therefore, there is an unmet need for the enhanced understanding of the role of MR in aging and for development of novel specific MR antagonists in the context of cardiovascular rehabilitation in the elderly, in order to reduce relevant side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Gorini
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Seung Kyum Kim
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Sports Science, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Marco Infante
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Systems Medicine, CTO A. Alesini Hospital, ASL Roma 2, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Mammi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Sandro La Vignera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Fabbri
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Systems Medicine, CTO A. Alesini Hospital, ASL Roma 2, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Iris Z. Jaffe
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Massimiliano Caprio
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Massimiliano Caprio
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62
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Faulkner JL, Harwood D, Bender L, Shrestha L, Brands MW, Morwitzer MJ, Kennard S, Antonova G, de Chantemèle EJB. Lack of Suppression of Aldosterone Production Leads to Salt-Sensitive Hypertension in Female but Not Male Balb/C Mice. Hypertension 2018; 72:1397-1406. [PMID: 30571230 PMCID: PMC6309424 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.11303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Clinical studies indicate that salt-sensitive hypertension is more prevalent in women than in men. However, animal models of salt sensitivity have primarily focused on the mechanisms of salt sensitivity in male animals; therefore, elucidation of these mechanisms in female animal models is needed. We have previously shown that female Balb/C mice have higher aldosterone synthase expression and aldosterone production than males. We hypothesized that female Balb/C mice develop salt-sensitive increases in blood pressure. Seven-day feeding of a 4% NaCl high-salt (HS) diet increased blood pressure in female mice without altering blood pressure in males. Females on an HS diet displayed no apparent increases in sodium retention as assessed by 24-hour urine collection, sodium balance measure, and saline loading excretion analysis. Females on an HS diet exhibited lower renin-angiotensin system activity (plasma Ang II [angiotensin II], plasma renin activity, and ACE [angiotensin-converting enzyme] activity) compared with males but developed a salt-induced elevation in adrenal aldosterone synthase expression and retained higher aldosterone levels than males on HS. This resulted in a higher aldosterone/plasma renin activity ratio in females compared with males on HS feeding. Adrenal mRNA expression of angiotensinogen and leptin receptor was increased in female mice on an HS diet. HS impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation in female mice only. MR (mineralocorticoid receptor) inhibition (eplerenone) restored blood pressure and endothelial function in females on an HS diet. Collectively, these data indicate that Balb/C mice develop sex-discrepant salt-sensitive hypertension likely via aldosterone-MR-mediated mechanisms involving impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation in females only. This study presents the first model of spontaneous sex-specific salt sensitivity, which mimics the human pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Faulkner
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University
| | - Daisy Harwood
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University
| | - Lily Bender
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University
| | - Lenee Shrestha
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University
| | - Michael W. Brands
- Physiology Department, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University
| | - M. Jane Morwitzer
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University
| | - Simone Kennard
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University
| | - Galina Antonova
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University
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63
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Jia G, Aroor AR, Hill MA, Sowers JR. Role of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Activation in Promoting Cardiovascular Fibrosis and Stiffness. Hypertension 2018; 72:537-548. [PMID: 29987104 PMCID: PMC6202147 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.11065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guanghong Jia
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
- Research Service, Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Annayya R. Aroor
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
- Research Service, Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Michael A. Hill
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - James R. Sowers
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Research Service, Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
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64
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Mineralocorticoids and Cardiovascular Disease in Females with Insulin Resistance and Obesity. Curr Hypertens Rep 2018; 20:88. [PMID: 30109433 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-018-0887-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW In the present review, we will discuss the evidence and the mechanisms underlying the complex interplay between obesity, mineralocorticoid receptor activation, and cardiovascular dysfunction with special emphasis on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in obese and insulin-resistant females. RECENT FINDINGS Since the initial isolation of aldosterone in 1953 and the cloning of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) decades later, our understanding has expanded tremendously regarding their involvement in the pathogenesis of CVD. Recent results from both pre-clinical and clinical studies support a close correlation between increase adiposity and enhanced aldosterone production (MR activation). Importantly, insulin resistance and obese females are more prone to the deleterious cardiovascular effects of MR activation, and enhanced MR activation in females has emerged as an important causative event in the genesis of a more severe CVD in diabetic women. Different clinical trials have been completed examining the effect of MR blockade in subjects with CVD. Despite its important beneficial mortality impact, side effects are frequent and a newer MR antagonist, finerenone, with less risk of hyperkalemia is currently being tested in large clinical trials.
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65
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Aroor AR, Das NA, Carpenter AJ, Habibi J, Jia G, Ramirez-Perez FI, Martinez-Lemus L, Manrique-Acevedo CM, Hayden MR, Duta C, Nistala R, Mayoux E, Padilla J, Chandrasekar B, DeMarco VG. Glycemic control by the SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin decreases aortic stiffness, renal resistivity index and kidney injury. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2018; 17:108. [PMID: 30060748 PMCID: PMC6065158 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-018-0750-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Arterial stiffness is emerging as an independent risk factor for the development of chronic kidney disease. The sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, which lower serum glucose by inhibiting SGLT2-mediated glucose reabsorption in renal proximal tubules, have shown promise in reducing arterial stiffness and the risk of cardiovascular and kidney disease in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Since hyperglycemia contributes to arterial stiffness, we hypothesized that the SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin (EMPA) would improve endothelial function, reduce aortic stiffness, and attenuate kidney disease by lowering hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic female mice (db/db). Materials/methods Ten-week-old female wild-type control (C57BLKS/J) and db/db (BKS.Cg-Dock7m+/+Leprdb/J) mice were divided into three groups: lean untreated controls (CkC, n = 17), untreated db/db (DbC, n = 19) and EMPA-treated db/db mice (DbE, n = 19). EMPA was mixed with normal mouse chow at a concentration to deliver 10 mg kg−1 day−1, and fed for 5 weeks, initiated at 11 weeks of age. Results Compared to CkC, DbC showed increased glucose levels, blood pressure, aortic and endothelial cell stiffness, and impaired endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation. Furthermore, DbC exhibited impaired activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, increased renal resistivity and pulsatility indexes, enhanced renal expression of advanced glycation end products, and periarterial and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. EMPA promoted glycosuria and blunted these vascular and renal impairments, without affecting increases in blood pressure. In addition, expression of “reversion inducing cysteine rich protein with Kazal motifs” (RECK), an anti-fibrotic mediator, was significantly suppressed in DbC kidneys and partially restored by EMPA. Confirming the in vivo data, EMPA reversed high glucose-induced RECK suppression in human proximal tubule cells. Conclusions Empagliflozin ameliorates kidney injury in type 2 diabetic female mice by promoting glycosuria, and possibly by reducing systemic and renal artery stiffness, and reversing RECK suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annayya R Aroor
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Nitin A Das
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Andrea J Carpenter
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Javad Habibi
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Guanghong Jia
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Luis Martinez-Lemus
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Camila M Manrique-Acevedo
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Melvin R Hayden
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Cornel Duta
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ravi Nistala
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Eric Mayoux
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Bysani Chandrasekar
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Vincent G DeMarco
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA. .,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA. .,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA. .,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA. .,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, D110, DC043.0, One Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
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66
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Ogola BO, Zimmerman MA, Clark GL, Abshire CM, Gentry KM, Miller KS, Lindsey SH. New insights into arterial stiffening: does sex matter? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H1073-H1087. [PMID: 30028199 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00132.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses sexual dimorphism in arterial stiffening, disease pathology interactions, and the influence of sex on mechanisms and pathways. Arterial stiffness predicts cardiovascular mortality independent of blood pressure. Patients with increased arterial stiffness have a 48% higher risk for developing cardiovascular disease. Like other cardiovascular pathologies, arterial stiffness is sexually dimorphic. Young women have lower stiffness than aged-matched men, but this sex difference reverses during normal aging. Estrogen therapy does not attenuate progressive stiffening in postmenopausal women, indicating that currently prescribed drugs do not confer protection. Although remodeling of large arteries is a protective adaptation to higher wall stress, arterial stiffening increases afterload to the left ventricle and transmits higher pulsatile pressure to smaller arteries and target organs. Moreover, an increase in aortic stiffness may precede or exacerbate hypertension, particularly during aging. Additional studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms by which females are protected from arterial stiffness to provide insight into its mechanisms and, ultimately, therapeutic targets for treating this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benard O Ogola
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | | | - Gabrielle L Clark
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Caleb M Abshire
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Kaylee M Gentry
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Kristin S Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Sarah H Lindsey
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University , New Orleans, Louisiana
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67
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Increased arterial stiffness, an abnormal structural and functional change in the vascular wall, is a precursor for hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, and associated cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aim of this paper is to review the etiology of arterial stiffening and potential therapeutic approaches to modulate arterial fibrosis and stiffness. RECENT FINDINGS The Framingham Heart Study demonstrated that arterial stiffness is an independent predictor of CVD and related morbidity and mortality. Dysfunction of endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, extracellular matrix, and other functional elements of the vessel wall contribute to underlying pathophysiology of increased arterial stiffness. An activated renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, oxidative stress, abnormal peri-vascular adipose tissue, inflammation, and increased sympathetic nervous system activity are associated with the development and progression of arterial fibrosis, stiffening, and associated CVD. In this review, we will discuss the structural and function changes and mechanisms of the vessel wall in arterial stiffness and provide potential therapeutic strategies.
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68
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Dumor K, Shoemaker-Moyle M, Nistala R, Whaley-Connell A. Arterial Stiffness in Hypertension: an Update. Curr Hypertens Rep 2018; 20:72. [DOI: 10.1007/s11906-018-0867-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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69
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Jia G, Aroor AR, Sowers JR. The role of mineralocorticoid receptor signaling in the cross-talk between adipose tissue and the vascular wall. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 113:1055-1063. [PMID: 28838041 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular dysfunction and impaired endothelial mediated relaxation are powerful underlying abnormalities in the pathogenesis of hypertension, coronary heart disease, and stroke. Obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and other metabolic abnormalities are associated with activation of mineralocorticoid receptor (MRs) in the vasculature and adipose tissue. While MR signaling is involved in the normal physiological differentiation and maturation of adipocyte, enhanced activation of MRs also contributes to increase oxidative stress, release of pro-inflammatory adipokines, and dysregulation of adipocyte autophagy. This, in turn, increases the maladaptive expansion of subcutaneous, visceral and perivascular adipose tissue, resulting in systemic and cardiovascular (CV) insulin resistance and increased CV stiffness and impaired vascular and cardiac relaxation. This review summarizes the normal role of MR activation in adipose tissues and explores the mechanisms by which excessive MR activation mediates adipose tissue inflammation and vascular dysfunction. Potential preventative and therapeutic strategies directed in the prevention of MR activation and CV disease are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghong Jia
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.,Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Research Service, 800 Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Annayya R Aroor
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.,Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Research Service, 800 Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - James R Sowers
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.,Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Research Service, 800 Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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70
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Ishida A, Fujisawa M, Del Saz EG, Okumiya K, Kimura Y, Manuaba IIB, Kareth MF, Rantetampang AL, Ohya Y, Matsubayashi K. Arterial stiffness, not systolic blood pressure, increases with age in native Papuan populations. Hypertens Res 2018; 41:539-546. [PMID: 29760461 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-018-0047-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and arterial stiffness are closely related and may behave reciprocally as cause or effect, interacting in a vicious cycle. Both SBP and arterial stiffness increase with age in populations in most developed countries. However, the age-related increase in SBP appears to be absent in indigenous populations, partially because of their lifelong low-sodium and high-potassium diets, whereas age-related arterial stiffening in these populations remains to be determined. We performed a field survey of the indigenous population of Soroba, a small village located in the central highlands of Papua, Indonesia. Blood pressure levels and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) were measured using an automatic device. A total of 125 native Papuans 16-75 years of age (59% women) were included in this study. SBP and pulse pressure were not correlated with age. However, diastolic and mean arterial pressure levels increased with age. The prevalence of hypertension was 5% (n = 6; all women), and baPWV significantly increased with age. Compared with participants 45 years of age and older, those younger than 45 years had a higher body mass index (BMI) and spot urine sodium-to-potassium ratio but lower baPWV; however, SBP was not different between these age groups. Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that SBP was independently associated with baPWV, sex and BMI but not with age; baPWV was independently associated with SBP, age, BMI, sex and heart rate. SBP and baPWV were closely related, but the age-related changes in these measurements differed in this highland Papuan population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Ishida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nephrology and Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.
| | - Michiko Fujisawa
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Kiyohito Okumiya
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yumi Kimura
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Yusuke Ohya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nephrology and Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
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71
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The endothelial mineralocorticoid receptor: mediator of the switch from vascular health to disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2018; 26:97-104. [PMID: 27930384 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Endothelial dysfunction is an early feature of vascular disease induced by cardiovascular risk factors (CRFs). In growing populations with obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and heart failure, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism improves endothelial function. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the specific role of endothelial cell mineralocorticoid receptor in vascular function in health and disease. RECENT FINDINGS Using transgenic mice with mineralocorticoid receptor expression specifically modulated in endothelial cells, recent studies support the emerging concept that while endothelial cell mineralocorticoid receptor may be protective in health, in the presence of CRFs, endothelial cell mineralocorticoid receptor activity contributes to endothelial dysfunction and progression of vascular disease. Proposed mechanisms include a role for endothelial cell mineralocorticoid receptor in decreased nitric oxide production and bioavailability, increased vascular oxidative stress, regulation of epithelial sodium channels that enhance vascular stiffness, and increased endothelial cell adhesion molecules promoting inflammation. The role of endothelial cell mineralocorticoid receptor may also depend on the sex, race, or vascular bed involved. SUMMARY Recent advances support the idea that endothelial cell mineralocorticoid receptor is a mediator of the switch from vascular health to disease in response to CRFs. Further investigation of the molecular mechanism is underway to identify therapeutic interventions that will limit the detrimental effects of endothelial cell mineralocorticoid receptor in patients at cardiovascular risk.
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72
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Aroor AR, Manrique-Acevedo C, DeMarco VG. The role of dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitors in management of cardiovascular disease in diabetes; focus on linagliptin. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2018; 17:59. [PMID: 29669555 PMCID: PMC5907287 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-018-0704-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple population based analyses have demonstrated a high incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cardiovascular (CV) mortality in subjects with T2DM that reduces life expectancy by as much as 15 years. Importantly, the CV system is particularly sensitive to the metabolic and immune derangements present in obese pre-diabetic and diabetic individuals; consequently, CV dysfunction is often the initial CV derangement to occur and promotes the progression to end organ/tissue damage in T2DM. Specifically, diabetic CVD can manifest as microvascular complications, such as nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy, as well as, macrovascular impairments, including ischemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, and cerebrovascular disease. Despite some progress in prevention and treatment of CVD, mainly via blood pressure and dyslipidemia control strategies, the impact of metabolic disease on CV outcomes is still a major challenge and persists in proportion to the epidemics of obesity and diabetes. There is abundant pre-clinical and clinical evidence implicating the DPP-4-incretin axis in CVD. In this regard, linagliptin is a unique DPP-4 inhibitor with both CV and renal safety profiles. Moreover, it exerts beneficial CV effects beyond glycemic control and beyond class effects. Linagliptin is protective for both macrovascular and microvascular complications of diabetes in preclinical models, as well as clinical models. Given the role of endothelial-immune cell interactions as one of the key events in the initiation and progression of CVD, linagliptin modulates these cell–cell interactions by affecting two important pathways involving stimulation of NO signaling and potent inhibition of a key immunoregulatory molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annayya R Aroor
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Camila Manrique-Acevedo
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Vincent G DeMarco
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA. .,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA. .,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA. .,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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73
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Girerd S, Jaisser F. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in kidney transplantation: time to consider? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2018; 33:2080-2091. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfy065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Girerd
- Transplant Unit, Nephrology Department, Nancy University Hospital, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- INSERM U1116, Clinical Investigation Centre, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- INI-CRCT (Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists) F-CRIN Network, Nancy, France
| | - Frédéric Jaisser
- INSERM U1116, Clinical Investigation Centre, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- INI-CRCT (Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists) F-CRIN Network, Nancy, France
- INSERM, UMRS 1138, Team 1, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
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Kim SK, McCurley AT, DuPont JJ, Aronovitz M, Moss ME, Stillman IE, Karumanchi SA, Christou DD, Jaffe IZ. Smooth Muscle Cell-Mineralocorticoid Receptor as a Mediator of Cardiovascular Stiffness With Aging. Hypertension 2018; 71:609-621. [PMID: 29463624 PMCID: PMC5843545 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.10437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Stiffening of the vasculature with aging is a strong predictor of adverse cardiovascular events, independent of all other risk factors including blood pressure, yet no therapies target this process. MRs (mineralocorticoid receptors) in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) have been implicated in the regulation of vascular fibrosis but have not been explored in vascular aging. Comparing SMC-MR-deleted male mice to MR-intact littermates at 3, 12, and 18 months of age, we demonstrated that aging-associated vascular stiffening and fibrosis are mitigated by MR deletion in SMCs. Progression of cardiac stiffness and fibrosis and the decline in exercise capacity with aging were also mitigated by MR deletion in SMC. Vascular gene expression profiling analysis revealed that MR deletion in SMC is associated with recruitment of a distinct antifibrotic vascular gene expression program with aging. Moreover, long-term pharmacological inhibition of MR in aged mice prevented the progression of vascular fibrosis and stiffness and induced a similar antifibrotic vascular gene program. Finally, in a small trial in elderly male humans, short-term MR antagonism produced an antifibrotic signature of circulating biomarkers similar to that observed in the vasculature of SMC-MR-deleted mice. These findings suggest that SMC-MR contributes to vascular stiffening with aging and is a potential therapeutic target to prevent the progression of aging-associated vascular fibrosis and stiffness.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Animals
- Cellular Senescence/drug effects
- Cellular Senescence/physiology
- Disease Progression
- Exercise Tolerance/physiology
- Fibrosis/metabolism
- Fibrosis/pathology
- Fibrosis/prevention & control
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists/metabolism
- Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/genetics
- Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/metabolism
- Spironolactone/metabolism
- Spironolactone/pharmacology
- Treatment Outcome
- Vascular Stiffness/drug effects
- Vascular Stiffness/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Kyum Kim
- From the Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (S.K.K., A.T.M., J.J.D., M.A., M.E.M., I.Z.J.); Departments of Pathology (I.E.S.) and Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.A.K.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville (D.D.C.)
| | - Amy T McCurley
- From the Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (S.K.K., A.T.M., J.J.D., M.A., M.E.M., I.Z.J.); Departments of Pathology (I.E.S.) and Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.A.K.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville (D.D.C.)
| | - Jennifer J DuPont
- From the Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (S.K.K., A.T.M., J.J.D., M.A., M.E.M., I.Z.J.); Departments of Pathology (I.E.S.) and Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.A.K.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville (D.D.C.)
| | - Mark Aronovitz
- From the Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (S.K.K., A.T.M., J.J.D., M.A., M.E.M., I.Z.J.); Departments of Pathology (I.E.S.) and Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.A.K.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville (D.D.C.)
| | - M Elizabeth Moss
- From the Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (S.K.K., A.T.M., J.J.D., M.A., M.E.M., I.Z.J.); Departments of Pathology (I.E.S.) and Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.A.K.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville (D.D.C.)
| | - Isaac E Stillman
- From the Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (S.K.K., A.T.M., J.J.D., M.A., M.E.M., I.Z.J.); Departments of Pathology (I.E.S.) and Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.A.K.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville (D.D.C.)
| | - S Ananth Karumanchi
- From the Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (S.K.K., A.T.M., J.J.D., M.A., M.E.M., I.Z.J.); Departments of Pathology (I.E.S.) and Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.A.K.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville (D.D.C.)
| | - Demetra D Christou
- From the Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (S.K.K., A.T.M., J.J.D., M.A., M.E.M., I.Z.J.); Departments of Pathology (I.E.S.) and Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.A.K.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville (D.D.C.)
| | - Iris Z Jaffe
- From the Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (S.K.K., A.T.M., J.J.D., M.A., M.E.M., I.Z.J.); Departments of Pathology (I.E.S.) and Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.A.K.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville (D.D.C.).
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75
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Davel AP, Lu Q, Moss ME, Rao S, Anwar IJ, DuPont JJ, Jaffe IZ. Sex-Specific Mechanisms of Resistance Vessel Endothelial Dysfunction Induced by Cardiometabolic Risk Factors. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:JAHA.117.007675. [PMID: 29453308 PMCID: PMC5850194 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.007675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background The incidence of obesity is rising, particularly among women. Microvascular dysfunction is more common with female sex, obesity, and hyperlipidemia and predicts adverse cardiovascular outcomes, but the molecular mechanisms are unclear. Because obesity is associated with mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation, we tested the hypothesis that MR in endothelial cells contribute to sex differences in resistance vessel dysfunction in response to cardiometabolic risk factors. Methods and Results Male and female endothelial cell–specific MR knockout mice and MR‐intact littermates were randomized to high‐fat‐diet–induced obesity or obesity with hyperlipidemia induced by adeno‐associated virus–based vector targeting transfer of the mutant stable form (DY mutation) of the human PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9) gene and compared with control diet. Female but not male mice were sensitive to obesity‐induced endothelial dysfunction, whereas endothelial function was impaired in obese hyperlipidemic males and females. In males, obesity or hyperlipidemia decreased the nitric oxide component of vasodilation without altering superoxide production or endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression or phosphorylation. Decreased nitric oxide content in obese males was overcome by enhanced endothelium‐derived hyperpolarization–mediated relaxation along with increased SK3 expression. Conversely, in females, endothelium‐derived hyperpolarization was significantly impaired by obesity with lower IK1 expression and by hyperlipidemia with lower IK1 and SK3 expression, loss of H2O2‐mediated vasodilation, and increased superoxide production. Endothelial cell–MR deletion prevented endothelial dysfunction induced by risk factors only in females. Rather than restoring endothelium‐derived hyperpolarization in females, endothelial cell–MR deletion enhanced nitric oxide and prevented hyperlipidemia‐induced oxidative stress. Conclusions These data reveal distinct mechanisms driving resistance vessel dysfunction in males versus females and suggest that personalized treatments are needed to prevent the progression of vascular disease in the setting of obesity, depending on both the sex and the metabolic profile of each patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Davel
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA.,Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Qing Lu
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - M Elizabeth Moss
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Sitara Rao
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Imran J Anwar
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Jennifer J DuPont
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Iris Z Jaffe
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA
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76
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Schütten MTJ, Kusters YHAM, Houben AJHM, Scheijen JLJM, van de Waarenburg MPH, Schalkwijk CG, Joris PJ, Plat J, Mensink RP, de Leeuw PW, Stehouwer CDA. Aldosterone Is Not Associated With Metabolic and Microvascular Insulin Sensitivity in Abdominally Obese Men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:759-767. [PMID: 29211893 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-01541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Impaired insulin-mediated muscle microvascular recruitment (IMMR) may add to the development of insulin resistance and hypertension. Increased aldosterone levels have been linked to these obesity-related complications in severely to morbidly obese individuals and to impaired microvascular function in experimental studies. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether aldosterone levels are associated with IMMR, insulin sensitivity, and blood pressure in lean and moderately abdominally obese men, and to study the effect of weight loss. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, INTERVENTION, MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES In 25 lean and 53 abdominally obese men, 24-hour blood pressure measurement was performed, and aldosterone levels were measured using ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Insulin sensitivity was assessed by determining whole-body glucose disposal during a hyperinsulinemic clamp. IMMR in forearm skeletal muscle was measured with contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. These assessments were repeated in the abdominally obese men following an 8-week weight loss or weight stable period. RESULTS Sodium excretion and aldosterone levels were similar in lean and abdominally obese participants, but sodium excretion was inversely associated with aldosterone concentration only in the lean individuals [lean, β/100 mmol sodium excretion (adjusted for age and urinary potassium excretion) = -0.481 (95% confidence interval, -0.949 to -0.013); abdominally obese, β/100 mmol sodium excretion = -0.081 (95% confidence interval, -0.433 to 0.271); P for interaction = 0.02]. Aldosterone was not associated with IMMR, insulin sensitivity, or blood pressure and was unaffected by weight loss. CONCLUSION In moderately abdominally obese men, the inverse relationship between sodium excretion and aldosterone concentration is less than that in lean men but does not translate into higher aldosterone levels. The absolute aldosterone level does not explain differences in microvascular and metabolic insulin sensitivity and blood pressure between lean and moderately abdominally obese men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica T J Schütten
- Department of Internal Medicine, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Yvo H A M Kusters
- Department of Internal Medicine, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alfons J H M Houben
- Department of Internal Medicine, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jean L J M Scheijen
- Department of Internal Medicine, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marjo P H van de Waarenburg
- Department of Internal Medicine, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Casper G Schalkwijk
- Department of Internal Medicine, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Joris
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P Mensink
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter W de Leeuw
- Department of Internal Medicine, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Coen D A Stehouwer
- Department of Internal Medicine, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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77
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Hill MA, Nourian Z, Ho IL, Clifford PS, Martinez-Lemus L, Meininger GA. Small Artery Elastin Distribution and Architecture-Focus on Three Dimensional Organization. Microcirculation 2018; 23:614-620. [PMID: 27362628 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of ECM proteins within the walls of resistance vessels is complex both in variety of proteins and structural arrangement. In particular, elastin exists as discrete fibers varying in orientation across the adventitia and media as well as often resembling a sheet-like structure in the case of the IEL. Adding to the complexity is the tissue heterogeneity that exists in these structural arrangements. For example, small intracranial cerebral arteries lack adventitial elastin while similar sized arteries from skeletal muscle and intestinal mesentery exhibit a complex adventitial network of elastin fibers. With regard to the IEL, several vascular beds exhibit an elastin sheet with punctate holes/fenestrae while in others the IEL is discontinuous and fibrous in appearance. Importantly, these structural patterns likely sub-serve specific functional properties, including mechanosensing, control of external forces, mechanical properties of the vascular wall, cellular positioning, and communication between cells. Of further significance, these processes are altered in vascular disorders such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus where there is modification of ECM. This brief report focuses on the three-dimensional wall structure of small arteries and considers possible implications with regard to mechanosensing under physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Hill
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Zahra Nourian
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - I-Lin Ho
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Department of Physics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Philip S Clifford
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Luis Martinez-Lemus
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Gerald A Meininger
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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78
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Jia G, Habibi J, Aroor AR, Hill MA, DeMarco VG, Lee LE, Ma L, Barron BJ, Whaley-Connell A, Sowers JR. Enhanced endothelium epithelial sodium channel signaling prompts left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in obese female mice. Metabolism 2018; 78:69-79. [PMID: 28920862 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Enhanced activation of cell specific mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) in obesity plays a key role in the development of cardiovascular disease including cardiac diastolic dysfunction as a critical prognosticator. Our previous investigations demonstrated that selective endothelium MR activation promotes a maladaptive inflammatory response and fibrosis in cardiovascular tissue in female mice fed a western diet (WD), and this was associated with expression and activation of the epithelial sodium channel on the surface of endothelial cells (EnNaC). However, the specific role of EnNaC signaling in the development of cardiac stiffness and diastolic dysfunction has not been examined. We hypothesized that targeted inhibition of EnNaC with low dose amiloride would prevent WD-induced diastolic dysfunction by suppressing abnormal endothelial permeability, inflammation and oxidative stress, and myocardial fibrosis. MATERIALS/METHODS Four week-old female C57BL6/J mice were fed a WD with or without a low dose of amiloride (1mg/kg/day) for 16weeks. Left ventricular cardiac function was evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging. In addition, we examined coronary vessel and cardiac remodeling, fibrosis, macrophage infiltration using immunohistochemistry, western blot and real time PCR. RESULTS Amiloride, an antagonist of EnNaC, attenuated WD-induced impairment of left ventricular initial filling rate and relaxation time. Cardiac diastolic dysfunction was associated with increases in coronary endothelium remodeling and permeability that paralleled WD-induced increases in F-actin and fibronectin, decreased expression of claudin-5 and occludin, and increased macrophage recruitment, M1 polarization, cardiac oxidative stress, fibrosis and maladaptive remodeling. CONCLUSION Our data support the concept that EnNaC activation mediates endothelium permeability which, in turn, promotes macrophage infiltration, M1 polarization, and oxidative stress, resulting in cardiac fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction in females with diet induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghong Jia
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, 800 Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO 65201, USA.
| | - Javad Habibi
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, 800 Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Annayya R Aroor
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, 800 Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Michael A Hill
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Vincent G DeMarco
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, 800 Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Li E Lee
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, 800 Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Missouri school of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Lixin Ma
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, 800 Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Missouri school of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Brady J Barron
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, 800 Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Adam Whaley-Connell
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, 800 Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - James R Sowers
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, 800 Hospital Dr, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
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79
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Dutzmann J, Bauersachs J, Sedding DG. Evidence for the use of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in the treatment of coronary artery disease and post-angioplasty restenosis. Vascul Pharmacol 2017; 107:S1537-1891(17)30281-1. [PMID: 29274772 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2017.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), such as spironolactone and eplerenone have an established role in the treatment of heart failure. However, many experimental and clinical studies have shown that aldosterone also plays a pivotal role in a variety of other pathophysiological conditions within the cardiovascular system. Aldosterone has been suggested to promote inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and smooth muscle cell hyperplasia during the development of atherosclerosis, thereby promoting the development of coronary artery disease (CAD). Since CAD and subsequent ischemic cardiomyopathy are the major causes of heart failure, it is of major interest, whether pharmacological therapy with MRAs among heart failure patients will also affect the common underlying conditions, namely, atherosclerosis and subsequent coronary vessel narrowing/rarefication. Therefore, in this article, we reviewed and discussed the preclinical and clinical evidence of MRAs for the treatment of acute or chronic vascular remodeling processes, such as atherosclerosis and post-angioplasty restenosis, which determine the progression of CAD and subsequent ischemic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Dutzmann
- Dept. of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Johann Bauersachs
- Dept. of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Daniel G Sedding
- Dept. of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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80
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Grunewald ZI, Winn NC, Gastecki ML, Woodford ML, Ball JR, Hansen SA, Sacks HS, Vieira-Potter VJ, Padilla J. Removal of interscapular brown adipose tissue increases aortic stiffness despite normal systemic glucose metabolism in mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 314:R584-R597. [PMID: 29351429 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00332.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is considered protective against obesity and related cardiometabolic dysfunction. Indeed, activation of BAT improves glucose homeostasis and attenuates cardiovascular disease development. However, whether a reduction in BAT mass perturbs metabolic function and increases risk for cardiovascular disease remains largely unknown. To address this question, C57BL/6J male mice underwent a sham procedure or surgical bilateral excision of interscapular BAT (iBATx) and were fed a normal chow or a Western diet for 18 wk, creating four groups ( n = 10/group). Mice were housed at 25°C. As expected, the Western diet increased final body weight and adiposity; however, contrary to our hypothesis, iBATx did not potentiate adiposity independent of diet. Furthermore, iBATx did not affect indexes of glycemic control (HbA1c, fasting glucose and insulin, and glucose area under the curve during a glucose tolerance test) and produced minimal-to-no effects on lipid homeostasis. The absence of metabolic disturbances with iBATx was not attributed to regrowth of iBAT or a "browning" or proliferative compensatory response of other BAT depots. Notably, iBATx caused an increase in aortic stiffness in normal chow-fed mice only, which was associated with an increase in aortic uncoupling protein-1. Collectively, we demonstrated that, at 25°C (i.e., limited thermal stress conditions), a substantial reduction in BAT mass via iBATx does not disrupt systemic glucose metabolism, challenging the current dogma that preservation of BAT is obligatory for optimal metabolic function. However, iBATx caused aortic stiffening in lean mice, hence supporting the existence of an interplay between iBAT and aortic stiffness, independent of alterations in glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary I Grunewald
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Nathan C Winn
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Michelle L Gastecki
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Makenzie L Woodford
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - James R Ball
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Sarah A Hansen
- Office of Animal Resources, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Harold S Sacks
- Endocrine and Diabetes Division, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri.,Child Health, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
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81
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Aroor AR, Jia G, Sowers JR. Cellular mechanisms underlying obesity-induced arterial stiffness. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 314:R387-R398. [PMID: 29167167 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00235.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is an emerging pandemic driven by consumption of a diet rich in fat and highly refined carbohydrates (a Western diet) and a sedentary lifestyle in both children and adults. There is mounting evidence that arterial stiffness in obesity is an independent and strong predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD), cognitive functional decline, and chronic kidney disease. Cardiovascular stiffness is a precursor to atherosclerosis, systolic hypertension, cardiac diastolic dysfunction, and impairment of coronary and cerebral flow. Moreover, premenopausal women lose the CVD protection normally afforded to them in the setting of obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes, and this loss of CVD protection is inextricably linked to an increased propensity for arterial stiffness. Stiffness of endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells, extracellular matrix remodeling, perivascular adipose tissue inflammation, and immune cell dysfunction contribute to the development of arterial stiffness in obesity. Enhanced endothelial cortical stiffness decreases endothelial generation of nitric oxide, and increased oxidative stress promotes destruction of nitric oxide. Our research over the past 5 years has underscored an important role of increased aldosterone and vascular mineralocorticoid receptor activation in driving development of cardiovascular stiffness, especially in females consuming a Western diet. In this review the cellular mechanisms of obesity-associated arterial stiffness are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annayya R Aroor
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine , Columbia, Missouri.,Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Guanghong Jia
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine , Columbia, Missouri.,Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital , Columbia, Missouri
| | - James R Sowers
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine , Columbia, Missouri.,Departments of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine , Columbia, Missouri.,Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital , Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Center Columbia , Columbia, Missouri
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Excess Body Weight, Insulin Resistance and Isolated Systolic Hypertension: Potential Pathophysiological Links. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2017; 25:17-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s40292-017-0240-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Brown SM, Smith CE, Meuth AI, Khan M, Aroor AR, Cleeton HM, Meininger GA, Sowers JR, DeMarco VG, Chandrasekar B, Nistala R, Bender SB. Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibition With Saxagliptin Ameliorates Angiotensin II-Induced Cardiac Diastolic Dysfunction in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2017; 158:3592-3604. [PMID: 28977602 PMCID: PMC5659692 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is common in hypertension and obesity and contributes to cardiac diastolic dysfunction, a condition for which no treatment currently exists. In light of recent reports that antihyperglycemia incretin enhancing dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitors exert cardioprotective effects, we examined the hypothesis that DPP-4 inhibition with saxagliptin (Saxa) attenuates angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced cardiac diastolic dysfunction. Male C57BL/6J mice were infused with either Ang II (500 ng/kg/min) or vehicle for 3 weeks receiving either Saxa (10 mg/kg/d) or placebo during the final 2 weeks. Echocardiography revealed Ang II-induced diastolic dysfunction, evidenced by impaired septal wall motion and prolonged isovolumic relaxation, coincident with aortic stiffening. Ang II induced cardiac hypertrophy, coronary periarterial fibrosis, TRAF3-interacting protein 2 (TRAF3IP2)-dependent proinflammatory signaling [p-p65, p-c-Jun, interleukin (IL)-17, IL-18] associated with increased cardiac macrophage, but not T cell, gene expression. Flow cytometry revealed Ang II-induced increases of cardiac CD45+F4/80+CD11b+ and CD45+F4/80+CD11c+ macrophages and CD45+CD4+ lymphocytes. Treatment with Saxa reduced plasma DPP-4 activity and abrogated Ang II-induced cardiac diastolic dysfunction independent of aortic stiffening or blood pressure. Furthermore, Saxa attenuated Ang II-induced periarterial fibrosis and cardiac inflammation, but not hypertrophy or cardiac macrophage infiltration. Analysis of Saxa-induced changes in cardiac leukocytes revealed Saxa-dependent reduction of the Ang II-mediated increase of cardiac CD11c messenger RNA and increased cardiac CD8 gene expression and memory CD45+CD8+CD44+ lymphocytes. In summary, these results demonstrate that DPP-4 inhibition with Saxa prevents Ang II-induced cardiac diastolic dysfunction, fibrosis, and inflammation associated with unique shifts in CD11c-expressing leukocytes and CD8+ lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M. Brown
- Research, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65201
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Cassandra E. Smith
- Research, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65201
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212
| | - Alex I. Meuth
- Research, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65201
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Maloree Khan
- Research, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65201
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Annayya R. Aroor
- Research, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65201
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212
| | - Hannah M. Cleeton
- Research, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65201
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Gerald A. Meininger
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212
| | - James R. Sowers
- Research, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65201
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212
| | - Vincent G. DeMarco
- Research, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65201
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212
| | - Bysani Chandrasekar
- Research, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65201
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212
| | - Ravi Nistala
- Research, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65201
- Division of Nephrology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212
| | - Shawn B. Bender
- Research, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65201
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
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LaRocca TJ, Martens CR, Seals DR. Nutrition and other lifestyle influences on arterial aging. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 39:106-119. [PMID: 27693830 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As our world's population ages, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) will become an increasingly urgent public health problem. A key antecedent to clinical CVD and many other chronic disorders of aging is age-related arterial dysfunction, characterized by increased arterial stiffness and impaired arterial endothelial function. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that diet and nutrition may favorably modulate these arterial functions with aging, but many important questions remain. In this review, we will summarize the available information on dietary patterns and nutritional factors that have been studied for their potential to reduce arterial stiffness and improve endothelial function with age, with an emphasis on: 1) underlying physiological mechanisms, and 2) emerging areas of research on nutrition and arterial aging that may hold promise for preventing age-related CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J LaRocca
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, 354 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Christopher R Martens
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, 354 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Douglas R Seals
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, 354 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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85
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary L Pierce
- From the Department of Health and Human Physiology (G.L.P.), Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center (G.L.P.), and UIHC Center for Hypertension Research (G.L.P.), The University of Iowa, Iowa City.
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86
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Corrigan FE, Kelli HM, Dhindsa DS, Heinl RE, Al Mheid I, Hammadah M, Hayek SS, Sher S, Eapen DJ, Martin GS, Quyyumi AA. Changes in truncal obesity and fat distribution predict arterial health. J Clin Lipidol 2017; 11:1354-1360.e3. [PMID: 28942095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Truncal obesity is associated with metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk. Although vascular health is influenced by weight, it is not known whether changes in fat distribution modulate arterial function. OBJECTIVE We assessed how changes in truncal (android) fat at 1 year affect arterial stiffness and endothelial function. METHODS We recruited 711 healthy volunteers (235 males, age 48 ± 11 years) into the Emory Predictive Health Study; 498 returned at 1 year. Measurements included anthropometric and chemistry panels, fat mass using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, arterial stiffness indices (pulse wave velocity [PWV], augmentation index [AIx], and subendocardial viability ratio [SEVR]; Sphygmocor), flow-mediated dilation (FMD), and reactive hyperemia index (Endo-PAT). RESULTS At baseline, measures of body mass correlated with PWV, AIx, SEVR, and FMD. In a multivariable analysis including body mass index (BMI) and traditional risk factors, BMI remained an independent predictor of PWV, AIx, SEVR, and FMD. In a model including BMI and measures of fat distribution, android fat remained an independent predictor of PWV (β = 0.31, P = .004), AIx (β = 0.24, P = .008), and SEVR (β = -0.41, P < .001). The 1-year change in android fat correlated negatively with change in SEVR (β = -0.13, P = .005) and FMD (β = -0.13, P = .006) after adjustment for change in gynoid fat. CONCLUSION In addition to BMI, android fat is a determinant of arterial stiffness, independent of traditional risk factors. Changes in android fat over time are associated with simultaneous changes in vascular function, indicating fat distribution's effect on vascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank E Corrigan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Heval Mohamed Kelli
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Devinder S Dhindsa
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert E Heinl
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ibhar Al Mheid
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Muhammad Hammadah
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Salim S Hayek
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Salman Sher
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Emory-Georgia Tech Predictive Health Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Danny J Eapen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Greg S Martin
- Emory-Georgia Tech Predictive Health Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Arshed A Quyyumi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Emory-Georgia Tech Predictive Health Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
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87
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Aroor AR, Jia G, Habibi J, Sun Z, Ramirez-Perez FI, Brady B, Chen D, Martinez-Lemus LA, Manrique C, Nistala R, Whaley-Connell AT, Demarco VG, Meininger GA, Sowers JR. Uric acid promotes vascular stiffness, maladaptive inflammatory responses and proteinuria in western diet fed mice. Metabolism 2017; 74:32-40. [PMID: 28764846 PMCID: PMC5577816 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aortic vascular stiffness has been implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in obese individuals. However, the mechanism promoting these adverse effects are unclear. In this context, promotion of obesity through consumption of a western diet (WD) high in fat and fructose leads to excess circulating uric acid. There is accumulating data implicating elevated uric acid in the promotion of CVD and CKD. Accordingly, we hypothesized that xanthine oxidase(XO) inhibition with allopurinol would prevent a rise in vascular stiffness and proteinuria in a translationally relevant model of WD-induced obesity. MATERIALS/METHODS Four-week-old C57BL6/J male mice were fed a WD with excess fat (46%) and fructose (17.5%) with or without allopurinol (125mg/L in drinking water) for 16weeks. Aortic endothelial and extracellular matrix/vascular smooth muscle stiffness was evaluated by atomic force microscopy. Aortic XO activity, 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) and aortic endothelial sodium channel (EnNaC) expression were evaluated along with aortic expression of inflammatory markers. In the kidney, expression of toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) and fibronectin were assessed along with evaluation of proteinuria. RESULTS XO inhibition significantly attenuated WD-induced increases in plasma uric acid, vascular XO activity and oxidative stress, in concert with reductions in proteinuria. Further, XO inhibition prevented WD-induced increases in aortic EnNaC expression and associated endothelial and subendothelial stiffness. XO inhibition also reduced vascular pro-inflammatory and maladaptive immune responses induced by consumption of a WD. XO inhibition also decreased WD-induced increases in renal TLR4 and fibronectin that associated proteinuria. CONCLUSIONS Consumption of a WD leads to elevations in plasma uric acid, increased vascular XO activity, oxidative stress, vascular stiffness, and proteinuria all of which are attenuated with allopurinol administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annayya R Aroor
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia, School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Research Service Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
| | - Guanghong Jia
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia, School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Research Service Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Javad Habibi
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia, School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Research Service Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Zhe Sun
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Francisco I Ramirez-Perez
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Barron Brady
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia, School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Research Service Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Dongqing Chen
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia, School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Research Service Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri Columbia, School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Research Service Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Camila Manrique
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia, School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Research Service Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Ravi Nistala
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia, School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia, School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Research Service Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Adam T Whaley-Connell
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia, School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia, School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Research Service Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Vincent G Demarco
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia, School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri Columbia, School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Research Service Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Gerald A Meininger
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri Columbia, School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - James R Sowers
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia, School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri Columbia, School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Research Service Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
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88
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Cross TWL, Zidon TM, Welly RJ, Park YM, Britton SL, Koch LG, Rottinghaus GE, de Godoy MRC, Padilla J, Swanson KS, Vieira-Potter VJ. Soy Improves Cardiometabolic Health and Cecal Microbiota in Female Low-Fit Rats. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9261. [PMID: 28835674 PMCID: PMC5569109 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08965-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoestrogen-rich soy is known to ameliorate menopause-associated obesity and metabolic dysfunction for reasons that are unclear. The gut microbiota have been linked with the development of obesity and metabolic dysfunction. We aimed to determine the impact of soy on cardiometabolic health, adipose tissue inflammation, and the cecal microbiota in ovariectomized (OVX) rats bred for low-running capacity (LCR), a model that has been previously shown to mimic human menopause compared to sham-operated (SHM) intact control LCR rats. In this study, soy consumption, without affecting energy intake or physical activity, significantly improved insulin sensitivity and body composition of OVX rats bred for low-running capacity. Furthermore, soy significantly improved blood lipid profile, adipose tissue inflammation, and aortic stiffness of LCR rats. Compared to a soy-free control diet, soy significantly shifted the cecal microbial community of LCR rats, resulting in a lower Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio. Correlations among metabolic parameters and cecal bacterial taxa identified in this study suggest that taxa Prevotella, Dorea, and Phascolarctobacterium may be taxa of interest. Our results suggest that dietary soy ameliorates adiposity, insulin sensitivity, adipose tissue inflammation, and arterial stiffness and exerts a beneficial shift in gut microbial communities in a rat model that mimics human menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Wen L Cross
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Terese M Zidon
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Rebecca J Welly
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Young-Min Park
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Steven L Britton
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Lauren G Koch
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - George E Rottinghaus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Maria R Cattai de Godoy
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Kelly S Swanson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Victoria J Vieira-Potter
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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89
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Guzik TJ, Touyz RM. Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Vascular Aging in Hypertension. Hypertension 2017; 70:660-667. [PMID: 28784646 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.07802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz J Guzik
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre for Excellence, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom (T.J.G., R.M.T.); and Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Translational Medicine Laboratory, Collegium Medicum Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (T.J.G.).
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre for Excellence, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom (T.J.G., R.M.T.); and Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Translational Medicine Laboratory, Collegium Medicum Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (T.J.G.)
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Martinez-Lemus LA, Aroor AR, Ramirez-Perez FI, Jia G, Habibi J, DeMarco VG, Barron B, Whaley-Connell A, Nistala R, Sowers JR. Amiloride Improves Endothelial Function and Reduces Vascular Stiffness in Female Mice Fed a Western Diet. Front Physiol 2017; 8:456. [PMID: 28713285 PMCID: PMC5492307 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Obese premenopausal women lose their sex related cardiovascular disease protection and develop greater arterial stiffening than age matched men. In female mice, we have shown that consumption of a Western diet (WD), high in fat and refined sugars, is associated with endothelial dysfunction and vascular stiffening, which occur via activation of mineralocorticoid receptors and associated increases in epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) activity on endothelial cells (EnNaC). Herein our aim was to determine the effect that reducing EnNaC activity with a very-low-dose of amiloride would have on decreasing endothelial and arterial stiffness in young female mice consuming a WD. To this end, we fed female mice either a WD or control diet and treated them with or without a very-low-dose of the ENaC-inhibitor amiloride (1 mg/kg/day) in the drinking water for 20 weeks beginning at 4 weeks of age. Mice consuming a WD were heavier and had greater percent body fat, proteinuria, and aortic stiffness as assessed by pulse-wave velocity than those fed control diet. Treatment with amiloride did not affect body weight, body composition, blood pressure, urinary sodium excretion, or insulin sensitivity, but significantly reduced the development of endothelial and aortic stiffness, aortic fibrosis, aortic oxidative stress, and mesenteric resistance artery EnNaC abundance and proteinuria in WD-fed mice. Amiloride also improved endothelial-dependent vasodilatory responses in the resistance arteries of WD-fed mice. These results indicate that a very-low-dose of amiloride, not affecting blood pressure, is sufficient to improve endothelial function and reduce aortic stiffness in female mice fed a WD, and suggest that EnNaC-inhibition may be sufficient to ameliorate the pathological vascular stiffening effects of WD-induced obesity in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States.,Department of Biological Engineering, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' HospitalColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Annayya R Aroor
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' HospitalColumbia, MO, United States.,Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Francisco I Ramirez-Perez
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States.,Department of Biological Engineering, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Guanghong Jia
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' HospitalColumbia, MO, United States.,Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Javad Habibi
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Vincent G DeMarco
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' HospitalColumbia, MO, United States.,Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Brady Barron
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' HospitalColumbia, MO, United States.,Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Adam Whaley-Connell
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' HospitalColumbia, MO, United States.,Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States.,Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Ravi Nistala
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States.,Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - James R Sowers
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' HospitalColumbia, MO, United States.,Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
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91
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Oxidative and inflammatory signals in obesity-associated vascular abnormalities. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:1689-1700. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20170219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in part due to vascular abnormalities such as endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffening. The hypertension and other health complications that arise from these vascular defects increase the risk of heart diseases and stroke. Prooxidant and proinflammatory signaling pathways as well as adipocyte-derived factors have emerged as critical mediators of obesity-associated vascular abnormalities. Designing treatments aimed specifically at improving the vascular dysfunction caused by obesity may provide an effective therapeutic approach to prevent the cardiovascular sequelae associated with excessive adiposity. In this review, we discuss the recent evidence supporting the role of oxidative stress and cytokines and inflammatory signals within the vasculature as well as the impact of the surrounding perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) on the regulation of vascular function and arterial stiffening in obesity. In particular, we focus on the highly plastic nature of the vasculature in response to altered oxidant and inflammatory signaling and highlight how weight management can be an effective therapeutic approach to reduce the oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling and improve vascular function.
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92
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Li X, Lyu P, Ren Y, An J, Dong Y. Arterial stiffness and cognitive impairment. J Neurol Sci 2017; 380:1-10. [PMID: 28870545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arterial stiffness is one of the earliest indicators of changes in vascular wall structure and function and may be assessed using various indicators, such as pulse-wave velocity (PWV), the cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI), the ankle-brachial index (ABI), pulse pressure (PP), the augmentation index (AI), flow-mediated dilation (FMD), carotid intima media thickness (IMT) and arterial stiffness index-β. Arterial stiffness is generally considered an independent predictor of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. To date, a significant number of studies have focused on the relationship between arterial stiffness and cognitive impairment. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS To investigate the relationships between specific arterial stiffness parameters and cognitive impairment, elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the relationship between arterial stiffness and cognitive impairment and determine how to interfere with arterial stiffness to prevent cognitive impairment, we searched PUBMED for studies regarding the relationship between arterial stiffness and cognitive impairment that were published from 2000 to 2017. We used the following key words in our search: "arterial stiffness and cognitive impairment" and "arterial stiffness and cognitive impairment mechanism". Studies involving human subjects older than 30years were included in the review, while irrelevant studies (i.e., studies involving subjects with comorbid kidney disease, diabetes and cardiac disease) were excluded from the review. RESULTS We determined that arterial stiffness severity was positively correlated with cognitive impairment. Of the markers used to assess arterial stiffness, a higher PWV, CAVI, AI, IMT and index-β and a lower ABI and FMD were related to cognitive impairment. However, the relationship between PP and cognitive impairment remained controversial. The potential mechanisms linking arterial stiffness and cognitive impairment may be associated with arterial pulsatility, as greater arterial pulsatility damages the cerebral microcirculation, which causes various phenomena associated with cerebral small vessel diseases (CSVDs), such as white matter hyperintensities (WMHs), cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), and lacunar infarctions (LIs). The mechanisms underlying the relationship between arterial stiffness and cognitive impairment may also be associated with reductions in white matter and gray matter integrity, medial temporal lobe atrophy and Aβ protein deposition. Engaging in more frequent physical exercise; increasing flavonoid and long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid consumption; increasing tea, nitrite, dietary calcium and vitamin D intake; losing weight and taking medications intended to improve insulin sensitivity; quitting smoking; and using antihypertensive drugs and statins are early interventions and lifestyle changes that may be effective in preventing arterial stiffness and thus preventing cognitive impairment. CONCLUSION Arterial stiffness is a sensitive predictor of cognitive impairment, and arterial stiffness severity has the potential to serve as an indicator used to facilitate treatments designed to prevent or delay the onset and progression of dementia in elderly individuals. Early treatment of arterial stiffness is beneficial and recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Li
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, China; Graduate School, HeBei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Peiyuan Lyu
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, China; Graduate School, HeBei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China.
| | - Yanyan Ren
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, China; Graduate School, HeBei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Jin An
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Yanhong Dong
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
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93
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Manrique-Acevedo C, Ramirez-Perez FI, Padilla J, Vieira-Potter VJ, Aroor AR, Barron BJ, Chen D, Haertling D, Declue C, Sowers JR, Martinez-Lemus LA. Absence of Endothelial ERα Results in Arterial Remodeling and Decreased Stiffness in Western Diet-Fed Male Mice. Endocrinology 2017; 158:1875-1885. [PMID: 28430983 PMCID: PMC5460939 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The role of estrogen receptor-α (ERα) signaling in the vasculature of females has been described under different experimental conditions and our group recently reported that lack of endothelial cell (EC) ERα in female mice fed a Western diet (WD) results in amelioration of vascular stiffness. Conversely, the role of ERα in the male vasculature in this setting has not been explored. In conditions of overnutrition and insulin resistance, augmented arterial stiffness, endothelial dysfunction, and arterial remodeling contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease. Here, we used a rodent model of decreased ERα expression in ECs [endothelial cell estrogen receptor-α knockout (EC-ERαKO)] to test the hypothesis that, similar to our findings in females, loss of ERα signaling in the endothelium of insulin-resistant males would result in decreased arterial stiffness. EC-ERαKO male mice and same-sex littermates were fed a WD (high in fructose and fat) for 20 weeks and then assessed for vascular function and stiffness. EC-ERαKO mice were heavier than littermates but exhibited decreased vascular stiffness without differences in endothelial-dependent vasodilatory responses. Mesenteric arteries from EC-ERαKO mice had significantly increased diameters, wall cross-sectional areas, and mean wall thicknesses, indicative of outward hypertrophic remodeling. This remodeling paralleled an increased vessel wall content of collagen and elastin, inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase activation and a decrease of the incremental modulus of elasticity. In addition, internal elastic lamina fenestrae were more abundant in the EC-ERαKO mice. In conclusion, loss of endothelial ERα reduces vascular stiffness in male mice fed a WD with an associated outward hypertrophic remodeling of resistance arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Manrique-Acevedo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212
| | - Francisco I Ramirez-Perez
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
- Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212
| | - Victoria J Vieira-Potter
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Annayya R Aroor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212
| | - Brady J Barron
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212
| | - Dongqing Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212
| | - Dominic Haertling
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212
| | - Cory Declue
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212
| | - James R Sowers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65201
| | - Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212
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94
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Lastra G, Manrique C, Jia G, Aroor AR, Hayden MR, Barron BJ, Niles B, Padilla J, Sowers JR. Xanthine oxidase inhibition protects against Western diet-induced aortic stiffness and impaired vasorelaxation in female mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 313:R67-R77. [PMID: 28539355 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00483.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of a high-fat, high-fructose diet [Western diet (WD)] promotes vascular stiffness, a critical factor in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Obese and diabetic women exhibit greater arterial stiffness than men, which contributes to the increased incidence of CVD in these women. Furthermore, high-fructose diets result in elevated plasma concentrations of uric acid via xanthine oxidase (XO) activation, and uric acid elevation is also associated with increased vascular stiffness. However, the mechanisms by which increased xanthine oxidase activity and uric acid contribute to vascular stiffness in obese females remain to be fully uncovered. Accordingly, we examined the impact of XO inhibition on endothelial function and vascular stiffness in female C57BL/6J mice fed a WD or regular chow for 16 wk. WD feeding resulted in increased arterial stiffness, measured by atomic force microscopy in aortic explants (16.19 ± 1.72 vs. 5.21 ± 0.54 kPa, P < 0.05), as well as abnormal aortic endothelium-dependent and -independent vasorelaxation. XO inhibition with allopurinol (widely utilized in the clinical setting) substantially improved vascular relaxation and attenuated stiffness (16.9 ± 0.50 vs. 3.44 ± 0.50 kPa, P < 0.05) while simultaneously lowering serum uric acid levels (0.55 ± 0.98 vs. 0.21 ± 0.04 mg/dL, P < 0.05). In addition, allopurinol improved WD-induced markers of fibrosis and oxidative stress in aortic tissue, as analyzed by immunohistochemistry and transmission electronic microscopy. Collectively, these results demonstrate that XO inhibition protects against WD-induced vascular oxidative stress, fibrosis, impaired vasorelaxation, and aortic stiffness in females. Furthermore, excessive oxidative stress resulting from XO activation appears to play a key role in mediating vascular dysfunction induced by chronic exposure to WD consumption in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Lastra
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; .,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,University of Missouri, School of Medicine, Research Service Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Camila Manrique
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,University of Missouri, School of Medicine, Research Service Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Guanghong Jia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,University of Missouri, School of Medicine, Research Service Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Annayya R Aroor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,University of Missouri, School of Medicine, Research Service Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Melvin R Hayden
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,University of Missouri, School of Medicine, Research Service Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Brady J Barron
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,University of Missouri, School of Medicine, Research Service Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Brett Niles
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,University of Missouri, School of Medicine, Research Service Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and
| | - James R Sowers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,University of Missouri, School of Medicine, Research Service Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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95
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Schütten MTJ, Houben AJHM, de Leeuw PW, Stehouwer CDA. The Link Between Adipose Tissue Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Signaling and Obesity-Associated Hypertension. Physiology (Bethesda) 2017; 32:197-209. [PMID: 28404736 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00037.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Obese individuals frequently develop hypertension, which is for an important part attributable to renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) overactivity. This review summarizes preclinical and clinical evidence on the involvement of dysfunctional adipose tissue in RAAS activation and on the renal, central, and vascular mechanisms linking RAAS components to obesity-associated hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica T J Schütten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alfons J H M Houben
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter W de Leeuw
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Coen D A Stehouwer
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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96
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Bostick B, Aroor AR, Habibi J, Durante W, Ma L, DeMarco VG, Garro M, Hayden MR, Booth FW, Sowers JR. Daily exercise prevents diastolic dysfunction and oxidative stress in a female mouse model of western diet induced obesity by maintaining cardiac heme oxygenase-1 levels. Metabolism 2017; 66:14-22. [PMID: 27923445 PMCID: PMC6581195 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity is a global epidemic with profound cardiovascular disease (CVD) complications. Obese women are particularly vulnerable to CVD, suffering higher rates of CVD compared to non-obese females. Diastolic dysfunction is the earliest manifestation of CVD in obese women but remains poorly understood with no evidence-based therapies. We have shown early diastolic dysfunction in obesity is associated with oxidative stress and myocardial fibrosis. Recent evidence suggests exercise may increase levels of the antioxidant heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Accordingly, we hypothesized that diastolic dysfunction in female mice consuming a western diet (WD) could be prevented by daily volitional exercise with reductions in oxidative stress, myocardial fibrosis and maintenance of myocardial HO-1 levels. MATERIALS/METHODS Four-week-old female C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat/high-fructose WD for 16weeks (N=8) alongside control diet fed mice (N=8). A separate cohort of WD fed females was allowed a running wheel for the entire study (N=7). Cardiac function was assessed at 20weeks by high-resolution cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Functional assessment was followed by immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Western blotting to identify pathologic mechanisms and assess HO-1 protein levels. RESULTS There was no significant body weight decrease in exercising mice, normalized body weight 14.3g/mm, compared to sedentary mice, normalized body weight 13.6g/mm (p=0.38). Total body fat was also unchanged in exercising, fat mass of 6.6g, compared to sedentary mice, fat mass 7.4g (p=0.55). Exercise prevented diastolic dysfunction with a significant reduction in left ventricular relaxation time to 23.8ms for exercising group compared to 33.0ms in sedentary group (p<0.01). Exercise markedly reduced oxidative stress and myocardial fibrosis with improved mitochondrial architecture. HO-1 protein levels were increased in the hearts of exercising mice compared to sedentary WD fed females. CONCLUSIONS This study provides seminal evidence that exercise can prevent diastolic dysfunction in WD-induced obesity in females even without changes in body weight. Furthermore, the reduction in myocardial oxidative stress and fibrosis and improved HO-1 levels in exercising mice suggests a novel mechanism for the antioxidant effect of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Bostick
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Diabetes Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Annayya R Aroor
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diabetes Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Javad Habibi
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diabetes Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - William Durante
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Lixin Ma
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Vincent G DeMarco
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diabetes Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mona Garro
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diabetes Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Melvin R Hayden
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diabetes Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Frank W Booth
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - James R Sowers
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diabetes Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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98
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Jia G, Jia Y, Sowers JR. Contribution of Maladaptive Adipose Tissue Expansion to Development of Cardiovascular Disease. Compr Physiol 2016; 7:253-262. [PMID: 28135006 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The overweight and obesity epidemic has led to an increase in the metabolic syndrome and associated cardiovascular disease (CVD). These abnormalities include insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, vascular stiffness, hypertension, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Visceral white adipocyte tissue (WAT) expansion and associated fibrosis/stiffness of WAT promote insulin resistance and CVD through increases in proinflammatory adipokines, oxidative stress, activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, dysregulation of adipocyte apoptosis and autophagy, dysfunctional immune modulation, and adverse changes in the gut microbiome. The expansion of WAT is partly determined by activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and mammalian target of rapamycin/ribosomal S6 kinase signaling pathways. Further, the chronic activation of these signaling pathways may not only induce adipocyte hypertrophy and fibrosis, but also contribute to systemic inflammation, and impairment of insulin metabolic signaling in fat, liver, and skeletal muscle tissue. Therefore, the interplay of adipocyte dysfunction, maladaptive immune and inflammatory responses, and associated metabolic disorders often coexist leading to systemic low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance that are associated with increased CVD in obese individuals. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:253-262, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghong Jia
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Yan Jia
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - James R Sowers
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Dalton Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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99
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Role of mineralocorticoid receptor activation in cardiac diastolic dysfunction. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1863:2012-2018. [PMID: 27989961 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of cardiac diastolic dysfunction and heart failure with preserved ejection, a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the western world, is increasing due, in part, to increases in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Characteristics of cardiac diastolic dysfunction include increased myocardial stiffness and impaired left ventricular (LV) relaxation that is characterized by prolonged isovolumic LV relaxation and slow LV filling. Obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, especially in females promote activation of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) signaling with resultant increases in oxidative stress, maladaptive immune responses, inflammation, and impairment of coronary blood flow and cardiac interstitial fibrosis. This review highlights findings from the recent surge in cardiac diastolic dysfunction research. To this end it highlights our contemporary understanding of molecular mechanisms of MR regulation by genetic, epigenetic and posttranslational modifications and resultant cardiac diastolic dysfunction associated with insulin resistance, obesity and type 2 diabetes. This review also explores potential preventative and therapeutic strategies directed in the prevention of cardiac diastolic dysfunction and heart failure with preserved ejection. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Genetic and epigenetic control of heart failure edited by Dr. Jun Ren & Yingmei Zhang.
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100
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review will highlight recent developments in mineralocorticoid receptor research which impact aldosterone-associated vascular and cardiometabolic dysfunction. RECENT FINDINGS The mineralocorticoid receptor is also expressed in vascular smooth muscle and vascular endothelium, and contributes to vascular function and remodeling. Adipocyte-derived leptin stimulates aldosterone secretion, which may explain the observed link between obesity and hyperaldosteronism. Adipocyte mineralocorticoid receptor overexpression produces systemic changes consistent with metabolic syndrome. Ongoing studies with novel nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists may provide a novel treatment for diabetic nephropathy and heart failure in patients with chronic kidney disease, with reduced risk of hyperkalemia. SUMMARY Ongoing research continues to demonstrate novel roles of the vascular and adipocyte mineralocorticoid receptor function, which may explain the beneficial metabolic and vascular benefits of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
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