51
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Bahraoui E, Serrero M, Planès R. HIV-1 Tat - TLR4/MD2 interaction drives the expression of IDO-1 in monocytes derived dendritic cells through NF-κB dependent pathway. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8177. [PMID: 32424165 PMCID: PMC7235218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64847-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study we showed that HIV-1 Tat protein stimulated the expression of Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) -1 in human monocytes derived dendritic cells (MoDC) but not IDO-2 by acting directly at the cell membrane level. This induction of IDO-1 is dependent on the secondary structure of Tat protein, since stimulation with a chemically oxidized Tat protein loses its capacity to induce the production of IDO-1. Among the variety of candidate receptors described for Tat, we demonstrated that Tat protein interacted physically with TLR4/MD2 complex. Strikingly, blockade of Tat-TLR4 interaction by anti-TLR4 antibodies (clone HTA125), LPS-RS, a known TLR4 antagonist, or by soluble recombinant TLR4/MD2 complex inhibited strongly or totally the capacity of Tat to induce IDO-1 in MoDC while such treatments had no effect on IFN-γ-induced IDO-1. Furthermore, we showed that the activation of the transcription factor NF-κB by Tat is essential for the production of IDO-1 by human MoDC. Indeed, Tat activated NF-κB pathway in MoDC as demonstrated by the phosphorylation of p65 in Tat-treated MoDC. Further, we demonstrate that the stimulation of IDO-1 by Tat or by IFN-γ was totally or partially inhibited in the presence of NF-κB inhibitor respectively. These results suggest that Tat and IFN-γ act probably by two distinct mechanisms to induce the production of IDO-1. Our results clearly demonstrated that, although TLR4 pathway is necessary for Tat-induced IDO-1 in MoDC, it seems not to be sufficient since stable transfection of a functional TLR4/MD2 pathway in HEK or HeLa cell lines which are endogenously defectives for TLR4, did not restore the capacity of Tat to induce IDO-1 while IFN-γ treatment induces IDO-1 in HeLa cells independently of TLR4 pathway. These results suggest the involvement of additional stimuli in addition to TLR4 pathway which remain to be identified. Altogether our results demonstrated that, in human MoDC, HIV-1 Tat protein induced IDO-1 expression and activity in a NF-κB dependent-manner by recruiting TLR4 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmostafa Bahraoui
- INSERM, U1043, CPTP, CHU purpan, Toulouse, France. .,CNRS, U5282 CPTP, CHU purpan, Toulouse, France. .,Université Paul Sabatier, CPTP, CHU purpan, Toulouse, France.
| | - Manutea Serrero
- INSERM, U1043, CPTP, CHU purpan, Toulouse, France.,CNRS, U5282 CPTP, CHU purpan, Toulouse, France.,Université Paul Sabatier, CPTP, CHU purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Rémi Planès
- INSERM, U1043, CPTP, CHU purpan, Toulouse, France. .,CNRS, U5282 CPTP, CHU purpan, Toulouse, France. .,Université Paul Sabatier, CPTP, CHU purpan, Toulouse, France.
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52
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Munjita SM, Samutela M, Ndashe K, Munsaka SM. Immunity, parasites, genetics and sex hormones: contributors to mild inflammatory responses in COVID-19? Pan Afr Med J 2020; 35:36. [PMID: 33623561 PMCID: PMC7875730 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.supp.2020.35.2.23267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has killed over two hundred thousand people by end of April, 2020. America and Europe top in deaths from COVID-19 whereas the numbers are lower in Africa for unclear reasons. Emerging evidence suggests the role of hyperactive immune responses characterised by high pro-inflammatory cytokines in severe cases of COVID-19 and deaths. In this perspective, we explore the possible factors that may contribute to mild inflammatory responses in some cases of COVID-19 by focusing on immune education, parasites, sex hormones and chronic diseases, as well as genetic tolerance. To build our perspective, evidence is also extracted from wild rodents due to their multi-tasking immune responses as a result of constant exposure to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Munalula Munjita
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Mulemba Samutela
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Paraclinical studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Kunda Ndashe
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Lusaka Apex Medical University, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Sody Mweetwa Munsaka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
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53
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Rybicka M, Woziwodzka A, Sznarkowska A, Romanowski T, Stalke P, Dręczewski M, Verrier ER, Baumert TF, Bielawski KP. Genetic variation in IL-10 influences the progression of hepatitis B infection. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 96:260-265. [PMID: 32387446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The outcomes of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection vary substantially among affected individuals, providing evidence of the role of host genetic background in the susceptibility to HBV persistence and the dynamics of liver injury progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS Six single-nucleotide polymorphisms within the interleukin 10 gene (IL10) were genotyped by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in 857 patients with chronic HBV infection (CHB), 48 patients with resolved HBV infection, and 100 healthy volunteers. Associations of the selected polymorphisms with susceptibility to chronic HBV infection, liver injury progression, and outcomes were investigated. RESULTS IL10 -819T (rs1800871), -592A (rs1800872), and +504T (rs3024490) alleles were associated with treatment-induced hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seroclearance. Additionally, IL10 ATAC haplotype increased the chance of HBsAg loss and was significantly more frequent in patients with less liver injury. Moreover rs1800871TT, rs1518110TT, rs1800872AA, and rs3024490TT genotypes were identified as predictors of a lower FIB-4 score (<0.5). CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that polymorphisms within the promoter region and intronic sequences of IL10 are associated with chronicity of hepatitis B and with HBV-induced liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Rybicka
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Anna Woziwodzka
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Alicja Sznarkowska
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland; International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Romanowski
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Piotr Stalke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Gdansk, ul. Powstania Styczniowego 9b, 81-519 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Marcin Dręczewski
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Gdansk, ul. Powstania Styczniowego 9b, 81-519 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Eloi R Verrier
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMR_S1110, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas F Baumert
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMR_S1110, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Pôle Hépato-Digestif, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Krzysztof Piotr Bielawski
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland.
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54
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Fenwick C, Joo V, Jacquier P, Noto A, Banga R, Perreau M, Pantaleo G. T-cell exhaustion in HIV infection. Immunol Rev 2020; 292:149-163. [PMID: 31883174 PMCID: PMC7003858 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The T‐cell response is central in the adaptive immune‐mediated elimination of pathogen‐infected and/or cancer cells. This activated T‐cell response can inflict an overwhelming degree of damage to the targeted cells, which in most instances leads to the control and elimination of foreign invaders. However, in conditions of chronic infection, persistent exposure of T cells to high levels of antigen results in a severe T‐cell dysfunctional state called exhaustion. T‐cell exhaustion leads to a suboptimal immune‐mediated control of multiple viral infections including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In this review, we will discuss the role of T‐cell exhaustion in HIV disease progression, the long‐term defect of T‐cell function even in aviremic patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART), the role of exhaustion‐specific markers in maintaining a reservoir of latently infected cells, and exploiting these markers in HIV cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Fenwick
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Victor Joo
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Jacquier
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Noto
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Riddhima Banga
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Perreau
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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55
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Dell'Oste V, Biolatti M, Galitska G, Griffante G, Gugliesi F, Pasquero S, Zingoni A, Cerboni C, De Andrea M. Tuning the Orchestra: HCMV vs. Innate Immunity. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:661. [PMID: 32351486 PMCID: PMC7174589 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how the innate immune system keeps human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in check has recently become a critical issue in light of the global clinical burden of HCMV infection in newborns and immunodeficient patients. Innate immunity constitutes the first line of host defense against HCMV as it involves a complex array of cooperating effectors – e.g., inflammatory cytokines, type I interferon (IFN-I), natural killer (NK) cells, professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and phagocytes – all capable of disrupting HCMV replication. These factors are known to trigger a highly efficient adaptive immune response, where cellular restriction factors (RFs) play a major gatekeeping role. Unlike other innate immunity components, RFs are constitutively expressed in many cell types, ready to act before pathogen exposure. Nonetheless, the existence of a positive regulatory feedback loop between RFs and IFNs is clear evidence of an intimate cooperation between intrinsic and innate immunity. In the course of virus-host coevolution, HCMV has, however, learned how to manipulate the functions of multiple cellular players of the host innate immune response to achieve latency and persistence. Thus, HCMV acts like an orchestra conductor able to piece together and rearrange parts of a musical score (i.e., innate immunity) to obtain the best live performance (i.e., viral fitness). It is therefore unquestionable that innovative therapeutic solutions able to prevent HCMV immune evasion in congenitally infected infants and immunocompromised individuals are urgently needed. Here, we provide an up-to-date review of the mechanisms regulating the interplay between HCMV and innate immunity, focusing on the various strategies of immune escape evolved by this virus to gain a fitness advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Dell'Oste
- Laboratory of Pathogenesis of Viral Infections, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Matteo Biolatti
- Laboratory of Pathogenesis of Viral Infections, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Ganna Galitska
- Laboratory of Pathogenesis of Viral Infections, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Gloria Griffante
- Laboratory of Pathogenesis of Viral Infections, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Gugliesi
- Laboratory of Pathogenesis of Viral Infections, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Selina Pasquero
- Laboratory of Pathogenesis of Viral Infections, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandra Zingoni
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Immunopathology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Cerboni
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Immunopathology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco De Andrea
- Laboratory of Pathogenesis of Viral Infections, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease - CAAD, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
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56
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Swanta N, Aryal S, Nejtek V, Shenoy S, Ghorpade A, Borgmann K. Blood-based inflammation biomarkers of neurocognitive impairment in people living with HIV. J Neurovirol 2020; 26:358-370. [PMID: 32193795 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-020-00834-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation in people living with HIV (PLWH) correlates with severity of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. The objective of this study is to identify blood-based markers of neurocognitive function in a demographic balanced cohort of PLWH. Seven neurocognitive domains were evaluated in 121 seropositive Black/African American, Non-Hispanic White, and White Hispanic men and women using computerized assessments. Associations among standardized neurocognitive function and HIV-related parameters, relevant sociodemographic variables, and inflammation-associated cytokines measured in plasma and cellular supernatants were examined using multivariate and univariate regression models. Outlier and covariate analyses were used to identify and normalize for education level, CD4 T cell count, viral load, CNS and drug abuse comorbidities, which could influence biomarker and neurocognitive function associations. Plasma levels of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL) 8 significantly associated with memory, complex attention, cognitive flexibility, psychomotor speed, executive function, and processing speed. Plasma tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 associated with the aforementioned domains except memory and processing speed. In addition, plasma interleukin-23 significantly associated with processing speed and executive function. Analysis of peripheral blood cell culture supernatants revealed no significant markers for neurocognitive function. In this cohort, CD4 T cell count and education level also significantly associated with neurocognitive function. All identified inflammatory biomarkers demonstrated a negative correlation to neurocognitive function. These cytokines have known connections to HIV pathophysiology and are potential biomarkers for neurocognitive function in PLWH with promising clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Swanta
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Subhash Aryal
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.,Department of Gynecology Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vicki Nejtek
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Sangeeta Shenoy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Anuja Ghorpade
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.,Medical Innovation Collaborative of North Texas, Irving, TX, USA
| | - Kathleen Borgmann
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
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57
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Fourman LT, Saylor CF, Cheru L, Fitch K, Looby S, Keller K, Robinson JA, Hoffmann U, Lu MT, Burdo T, Lo J. Anti-Inflammatory Interleukin 10 Inversely Relates to Coronary Atherosclerosis in Persons With Human Immunodeficiency Virus. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:510-515. [PMID: 31077265 PMCID: PMC7325621 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that may be protective against coronary atherosclerosis. In an observational study of persons with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH) and uninfected controls, IL-10 was measured in serum samples by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and coronary atherosclerosis was assessed using computed tomographic angiography. Among PWH, a 10-fold decrease in IL-10 was associated with a 2.6-fold increase in the odds of coronary plaque (P = .01), after controlling for traditional and nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors. IL-10 was also inversely associated with total coronary plaque (ρ = -0.19; P = .02) and noncalcified coronary plaque (ρ = -0.24; P = .004). Our findings suggest a role for IL-10 in mitigating atherosclerosis in PWH. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT00455793.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay T Fourman
- Program in Nutritional Metabolism, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School
| | - Charles F Saylor
- Program in Nutritional Metabolism, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School
| | - Lediya Cheru
- Program in Nutritional Metabolism, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School
| | - Kathleen Fitch
- Program in Nutritional Metabolism, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School
| | - Sara Looby
- Program in Nutritional Metabolism, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School
- The Yvonne L. Munn Center for Nursing Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Kiana Keller
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School
| | - Jake A Robinson
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Udo Hoffmann
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School
| | - Michael T Lu
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School
| | - Tricia Burdo
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Janet Lo
- Program in Nutritional Metabolism, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School
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58
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Wong EA, Evans S, Kraus CR, Engelman KD, Maiello P, Flores WJ, Cadena AM, Klein E, Thomas K, White AG, Causgrove C, Stein B, Tomko J, Mattila JT, Gideon H, Lin PL, Reimann KA, Kirschner DE, Flynn JL. IL-10 Impairs Local Immune Response in Lung Granulomas and Lymph Nodes during Early Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 204:644-659. [PMID: 31862711 PMCID: PMC6981067 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, continues to be a major global health problem. Lung granulomas are organized structures of host immune cells that function to contain the bacteria. Cytokine expression is a critical component of the protective immune response, but inappropriate cytokine expression can exacerbate TB. Although the importance of proinflammatory cytokines in controlling M. tuberculosis infection has been established, the effects of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10, in TB are less well understood. To investigate the role of IL-10, we used an Ab to neutralize IL-10 in cynomolgus macaques during M. tuberculosis infection. Anti-IL-10-treated nonhuman primates had similar overall disease outcomes compared with untreated control nonhuman primates, but there were immunological changes in granulomas and lymph nodes from anti-IL-10-treated animals. There was less thoracic inflammation and increased cytokine production in lung granulomas and lymph nodes from IL-10-neutralized animals at 3-4 wk postinfection compared with control animals. At 8 wk postinfection, lung granulomas from IL-10-neutralized animals had reduced cytokine production but increased fibrosis relative to control animals. Although these immunological changes did not affect the overall disease burden during the first 8 wk of infection, we paired computational modeling to explore late infection dynamics. Our findings support that early changes occurring in the absence of IL-10 may lead to better bacterial control later during infection. These unique datasets provide insight into the contribution of IL-10 to the immunological balance necessary for granulomas to control bacterial burden and disease pathology in M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen A Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Stephanie Evans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Carolyn R Kraus
- Nonhuman Primate Reagent Resource, MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA 02126
| | - Kathleen D Engelman
- Nonhuman Primate Reagent Resource, MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA 02126
| | - Pauline Maiello
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Walter J Flores
- Nonhuman Primate Reagent Resource, MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA 02126
| | - Anthony M Cadena
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Edwin Klein
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Kayla Thomas
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Alexander G White
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Chelsea Causgrove
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Brianne Stein
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Jaime Tomko
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Joshua T Mattila
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; and
| | - Hannah Gideon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - P Ling Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224
| | - Keith A Reimann
- Nonhuman Primate Reagent Resource, MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA 02126
| | - Denise E Kirschner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - JoAnne L Flynn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219;
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59
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Tang X, Zhang S, Peng Q, Ling L, Shi H, Liu Y, Cheng L, Xu L, Cheng L, Chakrabarti LA, Chen Z, Wang H, Zhang Z. Sustained IFN-I stimulation impairs MAIT cell responses to bacteria by inducing IL-10 during chronic HIV-1 infection. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz0374. [PMID: 32128419 PMCID: PMC7030930 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz0374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in HIV-1-infected individuals are functionally impaired by poorly understood mechanisms. Single-cell transcriptional and surface protein analyses revealed that peripheral MAIT cells from HIV-1-infected subjects were highly activated with the up-regulation of interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes as compared to healthy individuals. Sustained IFN-α treatment suppressed MAIT cell responses to Escherichia coli by triggering high-level interleukin-10 (IL-10) production by monocytes, which subsequently inhibited the secretion of IL-12, a crucial costimulatory cytokine for MAIT cell activation. Blocking IFN-α or IL-10 receptors prevented MAIT cell dysfunction induced by HIV-1 exposure in vitro. Moreover, blocking the IL-10 receptor significantly improved anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis responses of MAIT cells from HIV-1-infected patients. Our findings demonstrate the central role of the IFN-I/IL-10 axis in MAIT cell dysfunction during HIV-1 infection, which has implications for the development of anti-IFN-I/IL-10 strategies against bacterial coinfections in HIV-1-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Tang
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, Guangdong Province, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518100, China
| | - S. Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Q. Peng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - L. Ling
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, China
| | - H. Shi
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Y. Liu
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, Guangdong Province, China
| | - L. Cheng
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, Guangdong Province, China
| | - L. Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - L. Cheng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - L. A. Chakrabarti
- Institut Pasteur, Groupe Contrôle des Infections Virales Chroniques, Unité Virus et Immunité, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Z. Chen
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, Guangdong Province, China
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, China
| | - H. Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Z. Zhang
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, Guangdong Province, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518100, China
- Guangdong Key Lab of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
- Corresponding author.
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Chandrasekar AP, Cummins NW, Badley AD. The Role of the BCL-2 Family of Proteins in HIV-1 Pathogenesis and Persistence. Clin Microbiol Rev 2019; 33:e00107-19. [PMID: 31666279 PMCID: PMC6822993 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00107-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in HIV-1 therapy have transformed the once fatal infection into a manageable, chronic condition, yet the search for a widely applicable approach to cure remains elusive. The ineffectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in reducing the size of the HIV-1 latent reservoir has prompted investigation into the mechanisms of HIV-1 latency and immune escape. One of the major regulators of apoptosis, the BCL-2 protein, alongside its homologous family members, is a major target of HIV-1-induced change. Recent studies have now demonstrated the association of this protein with cells that support proviral forms in the setting of latency and have helped identify BCL-2 as a novel and promising therapeutic target for HIV-1 therapy directed at possible cure. This review aims to systematically review the interactions of HIV-1 with BCL-2 and its homologs and to examine the possibility of using BCL-2 inhibitors in the study and elimination of the latent reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathan W Cummins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andrew D Badley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Prabhu VM, Singh AK, Padwal V, Nagar V, Patil P, Patel V. Monocyte Based Correlates of Immune Activation and Viremia in HIV-Infected Long-Term Non-Progressors. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2849. [PMID: 31867010 PMCID: PMC6908494 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Disease progression monitoring through CD4 counts alone can be inadequate in HIV infection as ongoing immune activation may result in Serious non-AIDS events (SNAEs). SNAEs involve monocyte activation driven chronic inflammation with significant sequelae observed even during HAART. Here, we attempted to delineate functional monocyte based signatures across stages of HIV disease progression. Methods: Participants spanning four cohorts were recruited-pre-ART (PA; <7 years of infection; n = 20), long-term non-progressors (LTNP; >7 years of infection, CD4 > 350 cells/μL, n = 20), individuals on therapy (ART; n = 18) and seronegative controls (SN; n = 15). Immunophenotyping of monocyte subsets and evaluation of expression of HIV-binding receptors-CD4 and CCR5, marker of immune activation- HLA-DR and M2 phenotype-mannose receptor (CD206) was followed by association of monocyte-specific parameters with conventional markers of disease progression such as absolute CD4 count, CD4/CD8 ratio, viral load, and T cell activation. Results: A significant expansion of intermediate monocytes (CD14++CD16+) with a concomitant decline in classical subset (CD14++CD16-) was observed in all infected cohorts compared to seronegative controls. In addition, an expansion of the non-classical subset (CD14+CD16++) was observed in long-term non-progressors. Dysregulation in monocyte subsets associated with CD4 count and CD4/CD8 ratio in PAs but not in LTNPs. We report for the first time that expression of CD206 is most prominent on intermediate monocytes which also have the highest expression of CD4, CCR5, and HLA-DR. Despite preserved CD4 counts, LTNPs had similar immune activation profiles to PAs, as evidenced by elevated HLA-DR expression across monocyte subsets. HLA-DR expression, similar to that in SNs, observed in the ART group indicated partial immune restoration within the monocyte compartment. Increased CD206 expression on monocytes together with frequency of activated CD4+ T lymphocytes (HLA-DR+CD38+) showed significant and positive association with viral load in LTNPs, but not PAs. Conclusion: Our results describe for the first time the presence of monocyte dysregulation involving increased activation in LTNPs, who, in spite of preserved CD4 counts, may remain susceptible to prolonged effects of systemic inflammation and highlight CD206, as a unique non-T correlate of viremia, in viremic non-progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha M Prabhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Virology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Amit Kumar Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Virology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Varsha Padwal
- Department of Biochemistry and Virology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Vidya Nagar
- Department of Medicine, The Grant Medical College and Sir J. J. Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, India
| | - Priya Patil
- Department of Medicine, The Grant Medical College and Sir J. J. Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, India
| | - Vainav Patel
- Department of Biochemistry and Virology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India
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62
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Ali AK, Komal AK, Almutairi SM, Lee SH. Natural Killer Cell-Derived IL-10 Prevents Liver Damage During Sustained Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2688. [PMID: 31803193 PMCID: PMC6873346 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes of the innate immune response that play a vital role in controlling infections and cancer. Their pro-inflammatory role has been well-established; however, less is known about the regulatory functions of NK cells, in particular, their production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. In this study, we investigated the immunoregulatory function of NK cells during MCMV infection and demonstrated that NK cells are major producers of IL-10 during the early stage of infection. To investigate the effect of NK cell-derived IL-10, we have generated NK cell-specific IL-10-deficient mice (NKp46-Cre-Il10fl/fl) displaying no signs of age-related spontaneous inflammation, with NK cells that show no detectable IL-10 production upon in vitro stimulation. In NKp46-Cre-Il10fl/fl mice, the levels of IL-10 and IFNγ, viral burdens and T cell activation were similar between NKp46-Cre-Il10fl/fl mice and their control littermates, suggesting that NK cell-derived IL-10 is dispensable during acute MCMV infection in immunocompetent hosts. In perforin-deficient mice that show a more sustained infection, NK cells produce more sustained levels of IL-10. By crossing NKp46-Cre-Il10fl/fl mice with perforin-deficient mice, we demonstrated that NK cell-derived IL-10 regulates T cell activation, prevents liver damage, and allows for better disease outcome. Taken together, NK cell-derived IL-10 can be critical in regulating the immune response during early phases of infection and therefore protecting the host from excessive immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Kassim Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Amandeep Kaur Komal
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Saeedah Musaed Almutairi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Center for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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63
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Alhabbab RY, Nova-Lamperti E, Aravena O, Burton HM, Lechler RI, Dorling A, Lombardi G. Regulatory B cells: Development, phenotypes, functions, and role in transplantation. Immunol Rev 2019; 292:164-179. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rowa Y. Alhabbab
- Infectious Disease Unit and Division of Applied Medical Sciences King Fahad Centre for medical research King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology MRC Centre for Transplantation School of Immunology & Mucosal Biology King's College LondonKing's Health PartnersGuy's Hospital London UK
| | - Estefanía Nova-Lamperti
- Molecular and Translational Immunology Laboratory Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology Pharmacy Faculty Universidad de Concepción Concepción Chile
| | - Octavio Aravena
- Programa Disciplinario de Immunología Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Hannah M. Burton
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology MRC Centre for Transplantation School of Immunology & Mucosal Biology King's College LondonKing's Health PartnersGuy's Hospital London UK
| | - Robert I. Lechler
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology MRC Centre for Transplantation School of Immunology & Mucosal Biology King's College LondonKing's Health PartnersGuy's Hospital London UK
| | - Anthony Dorling
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology MRC Centre for Transplantation School of Immunology & Mucosal Biology King's College LondonKing's Health PartnersGuy's Hospital London UK
| | - Giovanna Lombardi
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology MRC Centre for Transplantation School of Immunology & Mucosal Biology King's College LondonKing's Health PartnersGuy's Hospital London UK
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64
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Claiborne DT, Scully EP, Palmer CD, Prince JL, Macharia GN, Kopycinski J, Michelo CM, Wiener HW, Parker R, Nganou-Makamdop K, Douek D, Altfeld M, Gilmour J, Price MA, Tang J, Kilembe W, Allen SA, Hunter E. Protective HLA alleles are associated with reduced LPS levels in acute HIV infection with implications for immune activation and pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007981. [PMID: 31449552 PMCID: PMC6730937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research on the mechanisms of HLA-mediated immune control of HIV-1 pathogenesis, it is clear that much remains to be discovered, as exemplified by protective HLA alleles like HLA-B*81 which are associated with profound protection from CD4+ T cell decline without robust control of early plasma viremia. Here, we report on additional HLA class I (B*1401, B*57, B*5801, as well as B*81), and HLA class II (DQB1*02 and DRB1*15) alleles that display discordant virological and immunological phenotypes in a Zambian early infection cohort. HLA class I alleles of this nature were also associated with enhanced immune responses to conserved epitopes in Gag. Furthermore, these HLA class I alleles were associated with reduced levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the plasma during acute infection. Elevated LPS levels measured early in infection predicted accelerated CD4+ T cell decline, as well as immune activation and exhaustion. Taken together, these data suggest novel mechanisms for HLA-mediated immune control of HIV-1 pathogenesis that do not necessarily involve significant control of early viremia and point to microbial translocation as a direct driver of HIV-1 pathogenesis rather than simply a consequence. During acute HIV infection, there exists a complex interplay between the host immune response and the virus, and the balance of these interactions dramatically affects disease trajectory in infected individuals. Variations in Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) alleles dictate the potency of the cellular immune response to HIV, and certain well-studied alleles (HLA-B*57, B*27) are associated with control of HIV viremia. However, though plasma viral load is indicative of disease progression, the number of CD4+ T cells in the blood is a better measurement of disease severity. Through analysis of a large Zambian acute infection cohort, we identified HLA alleles that were associated with protection for CD4+ T cell loss, without dramatic affect on early plasma viremia. We further link these favorable HLA alleles to reduction in a well-known contributor to HIV pathogenesis, the presence of microbial products in the blood, which is indicative of damage to the gastrointestinal tract, a process which accelerates disease progression in HIV infected individuals. Ultimately, these results suggest a new mechanism by which the cellular immune response can combat HIV-associated pathogenesis, and further highlight the contribution of gut damage and microbial translocation to accelerating disease progression, even at early stages in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T. Claiborne
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Eileen P. Scully
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christine D. Palmer
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jessica L. Prince
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gladys N. Macharia
- Human Immunology Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jakub Kopycinski
- Human Immunology Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Howard W. Wiener
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Rachel Parker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Krystelle Nganou-Makamdop
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniel Douek
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Virus Immunology Unit, Heinrich-Pette-Institut, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jill Gilmour
- Human Immunology Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matt A. Price
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jianming Tang
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | | | - Susan A. Allen
- Zambia-Emory HIV Research Project, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Eric Hunter
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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65
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Hunegnaw R, Mushtaq Z, Enyindah-Asonye G, Hoang T, Robert-Guroff M. Alveolar Macrophage Dysfunction and Increased PD-1 Expression During Chronic SIV Infection of Rhesus Macaques. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1537. [PMID: 31333668 PMCID: PMC6618664 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infected individuals have been shown to be pre-disposed to pulmonary infections even while receiving anti-retroviral therapy. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) play a critical role in lung innate immunity, but contradictory results have been reported regarding their functionality following HIV infection. Here, using the SIV rhesus macaque model, we document the effect of SIV infection on the phenotypic and functional properties of AMs. Following infection with SIVmac251, AMs in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) sampled over 2- to 20-weeks post-infection (wpi) were compared to those in BAL samples from naïve macaques. AM expression of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and chemokine RANTES drastically increased 2-wpi compared to AMs of naïve macaques (p < 0.0001 for all), but dropped significantly with progression to chronic infection. Phagocytic activity of AMs 2-and 4-wpi was elevated compared to AMs of naive animals (p = 0.0005, p = 0.0004, respectively) but significantly decreased by 12-wpi (p = 0.0022, p = 0.0019, respectively). By 20-wpi the ability of AMs from chronically infected animals to perform SIV-specific antibody-dependent phagocytosis (ADP) was also diminished (p = 0.028). Acute SIV infection was associated with increased FcγRIII expression which subsequently declined with disease progression. Frequency of FcγRIII+ AMs showed a strong trend toward correlation with SIV-specific ADP, and at 2-wpi FcγRIII expression negatively correlated with viral load (r = -0.6819; p = 0.0013), suggesting a contribution to viremia control. Importantly, PD-1 was found to be expressed on AMs and showed a strong trend toward correlation with plasma viral load (r = 0.8266; p = 0.058), indicating that similar to over-expression on T-cells, PD-1 expression on AMs may also be associated with disease progression. Further, AMs predominantly expressed PD-L2, which remained consistent over the course of infection. PD-1 blockade enhanced SIV-specific ADP by AMs from chronic infection indicating that the PD-1/PD-L2 pathway may modulate functional activity of AMs at that stage. These findings provide new insight into the dynamics of SIV infection leading to AM dysfunction and alteration of pulmonary innate immunity. Our results suggest new pathways to exploit in developing therapies targeting pulmonary disease susceptibility in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Hunegnaw
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Zuena Mushtaq
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Gospel Enyindah-Asonye
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Tanya Hoang
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Ouyang P, Yang R, Yin L, Geng Y, Lai W, Huang X, Chen D, Fang J, Chen Z, Tang L, He M, Huang C, Liu W, Wang K. Molecular characterization of Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 encoded viral interleukin10. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 89:149-157. [PMID: 30926478 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3), a virus that encodes an interleukin10 (IL-10) homologue, causes severe economic losses to the common carp and koi culture industry. The present study was devoted to this IL-10 homologue. Recombinant viral IL-10 (vIL-10) protein encoded by CyHV-3 ORF134 gene using prokaryotic expression system was obtained successfully. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the amino acid sequence of CyHV-3 vIL-10 has low homology with other host IL-10 or viruses encoded IL-10s. However, their tertiary structure is quite similar, suggesting conservative biological functions between IL-10s and vIL-10s. The biological activity of CyHV-3 vIL-10 was detected by using CCK-8 kit and real time quantitative PCR. The results showed that CyHV-3 vIL-10 down regulate epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cellular activity at 72 h. Moreover, CyHV-3 vIL-10 inhibits the LPS-induced expression of proinflammatory genes, similar to common carp IL-10. Altogether, the results of this study demonstrate that a clear biological activity of CyHV-3 vIL-10 on its host cells and indicates CyHV-3 vIL-10 may play an important role in viral immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Ouyang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Ruixue Yang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Lizi Yin
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yi Geng
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Weiming Lai
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Defang Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jing Fang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Zhengli Chen
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Min He
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Wentao Liu
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Kaiyu Wang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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Kahan SM, Zajac AJ. Immune Exhaustion: Past Lessons and New Insights from Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:E156. [PMID: 30781904 PMCID: PMC6410286 DOI: 10.3390/v11020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is a paradigm-forming experimental system with a remarkable track record of contributing to the discovery of many of the fundamental concepts of modern immunology. The ability of LCMV to establish a chronic infection in immunocompetent adult mice was instrumental for identifying T cell exhaustion and this system has been invaluable for uncovering the complexity, regulators, and consequences of this state. These findings have been directly relevant for understanding why ineffective T cell responses commonly arise during many chronic infections including HIV and HCV, as well as during tumor outgrowth. The principal feature of exhausted T cells is the inability to elaborate the array of effector functions necessary to contain the underlying infection or tumor. Using LCMV to determine how to prevent and reverse T cell exhaustion has highlighted the potential of checkpoint blockade therapies, most notably PD-1 inhibition strategies, for improving cellular immunity under conditions of antigen persistence. Here, we discuss the discovery, properties, and regulators of exhausted T cells and highlight how LCMV has been at the forefront of advancing our understanding of these ineffective responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Kahan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Allan J Zajac
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Roider J, Ngoepe A, Muenchhoff M, Adland E, Groll A, Ndung'u T, Kløverpris H, Goulder P, Leslie A. Increased Regulatory T-Cell Activity and Enhanced T-Cell Homeostatic Signaling in Slow Progressing HIV-infected Children. Front Immunol 2019; 10:213. [PMID: 30809229 PMCID: PMC6379343 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric slow progressors (PSP) are rare ART-naïve, HIV-infected children who maintain high CD4 T-cell counts and low immune activation despite persistently high viral loads. Using a well-defined cohort of PSP, we investigated the role of regulatory T-cells (TREG) and of IL-7 homeostatic signaling in maintaining normal-for-age CD4 counts in these individuals. Compared to children with progressive disease, PSP had greater absolute numbers of TREG, skewed toward functionally suppressive phenotypes. As with immune activation, overall T-cell proliferation was lower in PSP, but was uniquely higher in central memory TREG (CM TREG), indicating active engagement of this subset. Furthermore, PSP secreted higher levels of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 than children who progressed. The frequency of suppressive TREG, CM TREG proliferation, and IL-10 production were all lower in PSP who go on to progress at a later time-point, supporting the importance of an active TREG response in preventing disease progression. In addition, we find that IL-7 homeostatic signaling is enhanced in PSP, both through preserved surface IL-7receptor (CD127) expression on central memory T-cells and increased plasma levels of soluble IL-7receptor, which enhances the bioactivity of IL-7. Combined analysis, using a LASSO modeling approach, indicates that both TREG activity and homeostatic T-cell signaling make independent contributions to the preservation of CD4 T-cells in HIV-infected children. Together, these data demonstrate that maintenance of normal-for-age CD4 counts in PSP is an active process, which requires both suppression of immune activation through functional TREG, and enhanced T-cell homeostatic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Roider
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medizinische Klinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Abigail Ngoepe
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Maximilian Muenchhoff
- Department of Virology, Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Emily Adland
- Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Groll
- Faculty of Statistics, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik Kløverpris
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Philip Goulder
- Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Alasdair Leslie
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Soare AY, Durham ND, Gopal R, Tweel B, Hoffman KW, Brown JA, O'Brien M, Bhardwaj N, Lim JK, Chen BK, Swartz TH. P2X Antagonists Inhibit HIV-1 Productive Infection and Inflammatory Cytokines Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and IL-1β in a Human Tonsil Explant Model. J Virol 2019; 93:e01186-18. [PMID: 30305360 PMCID: PMC6288349 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01186-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 causes a persistent infection of the immune system that is associated with chronic comorbidities. The mechanisms that underlie this inflammation are poorly understood. Emerging literature has implicated proinflammatory purinergic receptors and downstream signaling mediators in HIV-1 infection. This study probed whether inhibitors of purinergic receptors would reduce HIV-1 infection and HIV-1-stimulated inflammation. An ex vivo human tonsil histoculture infection model was developed to support HIV-1 productive infection and stimulated the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and the immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10). This study tests whether inhibitors of purinergic receptors would reduce HIV-1 infection and HIV-1-stimulated inflammation. The purinergic P2X1 receptor antagonist NF449, the purinergic P2X7 receptor antagonist A438079, and azidothymidine (AZT) were tested in HIV-1-infected human tonsil explants to compare levels of inhibition of HIV-1 infection and HIV-stimulated inflammatory cytokine production. All drugs limited HIV-1 productive infection, but P2X-selective antagonists (NF449 and A438079) significantly lowered HIV-stimulated IL-10 and IL-1β. We further observed that P2X1- and P2X7-selective antagonists can act differentially as inhibitors of both HIV-1 infection and HIV-1-stimulated inflammation. Our findings highlight the differential effects of HIV-1 on inflammation in peripheral blood compared to those in lymphoid tissue. For the first time, we demonstrate that P2X-selective antagonists act differentially as inhibitors of both HIV-1 infection and HIV-1-stimulated inflammation. Drugs that block these pathways can have independent inhibitory activities against HIV-1 infection and HIV-induced inflammation.IMPORTANCE Patients who are chronically infected with HIV-1 experience sequelae related to chronic inflammation. The mechanisms of this inflammation have not been elucidated. Here, we describe a class of drugs that target the P2X proinflammatory signaling receptors in a human tonsil explant model. This model highlights differences in HIV-1 stimulation of lymphoid tissue inflammation and peripheral blood. These drugs serve to block both HIV-1 infection and production of IL-10 and IL-1β in lymphoid tissue, suggesting a novel approach to HIV-1 therapeutics in which both HIV-1 replication and inflammatory signaling are simultaneously targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Y Soare
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Natasha D Durham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ramya Gopal
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin Tweel
- Department of Otolaryngology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kevin W Hoffman
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Julia A Brown
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Megan O'Brien
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nina Bhardwaj
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jean K Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin K Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Talia H Swartz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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70
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Villani R, Vendemiale G, Serviddio G. Molecular Mechanisms Involved in HCC Recurrence after Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010049. [PMID: 30583555 PMCID: PMC6337751 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C is associated with a high risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) because of a direct effect of the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) proteins and an indirect oncogenic effect of chronic inflammation and impaired immune response. The treatment of chronic hepatitis C markedly reduces all-cause mortality; in fact, interferon-based treatment has shown a reduction of HCC incidence of more than 70%. The recent introduction of the highly effective direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) has completely changed the scenario of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) with rates of HCV cure over 90%. However, an unexpectedly high incidence of HCC recurrence was observed in patients after DAA treatment (27% versus 0.4–2% in patients who received interferon treatment). The mechanism that underlies the high rate of tumor relapse is currently unknown and is one of the main issues in hepatology. We reviewed the possible mechanisms involved in HCC recurrence after DAA treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/epidemiology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/immunology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/virology
- Hepacivirus/drug effects
- Hepacivirus/immunology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/drug therapy
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/epidemiology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/immunology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/virology
- Humans
- Incidence
- Interferons/therapeutic use
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/epidemiology
- Liver Neoplasms/immunology
- Liver Neoplasms/virology
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Monocytes/drug effects
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/drug therapy
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/epidemiology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/immunology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/virology
- Neutrophils/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Villani
- C.U.R.E. University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Internal Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Gianluigi Vendemiale
- C.U.R.E. University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Internal Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Gaetano Serviddio
- C.U.R.E. University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Internal Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
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71
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Osuji FN, Onyenekwe CC, Ahaneku JE, Ukibe NR. The effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy on the serum levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in HIV infected subjects. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:88. [PMID: 30501642 PMCID: PMC6276218 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0490-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokines play an important role in controlling the homeostasis of the immune system and infection with Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) leads to deregulated production of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. This study was designed to determine the effects of HIV and Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) on the levels of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines in HIV infected subjects. METHOD A total of 50 HIV infected and 50 HIV seronegative control participants were recruited for the study. The HIV infected subjects were recruited before commencement of antiretroviral therapy and were followed up for 12 months. Blood samples were collected at 3 different points: before initiation of therapy, 6 months into therapy and 12 months into therapy. Serum cytokines were analyzed using ELISA method while CD4+ T cells and viral load counts were measured using standard laboratory methods. RESULT The results showed that pro-inflammatory cytokines: Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and anti-inflammatory cytokines Interleukin-4 (IL-4), Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) were significantly elevated in HIV infected subjects before commencement of therapy compared to 6 months and 12 months into therapy (P < 0.01) and compared to control participants (P < 0.01). TNF-α, TGF-beta remained significantly elevated even after 12 months of therapy compared to control participants (P < 0.01), while IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 showed no significant difference compared to control participants after 12 months of therapy (P > 0.05). INF-γ was significantly reduced before commencement of therapy and after 12 months of therapy compared to control participants (P < 0.05) respectively. CONCLUSION TNF-α and TGF-β remained significantly elevated even after 12 months of therapy, while IFN-γ remained significantly reduced after 12 months of therapy. Regulating these cytokines which were unresponsive to therapy could serve as a potential measure of therapy for HIV infected subjects. The positive effect of 12 months therapy on IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10 levels can be used to monitor disease prognosis during therapy especially in resource poor setting where regular viral load monitoring is unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faustina Nkechi Osuji
- Immaculate Heart Specialist Hospital, P.O.Box 29, Nkpor-Agu, Idemili-North L.G.A. Anambra State, Nnewi, Nigeria
| | - Charles Chinedu Onyenekwe
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Anambra State Nigeria
| | - Joseph Ebere Ahaneku
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Anambra State Nigeria
| | - Nkiruka Rose Ukibe
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Anambra State Nigeria
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72
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HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins Induce the Production of TNF-α and IL-10 in Human Monocytes by Activating Calcium Pathway. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17215. [PMID: 30464243 PMCID: PMC6249280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35478-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human HIV-1 infection leads inevitably to a chronic hyper-immune-activation. However, the nature of the targeted receptors and the pathways involved remain to be fully elucidated. We demonstrate that X4-tropic gp120 induced the production of TNF-α and IL-10 by monocytes through activation of a cell membrane receptor, distinct from the CD4, CXCR4, and MR receptors. Gp120 failed to stimulate IL-10 and TNF-α production by monocytes in Ca2+ free medium. This failure was total for IL-10 and partial for TNF-α. However, IL-10 and TNF-α production was fully restored following the addition of exogenous calcium. Accordingly, addition of BAPTA-AM and cyclosporine-A, fully and partially inhibited IL-10 and TNF-α respectively. The PKA pathway was crucial for IL-10 production but only partially involved in gp120-induced TNF-α. The PLC pathway was partially and equivalently involved in gp120-induced TNF-α and IL-10. Moreover, the inhibition of PI3K, ERK1/2, p38 MAP-kinases and NF-κB pathways totally abolished the production of both cytokines. In conclusion, this study revealed the crucial calcium signaling pathway triggered by HIV-1 gp120 to control the production of these two cytokines: TNF-α and IL-10. The finding could help in the development of a new therapeutic strategy to alleviate the chronic hyper-immune-activation observed in HIV-1 infected patients.
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73
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Saeidi A, Zandi K, Cheok YY, Saeidi H, Wong WF, Lee CYQ, Cheong HC, Yong YK, Larsson M, Shankar EM. T-Cell Exhaustion in Chronic Infections: Reversing the State of Exhaustion and Reinvigorating Optimal Protective Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2569. [PMID: 30473697 PMCID: PMC6237934 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell exhaustion is a phenomenon of dysfunction or physical elimination of antigen-specific T cells reported in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections as well as cancer. Exhaustion appears to be often restricted to CD8+ T cells responses in the literature, although CD4+ T cells have also been reported to be functionally exhausted in certain chronic infections. Although our understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated with the transcriptional regulation of T-cell exhaustion is advancing, it is imperative to also explore the central mechanisms that control the altered expression patterns. Targeting metabolic dysfunctions with mitochondrion-targeted antioxidants are also expected to improve the antiviral functions of exhausted virus-specific CD8+ T cells. In addition, it is crucial to consider the contributions of mitochondrial biogenesis on T-cell exhaustion and how mitochondrial metabolism of T cells could be targeted whilst treating chronic viral infections. Here, we review the current understanding of cardinal features of T-cell exhaustion in chronic infections, and have attempted to focus on recent discoveries, potential strategies to reverse exhaustion and reinvigorate optimal protective immune responses in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Saeidi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Keivan Zandi
- Department of Pediatrics School of Medicine Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Yi Ying Cheok
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hamidreza Saeidi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chalystha Yie Qin Lee
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Heng Choon Cheong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yean Kong Yong
- Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Laboratory Center, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Esaki Muthu Shankar
- Division of Infection Biology and Medical Microbiology, Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
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74
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Hydroxypropyl-Beta-Cyclodextrin Reduces Inflammatory Signaling from Monocytes: Possible Implications for Suppression of HIV Chronic Immune Activation. mSphere 2018; 3:3/6/e00497-18. [PMID: 30404938 PMCID: PMC6222057 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00497-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocytes from HIV-infected patients produce increased levels of inflammatory cytokines, which are associated with chronic immune activation and AIDS progression. Chronic immune activation is often not restored even in patients showing viral suppression under ART. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies to control inflammation and modulate immune activation are required. Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-BCD) is a cholesterol-sequestering agent that has been reported to be safe for human use in numerous pharmaceutical applications and that has been shown to inactivate HIV in vitro and to control SIV infection in vivo Since cellular cholesterol content or metabolism has been related to altered cellular activation, we evaluated whether HP-BCD treatment could modulate monocyte response to inflammatory stimuli. Treatment of monocytes isolated from HIV-positive and HIV-negative donors with HP-BCD inhibited the expression of CD36 and TNF-α after LPS stimulation, independent of raft disruption. Accordingly, HP-BCD-treated cells showed significant reduction of TNF-α and IL-10 secretion, which was associated with lower mRNA expression. LPS-induced p38MAPK phosphorylation was dampened by HP-BCD treatment, indicating this pathway as a target for HP-BCD-mediated anti-inflammatory response. The expression of HLA-DR was also reduced in monocytes and dendritic cells treated with HP-BCD, which could hinder T cell activation by these cells. Our data suggest that, besides its well-known antiviral activity, HP-BCD could have an immunomodulatory effect, leading to decreased inflammatory responses mediated by antigen-presenting cells, which may impact HIV pathogenesis and AIDS progression.IMPORTANCE Chronic immune activation is a hallmark of HIV infection and is often not controlled even in patients under antiretroviral therapy. Indeed, chronic diseases with inflammatory pathogenesis are being reported as major causes of death for HIV-infected persons. Hydroxypropyl-beta cyclodextrin (HP-BCD) is a cholesterol-sequestering drug that inhibits HIV replication and infectivity in vitro and in vivo Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of cholesterol metabolism and content in different inflammatory conditions; therefore, we investigated the potential of HP-BCD as an immunomodulatory drug, regulating the activation of cells from HIV-infected patients. Treatment of monocytes with HP-BCD inhibited the expression and secretion of receptors and mediators that are usually enhanced in HIV patients. Furthermore, we investigated the molecular mechanisms associated with the immunomodulatory effect of HP-BCD. Our results indicate that, besides reducing viral replication, HP-BCD treatment may contribute to modulation of chronic immune activation associated with AIDS.
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75
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Bosinger SE, Tharp GK, Patel NB, Zhao C, Payne TL, Dietz Ostergaard S, Butler K, Ellis S, Johnson RL, Kersh EN, McNicholl JM, Vishwanathan SA. Progestin-based contraception regimens modulate expression of putative HIV risk factors in the vaginal epithelium of pig-tailed Macaques. Am J Reprod Immunol 2018; 80:e13029. [PMID: 30076667 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM In women, the use of progestin-based contraception may increase the risk of vaginal HIV acquisition. We previously showed in macaques that there is a significantly higher simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) acquisition rate in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, which presents a naturally high-progesterone state, and this may be attributable to altered expression of innate immune factors. We hypothesized that progestin-based contraception, especially depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), would, in a similar way, affect mucosal immune factors that influence HIV acquisition risk. METHOD OF STUDY We used a pig-tailed macaque model to evaluate the effects of two progestin-based contraceptives, DMPA, and levonorgestrel (LNG)/ethinyl estradiol (EE)-based combined oral contraceptives (COCs), on innate mucosal factors. We compared the vaginal epithelial thickness data from previous studies and used cytokine profiling and microarray analysis to evaluate contraception-induced molecular changes in the vagina. RESULTS The administration of DMPA caused a reduction in the thickness of the vaginal epithelium relative to that of the follicular or luteal phase. DMPA also induced a significant increase in vaginal levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Both DMPA- and LNG-based contraception induced a signature of gene expression similar to that of the luteal phase, only more exacerbated, including widespread downregulation of antiviral genes. CONCLUSION The use of progestin-based contraception might engender a milieu that poses an increased risk of HIV acquisition as compared to both the luteal and follicular phases of the menstrual cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Bosinger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Gregory K Tharp
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nirav B Patel
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | | | - Katherine Butler
- Office of the Associate Director for Laboratory Science and Safety, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | - Ellen N Kersh
- Division of Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia
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76
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Porichis F, Hart MG, Massa A, Everett HL, Morou A, Richard J, Brassard N, Veillette M, Hassan M, Ly NL, Routy JP, Freeman GJ, Dubé M, Finzi A, Kaufmann DE. Immune Checkpoint Blockade Restores HIV-Specific CD4 T Cell Help for NK Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:971-981. [PMID: 29934472 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Immune exhaustion is an important feature of chronic infections, such as HIV, and a barrier to effective immunity against cancer. This dysfunction is in part controlled by inhibitory immune checkpoints. Blockade of the PD-1 or IL-10 pathways can reinvigorate HIV-specific CD4 T cell function in vitro, as measured by cytokine secretion and proliferative responses upon Ag stimulation. However, whether this restoration of HIV-specific CD4 T cells can improve help to other cell subsets impaired in HIV infection remains to be determined. In this study, we examine a cohort of chronically infected subjects prior to initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and individuals with suppressed viral load on ART. We show that IFN-γ induction in NK cells upon PBMC stimulation by HIV Ag varies inversely with viremia and depends on HIV-specific CD4 T cell help. We demonstrate in both untreated and ART-suppressed individuals that dual PD-1 and IL-10 blockade enhances cytokine secretion of NK cells via restored HIV-specific CD4 T cell function, that soluble factors contribute to these immunotherapeutic effects, and that they depend on IL-2 and IL-12 signaling. Importantly, we show that inhibition of the PD-1 and IL-10 pathways also increases NK degranulation and killing of target cells. This study demonstrates a previously underappreciated relationship between CD4 T cell impairment and NK cell exhaustion in HIV infection, provides a proof of principle that reversal of adaptive immunity exhaustion can improve the innate immune response, and suggests that immune checkpoint modulation that improves CD4/NK cell cooperation can be used as adjuvant therapy in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippos Porichis
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Meghan G Hart
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Alexandra Massa
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Holly L Everett
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Antigoni Morou
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Nathalie Brassard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Maxime Veillette
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Muska Hassan
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Ngoc Le Ly
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illnesses Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada.,Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Mathieu Dubé
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Daniel E Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada; .,Scripps Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, La Jolla, CA 92037
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77
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Role of Human Macrophage Polarization in Inflammation during Infectious Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061801. [PMID: 29921749 PMCID: PMC6032107 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 788] [Impact Index Per Article: 131.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental models have often been at the origin of immunological paradigms such as the M1/M2 dichotomy following macrophage polarization. However, this clear dichotomy in animal models is not as obvious in humans, and the separating line between M1-like and M2-like macrophages is rather represented by a continuum, where boundaries are still unclear. Indeed, human infectious diseases, are characterized by either a back and forth or often a mixed profile between the pro-inflammatory microenvironment (dominated by interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-23 and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α cytokines) and tissue injury driven by classically activated macrophages (M1-like) and wound healing driven by alternatively activated macrophages (M2-like) in an anti-inflammatory environment (dominated by IL-10, Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, chemokine ligand (CCL)1, CCL2, CCL17, CCL18, and CCL22). This review brews the complexity of the situation during infectious diseases by stressing on this continuum between M1-like and M2-like extremes. We first discuss the basic biology of macrophage polarization, function, and role in the inflammatory process and its resolution. Secondly, we discuss the relevance of the macrophage polarization continuum during infectious and neglected diseases, and the possibility to interfere with such activation states as a promising therapeutic strategy in the treatment of such diseases.
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78
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Abstract
Memory cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are able to provide protections to the host against repeated insults from intracellular pathogens. However, it has not been completely understood how the effector functions of memory CTLs are induced upon antigen challenge, which is directly related to the efficacy of their protection. Third signal cytokines, such as IL-12 and type I interferon, have been suggested to be involved in the protective function of memory CTLs, but direct evidence is warranted. In this report, we found that memory CTLs need to be reactivated to exert effector functions. Infusion of a large population of quiescent memory CTLs did not lead to cancer control in tumor-bearing mice, whereas infusion of a reactivated memory CTL population did. This reactivation of memory CTLs requires cytokines such as IL-12 in addition to antigen but was less dependent upon costimulation and IL-2 compared to naive CTLs. Memory CTLs responded more quickly and with greater strength than their naive counterparts upon stimulation, which is associated with higher upregulation of important transcription factors such as T-bet and phosphorylated STAT4. In addition, memory CTLs underwent less expansion than naive CTLs upon pathogen challenge. In conclusion, effector functions of established memory CTLs may be affected by certain cytokines such as IL-12 and type I IFN. Thus, a pathogen's ability to induce cytokines could contribute to the efficacy of protection of an established memory CTL population.
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79
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Uhde AK, Ciurkiewicz M, Herder V, Khan MA, Hensel N, Claus P, Beckstette M, Teich R, Floess S, Baumgärtner W, Jung K, Huehn J, Beineke A. Intact interleukin-10 receptor signaling protects from hippocampal damage elicited by experimental neurotropic virus infection of SJL mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6106. [PMID: 29666403 PMCID: PMC5904160 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24378-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection represents an experimental mouse model to study hippocampal damage induced by neurotropic viruses. IL-10 is a pleiotropic cytokine with profound anti-inflammatory properties, which critically controls immune homeostasis. In order to analyze IL-10R signaling following virus-induced polioencephalitis, SJL mice were intracerebrally infected with TMEV. RNA-based next generation sequencing revealed an up-regulation of Il10, Il10rα and further genes involved in IL-10 downstream signaling, including Jak1, Socs3 and Stat3 in the brain upon infection. Subsequent antibody-mediated blockade of IL-10R signaling led to enhanced hippocampal damage with neuronal loss and increased recruitment of CD3+ T cells, CD45R+ B cells and an up-regulation of Il1α mRNA. Increased expression of Tgfβ and Foxp3 as well as accumulation of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and arginase-1+ macrophages/microglia was detected in the hippocampus, representing a potential compensatory mechanism following disturbed IL-10R signaling. Additionally, an increased peripheral Chi3l3 expression was found in spleens of infected mice, which may embody reactive regulatory mechanisms for prevention of excessive immunopathology. The present study highlights the importance of IL-10R signaling for immune regulation and its neuroprotective properties in the context of an acute neurotropic virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Uhde
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Ciurkiewicz
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vanessa Herder
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Muhammad Akram Khan
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Niko Hensel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Claus
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.,Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Beckstette
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - René Teich
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Floess
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.,Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
| | - Klaus Jung
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany. .,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
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Asymptomatic HIV People Present Different Profiles of sCD14, sRAGE, DNA Damage, and Vitamins, according to the Use of cART and CD4 + T Cell Restoration. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:7531718. [PMID: 29992171 PMCID: PMC5914107 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7531718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to analyze markers of immune activation, inflammation, and oxidative stress in 92 asymptomatic HIV-infected patients according to the adequate (AR, >500 cells/mm3) or inadequate (IR, <500 cells/mm3) CD4+ T recovery and the presence or absence of antiretroviral treatment (cART). In relation to those newly diagnosed, they were divided into two groups, cART-naïve IR (nIR) and cART-naïve AR (nAR). Among those diagnosed more than five years ago, the following division was made: the cART-naïve long-term nonprogressors (LTNP); patient under cART and AR (tAR); and patients under cART and IR (tIR). We investigated the expression of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE), high-mobility group-box protein −1 (HMGB1), soluble CD14 (sCD14), IL-8, IL-10, 8-isoprostane, vitamins, and DNA damage. We observed higher levels of sRAGE in tAR as compared to nIR, nAR, LTNP, and more sCD14 than in nIR and nAR. As for IL-10 levels, we found nIR > nAR > LTNP > tAR > tIR. Higher levels of 8-isoprostane were observed in nIR. LTNP presented a higher retinol dosage than tAR and less genotoxic damage induced by oxidative stress than the other groups. We suggest that the therapy, despite being related to lesser immune activation and inflammation, alters the vitamin profile and consequently increases the oxidative stress of patients. In addition, the lowest genotoxic index for LTNP indicates that both VL and cART could be responsible for the increased DNA damage. More studies are needed to understand the influence of cART on persistent immune activation and inflammation.
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Jiang Y, Yang M, Sun X, Chen X, Ma M, Yin X, Qian S, Zhang Z, Fu Y, Liu J, Han X, Xu J, Shang H. IL-10 + NK and TGF-β + NK cells play negative regulatory roles in HIV infection. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:80. [PMID: 29439673 PMCID: PMC5812185 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-2991-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Natural killer (NK) cells play cytotoxic roles by targeting tumor cells or virus infected cells, they also play regulatory roles by secreting cytokines and chemokines. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and interleukin (IL)-10 are important immunosuppressive cytokines potentially related to the immune dysregulation that occurs in the infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). NK cells are an important source of TGF-β and a main early producer of IL-10 in response to viral infection. Here, we evaluated the percentages of IL-10+ and TGF-β+ NK cells in HIV-infected patients relative to healthy controls (HCs). Methods Study participants (n = 63) included 31 antiretroviral treatment (ART)-naïve HIV-infected patients, 17 ART-treated HIV-infected patients, and 15 HIV-negative HCs. Expression of IL-10 or TGF-β in NK cells was examined by flow cytometry, and the influences of recombinant IL-10 (rIL-10) or recombinant TGF-β (rTGF-β) on NK cell function were investigated in vitro. Results Compared with HCs, ART-naïve HIV-infected patients had increased percentages of IL-10+ (2.0% vs. 0.4%, p = 0.015) and TGF-β+ (4.5% vs. 2.1%, p = 0.022) NK cells, and ART-treated patients also had a higher percentage of IL-10+ NK cells (2.5% vs. 0.4%, p = 0.002). The percentages of IL-10+ and TGF-β+ NK cells were positively correlated (r = 0.388; p = 0.010). The results of in vitro experiments demonstrated that rIL-10 and rTGF-β inhibited NK cell CD107a expression (p = 0.037 and p = 0.024, respectively), IFN-γ secretion (p = 0.006, p = 0.016, respectively), and granzyme B release after stimulation (p = 0.014, p = 0.040, respectively). Conclusions Our data suggest that the percentages of IL-10+ or TGF-β+ NK cells are increased in HIV-infected patients, and that rIL-10 and/or rTGF-β can inhibit NK cell functions in vitro, providing a potential therapeutic target for strategies aimed at combating HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjingbei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110001, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjingbei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110001, China
| | - Xiaojuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjingbei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110001, China.,Clinical Laboratory, Shenyang Women and Children's Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjingbei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110001, China
| | - Meichen Ma
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjingbei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110001, China
| | - Xiaowan Yin
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjingbei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110001, China
| | - Shi Qian
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjingbei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110001, China
| | - Zining Zhang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjingbei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110001, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Street, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yajing Fu
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjingbei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110001, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjingbei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110001, China
| | - Xiaoxu Han
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjingbei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110001, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Street, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjingbei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110001, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Street, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Shang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjingbei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110001, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Street, Hangzhou, China.
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Genotype-related variations in proinflammatory and regulatory cytokine levels in treated and treatment-naive HCV-infected patients. Med Microbiol Immunol 2017; 207:65-74. [PMID: 29147974 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-017-0527-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) modulates immune-related inflammatory responses to induce milder reactions leading to virus persistence. In this regard, the present study aimed to investigate the link between the HCV genotypes and the proinflammatory and regulatory cytokine levels. Ninety patients with hepatitis C infection (68 treatment-naive and 22 treated patients) and 76 healthy blood donors were studied. The serum levels of IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-17A, and IL-21 were measured by ELISA in the patients and healthy controls. IL-10, IL-17A, and IL-21 levels were significantly higher in HCV patients than in the healthy controls. The same cytokines were also higher in genotype 3a-infected patients compared with genotype 1a-infected patients. Interestingly, in treated patients, lower serum levels of IL-17A and IL-21 were detected in G3a-infected individuals, but not in those infected with G1a. G3a viral load displayed a significant correlation with IL-21 and IL-17A levels. In addition, G1a viral load correlated with IL-10 levels. In G3a-infected patients, a significant association was found between IL-17A serum levels and ALT. We found differences in IL-21 and IL-17A serum levels among HCV-infected patients which were genotype dependent. Since Th17-associated cytokines are associated with the progression of liver disease in HCV patients, IL-17A and IL-21 can be used as important biological markers for evaluating the immunopathogenesis of chronic hepatitis. Our results suggest that HCV G3a along with immune responses such as cytokines in HCV patients should be taken into account when interpreting clinical data and IFN-based therapeutic response.
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83
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Immune Dysfunction in HIV: A Possible Role for Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines in HIV Staging. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:4128398. [PMID: 29230423 PMCID: PMC5688255 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4128398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection is a chronic infection that almost inevitably progresses to AIDS. The infection is characterized by the deterioration in the immune function leading to opportunistic infections and malignancies. Additionally, there is an associated immune dysfunction characterized by a persistent inflammatory state and unhealthy elaboration of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The CD4+ T cell count has been used as a surrogate for the level of immune dysfunction that exists in patients with HIV infection. Eighty-eight (88) patients with HIV infection, forty-four (44) of whom were treatment naïve patients and forty-four (44) who were treatment-experienced patients, were recruited. The serum concentrations of cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 were carried out using R&D human Quantikine ELISA kits, while patients' CD4+ T cell counts were evaluated using the Partec easy count kit. The serum IL-6 and IL-10 concentrations were significantly higher among the AR-naïve participants compared to the ART-experienced group. Additionally, the IL-6 and IL-10 concentrations were higher in patients with lower CD4+ T cell count compared to those with higher cell counts though this was not statistically significant. Also, both IL-6 and IL-10 concentrations were higher in patients with higher WHO clinical staging of disease, significantly so for IL-6.
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84
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Tozetto-Mendoza TR, de Moraes Vasconcelos D, Ibrahim KY, Sartori AMC, Bezerra RC, de Freitas VLT, Shikanai-Yasuda MA. Role of T. cruzi exposure in the pattern of T cell cytokines among chronically infected HIV and Chagas disease patients. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2017; 72:652-660. [PMID: 29236910 PMCID: PMC5706062 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2017(11)02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The impact of Chagas disease (CD) in HIV-infected patients is relevant throughout the world. In fact, the characterization of the adaptive immune response in the context of co-infection is important for predicting the need for interventions in areas in which HIV and Chagas disease co-exist. METHODS We described and compared the frequency of cytokine-producing T cells stimulated with soluble antigen of Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) using a cytometric assay for the following groups: individuals with chronic Chagas disease (CHR, n=10), those with Chagas disease and HIV infection (CO, n=11), those with only HIV (HIV, n=14) and healthy individuals (C, n=15). RESULTS We found 1) a constitutively lower frequency of IL-2+ and IFN-γ+ T cells in the CHR group compared with the HIV, CO and healthy groups; 2) a suppressive activity of soluble T. cruzi antigen, which down-regulated IL-2+CD4+ and IFN-γ+CD4+ phenotypes, notably in the healthy group; 3) a down-regulation of inflammatory cytokines on CD8+ T cells in the indeterminate form of Chagas disease; and 4) a significant increase in IL-10+CD8+ cells distinguishing the indeterminate form from the cardiac/digestive form of Chagas disease, even in the presence of HIV infection. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data suggest the presence of an immunoregulatory response in chronic Chagas disease, which seems to be driven by T. cruzi antigens. Our findings provide new insights into immunotherapeutic strategies for people living with HIV/AIDS and Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Regina Tozetto-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Imunologia (LIM 48), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- Laboratorio de Virologia (LIM 52), Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- #These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Dewton de Moraes Vasconcelos
- Laboratorio Dermatologia e Imunodeficiencias (LIM-56), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- #These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Karim Yaqub Ibrahim
- Divisao de Doencas Infecciosas e Parasitarias, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Ana Marli Christovam Sartori
- Divisao de Doencas Infecciosas e Parasitarias, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Rita C. Bezerra
- Laboratorio de Parasitologia (LIM 46), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Vera Lúcia Teixeira de Freitas
- Laboratorio de Imunologia (LIM 48), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- Departamento de Doencas Infecciosas e Parasitarias, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Maria Aparecida Shikanai-Yasuda
- Laboratorio de Imunologia (LIM 48), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- Departamento de Doencas Infecciosas e Parasitarias, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
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Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Associated With Disease Progression in Primary HIV Infection: PD-L1 Blockade Attenuates Inhibition. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2017; 76:200-208. [PMID: 28570288 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Events occurring during the initial phase of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are intriguing because of their dramatic impact on the subsequent course of the disease. In particular, the relationship between myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and HIV pathogenesis in primary infection remains unknown and the mechanism of MDSCs in HIV infection are incompletely defined. METHODS The frequency of MDSC expression in patients with primary HIV infection (PHI) and chronic HIV infection was measured, and the association with disease progression was studied. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and galectin-9 (Gal-9) expression on MDSCs was measured and in vitro blocking experiments were performed to study the role of PD-L1 in MDSCs' inhibition. RESULTS We found increased levels of HLA-DRCD14CD33CD11b granulocytic(G)-MDSCs in PHI individuals compared with normal controls, which correlated with viral loads and was negatively related to CD4 T-cell levels. When cocultured with purified G-MDSCs, both proliferation and interferon-γ secretion by T cell receptor (TCR)-stimulated CD8 T cells from HIV-infected patients were significantly inhibited. We also demonstrated that PD-L1, but not Gal-9, expression on HLA-DRCD14CD33CD11b cells increased during HIV infection. The suppressive activity of G-MDSCs from HIV-infected patients was attenuated by PD-L1 blockade. CONCLUSIONS We found a significant increase in G-MDSCs in PHI patients that was related to disease progression and PD-L1 was used by MDSCs to inhibit CD8 T cells in HIV infection. Our data improve the understanding of HIV pathogenesis in PHI.
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Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 induces a regulatory B cell-like phenotype in vitro. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 15:917-933. [PMID: 28713164 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) usually show a general dysregulation and hyper-activation of the immune system. A direct influence of HIV-1 particles on B-cell phenotypes and functions has been previously described. However, the consequences of B-cell dysregulation are still poorly understood. We evaluated the phenotypic changes in primary B cells after direct contact with HIV-1 particles in comparison with different types of stimuli. The functionality of treated B cells was challenged in co-culture experiments with autologous CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. We demonstrated that HIV-1 induces a phenotypic change in B cells towards a regulatory B-cell phenotype, showing a higher level of IL-10, TGF-β1, EBI3 or IL-12(p35) mRNA expression and acquiring an immunosuppressive profile. The acquisition of a Breg phenotype was confirmed by co-culture experiments where HIV-treated B cells reduced the proliferation and the TNFα production of CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. This suppressive ability of HIV-treated B cells was dependent on cell-to-cell contact between these B cells and effector cells. To our knowledge, these data provide the first evidence that HIV-1 can directly induce a regulatory B cell-like immunosuppressive phenotype, which could have the ability to impair specific immune responses. This dysregulation could constitute one of the mechanisms underlying unsuccessful efforts to develop an efficient vaccine against HIV-1.
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Brief Report: Increased Frequency of CD39+ CD56bright Natural Killer Cells in HIV-1 Infection Correlates With Immune Activation and Disease Progression. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2017; 74:467-472. [PMID: 27930600 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The expression pattern of the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 on natural killer (NK) cells was examined in peripheral blood mononuclear cell of 61 HIV-1-infected patients. Increased frequencies of CD39CD56 NK cells were detectable in untreated HIV patients, which was associated with high viral load, low CD4 T-cell count, and CD8 T-cell activation. Additionally, levels of CD39 on NK cells were inducible by in vitro stimulation of NK cells, correlating with aryl hydrocarbon receptor and interleukin 10 expression. Here, we provide the first evidence of increased CD39CD56 NK cell frequencies during HIV infection, which might have consequences for NK cell function and HIV pathogenesis.
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HIV-1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein determinants for cytokine burst in human monocytes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174550. [PMID: 28346521 PMCID: PMC5367833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The first step of HIV infection involves the interaction of the gp120 envelope glycoprotein to its receptor CD4, mainly expressed on CD4+ T cells. Besides its role on HIV-1 entry, the gp120 has been shown to be involved in the production of IL-1, IL-6, CCL20 and other innate response cytokines by bystander, uninfected CD4+ T cells and monocytes. However, the gp120 determinants involved in these functions are not completely understood. Whether signalling leading to cytokine production is due to CD4 or other receptors is still unclear. Enhanced chemokine receptor binding and subsequent clustering receptors may lead to cytokine production. By using a comprehensive panel of gp120 mutants, here we show that CD4 binding is mandatory for cytokine outburst in monocytes. Our data suggest that targeting monocytes in HIV-infected patients might decrease systemic inflammation and the potential tissue injury associated with the production of inflammatory cytokines. Understanding how gp120 mediates a cytokine burst in monocytes might help develop new approaches to improve the chronic inflammation that persists in these patients despite effective suppression of viremia by antiretroviral therapy.
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89
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Brekke K, Sommerfelt M, Ökvist M, Dyrhol-Riise AM, Kvale D. The therapeutic HIV Env C5/gp41 vaccine candidate Vacc-C5 induces specific T cell regulation in a phase I/II clinical study. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:228. [PMID: 28340570 PMCID: PMC5366104 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2316-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Levels of non-neutralising antibodies (AB) to the C5 domain of HIV Env gp120 are inversely related to progression of HIV infection. In this phase I/II clinical study we investigated safety of Vacc-C5, a peptide-based therapeutic vaccine candidate corresponding to C5/gp41732–744 as well as the effects on pre-existing AB levels to C5/gp41732–744, immune activation and T cell responses including exploratory assessments of Vacc-C5-induced T cell regulation. Our hypothesis was that exposure of the C5 peptide motif may have detrimental effects due to several of its HLA-like features and that enhancement of non-neutralising anti-C5 AB by vaccination could reduce C5 exposure and thereby chronic immune activation. Methods Thirty-six HIV patients on effective antiretroviral therapy were randomised to one of three dose levels of Vacc-C5 administered intramuscularly with Alhydrogel or intradermally with GM-CSF as adjuvant through initial immunisation and two booster periods over 26 weeks. Vacc-C5-specific AB were measured by ELISA and T cell responses by both IFN-γ ELISPOT and proliferative assays analysed by flow cytometry. Immune regulation was assessed by functional blockade of the two inhibitory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β in parallel cultures. Non-parametric statistical tests were applied. Results Vacc-C5 was found safe and well tolerated in all patients. Only marginal changes in humoral and cellular responses were induced, without any effect on immune activation. Overall, anti-Vacc-C5 AB levels seemed to decrease compared to pre-existing levels. Whereas Vacc-C5-specific CD8+ T cell proliferative responses increased after the first booster period (p = 0.020; CD4+, p = 0.057), they were reduced after the second. In contrast, Vacc-C5-induced T cell regulation increased after completed vaccination (p ≤ 0.027) and was lower at baseline in the few AB responders identified (p = 0.027). Conclusions The therapeutic HIV vaccine candidate Vacc-C5 safely induced only marginal immune responses, whereas Vacc-C5-induced T cell regulation markedly increased. Our data support further attention on immune regulation during therapeutic HIV vaccination studies. Trial registration NCT01627678. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2316-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Brekke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Anne Margarita Dyrhol-Riise
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dag Kvale
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. .,University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. .,K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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IL-10: A Multifunctional Cytokine in Viral Infections. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:6104054. [PMID: 28316998 PMCID: PMC5337865 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6104054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory master regulator IL-10 is critical to protect the host from tissue damage during acute phases of immune responses. This regulatory mechanism, central to T cell homeostasis, can be hijacked by viruses to evade immunity. IL-10 can be produced by virtually all immune cells, and it can also modulate the function of these cells. Understanding the effects of this multifunctional cytokine is therefore a complex task. In the present review we discuss the factors driving IL-10 production and the cellular sources of the cytokine during antiviral immune responses. We particularly focus on the IL-10 regulatory mechanisms that impact antiviral immune responses and how viruses can use this central regulatory pathway to evade immunity and establish chronic/latent infections.
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91
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Du Q, Huang Y, Wang T, Zhang X, Chen Y, Cui B, Li D, Zhao X, Zhang W, Chang L, Tong D. Porcine circovirus type 2 activates PI3K/Akt and p38 MAPK pathways to promote interleukin-10 production in macrophages via Cap interaction of gC1qR. Oncotarget 2017; 7:17492-507. [PMID: 26883107 PMCID: PMC4951228 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection caused PCV2-associated diseases (PCVAD) is one of the major emerging immunosuppression diseases in pig industry. In this study, we investigated how PCV2 inoculation increases interleukin (IL)-10 expression in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). PCV2 inoculation significantly upregulated IL-10 expression compared with PCV1. Upon initial PCV2 inoculation, PI3K/Akt cooperated with NF-κB pathways to promote IL-10 transcription via p50, CREB and Ap1 transcription factors, whereas inhibition of PI3K/Akt activation blocked Ap1 and CREB binding to the il10 promoter, and decreased the binding level of NF-κB1 p50 with il10 promoter, leading to great reduction in early IL-10 transcription. In the later phase of inoculation, PCV2 further activated p38 MAPK and ERK pathways to enhance IL-10 production by promoting Sp1 binding to the il10 promoter. For PCV2-induced IL-10 production in macrophages, PCV2 capsid protein Cap, but not the replicase Rep or ORF3, was the critical component. Cap activated PI3K/Akt, p38 MAPK, and ERK signaling pathways to enhance IL-10 expression. In the whole process, gC1qR mediated PCV2-induced PI3K/Akt and p38 MAPK activation to enhance IL-10 induction by interaction with Cap. Depletion of gC1qR blocked PI3K/Akt and p38 MAPK activation, resulting in significant decrease in IL-10 production in PCV2-inoculated cells. Thus, gC1qR might be a critical functional receptor for PCV2-induced IL-10 production. Taken together, these data demonstrated that Cap protein binding with host gC1qR induction of PI3K/Akt and p38 MAPK signalings activation is a critical process in enhancing PCV2-induced IL-10 production in porcine alveolar macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Tongtong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiujuan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Beibei Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Delong Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Lingling Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Dewen Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, P. R. China
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92
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Larocca RA, Provine NM, Aid M, Iampietro MJ, Borducchi EN, Badamchi-Zadeh A, Abbink P, Ng'ang'a D, Bricault CA, Blass E, Penaloza-MacMaster P, Stephenson KE, Barouch DH. Adenovirus serotype 5 vaccine vectors trigger IL-27-dependent inhibitory CD4 + T cell responses that impair CD8 + T cell function. Sci Immunol 2016; 1. [PMID: 28239679 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aaf7643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) vaccine vectors elicit robust CD8+ T cell responses, but these responses typically exhibit a partially exhausted phenotype. However, the immunologic mechanism by which Ad5 vectors induce dysfunctional CD8+ T cells has not previously been elucidated. Here we demonstrate that, following immunization of B6 mice, Ad5 vectors elicit antigen-specific IL-10+CD4+ T cells with a distinct transcriptional profile in a dose-dependent fashion. In rhesus monkeys, we similarly observed upregulated expression of IL-10 and PD-1 by CD4+ T cells following Ad5 vaccination. These cells markedly suppressed vaccine-elicited CD8+ T cell responses in vivo and IL-10 blockade increased the frequency and functionality of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells as well as improved protective efficacy against challenge with recombinant Listeria monocytogenes. Moreover, induction of these inhibitory IL-10+CD4+ T cells correlated with IL-27 expression and IL-27 blockade substantially improved CD4+ T cell functionality. These data highlight a role for IL-27 in the induction of inhibitory IL-10+CD4+ T cells, which suppress CD8+ T cell magnitude and function following Ad5 vector immunization. A deeper understanding of the cytokine networks and transcriptional profiles induced by vaccine vectors should lead to strategies to improve the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of viral vector-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael A Larocca
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Nicholas M Provine
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Malika Aid
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - M Justin Iampietro
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Erica N Borducchi
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alexander Badamchi-Zadeh
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Peter Abbink
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - David Ng'ang'a
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Christine A Bricault
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Eryn Blass
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Pablo Penaloza-MacMaster
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 66611, USA
| | - Kathryn E Stephenson
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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93
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Miles B, Miller SM, Folkvord JM, Levy DN, Rakasz EG, Skinner PJ, Connick E. Follicular Regulatory CD8 T Cells Impair the Germinal Center Response in SIV and Ex Vivo HIV Infection. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005924. [PMID: 27716848 PMCID: PMC5055335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During chronic HIV infection, viral replication is concentrated in secondary lymphoid follicles. Cytotoxic CD8 T cells control HIV replication in extrafollicular regions, but not in the follicle. Here, we show CXCR5hiCD44hiCD8 T cells are a regulatory subset differing from conventional CD8 T cells, and constitute the majority of CD8 T cells in the follicle. This subset, CD8 follicular regulatory T cells (CD8 TFR), expand in chronic SIV infection, exhibit enhanced expression of Tim-3 and IL-10, and express less perforin compared to conventional CD8 T cells. CD8 TFR modestly limit HIV replication in follicular helper T cells (TFH), impair TFH IL-21 production via Tim-3, and inhibit IgG production by B cells during ex vivo HIV infection. CD8 TFR induce TFH apoptosis through HLA-E, but induce less apoptosis than conventional CD8 T cells. These data demonstrate that a unique regulatory CD8 population exists in follicles that impairs GC function in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brodie Miles
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Shannon M. Miller
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Joy M. Folkvord
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Arizona, Arizona, United States of America
| | - David N. Levy
- Department of Basic Science, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, United States of America
| | - Eva G. Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Pamela J. Skinner
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Connick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Arizona, Arizona, United States of America
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95
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Dik B, Dik I, Bahcivan E, Avci O. Corynebacterium cutis Lysate Treatment Can Increase the Efficacies of PPR Vaccine. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2016; 36:599-606. [PMID: 27533481 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2016.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) vaccine on cytokine and antibody levels in sheep when administered alone or in combination with Corynebacterium cutis lysate (CCL). The PPR vaccine group received a single subcutaneous axillary injection of the PPR vaccine (1 mL containing tissue culture infectious dose (TCID)50 attenuated live PPRV, n = 6) and the combination treatment (1 mL CCL and 1 mL PPR vaccine, n = 6) groups received a single subcutaneous axillary injection of both CCL and PPR vaccine. Blood samples were collected from sheep before the treatment and at different points after treatment (1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days). Plasma and serum samples were evaluated for antibody percentage, levels of cytokines IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-12, and IL-18, oxidative stress marker Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and hematological and biochemical parameters. Maximum protective antibody levels reach 3-4 weeks after vaccine administration. The combination treatment resulted in significant changes in IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-12, and IL-18 cytokine levels. These changes were not evident when only the PPR vaccine was administered and antibody percentage against PPRV was short term in PPR vaccine group. In conclusion, combined usage of the PPR vaccine with CCL resulted in a heightened cytokine response, leading to improved antibody level against PPR virus. Repeated CCL treatments can lead to earlier vaccine potency, provide protective efficacy for a longer time, and increase passive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Dik
- 1 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk , Konya, Turkey
| | - Irmak Dik
- 2 Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk , Konya, Turkey
| | - Emre Bahcivan
- 1 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk , Konya, Turkey
| | - Oguzhan Avci
- 2 Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk , Konya, Turkey
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96
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Shete A, Suryawanshi P, Godbole S, Pawar J, Paranjape R, Thakar M. HIV-infected CD4+ T Cells Use T-bet-dependent Pathway for Production of IL-10 Upon Antigen Recognition. Scand J Immunol 2016; 83:288-96. [PMID: 27028319 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-10 has been implicated in persistence of pathogens in a number of chronic infections. Infected CD4+ cells upon reactivation with HIV antigens were also shown to produce IL-10, which might contribute to their persistence. Hence, it is crucial to determine mechanisms regulating IL-10 production after activation with HIV antigens for devising effective blocking strategies. In this study, ERK-, T-bet- and FoxP3-dependent pathways were evaluated for their possible roles in IL-10 production by infected CD4+ cells after reactivation with HIV Env. Intracellular and secreted IL-10 levels were determined by flow cytometry and Bioplex assay after treating PBMCs with PD98059, tipifarnib and cyclosporin A for blocking of ERK-, T-bet-and FoxP3-dependent pathways, respectively. Baseline levels of T-bet, pERK were higher in P24+ CD4+ cells as compared to uninfected CD4+ cells, which increased further after activation with Env. Inhibition of T-bet resulted in 2.3-fold reduction of IL-10 expression whereas ERK and FoxP3 inhibition failed to cause suppression of IL-10 expression. Conversely, IL-10 secreted by PBMCs was inhibited maximally after ERK inhibition suggesting its role in regulation of cytokine secretory pathway. IFN-γ was found to be suppressed after treatment with inhibitors of all these pathways. Thus, the study highlighted need for IL-10 blockade along with the use of antigens for therapeutic vaccinations or latency reversal and identified the T-bet-dependent pathway as an important pathway regulating IL-10 production by infected CD4+ cells. However, simultaneous blockade of IFN-γ precludes use of inhibitor of this pathway as an IL-10 blocking strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Shete
- National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | | | - S Godbole
- National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - J Pawar
- National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - R Paranjape
- National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - M Thakar
- National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
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97
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Tian Y, Mollo SB, Harrington LE, Zajac AJ. IL-10 Regulates Memory T Cell Development and the Balance between Th1 and Follicular Th Cell Responses during an Acute Viral Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1308-21. [PMID: 27402701 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
T cells provide protective immunity against infections by differentiating into effector cells that contribute to rapid pathogen control and by forming memory populations that survive over time and confer long-term protection. Thus, understanding the factors that regulate the development of effective T cell responses is beneficial for the design of vaccines and immune-based therapies against infectious diseases. Cytokines play important roles in shaping T cell responses, and IL-10 has been shown to modulate the differentiation of CD4 and CD8 T cells. In this study, we report that IL-10 functions in a cell-extrinsic manner early following acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection to suppress the magnitude of effector Th1 responses as well as the generation of memory CD4 and CD8 T cells. We further demonstrate that the blockade of IL-10 signaling during the priming phase refines the functional quality of memory CD4 and CD8 T cells. This inhibition strategy resulted in a lower frequency of virus-specific follicular Th (Tfh) cells and increased the Th1 to Tfh ratio. Nevertheless, neither germinal center B cells nor lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-specific Ab levels were influenced by the blockade. Thus, our studies show that IL-10 influences the balance between Th1 and Tfh cell differentiation and negatively regulates the development of functionally mature memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; and
| | - Sarah B Mollo
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Laurie E Harrington
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Allan J Zajac
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; and
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98
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HIV-1 Tat Protein Activates both the MyD88 and TRIF Pathways To Induce Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha and Interleukin-10 in Human Monocytes. J Virol 2016; 90:5886-5898. [PMID: 27053552 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00262-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED In this study, we show that the HIV-1 Tat protein interacts with rapid kinetics to engage the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway, leading to the production of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The pretreatment of human monocytes with Tat protein for 10 to 30 min suffices to irreversibly engage the activation of the TLR4 pathway, leading to the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-10 (IL-10), two cytokines strongly implicated in the chronic activation and dysregulation of the immune system during HIV-1 infection. Therefore, this study analyzed whether the HIV-1 Tat protein is able to activate these two pathways separately or simultaneously. Using three complementary approaches, including mice deficient in the MyD88, TIRAP/MAL, or TRIF adaptor, biochemical analysis, and the use of specific small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), we demonstrated (i) that Tat was able to activate both the MyD88 and TRIF pathways, (ii) the capacity of Tat to induce TIRAP/MAL degradation, (iii) the crucial role of the MyD88 pathway in the production of Tat-induced TNF-α and IL-10, (iv) a reduction but not abrogation of IL-10 and TNF-α by Tat-stimulated macrophages from mice deficient in TIRAP/MAL, and (v) the crucial role of the TRIF pathway in Tat-induced IL-10 production. Further, we showed that downstream of the MyD88 and TRIF pathways, the Tat protein activated the protein kinase C (PKC) βII isoform, the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and NF-κB in a TLR4-dependent manner. Collectively, our data show that by recruiting the TLR4 pathway with rapid kinetics, the HIV-1 Tat protein leads to the engagement of both the MyD88 and TRIF pathways and to the activation of PKC, MAP kinase, and NF-κB signaling to induce the production of TNF-α and IL-10. IMPORTANCE In this study, we demonstrate that by recruiting the TLR4 pathway with rapid kinetics, the HIV-1 Tat protein leads to the engagement of both the MyD88 and TRIF pathways and to the activation of PKC-βII, MAP kinase, and NF-κB signaling to induce the production of TNF-α and IL-10, two cytokines strongly implicated in the chronic activation and dysregulation of the immune system during HIV-1 infection. Thus, it may be interesting to target Tat as a pathogenic factor early after HIV-1 infection. This could be achieved either by vaccination approaches including Tat as an immunogen in potential candidate vaccines or by developing molecules capable of neutralizing the effect of the Tat protein.
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99
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Beltra JC, Decaluwe H. Cytokines and persistent viral infections. Cytokine 2016; 82:4-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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100
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Szereday L, Meggyes M, Halasz M, Szekeres-Bartho J, Par A, Par G. Immunological changes in different patient populations with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:4848-4859. [PMID: 27239111 PMCID: PMC4873877 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i20.4848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate killer inhibitory and activating receptor expression by natural killer (NK), natural killer T-like (NKT-like) and CD8+ T lymphocytes in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection with elevated and with persistently normal alanine aminotransferase (PNALT).
METHODS: The percentage of peripheral blood Treg cells, KIR2DL3, ILT-2, KIR3DL1, CD160, NKG2D, NKG2C expressing NK, T and NKT-like cells, cytokine production and NK cytotoxicity were determined by flow cytometry. Twenty-one patients with chronic HCV infection with elevated alanine aminotransferase, 11 HCV carriers with persistently normal alanine aminotransferase and 15 healthy volunteers were enrolled.
RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in the percentage of total T, NK or NKT-like cells between study groups. Comparing the activating and inhibitory receptor expression by NK cells obtained from HCV carriers with PNALT and chronic HCV hepatitis patients with elevated alanine aminotransferase, NKG2D activating receptor expression was the only receptor showing a significant difference. NKG2D expression of NK cells was significantly lower in patients with elevated alanine aminotransferase. The expression of CD160, NKG2D and NKG2C activating receptor by CD8+ T cells were significantly lower in patients with chronic HCV hepatitis than in healthy controls and in HCV carriers with PNALT. Plasma TGF-β1 levels inversely correlated with NKG2D expression by NK cells. In vitroTGF-β1 treatment inhibited NK cells cytotoxic activity and downregulated NKG2D expression. CD8+ T cells from HCV carriers with PNALT showed significantly elevated expression of CD160, NKG2D and NKG2C activating receptors compared to chronic HCV patients with elevated alanine aminotransferase. Enhanced expression of inhibitory KIR2DL3 receptor, and decreased ILT-2 expression on NK cells were also found in chronic hepatitis C patients compared to healthy controls.
CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated a complex dysregulation of activating and inhibitory receptor expression, such as decreased NKG2D and CD160 activating receptor expression and increased KIR2DL3 inhibitory receptor expression by NK and cytotoxic T cells and may provide further mechanism contributing to defective cellular immune functions in chronic hepatitis C. Increased NKG2D receptor expression in HCV patients with persistently normal ALT suggests an important pathway for sustaining NK and CD8 T cell function and a protective role against disease progression.
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