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ISG15 expression correlates with HIV-1 viral load and with factors regulating T cell response. Immunobiology 2015; 221:282-90. [PMID: 26563749 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Given the multifactorial nature of action of type I interferon (IFN) in HIV-1 infection and the need to firmly establish the action of key components of IFN pathways, we compared the IFN stimulated gene (ISG)15 expression with that of other well-characterized ISGs, evaluating its relationship with immunosuppressive factors regulating T-cell response in HIV-1 patients. PBMC from 225 subjects were included: healthy donors (n=30), naïve (n=93) and HAART treated HIV-1 subjects (n=102). Levels of ISG15-mRNA, ISG56-mRNA, APOBEC3G/3F-mRNA, TRAIL-mRNA, IDO-mRNA, proviral load andISG15 (rs15842 and rs1921) SNPs were evaluated by using TaqMan assays. We found that ISG15, ISG56, APOBEC3G/3F levels were increased in untreated HIV-1 patients compared to healthy donors, being ISG15 the highest ISG expressed. The amount of ISG15 correlated with viral load and with CD4+ T cell counts whereas no relationship was found between all ISGs analyzed and proviral load or HIV-1 tropism. ISG15 expression was reduced following long-term antiretroviral therapy. In addition, ISG15 levels were correlated with those of TRAIL and IDO in HIV-1 viremic patients. Lastly, ISG15 SNPs had no influence on ISG15 levels. We demonstrates that ISG15 is elevated in viremic HIV-1 patients and is associated with high TRAIL and IDO levels.
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52
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Regulation of CD8+ T-cell cytotoxicity in HIV-1 infection. Cell Immunol 2015; 298:126-33. [PMID: 26520669 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms involved in cellular immune responses against control of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is key to development of effective immunotherapeutic strategies against viral proliferation. Clear insights into the regulation of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells is crucial to development of effective immunotherapeutic strategies due to their unique ability to eliminate virus-infected cells during the course of infection. Here, we reviewed the roles of transcription factors, co-inhibitory molecules and regulatory cytokines following HIV infection and their potential significance in regulating the cytotoxic potentials of CD8+ T cells.
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53
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Hurst J, Hoffmann M, Pace M, Williams JP, Thornhill J, Hamlyn E, Meyerowitz J, Willberg C, Koelsch KK, Robinson N, Brown H, Fisher M, Kinloch S, Cooper DA, Schechter M, Tambussi G, Fidler S, Babiker A, Weber J, Kelleher AD, Phillips RE, Frater J. Immunological biomarkers predict HIV-1 viral rebound after treatment interruption. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8495. [PMID: 26449164 PMCID: PMC4633715 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of HIV-1 infection with antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the weeks following transmission may induce a state of 'post-treatment control' (PTC) in some patients, in whom viraemia remains undetectable when ART is stopped. Explaining PTC could help our understanding of the processes that maintain viral persistence. Here we show that immunological biomarkers can predict time to viral rebound after stopping ART by analysing data from a randomized study of primary HIV-1 infection incorporating a treatment interruption (TI) after 48 weeks of ART (the SPARTAC trial). T-cell exhaustion markers PD-1, Tim-3 and Lag-3 measured prior to ART strongly predict time to the return of viraemia. These data indicate that T-cell exhaustion markers may identify those latently infected cells with a higher proclivity to viral transcription. Our results may open new avenues for understanding the mechanisms underlying PTC, and eventually HIV-1 eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Hurst
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
- Institute for Emerging Infections, The Oxford Martin School, Oxford OX1 3BD, UK
| | - Matthias Hoffmann
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Matthew Pace
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
- Institute for Emerging Infections, The Oxford Martin School, Oxford OX1 3BD, UK
| | - James P. Williams
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - John Thornhill
- Division of Medicine, Wright Fleming Institute, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Elizabeth Hamlyn
- Caldecot Centre, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Jodi Meyerowitz
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Chris Willberg
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
- Oxford National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Kersten K. Koelsch
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research and The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Nicola Robinson
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
- Institute for Emerging Infections, The Oxford Martin School, Oxford OX1 3BD, UK
- Oxford National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Helen Brown
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
- Institute for Emerging Infections, The Oxford Martin School, Oxford OX1 3BD, UK
- Oxford National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Martin Fisher
- Department of HIV and Sexual Health, Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals, Brighton BN2 5BE, UK
| | - Sabine Kinloch
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - David A. Cooper
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research and The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Mauro Schechter
- Projeto Praça Onze, Hospital Escola São Francisco de Assis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Giuseppe Tambussi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Sarah Fidler
- Division of Medicine, Wright Fleming Institute, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Abdel Babiker
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL Institute of Clinical Trials & Methodology, London WC2B 6NH, UK
| | - Jonathan Weber
- Division of Medicine, Wright Fleming Institute, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Anthony D. Kelleher
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research and The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Rodney E. Phillips
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
- Institute for Emerging Infections, The Oxford Martin School, Oxford OX1 3BD, UK
- Oxford National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - John Frater
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
- Institute for Emerging Infections, The Oxford Martin School, Oxford OX1 3BD, UK
- Oxford National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
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54
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Waugh KA, Leach SM, Slansky JE. Targeting Transcriptional Regulators of CD8+ T Cell Dysfunction to Boost Anti-Tumor Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:771-802. [PMID: 26393659 PMCID: PMC4586477 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3030771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription is a dynamic process influenced by the cellular environment: healthy, transformed, and otherwise. Genome-wide mRNA expression profiles reflect the collective impact of pathways modulating cell function under different conditions. In this review we focus on the transcriptional pathways that control tumor infiltrating CD8+ T cell (TIL) function. Simultaneous restraint of overlapping inhibitory pathways may confer TIL resistance to multiple mechanisms of suppression traditionally referred to as exhaustion, tolerance, or anergy. Although decades of work have laid a solid foundation of altered transcriptional networks underlying various subsets of hypofunctional or “dysfunctional” CD8+ T cells, an understanding of the relevance in TIL has just begun. With recent technological advances, it is now feasible to further elucidate and utilize these pathways in immunotherapy platforms that seek to increase TIL function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Waugh
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Mail Stop 8333, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Sonia M Leach
- Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
| | - Jill E Slansky
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Mail Stop 8333, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Huang H, Santoso N, Power D, Simpson S, Dieringer M, Miao H, Gurova K, Giam CZ, Elledge SJ, Zhu J. FACT Proteins, SUPT16H and SSRP1, Are Transcriptional Suppressors of HIV-1 and HTLV-1 That Facilitate Viral Latency. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:27297-27310. [PMID: 26378236 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.652339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Our functional genomic RNAi screens have identified the protein components of the FACT (facilitates chromatin transcription) complex, SUPT16H and SSRP1, as top host factors that negatively regulate HIV-1 replication. FACT interacts specifically with histones H2A/H2B to affect assembly and disassembly of nucleosomes, as well as transcription elongation. We further investigated the suppressive role of FACT proteins in HIV-1 transcription. First, depletion of SUPT16H or SSRP1 protein enhances Tat-mediated HIV-1 LTR (long terminal repeat) promoter activity. Second, HIV-1 Tat interacts with SUPT16H but not SSRP1 protein. However, both SUPT16H and SSRP1 are recruited to LTR promoter. Third, the presence of SUPT16H interferes with the association of Cyclin T1 (CCNT1), a subunit of P-TEFb, with the Tat-LTR axis. Removing inhibitory mechanisms to permit HIV-1 transcription is an initial and key regulatory step to reverse post-integrated latent HIV-1 proviruses for purging of reservoir cells. We therefore evaluated the role of FACT proteins in HIV-1 latency and reactivation. Depletion of SUPT16H or SSRP1 protein affects both HIV-1 transcriptional initiation and elongation and spontaneously reverses latent HIV-1 in U1/HIV and J-LAT cells. Similar effects were observed with a primary CD4+ T cell model of HIV-1 latency. FACT proteins also interfere with HTLV-1 Tax-LTR-mediated transcription and viral latency, indicating that they may act as general transcriptional suppressors for retroviruses. We conclude that FACT proteins SUPT16H and SSRP1 play a key role in suppressing HIV-1 transcription and promoting viral latency, which may serve as promising gene targets for developing novel HIV-1 latency-reversing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huachao Huang
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Netty Santoso
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Derek Power
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Sydney Simpson
- the School of Arts and Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627
| | - Michael Dieringer
- the School of Arts and Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627
| | - Hongyu Miao
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Katerina Gurova
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
| | - Chou-Zen Giam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- the Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Jian Zhu
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642; Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642.
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56
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Abstract
Treatment with antiretroviral therapy dramatically increases the survival of HIV-infected individuals. However, treatment has to be continued for life because it does not lead to the full eradication of infection. HIV persists in resting CD4(+) T cells, and possibly other cell types, and can reemerge from these cells when therapy is interrupted. Here, we review molecular mechanisms that have been proposed to contribute to HIV latency, as well as the relative roles of cis- and trans-acting mechanisms. We also discuss existing and future therapeutic opportunities regarding HIV latency that might lead to a future cure for HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Dahabieh
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94941;
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57
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Dagenais-Lussier X, Mouna A, Routy JP, Tremblay C, Sekaly RP, El-Far M, Grevenynghe JV. Current topics in HIV-1 pathogenesis: The emergence of deregulated immuno-metabolism in HIV-infected subjects. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 26:603-13. [PMID: 26409789 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection results in long-lasting activation of the immune system including elevated production of pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokines, and bacterial product release from gut into blood and tissue compartments, which are not fully restored by antiretroviral therapies. HIV-1 has also developed numerous strategies via viral regulatory proteins to hijack cell molecular mechanisms to enhance its own replication and dissemination. Here, we reviewed the relationship between viral proteins, immune activation/inflammation, and deregulated metabolism occurring in HIV-1-infected patients that ultimately dampens the protective innate and adaptive arms of immunity. Defining precisely the molecular mechanisms related to deregulated immuno-metabolism during HIV-1 infection could ultimately help in the development of novel clinical approaches to restore proper immune functions in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aounallah Mouna
- INRS-Institut Armand Frappier, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Division of Hematology and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Glen site, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Julien van Grevenynghe
- INRS-Institut Armand Frappier, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada.
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58
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Taylor JG, Gribben JG. Microenvironment abnormalities and lymphomagenesis: Immunological aspects. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 34:36-45. [PMID: 26232774 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Innate and adaptive immune cells within the microenvironment identify and eliminate cells displaying signs of malignant potential. Immunosurveillance effector Natural Killer (NK) cells and Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTL) identify malignant cells through germline receptors such as NKG2D and in the case of CTLs, presentation of antigen through the T cell receptor. Manipulation of immunosurveillance through altered tumor-identifying ligand expression or secretion, resistance to cytotoxicity, or compromised cytotoxic cell activity through immune tolerance mechanisms all contribute to failure of these systems to prevent cancer development. This review examines the diverse mechanisms by which alterations in the immune microenvironment can promote lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John G Gribben
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
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59
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Verdeil G, Fuertes Marraco SA, Murray T, Speiser DE. From T cell "exhaustion" to anti-cancer immunity. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2015; 1865:49-57. [PMID: 26123831 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The immune system has the potential to protect from malignant diseases for extended periods of time. Unfortunately, spontaneous immune responses are often inefficient. Significant effort is required to develop reliable, broadly applicable immunotherapies for cancer patients. A major innovation was transplantation with hematopoietic stem cells from genetically distinct donors for patients with hematologic malignancies. In this setting, donor T cells induce long-term remission by keeping cancer cells in check through powerful allogeneic graft-versus-leukemia effects. More recently, a long awaited breakthrough for patients with solid tissue cancers was achieved, by means of therapeutic blockade of T cell inhibitory receptors. In untreated cancer patients, T cells are dysfunctional and remain in a state of T cell "exhaustion". Nonetheless, they often retain a high potential for successful defense against cancer, indicating that many T cells are not entirely and irreversibly exhausted but can be mobilized to become highly functional. Novel antibody therapies that block inhibitory receptors can lead to strong activation of anti-tumor T cells, mediating clinically significant anti-cancer immunity for many years. Here we review these new treatments and the current knowledge on tumor antigen-specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Verdeil
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center and Department of Oncology, Clinical Tumor Biology & Immunotherapy Group, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Route de la Corniche 9A, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Silvia A Fuertes Marraco
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center and Department of Oncology, Clinical Tumor Biology & Immunotherapy Group, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Route de la Corniche 9A, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Timothy Murray
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center and Department of Oncology, Clinical Tumor Biology & Immunotherapy Group, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Route de la Corniche 9A, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Daniel E Speiser
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center and Department of Oncology, Clinical Tumor Biology & Immunotherapy Group, Lausanne University Hospital Center (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Route de la Corniche 9A, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
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60
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Saeidi A, Chong YK, Yong YK, Tan HY, Barathan M, Rajarajeswaran J, Sabet NS, Sekaran SD, Ponnampalavanar S, Che KF, Velu V, Kamarulzaman A, Larsson M, Shankar EM. Concurrent loss of co-stimulatory molecules and functional cytokine secretion attributes leads to proliferative senescence of CD8(+) T cells in HIV/TB co-infection. Cell Immunol 2015; 297:19-32. [PMID: 26071876 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The role of T-cell immunosenescence and functional CD8(+) T-cell responses in HIV/TB co-infection is unclear. We examined and correlated surrogate markers of HIV disease progression with immune activation, immunosenescence and differentiation using T-cell pools of HIV/TB co-infected, HIV-infected and healthy controls. Our investigations showed increased plasma viremia and reduced CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio in HIV/TB co-infected subjects relative to HIV-infected, and also a closer association with changes in the expression of CD38, a cyclic ADP ribose hydrolase and CD57, which were consistently expressed on late-senescent CD8(+) T cells. Up-regulation of CD57 and CD38 were directly proportional to lack of co-stimulatory markers on CD8(+) T cells, besides diminished expression of CD127 (IL-7Rα) on CD57(+)CD4(+) T cells. Notably, intracellular IFN-γ, perforin and granzyme B levels in HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells of HIV/TB co-infected subjects were diminished. Intracellular CD57 levels in HIV gag p24-specific CD8(+) T cells were significantly increased in HIV/TB co-infection. We suggest that HIV-TB co-infection contributes to senescence associated with chronic immune activation, which could be due to functional insufficiency of CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Saeidi
- Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yee K Chong
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yean K Yong
- Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hong Y Tan
- Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muttiah Barathan
- Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jayakumar Rajarajeswaran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Negar S Sabet
- Faculty of Medicine, SEGi University, Kota Damansara, 47810 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shamala D Sekaran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sasheela Ponnampalavanar
- Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Karlhans F Che
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Solna, 17 177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Adeeba Kamarulzaman
- Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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61
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Barathan M, Mohamed R, Saeidi A, Vadivelu J, Chang LY, Gopal K, Ram MR, Ansari AW, Kamarulzaman A, Velu V, Larsson M, Shankar EM. Increased frequency of late-senescent T cells lacking CD127 in chronic hepatitis C disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2015; 45:466-74. [PMID: 25721991 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes persistent disease in ~85% of infected individuals, where the viral replication appears to be tightly controlled by HCV-specific CD8+ T cells. Accumulation of senescent T cells during infection results in considerable loss of functional HCV-specific immune responses. MATERIALS AND METHODS We characterized the distinct T-cell phenotypes based on the expression of costimulatory molecules CD28 and CD27, senescence markers PD-1 and CD57, chronic immune activation markers CD38 and HLA-DR, and survival marker CD127 (IL-7R) by flow cytometry following activation of T cells using HCV peptides and phytohemagglutinin. RESULTS HCV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from chronic HCV (CHC) patients showed increased expression of PD-1. Furthermore, virus-specific CD4+ T cells of CHC-infected subjects displayed relatively increased expression of HLA-DR and CD38 relative to HCV-specific CD8+ T cells. The CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from HCV-infected individuals showed significant increase of late-differentiated T cells suggestive of immunosenescence. In addition, we found that the plasma viral loads positively correlated with the levels of CD57 and PD-1 expressed on T cells. CONCLUSIONS Chronic HCV infection results in increased turnover of late-senescent T cells that lack survival potentials, possibly contributing to viral persistence. Our findings challenge the prominence of senescent T-cell phenotypes in clinical hepatitis C infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muttiah Barathan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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62
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de Goede AL, Andeweg AC, van den Ham HJ, Bijl MA, Zaaraoui-Boutahar F, van IJcken WFJ, Wilgenhof S, Aerts JL, Gruters RA, Osterhaus ADME. DC immunotherapy in HIV-1 infection induces a major blood transcriptome shift. Vaccine 2015; 33:2922-9. [PMID: 25913415 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dendritic cell (DC) vaccination against HIV-1 on host gene expression profiles. DESIGN Longitudinal PBMC samples were collected from participants of the DC-TRN trial for immunotherapy against HIV. Microarray-assisted gene expression profiling was performed to evaluate the effects of vaccination and subsequent interruption of antiretroviral therapy on host genome expression. Data from the DC-TRN trial were compared with results from other vaccination trials. METHODS We used Affymetrix GeneChips for microarray gene expression analysis. Data were analyzed by principal component analysis and differential gene expression was assessed using linear modeling. Gene ontology enrichment and gene set analysis were used to characterize differentially expressed genes. Transcriptome analysis included comparison with PBMCs obtained from DC-vaccinated melanoma patients and of healthy individuals who received seasonal influenza vaccination. RESULTS DC-TRN immunotherapy in HIV-infected individuals resulted in a major shift in the transcriptome. Longitudinal analysis demonstrated that changes in the transcriptome sustained also during interruption of antiretroviral therapy. After DC-vaccination, the transcriptome was enriched for cellular immunity associated genes that were also induced in healthy adults who received live attenuated influenza virus vaccination. These beneficial responses were accompanied by detrimental signals of general immune activation. CONCLUSIONS The DC-TRN induced changes in the transcriptome were profound, lasting, and consisted of both protective signals and signatures of inflammation and immune exhaustion, with a net result of decreased viral load, without clinical benefit. Thus transcriptome analysis provides useful information, dissecting both positive and negative effects, for the evaluation of safety and efficacy of immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L de Goede
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Arno C Andeweg
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Henk-Jan van den Ham
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Maarten A Bijl
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Fatiha Zaaraoui-Boutahar
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Wilfred F J van IJcken
- Erasmus Center for Biomics, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Sofie Wilgenhof
- Department of Medical Oncology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical School of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Joeri L Aerts
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical School of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Rob A Gruters
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite eliciting an early antiviral T cell response, HIV-specific T cells are unable to prevent disease progression, partly because of their loss of effector functions, known as T cell exhaustion. Restoring this T cell functionality represents a critical step for regaining immunological control of HIV-1 replication, and may be fundamental for the development of a functional cure for HIV. In this context, the use of animal models is invaluable for evaluating the efficacy and mechanisms of novel therapeutics aimed at reinvigorating T cell functions. RECENT FINDINGS Although nonhuman primates continue to be a mainstay for studying HIV pathogenesis and therapies, recent advances in humanized mouse models have improved their ability to recapitulate the features of cell exhaustion during HIV infection. Targeting coinhibitory receptors in HIV-infected and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected animals has resulted in viral load reductions, presumably by reinvigorating the effector functions of T cells. Additionally, studies combining programmed death-1 (PD-1) blockade with suppressive antiretroviral therapy provide further support to the use of coinhibitory receptor blockades in restoring T cell function by delaying viral load rebound upon antiretroviral therapy interruption. Future in-vivo studies should build on recent in-vitro data, supporting the simultaneous targeting of multiple regulators of cell exhaustion. SUMMARY In this review, we describe the most recent advances in the use of animal models for the study of cell exhaustion following HIV/SIV infection. These findings suggest that the use of animal models is increasingly critical in translating immunotherapeutics into clinical practice.
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64
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Johnson EO, Hancock DB, Gaddis NC, Levy JL, Page G, Novak SP, Glasheen C, Saccone NL, Rice JP, Moreau MP, Doheny KF, Romm JM, Brooks AI, Aouizerat BE, Bierut LJ, Kral AH. Novel genetic locus implicated for HIV-1 acquisition with putative regulatory links to HIV replication and infectivity: a genome-wide association study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118149. [PMID: 25786224 PMCID: PMC4364715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifty percent of variability in HIV-1 susceptibility is attributable to host genetics. Thus identifying genetic associations is essential to understanding pathogenesis of HIV-1 and important for targeting drug development. To date, however, CCR5 remains the only gene conclusively associated with HIV acquisition. To identify novel host genetic determinants of HIV-1 acquisition, we conducted a genome-wide association study among a high-risk sample of 3,136 injection drug users (IDUs) from the Urban Health Study (UHS). In addition to being IDUs, HIV-controls were frequency-matched to cases on environmental exposures to enhance detection of genetic effects. We tested independent replication in the Women's Interagency HIV Study (N=2,533). We also examined publicly available gene expression data to link SNPs associated with HIV acquisition to known mechanisms affecting HIV replication/infectivity. Analysis of the UHS nominated eight genetic regions for replication testing. SNP rs4878712 in FRMPD1 met multiple testing correction for independent replication (P=1.38x10(-4)), although the UHS-WIHS meta-analysis p-value did not reach genome-wide significance (P=4.47x10(-7) vs. P<5.0x10(-8)) Gene expression analyses provided promising biological support for the protective G allele at rs4878712 lowering risk of HIV: (1) the G allele was associated with reduced expression of FBXO10 (r=-0.49, P=6.9x10(-5)); (2) FBXO10 is a component of the Skp1-Cul1-F-box protein E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that targets Bcl-2 protein for degradation; (3) lower FBXO10 expression was associated with higher BCL2 expression (r=-0.49, P=8x10(-5)); (4) higher basal levels of Bcl-2 are known to reduce HIV replication and infectivity in human and animal in vitro studies. These results suggest new potential biological pathways by which host genetics affect susceptibility to HIV upon exposure for follow-up in subsequent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric O. Johnson
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, Atlanta, GA, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Dana B. Hancock
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, Atlanta, GA, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Nathan C. Gaddis
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, Atlanta, GA, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Joshua L. Levy
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, Atlanta, GA, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Grier Page
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, Atlanta, GA, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Scott P. Novak
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, Atlanta, GA, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Cristie Glasheen
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, Atlanta, GA, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Nancy L. Saccone
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - John P. Rice
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Moreau
- Rutgers University Cell and DNA Repository (RUCDR), Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
| | - Kimberly F. Doheny
- Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Jane M. Romm
- Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Andrew I. Brooks
- Rutgers University Cell and DNA Repository (RUCDR), Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
| | - Bradley E. Aouizerat
- School of Nursing, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Laura J. Bierut
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Alex H. Kral
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, Atlanta, GA, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
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Tian X, Zhang A, Qiu C, Wang W, Yang Y, Qiu C, Liu A, Zhu L, Yuan S, Hu H, Wang W, Wei Q, Zhang X, Xu J. The upregulation of LAG-3 on T cells defines a subpopulation with functional exhaustion and correlates with disease progression in HIV-infected subjects. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3873-82. [PMID: 25780040 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
T cells develop functional defects during HIV-1 infection, partially due to the upregulation of inhibitory receptors such as programmed death-1 (PD-1) and CTLA-4. However, the role of lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3; CD223), also known as an inhibitory receptor, in HIV infection remains to be determined. In this study, we revealed that LAG-3 on T cells delivers an inhibitory signal to downregulate T cell functionality, thereby playing an immunoregulatory role during persistent HIV-1 infection. We observed that HIV-1 infection results in a significant increase in LAG-3 expression in both the peripheral blood and the lymph nodes. The upregulation of LAG-3 is dramatically manifested on both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and is correlated with disease progression. As expected, prolonged antiretroviral therapy reduces the expression of LAG-3 on both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. The ex vivo blockade of LAG-3 significantly augments HIV-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses, whereas the overexpression of LAG-3 in T cells or the stimulation of LAG-3 on T cells leads to the reduction of T cell responses. Furthermore, most LAG-3 and PD-1 are expressed in different T cell subsets. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the LAG-3/MHC class II pathway plays an immunoregulatory role, thereby providing an important target for enhancing immune reconstitution in HIV-infected patients. Additionally, the LAG-3/MHC class II pathway may synergize with PD-1/PD ligand to enhance T cell-mediated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Tian
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Anli Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Chao Qiu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China; and
| | - Yu Yang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Chenli Qiu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Aiping Liu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Songhua Yuan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Huiliang Hu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Wanhai Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China; and
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China; State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China; State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
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66
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Shankar EM, Velu V, Kamarulzaman A, Larsson M. Mechanistic insights on immunosenescence and chronic immune activation in HIV-tuberculosis co-infection. World J Virol 2015; 4:17-24. [PMID: 25674514 PMCID: PMC4308524 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v4.i1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunosenescence is marked by accelerated degradation of host immune responses leading to the onset of opportunistic infections, where senescent T cells show remarkably higher ontogenic defects as compared to healthy T cells. The mechanistic association between T-cell immunosenescence and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression, and functional T-cell responses in HIV-tuberculosis (HIV-TB) co-infection remains to be elaborately discussed. Here, we discussed the association of immunosenescence and chronic immune activation in HIV-TB co-infection and reviewed the role played by mediators of immune deterioration in HIV-TB co-infection necessitating the importance of designing therapeutic strategies against HIV disease progression and pathogenesis.
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67
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Velu V, Shetty RD, Larsson M, Shankar EM. Role of PD-1 co-inhibitory pathway in HIV infection and potential therapeutic options. Retrovirology 2015; 12:14. [PMID: 25756928 PMCID: PMC4340294 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0144-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-specific CD8+ T cells play an important role in controlling viral infections including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. However, during chronic HIV infection, virus-specific CD8+ T cells undergo functional exhaustion, lose effector functions and fail to control viral infection. HIV-specific CD8 T cells expressing high levels of co-inhibitory molecule programmed death-1 (PD-1) during the chronic infection and are characterized by lower proliferation, cytokine production, and cytotoxic abilities. Although, antiretroviral therapy has resulted in dramatic decline in HIV replication, there is no effective treatment currently available to eradicate viral reservoirs or restore virus-specific T or B-cell functions that may complement ART in order to eliminate the virus. In recent years, studies in mice and non-human primate models of HIV infection demonstrated the functional exhaustion of virus-specific T and B cells could be reversed by blockade of interaction between PD-1 and its cognate ligands (PD-L1 and PD-L2). In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of PD-1 pathway in HIV/SIV infection and discuss the beneficial effects of PD-1 blockade during chronic HIV/SIV infection and its potential role as immunotherapy for HIV/AIDS.
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68
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El-Far M, Ancuta P, Routy JP, Zhang Y, Bakeman W, Bordi R, DaFonseca S, Said EA, Gosselin A, Tep TS, Eichbaum Q, van Grevenynghe J, Schwartz O, Freeman GJ, Haddad EK, Chomont N, Sékaly RP. Nef promotes evasion of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected cells from the CTLA-4-mediated inhibition of T-cell activation. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:1463-1477. [PMID: 25626682 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
CTLA-4 is a negative regulator of T-cell receptor-mediated CD4(+) T-cell activation and function. Upregulation of CTLA-4 during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection on activated T cells, particularly on HIV-specific CD4(+) T cells, correlates with immune dysfunction and disease progression. As HIV-1 infects and replicates in activated CD4(+) T cells, we investigated mechanisms by which HIV-1 modulates CTLA-4 expression to establish productive viral infection in these cells. Here, we demonstrate that HIV-1 infection in activated CD4(+) T cells was followed by Nef-mediated downregulation of CTLA-4. This was associated with a decreased T-cell activation threshold and significant resistance to CTLA-4 triggering. In line with these in vitro results, quantification of pro-viral HIV DNA from treatment-naive HIV-infected subjects demonstrated a preferential infection of memory CD4(+)CTLA-4(+) T cells, thus identifying CTLA-4 as a biomarker for HIV-infected cells in vivo. As transcriptionally active HIV-1 and Nef expression in vivo were previously shown to take place mainly in the CD3(+)CD4(-)CD8(-) [double-negative (DN)] cells, we further quantified HIV DNA in the CTLA-4(+) and CTLA-4(-) subpopulations of these cells. Our results showed that DN T cells lacking CTLA-4 expression were enriched in HIV DNA compared with DN CTLA-4(+) cells. Together, these results suggested that HIV-1 preferential infection of CD4(+)CTLA-4(+) T cells in vivo was followed by Nef-mediated concomitant downregulation of both CD4 and CTLA-4 upon transition to productive infection. This also highlights the propensity of HIV-1 to evade restriction of the key negative immune regulator CTLA-4 on cell activation and viral replication, and therefore contributes to the overall HIV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Far
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Division of Hematology and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St Lucie, FL, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Wendy Bakeman
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Rebeka Bordi
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St Lucie, FL, USA.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sandrina DaFonseca
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St Lucie, FL, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Elias A Said
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Annie Gosselin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Tévy-Suzy Tep
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Julien van Grevenynghe
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St Lucie, FL, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus and Immunity Group, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elias K Haddad
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St Lucie, FL, USA.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St Lucie, FL, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Rafick-Pierre Sékaly
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St Lucie, FL, USA
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69
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Elevation of Tim-3 and PD-1 expression on T cells appears early in HIV infection, and differential Tim-3 and PD-1 expression patterns can be induced by common γ -chain cytokines. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:916936. [PMID: 25685816 PMCID: PMC4317591 DOI: 10.1155/2015/916936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. To explore the association between differential Tim-3 and PD-1 expression patterns and HIV disease progression, and to investigate the impact of common γ-chain cytokines on Tim-3 and PD-1 expression patterns on T cells. Methods. Tim-3/PD-1 expression on the T cells of patients with early and chronic HIV infections was detected. The expression levels and functional profiles of T cells with differential Tim-3 and PD-1 expression patterns induced by γ-chain cytokines were studied. Results. The elevation of differential Tim-3 and PD-1 expression patterns on T cells appeared early in HIV infection. Co-expression of Tim-3 and PD-1 (Tim-3+PD-1+) correlates with more severe exhaustion of T cells during HIV infection. In vitro stimulation of common γ-chain cytokines can induce differential expression patterns of Tim-3 and PD-1 on T cells. The enhancement of Tim-3 and PD-1 expression by common γ-chain IL-2 can inhibit the function of T cells re-stimulated by HIV gag and TCR, not by the re-stimulation of IL-2. Conclusions. The elevation of differential Tim-3 and PD-1 expression patterns on T cells represents a state of T cell exhaustion and can be induced by common γ-chain cytokines. These findings provide insights into HIV pathogenesis and help inform immune intervention strategies.
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70
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Yue F, Cheng A, Zhu Y, Li P, Zhang Y, Sun G, Wang M, Wang X. Overexpression of programmed death ligands in naturally occurring postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. Viral Immunol 2015; 28:101-6. [PMID: 25594677 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2014.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) is regarded as an immunosuppressive disease in pigs caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). Immune inhibitory receptors, particularly programmed death 1/programmed death-ligands (PD-1/PD-Ls) are presumably involved in the immunopathogenesis of PMWS. The aim of this investigation was to examine the relationship of immune inhibitory receptors and immunocompromised by PMWS. Nine 45-day-old conventional pigs were selected from a farm where pigs exhibited typical signs of PMWS (wasting and respiratory disorders) and tested positive for PCV2 infection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Six pigs were selected as controls due to their notably healthy state and absence of PCV2 infection. Heparinized blood samples were taken from each pig for pathogen detection and isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), from which mRNA expression of immunomodulatory molecule (PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, PTEN, CTLA-4, LAG-3, and Foxp3) and cytokines (IL-10, IL-2, and IFN-γ) was determined. Proliferation of PBMCs was also assessed by flow cytometry utilizing cellular labeling dilutions for detection. The mRNA levels of PD-L1 (p<0.01), PD-L2 (p<0.05), and PTEN (p<0.01) were remarkably increased in the PBMCs of diseased pigs compared to healthy pigs, whereas no change was observed for PD-1, CTLA-4, LAG-3, and Foxp3 expression. Cytokine IL-10 mRNA levels were significantly elevated (p<0.01), while IL-2 and IFN-γ mRNA levels tended to be only slightly increased in the PBMCs of affected pigs compared to healthy controls. The proliferation of PBMCs was also decreased in diseased pigs. These data suggest that overexpression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 mRNA is one mechanism by which immunosupression of PMWS pigs occurs, supporting a new therapeutic strategy focused on PD-Ls for pigs suffering from PMWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yue
- 1 Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Wenjiang, Chengdu City, China
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71
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Chronic hepatitis C virus infection triggers spontaneous differential expression of biosignatures associated with T cell exhaustion and apoptosis signaling in peripheral blood mononucleocytes. Apoptosis 2015; 20:466-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-014-1084-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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72
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Different expression of Blimp-1 in HIV infection may be used to monitor disease progression and provide a clue to reduce immune activation and viral reservoirs. AIDS 2015; 29:133-4. [PMID: 25562499 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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73
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Smith KN, Mailliard RB, Rinaldo CR. Programming T cell Killers for an HIV Cure: Teach the New Dogs New Tricks and Let the Sleeping Dogs Lie. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 6:67-77. [PMID: 28344852 DOI: 10.1615/forumimmundisther.2016014160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the success of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), a latent viral reservoir persists in HIV-1-infected persons. Unfortunately, endogenous cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are unable to control viral rebound when patients are removed from cART. A "kick and kill" strategy has been proposed to eradicate this reservoir, whereby infected T cells are induced to express viral proteins via latency-inducing drugs followed by their elimination by CTLs. It has yet to be determined if stimulation of existing HIV-1-specific CTL will be sufficient, or if new CTLs should be primed from naïve T cells. In this review, we propose that dendritic cells (DCs), the most potent antigen presenting cells, act as dog trainers and can induce T cells (the dogs) to do magnificent tricks. We propose the hypothesis that an HIV-1 cure will require targeting of naïve T cells and will necessitate "teaching new dogs new tricks" while avoiding activation of potentially dysfunctional endogenous memory CTLs (letting the sleeping dogs lie).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie N Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Robbie B Mailliard
- Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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74
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Micci L, McGary CS, Paiardini M. Animal models in HIV cure research. J Virus Erad 2015; 1:17-22. [PMID: 27482392 PMCID: PMC4946666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Current HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) successfully inhibits viral replication in the majority of HIV-infected individuals. However, ART is not curative and lifelong adherence is required. Despite the undisputed benefit of ART, long-lived latently infected cells that carry HIV-integrated DNA remain. Hence, upon ART interruption, HIV-infected subjects experience viral rebound. Interestingly, similar disease course occurs in the well-characterised animal model of SIV-infected non-human primates. Using these animal models to investigate the mechanisms involved in the generation of latently infected cells, define the phenotypic and anatomical nature of persistent viral reservoirs, and test novel interventions for viral eradication, is critical for strengthening our understanding of HIV persistence and developing novel therapeutics aimed at curing HIV. In this review, we discuss the current animal models used in AIDS cure research, with a particular focus on non-human primates, and outline the experimental strategies explored in the quest for virus eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Micci
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology,
Yerkes National Primate Research Center
| | - Colleen S McGary
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology,
Yerkes National Primate Research Center
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology,
Yerkes National Primate Research Center,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine,
Emory University School of Medicine,
Atlanta,
GA,
USA,Corresponding author: Mirko Paiardini,
Division of Microbiology & Immunology,
Yerkes National Primate Research Center,
Emory University School of Medicine,
954 Gatewood Road,
Atlanta,
GA,
30329,
USA
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Leung J, Suh WK. The CD28-B7 Family in Anti-Tumor Immunity: Emerging Concepts in Cancer Immunotherapy. Immune Netw 2014; 14:265-76. [PMID: 25550693 PMCID: PMC4275384 DOI: 10.4110/in.2014.14.6.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions between B7 molecules and CD28-family receptors are crucial in the regulation of adaptive cellular immunity. In cancer, the aberrant expression of co-inhibitory B7 molecules has been attributed to reduced anti-tumor immunity and cancer immune evasion, prompting the development of cancer therapeutics that can restore T cell function. Murine tumor models have provided significant support for the targeting of multiple immune checkpoints involving CTLA-4, PD-1, ICOS, B7-H3 and B7-H4 during tumor growth, and clinical studies investigating the therapeutic effects of CTLA-4 and PD-1 blockade have shown exceptionally promising results in patients with advanced melanoma and other cancers. The expression pattern of co-inhibitory B7 ligands in the tumor microenvironment has also been largely correlated with poor patient prognosis, and recent evidence suggests that the presence of several B7 molecules may predict the responsiveness of immunotherapies that rely on pre-existing tumor-associated immune responses. While monotherapies blocking T cell co-inhibition have beneficial effects in reducing tumor burden, combinatorial immunotherapy targeting multiple immune checkpoints involved in various stages of the anti-tumor response has led to the most substantial impact on tumor reduction. In this review, we will examine the contributions of B7- and CD28-family members in the context of cancer development, and discuss the implications of current human findings in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Leung
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada. ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Woong-Kyung Suh
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada. ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada. ; Department of Medicine; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
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77
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Šedý J, Bekiaris V, Ware CF. Tumor necrosis factor superfamily in innate immunity and inflammation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014; 7:a016279. [PMID: 25524549 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a016279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF) and its corresponding receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) form communication pathways required for developmental, homeostatic, and stimulus-responsive processes in vivo. Although this receptor-ligand system operates between many different cell types and organ systems, many of these proteins play specific roles in immune system function. The TNFSF and TNFRSF proteins lymphotoxins, LIGHT (homologous to lymphotoxins, exhibits inducible expression, and competes with HSV glycoprotein D for herpes virus entry mediator [HVEM], a receptor expressed by T lymphocytes), lymphotoxin-β receptor (LT-βR), and HVEM are used by embryonic and adult innate lymphocytes to promote the development and homeostasis of lymphoid organs. Lymphotoxin-expressing innate-acting B cells construct microenvironments in lymphoid organs that restrict pathogen spread and initiate interferon defenses. Recent results illustrate how the communication networks formed among these cytokines and the coreceptors B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) and CD160 both inhibit and activate innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), innate γδ T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. Understanding the role of TNFSF/TNFRSF and interacting proteins in innate cells will likely reveal avenues for future therapeutics for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Šedý
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Vasileios Bekiaris
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Carl F Ware
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
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78
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Huson MAM, Grobusch MP, van der Poll T. The effect of HIV infection on the host response to bacterial sepsis. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2014; 15:95-108. [PMID: 25459220 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(14)70917-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial sepsis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with HIV. HIV causes increased susceptibility to invasive infections and affects sepsis pathogenesis caused by pre-existing activation and exhaustion of the immune system. We review the effect of HIV on different components of immune responses implicated in bacterial sepsis, and possible mechanisms underlying the increased risk of invasive bacterial infections. We focus on pattern recognition receptors and innate cellular responses, cytokines, lymphocytes, coagulation, and the complement system. A combination of factors causes increased susceptibility to infection and can contribute to a disturbed immune response during a septic event in patients with HIV. HIV-induced perturbations of the immune system depend on stage of infection and are only in part restored by combination antiretroviral therapy. Immunomodulatory treatments currently under development for sepsis might be particularly beneficial to patients with HIV co-infection because many pathogenic mechanisms in HIV and sepsis overlap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaëla A M Huson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Centre of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Martin P Grobusch
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Centre of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Centre of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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79
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Boltjes A, Movita D, Boonstra A, Woltman AM. The role of Kupffer cells in hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infections. J Hepatol 2014; 61:660-71. [PMID: 24798624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Globally, over 500 million people are chronically infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV). These chronic infections cause liver inflammation, and may result in fibrosis/cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Albeit that HBV and HCV differ in various aspects, clearance, persistence, and immunopathology of either infection depends on the interplay between the innate and adaptive responses in the liver. Kupffer cells, the liver-resident macrophages, are abundantly present in the sinusoids of the liver. These cells have been shown to be crucial players to maintain homeostasis, but also contribute to pathology. However, it is important to note that especially during pathology, Kupffer cells are difficult to distinguish from infiltrating monocytes/macrophages and other myeloid cells. In this review we discuss our current understanding of Kupffer cells, and assess their role in the regulation of anti-viral immunity and disease pathogenesis during HBV and HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan Boltjes
- Dept. of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dowty Movita
- Dept. of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André Boonstra
- Dept. of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea M Woltman
- Dept. of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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80
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Yue F, Zhu YP, Zhang YF, Sun GP, Yang Y, Guo DG, Wang AG, Li BW, Yin M, Cheng AC, Wang MS, Wang XN. Up-regulated expression of PD-1 and its ligands during acute Classical Swine Fever virus infection in swine. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97:251-6. [PMID: 25178664 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the relationship between the PD-1 pathway and impairment of immune responses with the CSFV infection, the mRNA expression of PD-1 and its ligands were evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) during artificial CSFV infection. Simultaneously, expression of IL-2 and IL-10 mRNA were detected. The T cell proliferation and CSFV load in plasma were also measured. Results showed that the expression of PD-1 and its ligands mRNA were significantly increased (p < 0.01) in PBMC from 3 to 7 days post infection (dpi). Meanwhile the level of IL-10 was up-regulated (p < 0.01). The IL-2 mRNA was not obviously changed but it is significantly increased from 14 dpi. The T cell proliferation was notably decreased at 7 dpi. The CSFV load was also increased in plasma. Overall, our results suggest that the expression of PD-1 and its ligands were up-regulated and probably correlated with immune inhibition during acute CSFV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yue
- Department of Life Sciense and Technology, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003 China
| | - Yan-Ping Zhu
- Department of Life Sciense and Technology, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003 China
| | - Yan-Fang Zhang
- Department of Life Sciense and Technology, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003 China
| | - Guo-Peng Sun
- Department of Life Sciense and Technology, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003 China
| | - Yuan Yang
- Department of Life Sciense and Technology, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003 China; College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Henan Istitute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Dong-Guang Guo
- Department of Life Sciense and Technology, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003 China
| | - Ai-Guo Wang
- Department of Life Sciense and Technology, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003 China; College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Henan Istitute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Bo-Wen Li
- Department of Life Sciense and Technology, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003 China; College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Henan Istitute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Mei Yin
- College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Henan Istitute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - An-Chun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Ming-Shu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, China.
| | - Xuan-Nian Wang
- Department of Life Sciense and Technology, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003 China; College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Henan Istitute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China.
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81
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Schmidt SV, Schultze JL. New Insights into IDO Biology in Bacterial and Viral Infections. Front Immunol 2014; 5:384. [PMID: 25157255 PMCID: PMC4128074 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Initially, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) has been introduced as a bactericidal effector mechanism and has been linked to T-cell immunosuppression and tolerance. In recent years, evidence has been accumulated that IDO also plays an important role during viral infections including HIV, influenza, and hepatitis B and C. Moreover, novel aspects about the role of IDO in bacterial infections and sepsis have been revealed. Here, we review these recent findings highlighting the central role of IDO and tryptophan metabolism in many major human infections. Moreover, we also shed light on issues concerning human-specific and mouse-specific host–pathogen interactions that need to be considered when studying the biology of IDO in the context of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne V Schmidt
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, LIMES-Institute, University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - Joachim L Schultze
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, LIMES-Institute, University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
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82
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Blimp-1 overexpression is associated with low HIV-1 reservoir and transcription levels in central memory CD4+ T cells from elite controllers. AIDS 2014; 28:1567-77. [PMID: 24804861 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to determine the molecular mechanisms underlying the quasi-equilibrium between HIV and its host in the model of functional cure represented by elite controllers who spontaneously maintain exceptionally low levels of HIV reservoirs. DESIGN Whole-genome transcriptional study and quantification of the cell-associated HIV DNA and HIV RNA levels of the four major resting CD4 T-cell subsets in HIV-1-infected elite controllers, viremic long-term nonprogressors (vir-LTNPs), and uninfected individuals. METHODS We compared the whole-genome transcriptional profiles (ArrayExpress accession number E-MTAB-1480) of the four major resting CD4 T-cell subsets [naive (TN), central-memory (TCM), transitional-memory (TTM), and effector-memory (TEM)] from 14 HIV-1-infected individuals including seven elite controllers (E-LTNPs) and seven vir-LTNPs, and from seven uninfected individuals. The HIV-1 cellular DNA and mRNA levels were quantified in parallel in each sorted subset. RESULTS Host gene transcriptomes followed subset differentiation and viremia except in E-LTNPs wherein TCM, the main CD4 cell compartment, showed the highest activity with three specific signatures involving overexpression of T-cell receptor and costimulation signaling pathways, overexpression of the PRDM-1/Blimp-1 transcriptional repressor, and downmodulation of type-I IFN-related genes. Among subsets, the PRDM1/Blimp-1 upregulation was associated with lower levels of both cellular HIV-DNA and HIV mRNA levels. CONCLUSION This unique Blimp-1 transcriptional repressor signature and the contrast between host and virus transcriptional activities in TCM from elite controllers suggest Blimp-1 might be involved in controlling the HIV reservoirs in the key TCM subset.
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83
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Li S, Symonds ALJ, Miao T, Sanderson I, Wang P. Modulation of antigen-specific T-cells as immune therapy for chronic infectious diseases and cancer. Front Immunol 2014; 5:293. [PMID: 24987395 PMCID: PMC4060297 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell responses are induced by antigen presenting cells (APC) and signals from the microenvironment. Antigen persistence and inflammatory microenvironments in chronic infections and cancer can induce a tolerant state in T-cells resulting in hyporesponsiveness, loss of effector function, and weak biochemical signaling patterns in response to antigen stimulation. Although the mechanisms of T-cell tolerance induced in chronic infection and cancer may differ from those involved in tolerance to self-antigen, the impaired proliferation and production of IL-2 in response to antigen stimulation are hallmarks of all tolerant T cells. In this review, we will summarize the evidence that the immune responses change from non-self to “self”-like in chronic infection and cancer, and will provide an overview of strategies for re-balancing the immune response of antigen-specific T cells in chronic infection and cancer without affecting the homeostasis of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suling Li
- Bioscience, Brunel University , London , UK
| | - Alistair L J Symonds
- Blizard Institute (BICMS), Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry , London , UK
| | - Tizong Miao
- Blizard Institute (BICMS), Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry , London , UK
| | - Ian Sanderson
- Blizard Institute (BICMS), Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry , London , UK
| | - Ping Wang
- Blizard Institute (BICMS), Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry , London , UK
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84
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Mohan T, Bhatnagar S, Gupta DL, Rao DN. Current understanding of HIV-1 and T-cell adaptive immunity: progress to date. Microb Pathog 2014; 73:60-9. [PMID: 24930593 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cellular immune response to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has different components originating from both the adaptive and innate immune systems. HIV cleverly utilizes the host machinery to survive by its intricate nature of interaction with the host immune system. HIV evades the host immune system at innate ad adaptive, allows the pathogen to replicate and transmit from one host to another. Researchers have shown that HIV has multipronged effects especially on the adaptive immunity, with CD4(+) cells being the worst effect T-cell populations. Various analyses have revealed that, the exposure to HIV results in clonal expansion and excessive activation of the immune system. Also, an abnormal process of differentiation has been observed suggestive of an alteration and blocks in the maturation of various T-cell subsets. Additionally, HIV has shown to accelerate immunosenescence and exhaustion of the overtly activated T-cells. Apart from causing phenotypic changes, HIV has adverse effects on the functional aspect of the immune system, with evidences implicating it in the loss of the capacity of T-cells to secrete various antiviral cytokines and chemokines. However, there continues to be many aspects of the immune- pathogenesis of HIV that are still unknown and thus required further research in order to convert the malaise of HIV into a manageable epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teena Mohan
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (A.I.I.M.S.), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India.
| | - Santwana Bhatnagar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (A.I.I.M.S.), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Dablu L Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (A.I.I.M.S.), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - D N Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (A.I.I.M.S.), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India.
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85
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Tim-3 expression is increased on peripheral T cells from diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:7951-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2080-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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86
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HIV-1 Tat protein induces PD-L1 (B7-H1) expression on dendritic cells through tumor necrosis factor alpha- and toll-like receptor 4-mediated mechanisms. J Virol 2014; 88:6672-89. [PMID: 24696476 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00825-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chronic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is associated with induction of T-cell coinhibitory pathways. However, the mechanisms by which HIV-1 induces upregulation of coinhibitory molecules remain to be fully elucidated. The aim of the present study was to determine whether and how HIV-1 Tat protein, an immunosuppressive viral factor, induces the PD-1/PD-L1 coinhibitory pathway on human dendritic cells (DCs). We found that treatment of DCs with whole HIV-1 Tat protein significantly upregulated the level of expression of PD-L1. This PD-L1 upregulation was observed in monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) obtained from either uninfected or HIV-1-infected patients as well as in primary myeloid DCs from HIV-negative donors. In contrast, no effect on the expression of PD-L2 or PD-1 molecules was detected. The induction of PD-L1 on MoDCs by HIV-1 Tat (i) occurred in dose- and time-dependent manners, (ii) was mediated by the N-terminal 1-45 fragment of Tat, (iii) did not require direct cell-cell contact but appeared rather to be mediated by soluble factor(s), (iv) was abrogated following neutralization of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) or blocking of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), (v) was absent in TLR4-knockoout (KO) mice but could be restored following incubation with Tat-conditioned medium from wild-type DCs, (vi) impaired the capacity of MoDCs to functionally stimulate T cells, and (vii) was not reversed functionally following PD-1/PD-L1 pathway blockade, suggesting the implication of other Tat-mediated coinhibitory pathways. Our results demonstrate that HIV-1 Tat protein upregulates PD-L1 expression on MoDCs through TNF-α- and TLR4-mediated mechanisms, functionally compromising the ability of DCs to stimulate T cells. The findings offer a novel potential molecular target for the development of an anti-HIV-1 treatment. IMPORTANCE The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Tat on the PD-1/PD-L1 coinhibitory pathway on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs). We found that treatment of MoDCs from either healthy or HIV-1-infected patients with HIV-1 Tat protein stimulated the expression of PD-L1. We demonstrate that this stimulation was mediated through an indirect mechanism, involving tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathways, and resulted in compromised ability of Tat-treated MoDCs to functionally stimulate T-cell proliferation.
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87
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Expression regulation of co-inhibitory molecules on human natural killer cells in response to cytokine stimulations. Cytokine 2014; 65:33-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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88
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Boasso A. Type I Interferon at the Interface of Antiviral Immunity and Immune Regulation: The Curious Case of HIV-1. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:580968. [PMID: 24455433 PMCID: PMC3885208 DOI: 10.1155/2013/580968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN-I) play a critical role in the innate immune response against viral infections. They actively participate in antiviral immunity by inducing molecular mechanisms of viral restriction and by limiting the spread of the infection, but they also orchestrate the initial phases of the adaptive immune response and influence the quality of T cell immunity. During infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the production of and response to IFN-I may be severely altered by the lymphotropic nature of the virus. In this review I consider the different aspects of virus sensing, IFN-I production, signalling, and effects on target cells, with a particular focus on the alterations observed following HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Boasso
- Immunology Section, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, UK
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89
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Shankar EM, Vignesh R, Ellegård R, Barathan M, Chong YK, Bador MK, Rukumani DV, Sabet NS, Kamarulzaman A, Velu V, Larsson M. HIV-Mycobacterium tuberculosis co-infection: a 'danger-couple model' of disease pathogenesis. Pathog Dis 2013; 70:110-8. [PMID: 24214523 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection interfere and impact the pathogenesis phenomena of each other. Owing to atypical clinical presentations and diagnostic complications, HIV/TB co-infection continues to be a menace for healthcare providers. Although the increased access to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has led to a reduction in HIV-associated opportunistic infections and mortality, the concurrent management of HIV/TB co-infection remains a challenge owing to adverse effects, complex drug interactions, overlapping toxicities and tuberculosis -associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Several hypotheses have been put forward for the exacerbation of tuberculosis by HIV and vice versa supported by immunological studies. Discussion on the mechanisms produced by infectious cofactors with impact on disease pathology could shed light on how to design potential interventions that could decelerate disease progression. With no vaccine for HIV and lack of an effective vaccine for tuberculosis, it is essential to design strategies against HIV-TB co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esaki M Shankar
- Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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90
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Tolerance and exhaustion: defining mechanisms of T cell dysfunction. Trends Immunol 2013; 35:51-60. [PMID: 24210163 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 478] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CD8 T cell activation and differentiation are tightly controlled, and dependent on the context in which naïve T cells encounter antigen, can either result in functional memory or T cell dysfunction, including exhaustion, tolerance, anergy, or senescence. With the identification of phenotypic and functional traits shared in different settings of T cell dysfunction, distinctions between such dysfunctional states have become blurred. Here, we discuss distinct states of CD8 T cell dysfunction, with an emphasis on: (i) T cell tolerance to self-antigens (self-tolerance); (ii) T cell exhaustion during chronic infections; and (iii) tumor-induced T cell dysfunction. We highlight recent findings on cellular and molecular characteristics defining these states, cell-intrinsic regulatory mechanisms that induce and maintain them, and strategies that can lead to their reversal.
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