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Guilherme A, Henriques F, Bedard AH, Czech MP. Molecular pathways linking adipose innervation to insulin action in obesity and diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2019; 15:207-225. [PMID: 30733616 PMCID: PMC7073451 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue comprises adipocytes and many other cell types that engage in dynamic crosstalk in a highly innervated and vascularized tissue matrix. Although adipose tissue has been studied for decades, it has been appreciated only in the past 5 years that extensive arborization of nerve fibres has a dominant role in regulating the function of adipose tissue. This Review summarizes the latest literature, which suggests that adipocytes signal to local sensory nerve fibres in response to perturbations in lipolysis and lipogenesis. Such adipocyte signalling to the central nervous system causes sympathetic output to distant adipose depots and potentially other metabolic tissues to regulate systemic glucose homeostasis. Paracrine factors identified in the past few years that mediate such adipocyte-neuron crosstalk are also reviewed. Similarly, immune cells and endothelial cells within adipose tissue communicate with local nerve fibres to modulate neurotransmitter tone, blood flow, adipocyte differentiation and energy expenditure, including adipose browning to produce heat. This understudied field of neurometabolism related to adipose tissue biology has great potential to reveal new mechanistic insights and potential therapeutic strategies for obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adilson Guilherme
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Felipe Henriques
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Alexander H Bedard
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Michael P Czech
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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The effect of peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY3–36), a selective Y2 receptor agonist on streptozotocin-induced diabetes in albino rats. Endocr Regul 2019; 53:26-33. [DOI: 10.2478/enr-2019-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of the PYY3–36, as a potential therapy for the type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), induced by high fat diet (HFD) and an intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of streptozotocin (STZ) in albino rats.
Methods. Forty adult male albino Wistar rats were divided into: 1) control group (C, in which the rats were fed with a standard diet and received vehicle; 2) diabetic group (D, in which T2DM was induced by feeding the rats with HFD for four weeks followed by a single i.p. injection of 35 mg/kg STZ, this group was also allowed to have HFD till the end of the study; and 3) D+PYY3–36 group (in which the diabetic rats were treated with 50 µg/kg i.p. PYY3–36 twice a day for one week). Food intake, water intake, body weight (b.w.), visceral fat weight (VFW), liver glycogen content, serum levels of glucose, insulin, and interleukin-6 (IL-6), were measured. Homeostatic-model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was estimated. The gene expression of the hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) and visceral nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) were assessed by a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
Results. The PYY3–36 administration to the diabetic group of rats significantly increased the serum insulin levels and liver glycogen content, decreased the body weight, VFW, food intake, water intake, serum levels of the glucose, IL-6, and HOMA-IR. It also decreased the expression of both the hypothalamic NPY and the visceral fat NF-κB.
Conclusion. With respect to the fact of improved insulin release and enhanced insulin sensitivity (an effect that may be mediated via suppressing accumulation of visceral fat and inflammatory markers), in the rats treated with PYY3–36, the PYY3–36 might be considered for the future as a promising therapeutic tool in T2DM.
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Smitka K, Nedvidkova J, Vondra K, Hill M, Papezova H, Hainer V. Acipimox Administration With Exercise Induces a Co-feedback Action of the GH, PP, and PYY on Ghrelin Associated With a Reduction of Peripheral Lipolysis in Bulimic and Healthy-Weight Czech Women: A Randomized Study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:108. [PMID: 30915029 PMCID: PMC6422902 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Anti-lipolytic drugs and exercise are enhancers of growth hormone (GH) secretion. Decreased circulating free fatty acids (FFA) have been proposed to exert ghrelin-GH feedback loop after administration of an anti-lipolytic longer-acting analog of nicotinic acid, Acipimox (OLB, 5-Methylpyrazine-2-carboxylic acid 4-oxide, molecular weight of 154.1 Da). OLB administration strongly suppresses plasma FFA during exercise. Neuroendocrine perturbations of the adipose tissue (AT), gut, and brain peptides may be involved in the etiopathogenesis of eating disorders including bulimia nervosa (BN) and anorexia nervosa. BN is characterized by binge eating, self-induced vomiting or excessive exercise. Approach: To test the hypothesis that treatment with OLB together with exercise vs. exercise alone would induce feedback action of GH, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), and leptin on ghrelin in Czech women with BN and in healthy-weight Czech women (HW). The lipolysis rate (as glycerol release) in subcutaneous abdominal AT was assessed with microdialysis. At an academic medical center, 12 BN and 12 HW (the control group) were randomized to OLB 500 mg 1 h before a single exercise bout (45 min, 2 W/kg of lean body mass [LBM]) once a week vs. identical placebo over a total of 2 weeks. Blood plasma concentrations of GH, PP, PYY, leptin, ghrelin, FFA, glycerol, and concentrations of AT interstitial glycerol were estimated during the test by RIA utilizing 125I-labeled tracer, the electrochemiluminescence technique (ECLIA) or colorimetric kits. Results: OLB administration together with short-term exercise significantly increased plasma GH (P < 0.0001), PP (P < 0.0001), PYY, and leptin concentrations and significantly decreased plasma ghrelin (P < 0.01) concentrations in both groups, whereas short-term exercise with placebo resulted in plasma ghrelin (P < 0.05) decrease exclusively in BN. OLB administration together with short-term exercise significantly lowered local subcutaneous abdominal AT interstitial glycerol (P < 0.0001) to a greater extent in BN. Conclusion: OLB-induced suppression of plasma ghrelin concentrations together with short-term exercise and after the post-exercise recovering phase suggests a potential negative co-feedback of GH, PP, PYY, and leptin on ghrelin secretion to a greater extent in BN. Simultaneously, the exercise-induced elevation in AT interstitial glycerol leading to a higher inhibition of peripheral lipolysis by OLB in BN. Clinical Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT03338387.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kvido Smitka
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czechia
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathological Physiology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Kvido Smitka ;
| | - Jara Nedvidkova
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Karel Vondra
- Clinical Department, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Hill
- Steroid Hormone and Proteofactors Department, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Hana Papezova
- First Faculty of Medicine, Eating Disorder Center, Psychiatric Clinic, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | - Vojtech Hainer
- Obesity Management Center, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czechia
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Wang R, Yuan J, Zhang C, Wang L, Liu Y, Song L, Zhong W, Chen X, Dong J. Neuropeptide Y-Positive Neurons in the Dorsomedial Hypothalamus Are Involved in the Anorexic Effect of Angptl8. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:451. [PMID: 30618603 PMCID: PMC6305345 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiopoietin-like protein 8 (Angptl8), a recently identified member of the angiopoietin-like protein family (ANGPTLs), is a 22-kDa peptide synthesized in the liver. It participates in lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity, consequently increasing the triglyceride levels. Despite evidence that Angptl8 is involved in feeding control, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Central and peripheral injections of Angptl8 significantly decreased food intake. Angptl8 was widely expressed in appetite-related nuclei, including the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), the ventromedial hypothalamus, and the arcuate nucleus (ARC) in the hypothalamus. Peripheral Angptl8 administration decreased c-Fos-positive neurons in the DMH. Central Angptl8 administration decreased c-Fos-positive neurons in the DMH and PVN but increased these neurons in the ARC. Angptl8 inhibited appetite via neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons in the DMH. Furthermore, the chronic administration of Angptl8 decreased body weight gain and altered adipose tissue deposits. Nevertheless, neither peripheral nor central Angptl8 influenced the brown adipose tissue (BAT) morphology or uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp-1) expression in BAT. Taken together, these data suggested that Angptl8 modulates appetite and energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Department of Special Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Junhua Yuan
- Department of Special Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Caishun Zhang
- Department of Special Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Liuxin Wang
- Department of Special Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Special Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Limin Song
- Department of Special Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Weizhen Zhong
- Institute of Foundation Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Dong
- Department of Special Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Physiology, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Perez-Gomez A, Carretero M, Weber N, Peterka V, To A, Titova V, Solis G, Osborn O, Petrascheck M. A phenotypic Caenorhabditis elegans screen identifies a selective suppressor of antipsychotic-induced hyperphagia. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5272. [PMID: 30532051 PMCID: PMC6288085 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07684-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antipsychotic (AP) drugs are used to treat psychiatric disorders but are associated with significant weight gain and metabolic disease. Increased food intake (hyperphagia) appears to be a driving force by which APs induce weight gain but the mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we report that administration of APs to C. elegans induces hyperphagia by a mechanism that is genetically distinct from basal food intake. We exploit this finding to screen for adjuvant drugs that suppress AP-induced hyperphagia in C. elegans and mice. In mice AP-induced hyperphagia is associated with a unique hypothalamic gene expression signature that is abrogated by adjuvant drug treatment. Genetic analysis of this signature using C. elegans identifies two transcription factors, nhr-25/Nr5a2 and nfyb-1/NFYB to be required for AP-induced hyperphagia. Our study reveals that AP-induced hyperphagia can be selectively suppressed without affecting basal food intake allowing for novel drug discovery strategies to combat AP-induced metabolic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabel Perez-Gomez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Maria Carretero
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Natalie Weber
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Veronika Peterka
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Alan To
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Viktoriya Titova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Gregory Solis
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Olivia Osborn
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Michael Petrascheck
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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Qu L, Ren J, Huang L, Pang B, Liu X, Liu X, Li B, Shan Y. Antidiabetic Effects of Lactobacillus casei Fermented Yogurt through Reshaping Gut Microbiota Structure in Type 2 Diabetic Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:12696-12705. [PMID: 30398060 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The viable bacterial strains in conventional yogurt are intolerant to bile acid, which consequently cannot survive the conditions and their beneficial bioactivities are thus lost. We have previously shown that Lactobacillus casei Q14 ( Lac-Q14), a probiotic, has the potential to alleviate diabetes in rats. Herein, we used Lac-Q14 as the starter culture to ferment yogurt and explore the mechanisms of the bioactivity in diabetic rats. The results showed that Lac-Q14 yogurt improved blood glucose and insulin level, lowered gene expression of critical enzymes involved in liver gluconeogenesis. Pyrosequencing showed an obvious change in the composition of intestinal microbiota in Lac-Q14 yogurt treated rats. The abundance of 21 genera differed significantly between the Lac-Q14 yogurt group and diabetes group. Quite a few short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria were selectively enriched, along with increased concentrations of SCFA and downstream Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and Peptide YY (PYY) secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Qu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , No 92 West Dazhi Street , Harbin 150001 , People's Republic of China
| | - Junli Ren
- Department of Food Science and Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , No 92 West Dazhi Street , Harbin 150001 , People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , No 92 West Dazhi Street , Harbin 150001 , People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Pang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , No 92 West Dazhi Street , Harbin 150001 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Liu
- Center of Drugs Safety and Evaluation , Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine , Harbin , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , No 92 West Dazhi Street , Harbin 150001 , People's Republic of China
| | - Baolong Li
- Center of Drugs Safety and Evaluation , Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine , Harbin , People's Republic of China
| | - Yujuan Shan
- Department of Food Science and Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , No 92 West Dazhi Street , Harbin 150001 , People's Republic of China
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Boura‐Halfon S, Pecht T, Jung S, Rudich A. Obesity and dysregulated central and peripheral macrophage–neuron cross‐talk. Eur J Immunol 2018; 49:19-29. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tal Pecht
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology Faculty of Health Sciences, and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev Ben‐Gurion University of the Negev Beer Sheva Israel
| | - Steffen Jung
- Department of Immunology Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel
| | - Assaf Rudich
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology Faculty of Health Sciences, and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev Ben‐Gurion University of the Negev Beer Sheva Israel
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58
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Mohorko N, Černelič-Bizjak M, Poklar-Vatovec T, Grom G, Kenig S, Petelin A, Jenko-Pražnikar Z. Weight loss, improved physical performance, cognitive function, eating behavior, and metabolic profile in a 12-week ketogenic diet in obese adults. Nutr Res 2018; 62:64-77. [PMID: 30803508 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ketogenic diet (KD) is being increasingly promoted as a strategy to fight obesity. Although the KD is effective for weight loss and weight control, comprehensive determination of its relationship with biochemical, physiological and psychological changes is still largely unexplored. We hypothesized that a 12-week KD (12KD) would significantly affect body weight, physical performance, cognitive function, eating behaviors, the metabolic and hormonal profile in obese adults, although differently in men and women. In an uncontrolled intervention, 35 sedentary obese adults (13 men, 25 women), aged 37 ± 7 years with a BMI 36.1 ± 5.6 kg/m2 underwent a 12KD between March 2017 and June 2017 at the University of Primorska. The 12KD resulted in decreased appetite, significant weight loss of participants (-18 ± 9 kg men vs. -11 ± 3 kg women; P < .001), decreased emotional and external eating (P < .001 for both), increased body image satisfaction (P < .001) and improved physical performance (P < .001). Biochemically, a significant drop in glucose (P = .026), and a significant increase in LDL-cholesterol (P = .031), CRP (P = .007), and BDNF (P = .035) were observed in the first 2 weeks; then, all listed parameters returned to baseline. On the other hand, a significant reduction in insulin (P < .001) and leptin levels (P < .001), and a significant increase in adiponectin (P = .008) and NPY (P = .009) were detected throughout the duration of the 12KD. Our results show the efficacy of the 12KD on weight loss, physical performance, cognitive function, eating behaviors and metabolic profile. However, the long-term effects of a KD on these outcomes needs to be further studied before general recommendations can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Mohorko
- University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Polje 42, SI-6310 Izola.
| | | | | | - Gašper Grom
- University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Polje 42, SI-6310 Izola.
| | - Saša Kenig
- University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Polje 42, SI-6310 Izola.
| | - Ana Petelin
- University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Polje 42, SI-6310 Izola.
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A genome-wide detection of selection signatures in conserved and commercial pig breeds maintained in Poland. BMC Genet 2018; 19:95. [PMID: 30348079 PMCID: PMC6198424 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-018-0681-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of selection signatures can provide a direct insight into the mechanism of artificial selection and allow further disclosure of the candidate genes related to the animals' phenotypic variation. Domestication and subsequent long-time selection have resulted in extensive phenotypic changes in domestic pigs, involving a number of traits, like behavior, body composition, disease resistance, reproduction and coat color. In this study, based on genotypes obtained from PorcineSNP60 Illumina assay we attempt to detect both diversifying and within-breed selection signatures in 530 pigs belonging to four breeds: Polish Landrace, Puławska, Złotnicka White and Złotnicka Spotted, of which the last three are a subject of conservative breeding and substantially represent the native populations. RESULTS A two largely complementary statistical methods were used for signatures detection, including: pairwise FST and relative extended haplotype homozygosity (REHH) test. Breed-specific diversifying selection signals included several genes involved in processes connected with fertility, growth and metabolism which are potentially responsible for different phenotypes of the studied breeds. The diversifying selection signals also comprised PPARD gene that was previously found to have a large effect on the shape of the external ear in pigs or two genes encoding neuropeptide Y receptors (Y2 and Y5) involved in fat deposition and stress response which are important features differentiating the studied breeds. REHH statistics allowed detecting several within-breed selection signatures overlapping with genes connected with a range of functions including, among others: metabolic pathways, immune system response or implantation and development of the embryo. CONCLUSIONS The study provides many potential candidate genes with implication for traits selected in the individual breeds and gives strong basis for further studies aiming at identification of sources of variation among the studied pig breeds.
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60
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Ducsay CA, Goyal R, Pearce WJ, Wilson S, Hu XQ, Zhang L. Gestational Hypoxia and Developmental Plasticity. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1241-1334. [PMID: 29717932 PMCID: PMC6088145 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00043.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is one of the most common and severe challenges to the maintenance of homeostasis. Oxygen sensing is a property of all tissues, and the response to hypoxia is multidimensional involving complicated intracellular networks concerned with the transduction of hypoxia-induced responses. Of all the stresses to which the fetus and newborn infant are subjected, perhaps the most important and clinically relevant is that of hypoxia. Hypoxia during gestation impacts both the mother and fetal development through interactions with an individual's genetic traits acquired over multiple generations by natural selection and changes in gene expression patterns by altering the epigenetic code. Changes in the epigenome determine "genomic plasticity," i.e., the ability of genes to be differentially expressed according to environmental cues. The genomic plasticity defined by epigenomic mechanisms including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNAs during development is the mechanistic substrate for phenotypic programming that determines physiological response and risk for healthy or deleterious outcomes. This review explores the impact of gestational hypoxia on maternal health and fetal development, and epigenetic mechanisms of developmental plasticity with emphasis on the uteroplacental circulation, heart development, cerebral circulation, pulmonary development, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and adipose tissue. The complex molecular and epigenetic interactions that may impact an individual's physiology and developmental programming of health and disease later in life are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A. Ducsay
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Ravi Goyal
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - William J. Pearce
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Sean Wilson
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Xiang-Qun Hu
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Lubo Zhang
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
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McConn BR, Gilbert ER, Cline MA. Appetite-associated responses to central neuropeptide Y injection in quail. Neuropeptides 2018; 69:9-18. [PMID: 29573813 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The appetite-associated effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY) have been extensively studied in mammalian models. Less knowledge exists for other vertebrate species including birds. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of central injection of NPY on feeding behavior and hypothalamic physiology in 7 day-old Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). During the light cycle, intracerebroventricular injection of 1.9 pmol, 0.5, and 1.0 nmol doses of NPY did not affect food intake, 0.031 to 0.13 nmol increased food intake, and 2.0 nmol NPY decreased food intake, in comparison to vehicle injection. Multiple doses of NPY stimulated water intake, but when food was not available, water intake was not affected. When injected during the dark cycle, NPY did not influence food intake. NPY-injected chicks had more c-Fos immunoreactive cells in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC) and greater hypothalamic agouti-related peptide and neuropeptide Y receptors 1 and 2 (NPYR1 and NPYR2, respectively) mRNA than vehicle-injected chicks. Within the ventromedial hypothalamus, NPY-treated chicks expressed less NPYR1 mRNA, within the dorsomedial hypothalamus less NPY mRNA, and in the ARC greater NPYR2 mRNA than vehicle-injected chicks. Lastly, quail injected with NPY increased feeding pecks, escape attempts, and time spent preening, while locomotion, the number of steps, and time spent perching decreased compared to chicks injected with the vehicle. Results demonstrate that NPY stimulates food intake in quail, consistent with mammals and other avian species, but with some unique responses at the molecular level that are not documented in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty R McConn
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Elizabeth R Gilbert
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Mark A Cline
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States; School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States.
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Harris RBS. Denervation as a tool for testing sympathetic control of white adipose tissue. Physiol Behav 2018; 190:3-10. [PMID: 28694155 PMCID: PMC5758439 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the evidence derived from studies utilizing denervation procedures to demonstrate sympathetic control of white adipose tissue metabolism and body fat mass. A majority of the work demonstrating neural control of white fat was performed in the Bartness laboratory with Siberian hamsters as the predominant experimental model. These animals experience dramatic changes in body fat mass in response to changes in photoperiod, however, the mechanisms identified in hamsters have been reproduced or further elucidated by experiments with other animal models. Evidence for the role of sympathetic innervation contributing to the control of white adipocyte lipolysis and preadipocyte proliferation is summarized. In addition, evidence from denervation experiments for neural communication between different white fat depots as well as for a feedback control loop between sensory afferents from individual fat depots and sympathetic efferents to the same or distant white fat depots is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth B S Harris
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States.
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63
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Wang G, Kim WK, Cline MA, Gilbert ER. Factors affecting adipose tissue development in chickens: A review. Poult Sci 2018; 96:3687-3699. [PMID: 28938790 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intense genetic selection for rapid growth in broilers has resulted in an increase in voluntary feed intake and growth rate, accompanied by increased fat deposition in adipose tissue depots throughout the body. Adipose tissue expansion is a result of the formation of adipocytes (several processes collectively referred to as adipogenesis) and cellular accumulation of triacylglycerols inside lipid droplets. In mammals, different anatomical depots are metabolically distinct. The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying adipose tissue development have been characterized in mammalian models, whereas information in avian species is scarce. The purpose of this review is to describe factors regulating adipogenesis in chickens, with an emphasis on dietary factors and the broiler. Results from many studies have demonstrated effects of dietary nutrient composition on adipose tissue development and lipid metabolism. Transcription factors, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins α and β, and sterol regulatory element binding proteins orchestrate a series of cellular events that lead to an increase in activity of fatty acid transport proteins and enzymes that are responsible for triacylglycerol synthesis. Understanding the mechanisms underlying adipose tissue development may provide a practical strategy to affect body composition of the commercial broiler while providing insights on diets that maximize conversion into muscle rather than fat and affect depot-dependent deposition of lipids. Because of the propensity to overeat and become obese, the broiler chicken also represents an attractive biomedical model for eating disorders and obesity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Wang
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Woo Kyun Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Mark A Cline
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Elizabeth R Gilbert
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
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Franco-Tormo MJ, Salas-Crisostomo M, Rocha NB, Budde H, Machado S, Murillo-Rodríguez E. CRISPR/Cas9, the Powerful New Genome-Editing Tool for Putative Therapeutics in Obesity. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 65:10-16. [PMID: 29732484 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1076-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The molecular technology known as clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) is revolutionizing the field of medical research and deepening our understanding of numerous biological processes. The attraction of CRISPR/Cas9 lies in its ability to efficiently edit DNA or modulate gene expression in living eukaryotic cells and organisms, a technology that was once considered either too expensive or scientifically risky. CRISPR/Cas9 has been successfully applied in agriculture to develop the next generation of disease-resistant plants. Now, the capability of gene editing has been translated to the biomedical area, focusing on the future of medicine faced with drug-resistant microbes by selectively targeting genes involved in antibiotic resistance, for example, or finding the ultimate strategy for cancer or HIV. In this regard, it was recently demonstrated that an injection of cancer-fighting CRISPR-modified white blood cells in a patient suffering from metastatic lung cancer could lead to promising results. Researchers and bioethicists are debating questions about the regulation of CRISPR/Cas9 that must be addressed. While legal challenges surround the use of this technique for genetically modifying cell lines in humans, we review the basic understanding of CRISPR/Cas9 and discuss how this technology could represent a candidate for treatment of non-communicable diseases in nutrition, such as obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Franco-Tormo
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, A.P. 96 Cordemex C.P, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.,Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Mireille Salas-Crisostomo
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, A.P. 96 Cordemex C.P, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.,Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Nuno Barbosa Rocha
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.,Health School, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Henning Budde
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.,Faculty of Human Sciences, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,Physical Activity, Physical Education, Health and Sport Research Centre (PAPESH), Sports Science Department, School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Sérgio Machado
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.,Laboratory of Panic and Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Physical Activity Neuroscience Laboratory, Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program of Salgado de Oliveira University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Eric Murillo-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, A.P. 96 Cordemex C.P, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico. .,Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
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65
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Soengas JL, Cerdá-Reverter JM, Delgado MJ. Central regulation of food intake in fish: an evolutionary perspective. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 60:R171-R199. [PMID: 29467140 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Evidence indicates that central regulation of food intake is well conserved along the vertebrate lineage, at least between teleost fish and mammals. However, several differences arise in the comparison between both groups. In this review, we describe similarities and differences between teleost fish and mammals on an evolutionary perspective. We focussed on the existing knowledge of specific fish features conditioning food intake, anatomical homologies and analogies between both groups as well as the main signalling pathways of neuroendocrine and metabolic nature involved in the homeostatic and hedonic central regulation of food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Soengas
- Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da SaúdeLaboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - José Miguel Cerdá-Reverter
- Departamento de Fisiología de Peces y BiotecnologíaInstituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | - María Jesús Delgado
- Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II)Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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66
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Landgraf D, Neumann AM, Oster H. Circadian clock-gastrointestinal peptide interaction in peripheral tissues and the brain. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 31:561-571. [PMID: 29224668 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Food intake and sleep are two mutually exclusive behaviors and both are normally confined to opposing phases of the diurnal cycle. The temporal coordination of behavior and physiology along the 24-h day-night cycle is organized by a network of circadian clocks that orchestrate transcriptional programs controlling cellular physiology. Many of the peptide hormones of the gastrointestinal tract are not only secreted in a circadian fashion, they can also affect circadian clock function in peripheral metabolic tissues and the brain, thus providing metabolic feedback to metabolic and neurobehavioral circuits. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on this gastrointestinal peptide crosstalk and its potential role in the coordination of nutrition and the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Landgraf
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany
| | - Anne-Marie Neumann
- Institute of Neurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior & Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Henrik Oster
- Institute of Neurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior & Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Germany.
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67
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Corgosinho FC, Almeida SS, Tock L, Pesquero JB, Araújo RC, Clemente APG, Dal'Molin Netto B, da Silveira Campos RM, Masquio DCL, de Carvalho Ferreira JP, de Lima Sanches P, de Piano Ganen A, Rogero MM, Oyama LM, Tufik S, de Mello MT, Dâmaso AR. LEPR polymorphism may affect energy balance during weight loss among Brazilians obese adolescents. Neuropeptides 2017; 66:18-24. [PMID: 28801068 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Leptin is an adipokine released mainly by adipose tissue, with many functions including regulation of energy balance. However, little is known about the effect of LEPR polymorphism on orexigenic and anorexigenic neuropeptides. Thus, the aim of the present study is to verify the influence of LEPR polymorphism (rs2767485) on serum orexigenic (NPY, MCH and AgRP) and anorexigenic (Leptin and α-MSH) neuropeptides levels among obese adolescents submitted to 1year of multicomponent weight loss therapy. METHODS Seventy-six adolescents with obesity were enrolled in 1year of weight loss therapy including clinical, nutritional, psychological and exercise-related. Blood samples were collected to analyze neuropeptides (NPY, MCH, AgRP and leptin) and LEPR genotyping. Visceral fat was measured by ultrasound and body composition was measured by plethysmography. The parameters were measured at baseline and after one year. Adolescents were grouped according to genotype (TT or CT+CC group). Effect of the weight loss therapy was analyzed through ANOVA and Wilcox, according to normality. Statistic value was set at <0.05. RESULTS C-allele carriers have the orexigenic neuropeptides (NPY, AgRP and MCH) levels statistically higher when compared with TT group, at baseline. Furthermore, TT group seems to respond better to the therapy by a greater delta on BMI. Indeed, the data suggest a concomitant increased of AgRP levels in CT+CC genotypes, after weight loss therapy. CONCLUSION Both groups responded to the weight loss intervention, however wildtypes (TT) appear to respond to the intervention most optimally with C carries, where post intervention reduction in BMI was significantly greater in wildtypes. The leptin receptor polymorphism seems to affect neuroendocrine regulation of energy balance among adolescents with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Campos Corgosinho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Paulista Medicine School - UNIFESP -EPM - São Paulo UNIFESP-EPM, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Sandro Soares Almeida
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Paulista Medicine School - UNIFESP -EPM - São Paulo UNIFESP-EPM, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - João Bosco Pesquero
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Paulista Medicine School - UNIFESP -EPM - São Paulo UNIFESP-EPM, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Carvalho Araújo
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Paulista Medicine School - UNIFESP -EPM - São Paulo UNIFESP-EPM, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Bárbara Dal'Molin Netto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Paulista Medicine School - UNIFESP -EPM - São Paulo UNIFESP-EPM, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel Munhoz da Silveira Campos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Paulista Medicine School - UNIFESP -EPM - São Paulo UNIFESP-EPM, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Joana Pereira de Carvalho Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Paulista Medicine School - UNIFESP -EPM - São Paulo UNIFESP-EPM, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila de Lima Sanches
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Paulista Medicine School - UNIFESP -EPM - São Paulo UNIFESP-EPM, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Macedo Rogero
- Departamento de Nutrição da Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lila Missae Oyama
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Paulista Medicine School - UNIFESP -EPM - São Paulo UNIFESP-EPM, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergio Tufik
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Paulista Medicine School - UNIFESP -EPM - São Paulo UNIFESP-EPM, SãoPaulo, Brazil
| | - Marco Túlio de Mello
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Paulista Medicine School - UNIFESP -EPM - São Paulo UNIFESP-EPM, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Esportes, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Raimunda Dâmaso
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Paulista Medicine School - UNIFESP -EPM - São Paulo UNIFESP-EPM, São Paulo, Brazil.
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68
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Rogge MM, Gautam B. Biology of obesity and weight regain: Implications for clinical practice. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract 2017; 29:S15-S29. [PMID: 29024550 DOI: 10.1002/2327-6924.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Weight loss is recommended as first-line therapy for many chronic illnesses, including obesity. Most patients who do successfully lose weight are unable to maintain their reduced weight. Recent research findings are reviewed and synthesized to explain the biology of obesity, adaptation to weight loss, and weight regain. FINDINGS Weight regain is a common consequence of successful weight loss. Current obesity management strategies fail to take into consideration the underlying genetic and environmental causes of obesity. Available treatment modalities create a negative energy balance that stimulates integrated, persistent neurologic, endocrine, muscle, and adipose tissue adaptation to restore body weight and fat mass, independent of lifestyle changes. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Understanding the pathophysiology of obesity and weight loss alters nurse practitioners' responsibilities in caring for patients with obesity. They are responsible for expanding assessment and intervention strategies and offering people with obesity realistic expectations for weight loss and regain. They are obligated to explain weight regain when it occurs to minimize patient frustration. Nurse practitioners have the opportunity to adopt new approaches to patient advocacy, especially in the areas of public policy to improve diagnostic tools and adjunctive therapy for people with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Madeline Rogge
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Nursing, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Bibha Gautam
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Nursing, Lubbock, Texas
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69
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Barbosa DAN, de Oliveira-Souza R, Monte Santo F, de Oliveira Faria AC, Gorgulho AA, De Salles AAF. The hypothalamus at the crossroads of psychopathology and neurosurgery. Neurosurg Focus 2017; 43:E15. [DOI: 10.3171/2017.6.focus17256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The neurosurgical endeavor to treat psychiatric patients may have been part of human history since its beginning. The modern era of psychosurgery can be traced to the heroic attempts of Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz to alleviate mental symptoms through the ablation of restricted areas of the frontal lobes in patients with disabling psychiatric illnesses. Thanks to the adaptation of the stereotactic frame to human patients, the ablation of large volumes of brain tissue has been practically abandoned in favor of controlled interventions with discrete targets.Consonant with the role of the hypothalamus in the mediation of the most fundamental approach-avoidance behaviors, some hypothalamic nuclei and regions, in particular, have been selected as targets for the treatment of aggressiveness (posterior hypothalamus), pathological obesity (lateral or ventromedial nuclei), sexual deviations (ventromedial nucleus), and drug dependence (ventromedial nucleus). Some recent improvements in outcomes may have been due to the use of stereotactically guided deep brain stimulation and the change of therapeutic focus from categorical diagnoses (such as schizophrenia) to dimensional symptoms (such as aggressiveness), which are nonspecific in terms of formal diagnosis. However, agreement has never been reached on 2 related issues: 1) the choice of target, based on individual diagnoses; and 2) reliable prediction of outcomes related to individual targets. Despite the lingering controversies on such critical aspects, the experience of the past decades should pave the way for advances in the field. The current failure of pharmacological treatments in a considerable proportion of patients with chronic disabling mental disorders is reminiscent of the state of affairs that prevailed in the years before the early psychosurgical attempts.This article reviews the functional organization of the hypothalamus, the effects of ablation and stimulation of discrete hypothalamic regions, and the stereotactic targets that have most often been used in the treatment of psychopathological and behavioral symptoms; finally, the implications of current and past experience are presented from the perspective of how this fund of knowledge may usefully contribute to the future of hypothalamic psychosurgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. N. Barbosa
- 1Department of Clinical Neuroscience, D’Or Institute for Research and Education
- 2Division of Neurosurgery and
| | - Ricardo de Oliveira-Souza
- 1Department of Clinical Neuroscience, D’Or Institute for Research and Education
- 3Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Gaffrée e Guinle University Hospital, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro
| | - Felipe Monte Santo
- 1Department of Clinical Neuroscience, D’Or Institute for Research and Education
- 4Intensive Care Unit, Icaraí Hospital, Niteroi, RJ
| | - Ana Carolina de Oliveira Faria
- 1Department of Clinical Neuroscience, D’Or Institute for Research and Education
- 3Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Gaffrée e Guinle University Hospital, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro
| | - Alessandra A. Gorgulho
- 5HCor Neuroscience, São Paulo, Brazil; and
- 6Department of Neurosurgery and Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Antonio A. F. De Salles
- 5HCor Neuroscience, São Paulo, Brazil; and
- 6Department of Neurosurgery and Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
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Liu L, Wang G, Xiao Y, Shipp SL, Siegel PB, Cline MA, Gilbert ER. Peripheral neuropeptide Y differentially influences adipogenesis and lipolysis in chicks from lines selected for low or high body weight. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 213:1-10. [PMID: 28789975 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) stimulates appetite and promotes lipid deposition. We demonstrated a differential sensitivity in the food intake response to central NPY in chicks from lines selected for low (LWS) or high (HWS) body weight, but have not reported whether such differences exist in the periphery. At 5days, LWS and HWS chicks were intraperitoneally injected with 0 (vehicle), 60, or 120μg/kg BW NPY and subcutaneous adipose tissue and plasma were collected at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24h (n=12). NPY injection increased glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) activity at 1 and 3h and reduced plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) at 1 and 12h. G3PDH activity was greater in HWS than LWS while NEFAs were greater in LWS. At 1h, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)α, and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP) mRNAs were reduced in NPY-injected chicks whereas NPY receptor 1 (NPYR1) was increased. Expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD1) was increased by NPY at 1h in HWS but not LWS. PPARγ (3 and 6h), C/EBPβ (3h), C/EBPα (6h) and NPYR1 and 2 (24h) mRNAs were greater in NPY- than vehicle-injected chicks. At several times, adipose triglyceride lipase, MTTP, perilipin 1, NPYR1, and NPYR2 mRNAs were greater in LWS than HWS, while expression of SCD1, glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 3 and lipoprotein lipase was greater in HWS than LWS. Thus, NPY promotes fat deposition and inhibits lipolysis in chicks, with line differences indicative of greater rates of lipolysis in LWS and adipogenesis in HWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingbin Liu
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Yang Xiao
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Steven L Shipp
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Paul B Siegel
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Mark A Cline
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Elizabeth R Gilbert
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States.
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de Luis DA, Izaola O, Primo D, Aller R. Polymorphism rs16147 of the Neuropeptide Y Gene Modifies the Response of Cardiovascular Risk Biomarkers and Adipokines to Two Hypocaloric Diets. JOURNAL OF NUTRIGENETICS AND NUTRIGENOMICS 2017; 10:63-72. [DOI: 10.1159/000478528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Sun WW, Zhu P, Shi YC, Zhang CL, Huang XF, Liang SY, Song ZY, Lin S. Current views on neuropeptide Y and diabetes-related atherosclerosis. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2017; 14:277-284. [PMID: 28423914 DOI: 10.1177/1479164117704380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes-induced atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death of diabetic patients. Neuronal regulation plays a critical role in glucose metabolism and cardiovascular function under physiological and pathological conditions, among which, neurotransmitter neuropeptide Y has been shown to be closely involved in these two processes. Elevated central neuropeptide Y level promotes food intake and reduces energy expenditure, thereby increasing adiposity. Neuropeptide Y is co-localized with noradrenaline in central and sympathetic nervous systems. As a major peripheral vascular contractive neurotransmitter, through interactions with its receptors, neuropeptide Y has been implicated in the pathology and progression of diabetes, by promoting the proliferation of endothelial cells and vascular fibrosis, which may contribute to diabetes-induced cardiovascular disease. Neuropeptide Y also participates in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, the major form of cardiovascular disease, via aggravating endothelial dysfunction, growth of vascular smooth muscle cells, formation of foam cells and platelets aggregation. This review highlights the causal role of neuropeptide Y and its receptor system in the development of diabetes mellitus and one of its complications: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The information from this review provides both critical insights onto the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and evidence for the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Sun
- 1 Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- 1 Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan-Chuan Shi
- 2 Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chen-Liang Zhang
- 1 Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- 3 School of Health Sciences and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong Australia, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Shi-Yu Liang
- 1 Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Song
- 1 Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shu Lin
- 1 Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- 3 School of Health Sciences and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong Australia, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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Matias JA, Gilbert ER, Denbow DM, Cline MA. Effects of intracerebroventricular injection of rosiglitazone on appetite-associated parameters in chicks. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 246:99-104. [PMID: 26723189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rosiglitazone, a thiazolidinedione, is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) agonist that increases insulin sensitivity. A documented side effect of this diabetes drug is increased appetite, although the mechanism mediating this response is unknown. To better understand effects on food intake regulation, we evaluated the appetite-associated effects of rosiglitazone in an alternative vertebrate and agriculturally-relevant model, the domesticated chick. Four day-old chicks received intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of 0, 5, 10 or 20nmol rosiglitazone and food and water intake were measured. Chicks that received 5 and 10nmol rosiglitazone increased food intake during the 2h observation period, with no effect on water intake. In the next experiment, chicks were ICV-injected with 10nmol rosiglitazone and hypothalamus was collected at 1h post-injection for total RNA isolation. Real-time PCR was performed to measure mRNA abundance of appetite- and glucose regulation-associated factors. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA decreased while NPY receptor 1 (NPYr1) mRNA increased in rosiglitazone-injected chicks compared to the controls. Results show that central effects of rosiglitazone on appetite are conserved between birds and mammals, and that increases in food intake might be mediated through NPY and POMC neurons in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Matias
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Elizabeth R Gilbert
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - D Michael Denbow
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Mark A Cline
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States.
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Contreras C, Nogueiras R, Diéguez C, Rahmouni K, López M. Traveling from the hypothalamus to the adipose tissue: The thermogenic pathway. Redox Biol 2017; 12:854-863. [PMID: 28448947 PMCID: PMC5406580 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a specialized tissue critical for non-shivering thermogenesis producing heat through mitochondrial uncoupling; whereas white adipose tissue (WAT) is responsible of energy storage in the form of triglycerides. Another type of fat has been described, the beige adipose tissue; this tissue emerges in existing WAT depots but with thermogenic ability, a phenomenon known as browning. Several peripheral signals relaying information about energy status act in the brain, particularly the hypothalamus, to regulate thermogenesis in BAT and browning of WAT. Different hypothalamic areas have the capacity to regulate the thermogenic process in brown and beige adipocytes through the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). This review discusses important concepts and discoveries about the central control of thermogenesis as a trip that starts in the hypothalamus, and taking the sympathetic roads to reach brown and beige fat to modulate thermogenic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Contreras
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain.
| | - Rubén Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Kamal Rahmouni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Miguel López
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain.
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75
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Abstract
Weight recovery among obese patients who have lost weight through lifestyle modification or bariatric surgery is a common clinical challenge that often leads to patient stigmatization and unexpected health problems. A review of the literature describes how weight loss alters energy homeostasis to limit weight loss and restore lost fat mass in patients who have successfully lost weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Madeline Rogge
- Mary Madeline Rogge is an associate professor at Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Nursing, Lubbock, Tex. Bibha Gautam is an assistant professor, clinical site coordinator at Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Nursing, Lubbock, Tex
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76
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Bai S, Pan S, Zhang K, Ding X, Wang J, Zeng Q, Xuan Y, Su Z. Dietary overload lithium decreases the adipogenesis in abdominal adipose tissue of broiler chickens. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 49:163-171. [PMID: 28049100 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the toxic effects of dietary overload lithium on the adipogenesis in adipose tissue of chicken and the role of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) in this process, one-day-old male chicks were fed with the basal diet added with 0 (control) or 100mg lithium/kg diet from lithium chloride (overload lithium) for 35days. Abdominal adipose tissue and hypothalamus were collected at day 6, 14, and 35. As a percentage of body weight, abdominal fat decreased (p<0.001) at day 6, 14, and 35, and feed intake and body weight gain decreased during day 7-14, and day 15-35 in overload lithium treated broilers as compared to control. Adipocyte diameter and DNA content in abdominal adipose tissue were significantly lower in overload-lithium treatment than control at day 35, although no significant differences were observed at day 6 and 14. Dietary overload lithium decreased (p<0.01) transcriptional expression of preadipocyte proliferation makers ki-67 (KI67), microtubule-associated protein homolog (TPX2), and topoisomerase 2-alpha (TOP2A), and preadipocyte differentiation transcriptional factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) α mRNA abundance in abdominal adipose tissue. In hypothalamus, dietary overload lithium influenced (p<0.001) NPY, and NPY receptor (NPYR) 6 mRNA abundance at day 6 and 14, but not at day 35. In conclusion, dietary overload lithium decreased the adipogenesis in abdominal adipose tissue of chicken, which was accompanied by depressing transcriptional expression of adipogenesis-associated factors. Hypothalamic NPY had a potential role in the adipogenesis in abdominal adipose tissue of broilers with a short-term overload lithium treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiping Bai
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Shuqin Pan
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Keying Zhang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuemei Ding
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiufeng Zeng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue Xuan
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Zuowei Su
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
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77
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Ye H, Yang Z, Li H, Gao Z. NPY binds with heme to form a NPY–heme complex: enhancing peroxidase activity in free heme and promoting NPY nitration and inactivation. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:10315-10323. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01822c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
NPY binding with heme enhances the peroxidase activity of free heme, resulting in the important tyrosine nitration, which will attenuate its bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixian Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan 430074
- People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica
| | - Zhen Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Houston
- Houston
- USA
| | - Hailing Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan 430074
- People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica
| | - Zhonghong Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan 430074
- People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica
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78
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Wang XJ, Xu SH, Liu L, Song ZG, Jiao HC, Lin H. Dietary fat alters the response of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y to subsequent energy intake in broiler chickens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 220:607-614. [PMID: 27903700 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.143792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fat affects appetite and appetite-related peptides in birds and mammals; however, the effect of dietary fat on appetite is still unclear in chickens faced with different energy statuses. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary fat on food intake and hypothalamic neuropeptides in chickens subjected to two feeding states or two diets. In Experiment 1, chickens were fed a high-fat (HF) or low-fat (LF) diet for 35 days, and then subjected to fed (HF-fed, LF-fed) or fasted (HF-fasted, LF-fasted) conditions for 24 h. In Experiment 2, chickens that were fed a HF or LF diet for 35 days were fasted for 24 h and then re-fed with HF (HF-RHF, LF-RHF) or LF (HF-RLF, LF-RLF) diet for 3 h. The results showed that chickens fed a HF diet for 35 days had increased body fat deposition despite decreasing food intake even when the diet was altered during the re-feeding period (P<0.05). LF diet (35 days) promoted agouti-related peptide (AgRP) expression compared with HF diet (P<0.05) under both fed and fasted conditions. LF-RHF chickens had lower neuropeptide Y (NPY) expression compared with LF-RLF chickens; conversely, HF-RHF chickens had higher NPY expression than HF-RLF chickens (P<0.05). These results demonstrate: (1) that HF diet decreases food intake even when the subsequent diet is altered; (2) the orexigenic effect of hypothalamic AgRP; and (3) that dietary fat alters the response of hypothalamic NPY to subsequent energy intake. These findings provide a novel view of the metabolic perturbations associated with long-term dietary fat over-ingestion in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao J Wang
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Shao H Xu
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Zhi G Song
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Hong C Jiao
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Hai Lin
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
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79
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Klemettilä JP, Kampman O, Solismaa A, Lyytikäinen LP, Seppälä N, Viikki M, Hämäläinen M, Moilanen E, Mononen N, Lehtimäki T, Leinonen E. Association Study of Arcuate Nucleus Neuropeptide Y Neuron Receptor Gene Variation And Serum Npy Levels in Clozapine Treated Patients With Schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry 2016; 40:13-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundAntipsychotic-induced weight gain (AIWG) leads to metabolic consequences and comorbidity, social stigmatization and nonadherence in patients with schizophrenia. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has an important role in appetite and body weight regulation. Associations between AIWG and serum NPY levels, and genetic polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with its serum levels have been little studied in these patients.Subjects and methodsAssociations between serum NPY concentration and other metabolic and inflammatory markers, and 215 SNPs in 21 genes (NPY gene, NPY receptor genes and genes encoding arcuate nucleus NPY neuron receptors) were studied in 180 patients with schizophrenia on clozapine treatment.ResultsThe serum levels of NPY correlated with levels of resistin (r = 0.31, P < 0.001) and age (r = 0.22, P = 0.003). In the general linear univariate model the best-fitting model with explanatory factors age, serum resistin level, serum insulin level, BMI and gender explained 18.0% (P < 0.001) of the variance of serum NPY. Genetic risk score (GRSNPY) analysis found twelve significant (P < 0.05) serum NPY concentration related SNPs among α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene CHRNA7, insulin receptor gene INSR, leptin receptor gene LEPR, glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene NR3C1, and NPY gene. However, after permutation test of gene score the predictive value of GRSNPY remained non-significant (P = 0.078).ConclusionsSerum NPY level does not seem to be a feasible biomarker of AIWG. Serum NPY level alterations are not significantly associated with the candidate gene polymorphisms studied.
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80
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Shipp SL, Cline MA, Gilbert ER. Recent advances in the understanding of how neuropeptide Y and α-melanocyte stimulating hormone function in adipose physiology. Adipocyte 2016; 5:333-350. [PMID: 27994947 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2016.1208867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between the brain and the adipose tissue has been the focus of many studies in recent years, with the "brain-fat axis" identified as a system that orchestrates the assimilation and usage of energy to maintain body mass and adequate fat stores. It is now well-known that appetite-regulating peptides that were studied as neurotransmitters in the central nervous system can act both on the hypothalamus to regulate feeding behavior and also on the adipose tissue to modulate the storage of energy. Energy balance is thus partly controlled by factors that can alter both energy intake and storage/expenditure. Two such factors involved in these processes are neuropeptide Y (NPY) and α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH). NPY, an orexigenic factor, is associated with promoting adipogenesis in both mammals and chickens, while α-MSH, an anorexigenic factor, stimulates lipolysis in rodents. There is also evidence of interaction between the 2 peptides. This review aims to summarize recent advances in the study of NPY and α-MSH regarding their role in adipose tissue physiology, with an emphasis on the cellular and molecular mechanisms. A greater understanding of the brain-fat axis and regulation of adiposity by bioactive peptides may provide insights on strategies to prevent or treat obesity and also enhance nutrient utilization efficiency in agriculturally-important species.
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81
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de Luis DA, Izaola O, de la Fuente B, Primo D, Aller R. Polymorphism of neuropeptide Y gene rs16147 modifies the response to a hypocaloric diet on cardiovascular risk biomarkers and adipokines. J Hum Nutr Diet 2016; 30:159-165. [DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. A. de Luis
- Center of Investigation of Endocrinology and Nutrition; School of Medicine; Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition; Hospital Clinico Universitario; University of Valladolid; Valladolid Spain
| | - O. Izaola
- Center of Investigation of Endocrinology and Nutrition; School of Medicine; Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition; Hospital Clinico Universitario; University of Valladolid; Valladolid Spain
| | - B. de la Fuente
- Center of Investigation of Endocrinology and Nutrition; School of Medicine; Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition; Hospital Clinico Universitario; University of Valladolid; Valladolid Spain
| | - D. Primo
- Center of Investigation of Endocrinology and Nutrition; School of Medicine; Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition; Hospital Clinico Universitario; University of Valladolid; Valladolid Spain
| | - R. Aller
- Center of Investigation of Endocrinology and Nutrition; School of Medicine; Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition; Hospital Clinico Universitario; University of Valladolid; Valladolid Spain
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82
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Association between obesity and asthma - epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical profile. Nutr Res Rev 2016; 29:194-201. [PMID: 27514726 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422416000111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor for asthma, and obese asthmatics have lower disease control and increased symptom severity. Several putative links have been proposed, including genetics, mechanical restriction of the chest and the intake of corticosteroids. The most consistent evidence, however, comes from studies of cytokines produced by the adipose tissue called adipokines. Adipokine imbalance is associated with both proinflammatory status and asthma. Although reverse causation has been proposed, it is now acknowledged that obesity precedes asthma symptoms. Nevertheless, prenatal origins of both conditions complicate the search for causality. There is a confirmed role of neuro-immune cross-talk mediating obesity-induced asthma, with leptin playing a key role in these processes. Obesity-induced asthma is now considered a distinct asthma phenotype. In fact, it is one of the most important determinants of asthma phenotypes. Two main subphenotypes have been distinguished. The first phenotype, which affects adult women, is characterised by later onset and is more likely to be non-atopic. The childhood obesity-induced asthma phenotype is characterised by primary and predominantly atopic asthma. In obesity-induced asthma, the immune responses are shifted towards T helper (Th) 1 polarisation rather than the typical atopic Th2 immunological profile. Moreover, obese asthmatics might respond differently to environmental triggers. The high cost of treatment of obesity-related asthma, and the burden it causes for the patients and their families call for urgent intervention. Phenotype-specific approaches seem to be crucial for the success of prevention and treatment.
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83
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Su Y, Foppen E, Fliers E, Kalsbeek A. Effects of Intracerebroventricular Administration of Neuropeptide Y on Metabolic Gene Expression and Energy Metabolism in Male Rats. Endocrinology 2016; 157:3070-85. [PMID: 27267712 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an important neurotransmitter in the control of energy metabolism. Several studies have shown that obesity is associated with increased levels of NPY in the hypothalamus. We hypothesized that the central release of NPY has coordinated and integrated effects on energy metabolism in different tissues, resulting in increased energy storage and decreased energy expenditure (EE). We first investigated the acute effects of an intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of NPY on gene expression in liver, brown adipose tissue, soleus muscle, and sc and epididymal white adipose tissue (WAT). We found increased expression of genes involved in gluconeogenesis and triglyceride secretion in the liver already 2-hour after the start of the NPY administration. In brown adipose tissue, the expression of thermogenic genes was decreased. In sc WAT, the expression of genes involved in lipogenesis was increased, whereas in soleus muscle, the expression of lipolytic genes was decreased after ICV NPY. These findings indicate that the ICV infusion of NPY acutely and simultaneously increases lipogenesis and decreases lipolysis in different tissues. Subsequently, we investigated the acute effects of ICV NPY on locomotor activity, respiratory exchange ratio, EE, and body temperature. The ICV infusion of NPY increased locomotor activity, body temperature, and EE as well as respiratory exchange ratio. Together, these results show that an acutely increased central availability of NPY results in a shift of metabolism towards lipid storage and an increased use of carbohydrates, while at the same time increasing activity, EE, and body temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Su
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms (Y.S., A.K.), Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (E.Fo.,E.Fl., A.K.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ewout Foppen
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms (Y.S., A.K.), Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (E.Fo.,E.Fl., A.K.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Fliers
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms (Y.S., A.K.), Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (E.Fo.,E.Fl., A.K.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms (Y.S., A.K.), Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (E.Fo.,E.Fl., A.K.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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84
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Ameliorating antipsychotic-induced weight gain by betahistine: Mechanisms and clinical implications. Pharmacol Res 2016; 106:51-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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85
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Egan ÁM, O’Doherty JV, Vigors S, Sweeney T. Prawn Shell Chitosan Exhibits Anti-Obesogenic Potential through Alterations to Appetite, Affecting Feeding Behaviour and Satiety Signals In Vivo. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149820. [PMID: 26901760 PMCID: PMC4763109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The crustacean shells-derived polysaccharide chitosan has received much attention for its anti-obesity potential. Dietary supplementation of chitosan has been linked with reductions in feed intake, suggesting a potential link between chitosan and appetite control. Hence the objective of this experiment was to investigate the appetite suppressing potential of prawn shell derived chitosan in a pig model. Pigs (70 ± 0.90 kg, 125 days of age, SD 2.0) were fed either T1) basal diet or T2) basal diet plus 1000 ppm chitosan (n = 20 gilts per group) for 63 days. The parameter categories which were assessed included performance, feeding behaviour, serum leptin concentrations and expression of genes influencing feeding behaviour in the small intestine, hypothalamus and adipose tissue. Pigs offered chitosan visited the feeder less times per day (P<0.001), had lower intake per visit (P<0.001), spent less time eating per day (P<0.001), had a lower eating rate (P<0.01) and had reduced feed intake and final body weight (P< 0.001) compared to animals offered the basal diet. There was a treatment (P<0.05) and time effect (P<0.05) on serum leptin concentrations in animals offered the chitosan diet compared to animals offered the basal diet. Pigs receiving dietary chitosan had an up-regulation in gene expression of growth hormone receptor (P<0.05), Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (P<0.01), neuromedin B (P<0.05), neuropeptide Y receptor 5 (P<0.05) in hypothalamic nuclei and neuropeptide Y (P<0.05) in the jejunum. Animals consuming chitosan had increased leptin expression in adipose tissue compared to pigs offered the basal diet (P<0.05). In conclusion, these data support the hypothesis that dietary prawn shell chitosan exhibits anti-obesogenic potential through alterations to appetite, and feeding behaviour affecting satiety signals in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Áine M. Egan
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John V. O’Doherty
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stafford Vigors
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Torres Sweeney
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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86
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Lopes HF, Corrêa-Giannella ML, Consolim-Colombo FM, Egan BM. Visceral adiposity syndrome. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2016; 8:40. [PMID: 27437032 PMCID: PMC4950710 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-016-0156-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The association of anthropometric (waist circumference) and hemodynamic (blood pressure) changes with abnormalities in glucose and lipid metabolism has been motivation for a lot of discussions in the last 30 years. Nowadays, blood pressure, body mass index/abdominal circumference, glycemia, triglyceridemia, and HDL-cholesterol concentrations are considered in the definition of Metabolic syndrome, referred as Visceral adiposity syndrome (VAS) in the present review. However, more than 250 years ago an association between visceral and mediastinal obesity with hypertension, gout, and obstructive apnea had already been recognized. Expansion of visceral adipose tissue secondary to chronic over-consumption of calories stimulates the recruitment of macrophages, which assume an inflammatory phenotype and produce cytokines that directly interfere with insulin signaling, resulting in insulin resistance. In turn, insulin resistance (IR) manifests itself in various tissues, contributing to the overall phenotype of VAS. For example, in white adipose tissue, IR results in lipolysis, increased free fatty acids release and worsening of inflammation, since fatty acids can bind to Toll-like receptors. In the liver, IR results in increased hepatic glucose production, contributing to hyperglycemia; in the vascular endothelium and kidney, IR results in vasoconstriction, sodium retention and, consequently, arterial hypertension. Other players have been recognized in the development of VAS, such as genetic predisposition, epigenetic factors associated with exposure to an unfavourable intrauterine environment and the gut microbiota. More recently, experimental and clinical studies have shown the autonomic nervous system participates in modulating visceral adipose tissue. The sympathetic nervous system is related to adipose tissue function and differentiation through beta1, beta2, beta3, alpha1, and alpha2 adrenergic receptors. The relation is bidirectional: sympathetic denervation of adipose tissue blocks lipolysis to a variety of lipolytic stimuli and adipose tissue send inputs to the brain. An imbalance of sympathetic/parasympathetic and alpha2 adrenergic/beta3 receptor is related to visceral adipose tissue storage and insulin sensitivity. Thus, in addition to the well-known factors classically associated with VAS, abnormal autonomic activity also emerges as an important factor regulating white adipose tissue, which highlights complex role of adipose tissue in the VAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heno F. Lopes
- />Universidade Nove de Julho-UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro 235/249, 2 subsolo, Liberdade, São Paulo, CEP: 01504-001 Brazil
- />Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Lúcia Corrêa-Giannella
- />Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM-18) e Centro de Terapia Celular e Molecular (NUCEL/NETCEM) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Fernanda M. Consolim-Colombo
- />Universidade Nove de Julho-UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro 235/249, 2 subsolo, Liberdade, São Paulo, CEP: 01504-001 Brazil
- />Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Brent M. Egan
- />Greenville Health System and Department of Medicine, Care Coordination Institute, University of South Carolina-Greenville, Greenville, SC USA
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Radilla-Vázquez RB, Parra-Rojas I, Martínez-Hernández NE, Márquez-Sandoval YF, Illades-Aguiar B, Castro-Alarcón N. Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Endotoxemia in Young Obese Mexican Subjects. Obes Facts 2016; 9:1-11. [PMID: 26745497 PMCID: PMC5644836 DOI: 10.1159/000442479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut microbiota plays an important role in human metabolism; previous studies suggest that the imbalance can cause a metabolic endotoxemia that may be linked to weight gain and insulin resistance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the gut microbiota composition, the lipopolysaccharide levels and the metabolic profile in obese and normal-weight young subjects. METHODS We studied 32 obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) and 32 normal-weight subjects (BMI = 18.5-24.9 kg/m2), aged 18-25 years. Quantification of intestinal bacteria was performed by real-time PCR. Endotoxin units were determined with the test QCL-1000, and biochemical profile was performed under a standard protocol of Spinreact. RESULTS Obese individuals had a BMI of 34.5 (32.9-36.45) kg/m2, increased triglycerides (123 vs. 70 mg/dl), total cholesterol (168 vs. 142 mg/dl), and LDL-cholesterol (114 vs. 96.5 mg/dl). In obese subjects body temperature was higher than in normal-weight subjects. We found a greater number of Clostridum leptum and Lactobacillus (p < 0.001) and lower numbers of Prevotella and Escherichia coli (p < 0.001) in the obese group. A decrease of E. coli was associated with an increased risk of lipopolysaccharide levels ranging from 1 to 1.3 EU/ml. A positive correlation was found between serum lipopolysaccharides and BMI (r = 0.46, p = 0.008), triglyceride levels (r = 0.44, p = 0.011) as well as waist circumference (r = 0.34, p = 0.040), being more evident in young obese females. CONCLUSION Subclinical metabolic endotoxemia determined by serum concentration of lipopolysaccharides was related to the smallest amount of E. coli, high triglyceride levels, and central adiposity in obese young persons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isela Parra-Rojas
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, México
| | | | - Yolanda Fabiola Márquez-Sandoval
- Cuerpo Académico 454, Laboratorio de Evaluación del Estado Nutricional, Departamento de Reproducción Humana, Crecimiento y Desarrollo Infantil, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Berenice Illades-Aguiar
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, México
| | - Natividad Castro-Alarcón
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, México
- *Natividad Castro-Alarcón PhD, Laboratorio de Investigación en Microbiología, Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, 39014 Chilpancingo, México,
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88
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Abstract
Differential lipid metabolic requirements of sexually-mature males and females may influence the regulation of lipid metabolism-associated genes and hence the content of adipose tissue. We measured the expression of eight lipid metabolism-associated genes (fatty acid synthase, FASN; acylglycerol- 3- phosphate O-acyltransferase 9, AGPAT9; peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor γ, PPARγ; lipoprotein lipase, LPL; carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 A, CPT1A; carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 B, CPT1B; acyl-COA dehydrogenase long chain, ACADL; monoglyceride lipase, MGL) in eight tissues (hypothalamus, HYP; liver; heart; pectoralis major muscle, PM; gastrocnemius muscle, GAS; abdominal fat, AF; clavicular fat, CF; subcutaneous fat, SF) of five male and five female white feather chickens using real time PCR at 217 d (when the females were at peak egg production). There were no difference between sexes, nor were there sex by tissue interactions for CPT1A and MGL. In both cases expression was greater for liver than the other tissues. When interactions of sex by tissue were significant, the FASN mRNA abundance in HYP, liver, and PM was greater for females than males. There was no sexual dimorphism for any tissue for PPARγ. Overall values were greater for adipose depots than HYP and liver with muscles intermediate for AGPAT9. LPL mRNA abundance in PM and AF was greater for females than males, with the pattern reversed for heart and SF. CPT1B mRNA abundance in GAS and CF was greater for females than males, with the relationship reversed for liver. ACADL mRNA abundance in HYP, liver, and GAS was greater for females than males, and lower in PM than males. The results demonstrated that expression of lipid metablism–associated genes varies among sexes in mature chickens depending on the gene and the tissue.
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89
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Bai S, Wang G, Zhang W, Zhang S, Rice BB, Cline MA, Gilbert ER. Broiler chicken adipose tissue dynamics during the first two weeks post-hatch. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 189:115-23. [PMID: 26263851 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Selection of broiler chickens for growth has led to increased adipose tissue accretion. To investigate the post-hatch development of adipose tissue, the abdominal, clavicular, and subcutaneous adipose tissue depots were collected from broiler chicks at 4 and 14 days post-hatch. As a percent of body weight, abdominal fat increased (P<0.001) with age. At day 4, clavicular and subcutaneous fat depots were heavier (P<0.003) than abdominal fat whereas at day 14, abdominal and clavicular weighed more (P<0.003) than subcutaneous fat. Adipocyte area and diameter were greater in clavicular and subcutaneous than abdominal fat at 4 and 14 days post-hatch (P<0.001). Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) activity increased (P<0.001) in all depots from day 4 to 14, and at both ages was greatest in subcutaneous, intermediate in clavicular, and lowest in abdominal fat (P<0.05). In clavicular fat, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (CEBP)α, CEBPβ, fatty acid synthase (FASN), fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and NPY receptor 5 (NPYR5) mRNA increased and NPYR2 mRNA decreased from day 4 to 14 (P<0.001). Thus, there are site-specific differences in broiler chick adipose development, with larger adipocytes and greater G3PDH activity in subcutaneous fat at day 4, more rapid growth of abdominal fat, and clavicular fat intermediate for most traits. Adipose tissue expansion was accompanied by changes in gene expression of adipose-associated factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiping Bai
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Brittany Breon Rice
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Mark Andrew Cline
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Elizabeth Ruth Gilbert
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States.
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90
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Tsoli M, Swarbrick MM, Robertson GR. Lipolytic and thermogenic depletion of adipose tissue in cancer cachexia. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 54:68-81. [PMID: 26529279 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Although muscle wasting is the obvious manifestation of cancer cachexia that impacts on patient quality of life, the loss of lipid reserves and metabolic imbalance in adipose tissue also contribute to the devastating impact of cachexia. Depletion of fat depots in cancer patients is more pronounced than loss of muscle and often precedes, or even occurs in the absence of, reduced lean body mass. Rapid mobilisation of triglycerides stored within adipocytes to supply the body with fatty acids in periods of high-energy demand is normally mediated through a well-defined process of lipolysis involving the lipases ATGL, HSL and MGL. Studies into how these lipases contribute to fat loss in cancer cachexia have revealed the prominent role for ATGL in initiating lipolysis during adipose tissue atrophy, together with links between tumour-derived factors and the signalling pathways that control lipid flux within fat cells. The recent findings of increased thermogenesis in brown fat during cancer cachexia indicate that metabolically active adipose tissue contributes to the imbalance in energy homeostasis involved in catabolic wasting. Such energetically futile use of fatty acids liberated from adipose tissue to generate heat represents a maladaptive response in conjunction with anorexia experienced by cancer patients. As IL-6 release by tumours provokes lipolysis and activates the thermogenic programme in brown fat, this review explores the overlap in dysregulated metabolic processes due to inflammatory mediators in cancer cachexia and other disease states characterised by elevated cytokines such as obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tsoli
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Michael M Swarbrick
- Centre for Diabetes, Obesity and Endocrinology, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Graham R Robertson
- School of Molecular Biosciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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91
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Tang L, Okamoto S, Shiuchi T, Toda C, Takagi K, Sato T, Saito K, Yokota S, Minokoshi Y. Sympathetic Nerve Activity Maintains an Anti-Inflammatory State in Adipose Tissue in Male Mice by Inhibiting TNF-α Gene Expression in Macrophages. Endocrinology 2015; 156:3680-94. [PMID: 26132918 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) play an important role in the inflammatory response in obese animals. How ATMs are regulated in lean animals has remained elusive, however. We now show that the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is necessary to maintain the abundance of the mRNA for the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α at a low level in ATMs of lean mice. Intracerebroventricular injection of agouti-related neuropeptide increased the amount of TNF-α mRNA in epididymal (epi) white adipose tissue (WAT), but not in interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT), through inhibition of sympathetic nerve activity in epiWAT. The surgical denervation and β-adrenergic antagonist propranolol up-regulated TNF-α mRNA in both epiWAT and BAT in vivo. Signaling by the β2-adrenergic receptor (AR) and protein kinase A down-regulated TNF-α mRNA in epiWAT explants and suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced up-regulation of TNF-α mRNA in the stromal vascular fraction of this tissue. β-AR-deficient (β-less) mice manifested an increased plasma TNF-α concentration and increased TNF-α mRNA abundance in epiWAT and BAT. TNF-α mRNA abundance was greater in ATMs (CD11b(+) cells of the stromal vascular fraction) from epiWAT or BAT of wild-type mice than in corresponding CD11b(-) cells, and β2-AR mRNA abundance was greater in ATMs than in CD11b(-) cells of epiWAT. Our results show that the SNS and β2-AR-protein kinase A pathway maintain an anti-inflammatory state in ATMs of lean mice in vivo, and that the brain melanocortin pathway plays a role in maintaining this state in WAT of lean mice via the SNS.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/innervation
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, White/innervation
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacology
- Agouti-Related Protein/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Epididymis/drug effects
- Epididymis/metabolism
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Immunoblotting
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Injections, Intraventricular
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Propranolol/pharmacology
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sympathectomy
- Sympathetic Nervous System/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Tang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (L.T., S.O., K.T., T.Sa., K.S., S.Y., Y.M.), Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences (S.O., T.Sa., Y.M.), Sokendai (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan; Department of Integrative Physiology (T.Sh.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima City, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; and Section of Comparative Medicine (C.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8016
| | - Shiki Okamoto
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (L.T., S.O., K.T., T.Sa., K.S., S.Y., Y.M.), Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences (S.O., T.Sa., Y.M.), Sokendai (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan; Department of Integrative Physiology (T.Sh.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima City, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; and Section of Comparative Medicine (C.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8016
| | - Tetsuya Shiuchi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (L.T., S.O., K.T., T.Sa., K.S., S.Y., Y.M.), Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences (S.O., T.Sa., Y.M.), Sokendai (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan; Department of Integrative Physiology (T.Sh.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima City, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; and Section of Comparative Medicine (C.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8016
| | - Chitoku Toda
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (L.T., S.O., K.T., T.Sa., K.S., S.Y., Y.M.), Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences (S.O., T.Sa., Y.M.), Sokendai (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan; Department of Integrative Physiology (T.Sh.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima City, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; and Section of Comparative Medicine (C.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8016
| | - Kazuyo Takagi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (L.T., S.O., K.T., T.Sa., K.S., S.Y., Y.M.), Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences (S.O., T.Sa., Y.M.), Sokendai (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan; Department of Integrative Physiology (T.Sh.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima City, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; and Section of Comparative Medicine (C.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8016
| | - Tatsuya Sato
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (L.T., S.O., K.T., T.Sa., K.S., S.Y., Y.M.), Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences (S.O., T.Sa., Y.M.), Sokendai (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan; Department of Integrative Physiology (T.Sh.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima City, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; and Section of Comparative Medicine (C.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8016
| | - Kumiko Saito
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (L.T., S.O., K.T., T.Sa., K.S., S.Y., Y.M.), Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences (S.O., T.Sa., Y.M.), Sokendai (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan; Department of Integrative Physiology (T.Sh.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima City, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; and Section of Comparative Medicine (C.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8016
| | - Shigefumi Yokota
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (L.T., S.O., K.T., T.Sa., K.S., S.Y., Y.M.), Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences (S.O., T.Sa., Y.M.), Sokendai (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan; Department of Integrative Physiology (T.Sh.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima City, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; and Section of Comparative Medicine (C.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8016
| | - Yasuhiko Minokoshi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (L.T., S.O., K.T., T.Sa., K.S., S.Y., Y.M.), Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences (S.O., T.Sa., Y.M.), Sokendai (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan; Department of Integrative Physiology (T.Sh.), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima City, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; and Section of Comparative Medicine (C.T.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8016
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92
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Lin X, Qi Q, Zheng Y, Huang T, Lathrop M, Zelenika D, Bray GA, Sacks FM, Liang L, Qi L. Neuropeptide Y genotype, central obesity, and abdominal fat distribution: the POUNDS LOST trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 102:514-9. [PMID: 26156739 PMCID: PMC4515864 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.107276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropeptide Y is a key peptide affecting adiposity and has been related to obesity risk. However, little is known about the role of NPY variations in diet-induced change in adiposity. OBJECTIVE The objective was to examine the effects of NPY variant rs16147 on central obesity and abdominal fat distribution in response to dietary interventions. DESIGN We genotyped a functional NPY variant rs16147 among 723 participants in the Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies trial. Changes in waist circumference (WC), total abdominal adipose tissue, visceral adipose tissue, and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) from baseline to 6 and 24 mo were evaluated with respect to the rs16147 genotypes. Genotype-dietary fat interaction was also examined. RESULTS The rs16147 C allele was associated with a greater reduction in WC at 6 mo (P < 0.001). In addition, the genotypes showed a statistically significant interaction with dietary fat in relation to WC and SAT (P-interaction = 0.01 and 0.04): the association was stronger in individuals with high-fat intake than in those with low-fat intake. At 24 mo, the association remained statistically significant for WC in the high-fat diet group (P = 0.02), although the gene-dietary fat interaction became nonsignificant (P = 0.30). In addition, we found statistically significant genotype-dietary fat interaction on the change in total abdominal adipose tissue, visceral adipose tissue, and SAT at 24 mo (P = 0.01, 0.05, and 0.04): the rs16147 T allele appeared to associate with more adverse change in the abdominal fat deposition in the high-fat diet group than in the low-fat diet group. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that the NPY rs16147 genotypes affect the change in abdominal adiposity in response to dietary interventions, and the effects of the rs16147 single-nucleotide polymorphism on central obesity and abdominal fat distribution were modified by dietary fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Lin
- Departments of Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Qibin Qi
- Nutrition, and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | | | | | - Mark Lathrop
- Departments of Human and Medical Genetics, McGill University and Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Canada; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH, Paris, France
| | - Diana Zelenika
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut Génomique, Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France
| | - George A Bray
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center of the Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA
| | | | - Liming Liang
- Departments of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA;
| | - Lu Qi
- Nutrition, and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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93
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Long M, Zhou J, Li D, Zheng L, Xu Z, Zhou S. Long-Term Over-Expression of Neuropeptide Y in Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus Contributes to Adipose Tissue Insulin Resistance Partly via the Y5 Receptor. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126714. [PMID: 25993471 PMCID: PMC4436377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebroventricular injection and overexpression of Neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) has been shown to induce obesity and glucose metabolism disorder in rodents; however, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism contributing to glucose metabolic disturbance induced by NPY. Recombinant lentiviral NPY vectors were injected into the PVN of rats fed a high fat (HFD) or low-fat diet. 8 weeks later, in vivo intravenous glucose tolerance tests and euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp revealed that insulin resistance of adipose tissue were induced by NPY overexpression with or without HFD. NPY increased food intake, but did not change blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) or lipid levels. However, NPY decreased the expression of pGSK3β, PI3K p85 and pAKTSer473 in adipose tissue of rats. In vitro, 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with NPY, NPY Y1 and Y5 receptor antagonists. Glucose consumption and 2-deoxy-D-[3H] glucose uptake were partly inhibited by NPY, while a decrease in PI3K-AKT pathway signaling and a decreased expression of pGSK3α and pGSK3β were observed. Nevertheless, a Y5 receptor antagonist (L-152,804) reversed the effects of NPY on glucose uptake and consumption. These data suggest that long-term over-expression of NPY in PVN contributes to the establishment of adipose tissue insulin resistance, at least partly via the Y5 Receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Long
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, P.R. China
- Base for Drug Clinical Trial, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, P.R. China
| | - Jiyin Zhou
- Base for Drug Clinical Trial, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, P.R. China
| | - Dandan Li
- Base for Drug Clinical Trial, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, P.R. China
| | - Lu Zheng
- Department of hepatobiliary surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, P.R. China
| | - Zihui Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, P.R. China
| | - Shiwen Zhou
- Base for Drug Clinical Trial, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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94
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Neuropeptide Y and α-MSH circadian levels in two populations with low body weight: anorexia nervosa and constitutional thinness. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122040. [PMID: 25798605 PMCID: PMC4370702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Anorexia nervosa (AN) presents an adaptive appetite regulating profile including high levels of ghrelin and 26RFa (orexigenic) and low levels of leptin and PYY (anorexigenic). However, this adaptive mechanism is not effective in promoting food intake. The NPY/proopiomelanocortin (POMC) system plays a crucial role in the regulation of feeding behavior as NPY is the most potent orexigenic neuropeptide identified so far and as the POMC-derived peptide α-MSH drastically reduces food intake, and this peptidergic system has not been thoroughly studied in AN. Objective The aim of the present study was thus to investigate whether a dysfunction of the NPY/POMC occurs in two populations with low body weight, AN and constitutional thinness (CT). Design and Settings This was a cross-sectional study performed in an endocrinological unit and in an academic laboratory. Investigated Subjects Three groups of age-matched young women were studied: 23 with AN (AN), 22 CT and 14 normal weight controls. Main Outcome Measures Twelve-point circadian profiles of plasma NPY and α-MSH levels were measured in the three groups of investigated subjects. Results No significant circadian variation of NPY was detected between the three groups. Plasma α-MSH levels were significantly lower in AN (vs controls) all over the day. The CT group, compared to controls, presented lower levels of α-MSH in the morning and the evening, and an important rise during lunchtime. Conclusion In AN patients, the NPY system is not up-regulated under chronic undernutrition suggesting that this may play a role in the inability of anorectic women to adapt food intake to their energy demand. In contrast, low circadian α-MSH levels integrate the adaptive profile of appetite regulation of this disease. Finally, in CT women, the important α-MSH peak detected during lunchtime could explain why these patients are rapidly food satisfied.
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95
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Geloso MC, Corvino V, Di Maria V, Marchese E, Michetti F. Cellular targets for neuropeptide Y-mediated control of adult neurogenesis. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:85. [PMID: 25852477 PMCID: PMC4360818 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides are emerging as key regulators of stem cell niche activities in health and disease, both inside and outside the central nervous system (CNS). Among them, neuropeptide Y (NPY), one of the most abundant neuropeptides both in the nervous system and in non-neural districts, has become the focus of much attention for its involvement in a wide range of physiological and pathological conditions, including the modulation of different stem cell activities. In particular, a pro-neurogenic role of NPY has been evidenced in the neurogenic niche, where a direct effect on neural progenitors has been demonstrated, while different cellular types, including astrocytes, microglia and endothelial cells, also appear to be responsive to the peptide. The marked modulation of the NPY system during several pathological conditions that affect neurogenesis, including stress, seizures and neurodegeneration, further highlights the relevance of this peptide in the regulation of adult neurogenesis. In view of the considerable interest in understanding the mechanisms controlling neural cell fate, this review aims to summarize and discuss current data on NPY signaling in the different cellular components of the neurogenic niche in order to elucidate the complexity of the mechanisms underlying the modulatory properties of this peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Concetta Geloso
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Corvino
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Di Maria
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Marchese
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Michetti
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Rome, Italy
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96
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Farzi A, Reichmann F, Holzer P. The homeostatic role of neuropeptide Y in immune function and its impact on mood and behaviour. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 213:603-27. [PMID: 25545642 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY), one of the most abundant peptides in the nervous system, exerts its effects via five receptor types, termed Y1, Y2, Y4, Y5 and Y6. NPY's pleiotropic functions comprise the regulation of brain activity, mood, stress coping, ingestion, digestion, metabolism, vascular and immune function. Nerve-derived NPY directly affects immune cells while NPY also acts as a paracrine and autocrine immune mediator, because immune cells themselves are capable of producing and releasing NPY. NPY is able to induce immune activation or suppression, depending on a myriad of factors such as the Y receptors activated and cell types involved. There is an intricate relationship between psychological stress, mood disorders and the immune system. While stress represents a risk factor for the development of mood disorders, it exhibits diverse actions on the immune system as well. Conversely, inflammation is regarded as an internal stressor and is increasingly recognized to contribute to the pathogenesis of mood and metabolic disorders. Intriguingly, the cerebral NPY system has been found to protect against distinct disturbances in response to immune challenge, attenuating the sickness response and preventing the development of depression. Thus, NPY plays an important homeostatic role in balancing disturbances of physiological systems caused by peripheral immune challenge. This implication is particularly evident in the brain in which NPY counteracts the negative impact of immune challenge on mood, emotional processing and stress resilience. NPY thus acts as a unique signalling molecule in the interaction of the immune system with the brain in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Farzi
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology; Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology; Medical University of Graz; Graz Austria
| | - F. Reichmann
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology; Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology; Medical University of Graz; Graz Austria
| | - P. Holzer
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology; Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology; Medical University of Graz; Graz Austria
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97
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Zhang W, Bai S, Liu D, Cline MA, Gilbert ER. Neuropeptide Y promotes adipogenesis in chicken adipose cells in vitro. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2014; 181:62-70. [PMID: 25461485 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y is an evolutionarily conserved neurotransmitter that stimulates food intake in higher vertebrate species and promotes adipogenesis in mammals. The objective of this study was to determine if NPY also enhances adipogenesis in birds, using chickens as a model. The stromal-vascular fraction of cells was isolated from the abdominal fat of 14 day-old broiler chicks and effects of exogenous chicken NPY on proliferation and differentiation determined. Based on a thymidine analog incorporation assay and gene expression analysis, there was no effect of NPY on proliferation during the first 12 hours post-treatment in cells that were induced to proliferate. However, there were effects of NPY treatment on proliferation and lipid accumulation during the first 6 days post-induction of differentiation. Neuropeptide Y supplementation during induction of differentiation was associated with greater glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and staining for neutral lipids, indicative of augmented lipid accumulation. This was also accompanied by increased proliferation during differentiation, which was characterized by up-regulation of proliferation and preadipocyte marker mRNA, and a greater number of proliferating cells in groups that were treated with NPY. Additionally, NPY treatment was associated with increased expression of fatty acid binding protein 4 and lipoprotein lipase during differentiation. In conclusion, these results suggest that NPY plays a role in promoting adipogenesis in chickens and that the mechanisms involve an increase in the synthesis of new preadipocytes and increased lipid synthesis and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Animal and Poultry Sciences, Blacksburg, VA 24061,United States
| | - Shiping Bai
- Animal and Poultry Sciences, Blacksburg, VA 24061,United States
| | - Dongmin Liu
- Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Blacksburg, VA 24061,United States
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