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Siahanidou T, Margeli A, Bourika V, Papassotiriou I. Association of fibroblast growth factor 21 plasma levels with neonatal sepsis: preliminary results. Clin Chem Lab Med 2019; 57:e83-e85. [PMID: 30226205 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2018-0914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Siahanidou
- Neonatal Unit, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandra Margeli
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Bourika
- Neonatal Unit, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Papassotiriou
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
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González-García I, Milbank E, Martinez-Ordoñez A, Diéguez C, López M, Contreras C. HYPOTHesizing about central comBAT against obesity. J Physiol Biochem 2019; 76:193-211. [PMID: 31845114 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-019-00719-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a brain region in charge of many vital functions. Among them, BAT thermogenesis represents an essential physiological function to maintain body temperature. In the metabolic context, it has now been established that energy expenditure attributed to BAT function can contribute to the energy balance in a substantial extent. Thus, therapeutic interest in this regard has increased in the last years and some studies have shown that BAT function in humans can make a real contribution to improve diabetes and obesity-associated diseases. Nevertheless, how the hypothalamus controls BAT activity is still not fully understood. Despite the fact that much has been known about the mechanisms that regulate BAT activity in recent years, and that the central regulation of thermogenesis offers a very promising target, many questions remain still unsolved. Among them, the possible human application of knowledge obtained from rodent studies, and drug administration strategies able to specifically target the hypothalamus. Here, we review the current knowledge of homeostatic regulation of BAT, including the molecular insights of brown adipocytes, its central control, and its implication in the development of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael González-García
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Edward Milbank
- CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Anxo Martinez-Ordoñez
- CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel López
- CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Cristina Contreras
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Kolakowska A, Maresca AF, Collins IJ, Cailhol J. Update on Adverse Effects of HIV Integrase Inhibitors. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019; 11:372-387. [PMID: 33380904 PMCID: PMC7758219 DOI: 10.1007/s40506-019-00203-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goal of this paper is to provide an up-to-date review of adverse events related to the class of integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs), which became the class of choice in few years. We sought answers specifically to issues pertaining to neuropsychiatric adverse events, as well as weight gain, which were the two most important categories of adverse events raised in recent studies based on real-life experience. The primary focus of this paper is on adults with a brief summary on pregnant women and children/adolescents. RECENT FINDINGS Dolutegravir (DTG) bears the heaviest burden of neuropsychiatric side effects. Weight gain was reported with all INSTIs, although there are methodological caveats in the analyses and the findings need to be interpreted with caution.Moreover, due to recent findings on neural tube defects in infants exposed to dolutegravir during their peri-conception period, its use is not recommended for women of childbearing age without proper birth control method, while raltegravir remains the only drug which may be prescribed without caution. Given the importance of cognitive and metabolic co-morbidities in people living with HIV in regard to their quality of life, future research needs to focus on long-term effects of INSTIs in relation to these adverse events. Pharmacogenetics seems to be a promising tool. Safety during pregnancy is also another important issue to further clarify. SUMMARY INSTIs are a generally well-tolerated class of antiretrovirals (ARV), and has a higher antiviral potency compared to other classes of ARV.Clinicians and patients need however to be aware of some red flags when starting with and monitoring patients on INSTIs.All INSTIs can lead to mild increases in creatinine levels, usually without clinical significance, but caution is needed in patients with low eGFR (<30ml/min), when using other nephrotoxic drugs, such as as tenofovir disoproxil.Neuro-psychiatric (NP) effects are to be monitored with INSTIs, especially with DTG (though reports are at times contradictory); clinicians might want to avoid DTG for patients with history of severe NP symptoms, until clarity is provided.Weight gain was reported with all INSTIs, especially with DTG, with possible differential effects according to sex and ethnicity (female and non-white patients being at increased risk). This is worrying since patients from African descent are at higher risk of cardio-vascular events and increased body mass index (BMI) can cause further increase metabolic risk. There is possibly an additional effect of tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) on weight increase.Discrepancies between clinical trials - with low rates of adverse events - and reports from real-life settings might be due partly to under-representation of some groups of patients in clinical trials, and/or the short duration of follow-up, since some adverse effects may only occur after prolonged exposure.Preliminary data on safety of bictegravir (BIC), from clinical trials and non-trial settings, are very reassuring and seem to show lower rates of adverse events compared to DTG.Elvitegravir/cobicistat (EVG/cobi) need to be used with caution in patients with other co-morbidities given potential for polypharmacy, as it is the case for aging patients, because of the high potential of drug-drug interactions due to effects of the cobicistat booster.We are awaiting the release of cabotegravir (CAB), which could represent a good option for patients struggling with adherence, despite injection site reactions.Pharmacogenetics is a promising way to explore adverse effects occurrence in the INSTI class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kolakowska
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Avicenne University Hospital, Bobigny, France
| | - Anaenza Freire Maresca
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Avicenne University Hospital, Bobigny, France
| | - Intira Jeannie Collins
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, Institute of Clinical Trials & Methodology, 90 High Holborn, 2nd Floor, London, WC1V 6LJ UK
| | - Johann Cailhol
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Avicenne University Hospital, Bobigny, France
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Avicenne University Hospital and Paris 13 University, Bobigny, France
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Gao RY, Hsu BG, Wu DA, Hou JS, Chen MC. Serum Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Levels Are Positively Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Int J Endocrinol 2019; 2019:5163245. [PMID: 31582974 PMCID: PMC6754922 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5163245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) acts as a potent metabolic regulator. Serum FGF21 levels were significantly higher in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) populations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between serum FGF21 levels and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in T2DM patients. METHODS Fasting blood samples were obtained from 126 T2DM patients. MetS and its components were defined according to the diagnostic criteria from the International Diabetes Federation. Serum FGF21 concentrations were measured using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Among these patients, 84 (66.7%) had MetS. Female gender, hypertension, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), waist circumference (WC), body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), body fat mass, fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin level (HbA1c), triglyceride level (TG), urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR), insulin level, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and FGF21 levels were higher, whereas high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (HDL-C) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were lower in DM patients with MetS. Univariate linear analysis revealed that hypertension, BMI, WC, body fat mass, SBP, DBP, logarithmically transformed TG (log-TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level, log-glucose, log-creatinine, log-UACR, log-insulin, and log-HOMA-IR positively correlated, whereas HDL-C and eGFR negatively correlated with serum FGF21 levels in T2DM patients. Multivariate forward stepwise linear regression analysis revealed that body fat mass (adjusted R 2 change = 0.218; P=0.008) and log-TG (adjusted R 2 change = 0.036; P < 0.001) positively correlated, whereas eGFR (adjusted R 2 change = 0.033; P=0.013) negatively correlated with serum FGF21 levels in T2DM patients. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that higher serum FGF21 levels were positively associated with MetS in T2DM patients and significantly positively related to body fat mass and TG but negatively related to eGFR in these subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Yao Gao
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Bang-Gee Hsu
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Du-An Wu
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Sian Hou
- Division of Nephrology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chun Chen
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
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55
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Duan J, Chen Z, Wu Y, Zhu B, Yang L, Yang C. Metabolic remodeling induced by mitokines in heart failure. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:7307-7327. [PMID: 31498116 PMCID: PMC6756899 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence rates of heart failure (HF) are greater than 10% in individuals aged >75 years, indicating an intrinsic link between aging and HF. It has been recognized that mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the pathology of HF. Mitokines are a type of cytokines, peptides, or signaling pathways produced or activated by the nucleus or the mitochondria through cell non-autonomous responses during cellular stress. In addition to promoting the communication between the mitochondria and the nucleus, mitokines also exert a systemic regulatory effect by circulating to distant tissues. It is noteworthy that increasing evidence has demonstrated that mitokines are capable of reducing the metabolic-related HF risk factors and are associated with HF severity. Consequently, mitokines might represent a potential therapy target for HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Duan
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Zijun Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Yeshun Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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Lewis JE, Ebling FJP, Samms RJ, Tsintzas K. Going Back to the Biology of FGF21: New Insights. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:491-504. [PMID: 31248786 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a protein highly synthesized in the liver that exerts paracrine and endocrine control of many aspects of energy homeostasis in multiple tissues. In preclinical models of obesity and type 2 diabetes, treatment with FGF21 improves glucose homeostasis and promotes weight loss, and, as a result, FGF21 has attracted considerable attention as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of metabolic syndrome in humans. An improved understanding of the biological role of FGF21 may help to explain why its therapeutic potential in humans has not been fully realized. This review will cover the complexities in FGF21 biology in rodents and humans, with emphasis on its role in protection from central and peripheral facets of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo E Lewis
- Institute of Metabolic Sciences and MRC-Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB0 0QQ, UK
| | - Francis J P Ebling
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | | | - Kostas Tsintzas
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
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57
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Reinehr T. Inflammatory markers in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 496:100-107. [PMID: 31276632 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the potential relationship between serum inflammation markers and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Inflammation markers have been proposed as prognostic markers for the development of T2DM and its complications. Furthermore, modulation of the inflammatory process may offer future treatment strategies for T2DM. This review focuses on children and adolescents because there is usually little, if any, complications associated with other disease processes, use of medications, or active tobacco smoking. Furthermore, β-cell failure in young age cannot be solely explained by aging and exhaustion of β-cells due to insulin resistance. Pediatric studies have demonstrated that pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IFNγ, PEDF, and fetuin A were increased in insulin resistance, while the anti-inflammatory cytokines adiponectin and omentin were decreased. Furthermore, TNF-α, fetuin A, FGF-21 were altered in obese children with T2DM suggesting a direct involvement in β-cell failure. Future studies focusing on children and adolescents may facilitate our understanding of T2DM as an inflammatory disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Reinehr
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents Datteln, University of Witten/Herdecke, Dr. F. Steiner Str. 5, D-45711 Datteln, Germany.
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58
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Grannell A, De Vito G, Murphy JC, le Roux CW. The influence of skeletal muscle on appetite regulation. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2019; 14:267-282. [PMID: 31106601 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2019.1618185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fat-free mass, of which skeletal muscle is amajor component, correlates positively with energy intake at energy balance. This is due to the effects of metabolically active tissue on energy expenditure which in itself appears to signal to the brain adrive to eat to ensure cellular energy homeostasis. The mechanisms responsible for this drive to eat are unknown but are likely to be related to energy utilization. Here muscle imparts an indirect influence on hunger. The drive to eat is also enhanced after muscle loss secondary to intentional weight loss. The evidence suggests loss of both fat mass and skeletal muscle mass directly influences the trajectory and magnitude of weight regain highlighting their potential role in long-termappetite control. The mechanisms responsible for the potential direct drive to eat stemming from muscle loss are unknown. AREAS COVERED The literature pertaining to muscle and appetite at energy balance and after weight loss was examined. Aliterature search was conducted to identify studies related to appetite, muscle, exercise, and weight loss. EXPERT OPINION Understanding the mechanisms which link energy expenditure and muscle loss to hunger has the potential to positively impact both the prevention and the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Grannell
- a Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
- b MedFit Proactive Healthcare, Blackrock , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Giuseppe De Vito
- c School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - John C Murphy
- b MedFit Proactive Healthcare, Blackrock , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Carel W le Roux
- a Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
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Esfahani M, Baranchi M, Goodarzi MT. The implication of hepatokines in metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:2477-2480. [PMID: 31405664 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Hepatokines are liver-derived proteins with equivocal roles in metabolic syndrome (MetS). These proteins have prominent role in pathogenesis of MetS component such as obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension. The identification and functional characterization of hepatokines may provide significant insights that could help in better understanding of MetS pathogenesis. Fetuin-A, Hepatocyte-derived fibrinogen-related protein 1, Fibroblast growth factor 21, Angiopoietin-related growth factor, Selenoprotein-P, Angiopoietin like proteins, Leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 are regarded as the most significant hepatokines. We describe recent data on these new hormones in progression of MetS. Understanding of the accurate role of these proteins in pathophysiology of MetS can help improving prevention and treatment of this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohammad Taghi Goodarzi
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Struik D, Dommerholt MB, Jonker JW. Fibroblast growth factors in control of lipid metabolism: from biological function to clinical application. Curr Opin Lipidol 2019; 30:235-243. [PMID: 30893110 PMCID: PMC6530965 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Several members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family have been identified as key regulators of energy metabolism in rodents and nonhuman primates. Translational studies show that their metabolic actions are largely conserved in humans, which led to the development of various FGF-based drugs, including FGF21-mimetics LY2405319, PF-05231023, and pegbelfermin, and the FGF19-mimetic NGM282. Recently, a number of clinical trials have been published that examined the safety and efficacy of these novel therapeutic proteins in the treatment of obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and cholestatic liver disease. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of FGFs in metabolic regulation and their clinical potential. RECENT FINDINGS FGF21-based drugs induce weight loss and improve dyslipidemia in patients with obesity and T2D, and reduce steatosis in patients with NASH. FGF19-based drugs reduce steatosis in patients with NASH, and ameliorate bile acid-induced liver damage in patients with cholestasis. In contrast to their potent antidiabetic effects in rodents and nonhuman primates, FGF-based drugs do not appear to improve glycemia in humans. In addition, various safety concerns, including elevation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, modulation of bone homeostasis, and increased blood pressure, have been reported as well. SUMMARY Clinical trials with FGF-based drugs report beneficial effects in lipid and bile acid metabolism, with clinical improvements in dyslipidemia, steatosis, weight loss, and liver damage. In contrast, glucose-lowering effects, as observed in preclinical models, are currently lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dicky Struik
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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61
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Yang W, Liu L, Wei Y, Fang C, Zhou F, Chen J, Han Q, Huang M, Tan X, Liu Q, Pan Q, Zhang L, Lei X, Li L. Exercise ameliorates the FGF21-adiponectin axis impairment in diet-induced obese mice. Endocr Connect 2019; 8:596-604. [PMID: 30978696 PMCID: PMC6510890 DOI: 10.1530/ec-19-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The protective effects of exercise against glucose dysmetabolism have been generally reported. However, the mechanism by which exercise improves glucose homeostasis remains poorly understood. The FGF21-adiponectin axis participates in the regulation of glucose metabolism. Elevated levels of FGF21 and decreased levels of adiponectin in obesity indicate FGF21-adiponectin axis dysfunction. Hence, we investigated whether exercise could improve the FGF21-adiponectin axis impairment and ameliorate disturbed glucose metabolism in diet-induced obese mice. METHODS Eight-week-old C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to three groups: low-fat diet control group, high-fat diet group and high-fat diet plus exercise group. Glucose metabolic parameters, the ability of FGF21 to induce adiponectin, FGF21 receptors and co-receptor levels and adipose tissue inflammation were evaluated after 12 weeks of intervention. RESULTS Exercise training led to reduced levels of fasting blood glucose and insulin, improved glucose tolerance and better insulin sensitivity in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Although serum FGF21 levels were not significantly changed, both total and high-molecular-weight adiponectin concentrations were markedly enhanced by exercise. Importantly, exercise protected against high-fat diet-induced impaired ability of FGF21 to stimulate adiponectin secretion. FGF21 co-receptor, β-klotho, as well as receptors, FGFR1 and FGFR2, were upregulated by exercise. We also found that exercise inhibited adipose tissue inflammation, which may contribute to the improvement in the FGF21-adiponectin axis impairment. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate exercise protects against high-fat diet-induced FGF21-adiponectin axis impairment, and may thereby exert beneficial effects on glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Yang
- Center for Scientific Research and Institute of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sports University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Wei
- Center for Scientific Research and Institute of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sports University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunlu Fang
- Center for Scientific Research and Institute of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sports University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinbao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Han
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meifang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuyue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Lei
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liangming Li
- Center for Scientific Research and Institute of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sports University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to L Li:
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Hultman K, Scarlett JM, Baquero AF, Cornea A, Zhang Y, Salinas CBG, Brown J, Morton GJ, Whalen EJ, Grove KL, Koegler FH, Schwartz MW, Mercer AJ. The central fibroblast growth factor receptor/beta klotho system: Comprehensive mapping in Mus musculus and comparisons to nonhuman primate and human samples using an automated in situ hybridization platform. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:2069-2085. [PMID: 30809795 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Central activation of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptors regulates peripheral glucose homeostasis and reduces food intake in preclinical models of obesity and diabetes. The current work was undertaken to advance our understanding of the receptor expression, as sites of ligand action by FGF19, FGF21, and FGF1 in the mammalian brain remains unresolved. Recent advances in automated RNAscope in situ hybridization and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) technology allowed us to interrogate central FGFR/beta klotho (Klb) system at the cellular level in the mouse, with relevant comparisons to nonhuman primate and human brain. FGFR1-3 gene expression was broadly distributed throughout the CNS in Mus musculus, with FGFR1 exhibiting the greatest heterogeneity. FGFR4 expression localized only in the medial habenula and subcommissural organ of mice. Likewise, Klb mRNA was restricted to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCh) and select midbrain and hindbrain nuclei. ddPCR in the rodent hypothalamus confirmed that, although expression levels are indeed low for Klb, there is nonetheless a bonafide subpopulation of Klb+ cells in the hypothalamus. In NHP and human midbrain and hindbrain, Klb + cells are quite rare, as is expression of FGFR4. Collectively, these data provide the most robust central map of the FGFR/Klb system to date and highlight central regions that may be of critical importance to assess central ligand effects with pharmacological dosing, such as the putative interactions between the endocrine FGFs and FGFR1/Klb, or FGF19 with FGFR4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jarrad M Scarlett
- Diabetes & Obesity Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - Arian F Baquero
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle, Inc., Seattle, Washington
| | - Anda Cornea
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle, Inc., Seattle, Washington
| | - Yu Zhang
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle, Inc., Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Jenny Brown
- Diabetes & Obesity Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Gregory J Morton
- Diabetes & Obesity Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Erin J Whalen
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle, Inc., Seattle, Washington
| | - Kevin L Grove
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle, Inc., Seattle, Washington
| | - Frank H Koegler
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle, Inc., Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael W Schwartz
- Diabetes & Obesity Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Aaron J Mercer
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle, Inc., Seattle, Washington
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Tabari FS, Karimian A, Parsian H, Rameshknia V, Mahmoodpour A, Majidinia M, Maniati M, Yousefi B. The roles of FGF21 in atherosclerosis pathogenesis. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2019; 20:103-114. [PMID: 30879171 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-019-09488-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
FGF21 is a peptide hormone that regulates homeostasis of lipid and glucose as well as energy metabolism. It is mainly expressed and secreted in liver and adipose tissues, and it is expressed in lower amounts in the aorta. Recent clinical and preclinical studies indicate increased serum FGF21 levels in atherosclerosis patients. Also, FGF21 therapy has been reported to reduce the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis in animal models and in vitro studies. Moreover, growing evidence indicates that administration of exogenous FGF21 induces anti-atherosclerotic effects, because of its ability to reduce lipid profile, alleviation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Therefore, FGF21 can not only be considered as a biomarker for predicting atherosclerosis, but also induce protective effects against atherosclerosis. Besides, serum levels of FGF21 increase in various diseases including in diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and obesity, which may be related to initiating and exacerbating atherosclerosis. On the other hand, FGF21 therapy significantly improves lipid profiles, and reduces vascular inflammation and oxidative stress in atherosclerosis related diseases. Therefore, further prospective studies are needed to clarify whether FGF21 can be used as a prognostic biomarker to identify individuals at future risk of atherosclerosis in these atherosclerosis-associated diseases. In this review, we will discuss the possible mechanism by which FGF21 protects against atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzane Shanebandpour Tabari
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ansar Karimian
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Hadi Parsian
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Vahid Rameshknia
- Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Biochemistry, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Ata Mahmoodpour
- Anesthesiology Research Team, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Majidinia
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mahmood Maniati
- Faculty of Medicine, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran.
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Fujii N, Uta S, Kobayashi M, Sato T, Okita N, Higami Y. Impact of aging and caloric restriction on fibroblast growth factor 21 signaling in rat white adipose tissue. Exp Gerontol 2019; 118:55-64. [PMID: 30620889 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) suppresses age-related pathophysiology and extends lifespan. We recently reported that metabolic remodeling of white adipose tissue (WAT) plays an important role in the beneficial actions of CR; however, the detailed molecular mechanisms of this remodeling remain to be established. In the present study, we aimed to identify CR-induced alterations in the expression of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a regulator of lipid and glucose metabolism, and of its downstream signaling mediators in liver and WAT, across the lifespan of rats. We evaluated groups of rats that had been either fed ad libitum or calorie restricted from 3 months of age and were euthanized at 3.5, 9, or 24 months of age, under fed and fasted conditions. The expression of FGF21 mRNA and/or protein increased with age in liver and WAT. Interestingly, in the WAT of 9-month-old fed rats, CR further upregulated FGF21 expression and eliminated the aging-associated reductions in the expression of FGFR1 and beta-klotho (KLB; FGF21 receptor complex). It also enhanced the expression of FGF21 targets, including glucose transporter 1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ coactivator-1α. The analysis of transcriptional regulators of Fgf21 suggested that aging and CR might upregulate Fgf21 expression via different mechanisms. In adipocytes in vitro, constitutive FGF21 overexpression upregulated the FGF21 receptor complex and FGF21 targets at the mRNA or protein level. Thus, both aging and CR induced FGF21 expression in rat WAT; however, only CR activated FGF21 signaling. Our results suggest that FGF21 signaling contributes to the CR-induced metabolic remodeling of WAT, likely activating glucose uptake and mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namiki Fujii
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Metabolic Disease, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
| | - Seira Uta
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Metabolic Disease, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
| | - Masaki Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Metabolic Disease, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; Translational Research Center, Research Institute of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
| | - Tsugumichi Sato
- Translational Research Center, Research Institute of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; Laboratory of Drug Informatics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
| | - Naoyuki Okita
- Translational Research Center, Research Institute of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; Division of Pathological Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, 1-1-1 Daigakudori, Sanyo-onoda, Yamaguchi 756-0884, Japan.
| | - Yoshikazu Higami
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Metabolic Disease, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; Translational Research Center, Research Institute of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
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Hong ES, Lim C, Choi HY, Lee YK, Ku EJ, Moon JH, Park KS, Jang HC, Choi SH. Plasma fibroblast growth factor 21 levels increase with ectopic fat accumulation and its receptor levels are decreased in the visceral fat of patients with type 2 diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2019; 7:e000776. [PMID: 31798902 PMCID: PMC6861080 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a novel metabolic regulator that has beneficial effects on glucose and lipid metabolism. However, plasma FGF21 levels are paradoxically increased in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity, suggesting resistance to this ligand. FGF21 acts mainly on adipose tissue and ectopic fat accumulation is a typical feature in metabolic deterioration such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between FGF21 resistance and ectopic fat accumulation. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Subjects who underwent 64-slice multidetector CT (MDCT) were enrolled (n=190). Plasma FGF21 levels and MDCT data of ectopic fats at various sites were analyzed. Human visceral and subcutaneous fat tissues from abdominal and coronary artery bypass surgery were obtained. FGF21 receptor expression and postreceptor signaling in different fat deposits of both control and T2DM subjects were analyzed. RESULTS Plasma FGF21 levels were significantly associated with body mass index, triglyceride, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, and Matsuda index. Plasma FGF21 levels were significantly higher in patients with T2DM than in the pre-diabetes and normal glucose tolerance groups. The ectopic fat phenotypes (visceral, epicardial, intrahepatic, and intramuscular fat) of T2DM were significantly higher than controls. Plasma FGF21 levels were elevated and exhibited a strong positive correlation with ectopic fat accumulation in T2DM. The expression of genes comprising the FGF21 signaling pathway was also lower in visceral fat than in subcutaneous fat in this disease. CONCLUSIONS Human FGF21 resistance in T2DM could result from increases in FGF21-resistant ectopic fat accumulation. Our study provides novel clinical evidence linking FGF21 resistance and T2DM pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Shil Hong
- Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Internal Medicine, Konkuk University Chungju Hospital, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Cheong Lim
- Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Hye Yeon Choi
- Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Yun Kyung Lee
- Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Eu Jeong Ku
- Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Moon
- Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
- Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyong Soo Park
- Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hak Chul Jang
- Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
- Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Hee Choi
- Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
- Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Olejnik A, Franczak A, Krzywonos-Zawadzka A, Kałużna-Oleksy M, Bil-Lula I. The Biological Role of Klotho Protein in the Development of Cardiovascular Diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:5171945. [PMID: 30671457 PMCID: PMC6323445 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5171945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Klotho is a membrane-bound or soluble antiaging protein, whose protective activity is essential for a proper function of many organs. In 1997, an accidental insertion of a transgene led to creation of transgenic mice with several age-related disorders. In Klotho-deficient mice, the inherited phenotypes closely resemble human aging, while in an animal model of Klotho overexpression, the lifespan is extended. Klotho protein is detected mainly in the kidneys and brain. It is a coreceptor for fibroblast growth factor and hence is involved in maintaining endocrine system homeostasis. Furthermore, an inhibition of insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling pathway by Klotho regulates oxidative stress and reduces cell death. The association between serum Klotho and the classic risk factors, as well as the clinical history of cardiovascular disease, was also shown. There are a lot of evidences that Klotho deficiency correlates with the occurrence and development of coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and left ventricular hypertrophy. Therefore, an involvement of Klotho in the signaling pathways and in regulation of a proper cell metabolism could be a crucial factor in the cardiac and vascular protection. It is also well established that Klotho protein enhances the antioxidative response via augmented production of superoxide dismutase and reduced generation of reactive oxygen species. Recent studies have proven an expression of Klotho in cardiomyocytes and its increased expression in stress-related heart injury. Thus, the antioxidative and antiapoptotic activity of Klotho could be considered as the novel protective factor in cardiovascular disease and heart injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Olejnik
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Franczak
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Krzywonos-Zawadzka
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marta Kałużna-Oleksy
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Lord's Transfiguration, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-848 Poznan, Poland
| | - Iwona Bil-Lula
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
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Somm E, Jornayvaz FR. Fibroblast Growth Factor 15/19: From Basic Functions to Therapeutic Perspectives. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:960-989. [PMID: 30124818 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Discovered 20 years ago, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)19, and its mouse ortholog FGF15, were the first members of a new subfamily of FGFs able to act as hormones. During fetal life, FGF15/19 is involved in organogenesis, affecting the development of the ear, eye, heart, and brain. At adulthood, FGF15/19 is mainly produced by the ileum, acting on the liver to repress hepatic bile acid synthesis and promote postprandial nutrient partitioning. In rodents, pharmacologic doses of FGF19 induce the same antiobesity and antidiabetic actions as FGF21, with these metabolic effects being partly mediated by the brain. However, activation of hepatocyte proliferation by FGF19 has long been a challenge to its therapeutic use. Recently, genetic reengineering of the molecule has resolved this issue. Despite a global overlap in expression pattern and function, murine FGF15 and human FGF19 exhibit several differences in terms of regulation, molecular structure, signaling, and biological properties. As most of the knowledge originates from the use of FGF19 in murine models, differences between mice and humans in the biology of FGF15/19 have to be considered for a successful translation from bench to bedside. This review summarizes the basic knowledge concerning FGF15/19 in mice and humans, with a special focus on regulation of production, morphogenic properties, hepatocyte growth, bile acid homeostasis, as well as actions on glucose, lipid, and energy homeostasis. Moreover, implications and therapeutic perspectives concerning FGF19 in human diseases (including obesity, type 2 diabetes, hepatic steatosis, biliary disorders, and cancer) are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Somm
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension, and Nutrition, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François R Jornayvaz
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension, and Nutrition, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
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Suassuna PGDA, de Paula RB, Sanders-Pinheiro H, Moe OW, Hu MC. Fibroblast growth factor 21 in chronic kidney disease. J Nephrol 2018; 32:365-377. [DOI: 10.1007/s40620-018-0550-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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69
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Lee KJ, Jang YO, Cha SK, Kim MY, Park KS, Eom YW, Baik SK. Expression of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 and β-Klotho Regulates Hepatic Fibrosis through the Nuclear Factor-κB and c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Pathways. Gut Liver 2018; 12:449-456. [PMID: 29699061 PMCID: PMC6027831 DOI: 10.5009/gnl17443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 is associated with hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. However, little is known regarding the effects of inflammation and fibrosis on the β-Klotho and FGF21 pathway in the liver. Methods Enrolled patients had biopsy-confirmed viral or alcoholic hepatitis. FGF19, FGF21 and β-Klotho levels were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and Western blotting. Furthermore, we explored the underlying mechanisms for this process by evaluating nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway involvement in Huh-7 cells. Results We observed that the FGF19 and FGF21 serum and mRNA levels in the biopsied liver tissue gradually increased and were correlated with fibrosis stage. Inflammatory markers (interleukin 1β [IL-1β], IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α) were positively correlated, while β-Klotho expression was negatively correlated with the degree of fibrosis. In Huh-7 cells, IL-1β increased FGF21 levels and decreased β-Klotho levels. NF-κB and JNK inhibitors abolished the effect of IL-1β on both FGF21 and β-Klotho expression. FGF21 protected IL-1β-induced growth retardation in Huh-7 cells. Conclusions These results indicate that the inflammatory response during fibrogenesis increases FGF21 levels and suppresses β-Klotho via the NF-κB and JNK pathway. In addition, FGF21 likely protects hepatocytes from hepatic inflammation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyong Joo Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Yoon Ok Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea.,Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Seung-Kuy Cha
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Moon Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea.,Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Kyu-Sang Park
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Young Woo Eom
- Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Soon Koo Baik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea.,Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea.,Institute of Evidence Based Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
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Villarroya F, Cereijo R, Gavaldà-Navarro A, Villarroya J, Giralt M. Inflammation of brown/beige adipose tissues in obesity and metabolic disease. J Intern Med 2018; 284:492-504. [PMID: 29923291 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many of the comorbidities of obesity, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, are related to the low-grade chronic inflammation of white adipose tissue. Under white adipocyte stress, local infiltration of immune cells and enhanced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines together reduce metabolic flexibility and lead to insulin resistance in obesity. Whereas white adipocytes act in energy storage, brown and beige adipocytes specialize in energy expenditure. Brown and beige activity protects against obesity and associated metabolic disorders, such as hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia. Compared to white fat, brown adipose tissue depots are less susceptible to developing local inflammation in response to obesity; however, strong obesogenic insults ultimately induce a locally pro-inflammatory environment in brown fat. This condition directly alters the thermogenic activity of brown fat by impairing its energy expenditure mechanism and uptake of glucose for use as a fuel substrate. Pro-inflammatory cytokines also impair beige adipogenesis, which occurs mainly in subcutaneous adipose tissue. There is evidence that inflammatory processes occurring in perivascular adipose tissues alter their brown-versus-white plasticity, impair the extent of browning in these depots and favour the local release of vasculature damaging signals. In summary, the targeting of brown and beige adipose tissues by pro-inflammatory signals and the subsequent impairment of their thermogenic and metabolite draining activities appears to represent obesity-driven disturbances that contribute to metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular alterations in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Villarroya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Cereijo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Gavaldà-Navarro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Villarroya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Giralt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
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Pei E, Liu Y, Jiang W, Lin S, Huang L, Lin M, Cai L. Sleeve gastrectomy attenuates high fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:243. [PMID: 30355361 PMCID: PMC6201512 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0875-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A high-fat diet (HFD) is known to lead to obesity, and contributes to the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sleeve gastrectomy (SG) on the progression of HFD-induced hepatic steatosis. Methods Fifteen 4-week-old, male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into three groups: NC, HFD + SHAM and HFD + SG. Their body weight, glucose-lipid metabolism, inflammation indices, hepatic steatosis and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) levels were measured. Results Postoperatively, body weights in the HFD + SHAM and HFD + SG group rats decreased during the first week. Thereafter, HFD + SG rats regained their body weight. Differences in insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, triglyceride, free fatty acid, tumor necrosis factor-α and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 levels were statistically significant across the three groups (all P < 0.05). Interestingly, FGF21 levels in the HFD + SG group were markedly lower than in the HFD + SHAM group (P = 0.015), however, there were no differences in the NC group. Hematoxylin and eosin staining demonstrated that more vacuoles were present in the HFD + SHAM liver when compared to the HFD + SG liver. Oil-red O staining showed less red dots in the HFD + SG liver. Conclusions Despite eating, surgical re-routing of the gut may prevent weight accumulation, regulate glucose-lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity, control a chronic inflammatory state, change the secretion pattern of FGF21 and alleviate the severity of fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erli Pei
- Department of General Surgery, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Gerontology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Weiqing Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Songruo Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Moubin Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Li Cai
- Department of Science and Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic inflammation, adipokines, and hepatokines have been identified as basis of insulin resistance and β cell failure in animal models. We present our current knowledge concerning the potential relationship between these cytokines, inflammation, metabolic syndrome (MetS), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the pediatric population. RECENT FINDINGS Pro-inflammatory cytokines related to insulin resistance and MetS in children are tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, interferon gamma, pigment epithelium-derived factor, chemerin, vaspin, and fetuin A. Anti-inflammatory cytokines associated with insulin resistance and MetS in children are leptin, adiponectin, omentin, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-21, osteocalcin, and irisin. These anti-inflammatory cytokines are decreased (adiponectin, omentin, and osteocalcin) or increased (leptin, FGF-21, and irisin) in obesity suggesting a resistance state. TNF-α, fetuin A, and FGF-21 are altered in obese children with T2DM suggesting an involvement in β cell failure. These cytokines, adipokines, and hepatokines may be able to predict development of MetS and T2DM and have a potential therapeutic target ameliorating insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Reinehr
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents Datteln, University of Witten/Herdecke, Dr. F. Steiner Str. 5, D-45711, Datteln, Germany.
| | - Christian Ludwig Roth
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
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DiNicolantonio JJ, McCarty MF, O’Keefe JH. Antioxidant bilirubin works in multiple ways to reduce risk for obesity and its health complications. Open Heart 2018; 5:e000914. [PMID: 30364545 PMCID: PMC6196942 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2018-000914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James J DiNicolantonio
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, Saint Luke’s Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | | | - James H O’Keefe
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, Saint Luke’s Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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Villarroya J, Gallego-Escuredo JM, Delgado-Anglés A, Cairó M, Moure R, Gracia Mateo M, Domingo JC, Domingo P, Giralt M, Villarroya F. Aging is associated with increased FGF21 levels but unaltered FGF21 responsiveness in adipose tissue. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12822. [PMID: 30043445 PMCID: PMC6156525 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has been proposed to be an antiaging hormone on the basis of experimental studies in rodent models. However, circulating FGF21 levels are increased with aging in rodents and humans. Moreover, despite the metabolic health‐promoting effects of FGF21, the levels of this hormone are increased under conditions such as obesity and diabetes, an apparent incongruity that has been attributed to altered tissue responsiveness to FGF21. Here, we investigated serum FGF21 levels and expression of genes encoding components of the FGF21‐response molecular machinery in adipose tissue from healthy elderly individuals (≥70 years old) and young controls. Serum FGF21 levels were increased in elderly individuals and were positively correlated with insulinemia and HOMA‐IR, indices of mildly deteriorated glucose homeostasis. Levels of β‐Klotho, the coreceptor required for cellular responsiveness to FGF21, were increased in subcutaneous adipose tissue from elderly individuals relative to those from young controls, whereas FGF receptor‐1 levels were unaltered. Moreover, total ERK1/2 protein levels were decreased in elderly individuals in association with an increase in the ERK1/2 phosphorylation ratio relative to young controls. Adipose explants from aged and young mice respond similarly to FGF21 “ex vivo”. Thus, in contrast to what is observed in obesity and diabetes, high levels of FGF21 in healthy aging are not associated with repressed FGF21‐responsiveness machinery in adipose tissue. The lack of evidence for impaired FGF21 responsiveness in adipose tissue establishes a distinction between alterations in the FGF21 endocrine system in aging and chronic metabolic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Villarroya
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau; Barcelona Catalonia Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB); Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - José M. Gallego-Escuredo
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB); Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica (IRB) de Lleida; Lleida Spain
| | - Alejando Delgado-Anglés
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB); Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Montserrat Cairó
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB); Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición; Barcelona Spain
| | - Ricardo Moure
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB); Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición; Barcelona Spain
| | - Ma Gracia Mateo
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau; Barcelona Catalonia Spain
| | - Joan C. Domingo
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB); Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Pere Domingo
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau; Barcelona Catalonia Spain
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica (IRB) de Lleida; Lleida Spain
- Department of Infectious Diseases; Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova; Lleida Spain
- Department of Infectious Diseases; Hospital Universitari de Santa María; Lleida Spain
- Universitat de Lleida; Lleida Spain
| | - Marta Giralt
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB); Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición; Barcelona Spain
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB); Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición; Barcelona Spain
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Redondo-Angulo I, Mas-Stachurska A, Sitges M, Tinahones FJ, Giralt M, Villarroya F, Planavila A. Fgf21 is required for cardiac remodeling in pregnancy. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 113:1574-1584. [PMID: 28472473 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Fibroblast growth factor-21 (Fgf21) is an endocrine factor that contributes to many physiological and pathological processes, mainly via its action as a metabolic regulator. Recent studies have shown that Fgf21 plays an important role in cardiac tissue. Pregnancy offers a physiological model of adaptive and reversible heart enlargement, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this cardiac hypertrophy are poorly understood. Therefore, the aim was to analyze the role of Fgf21 during late pregnancy, and assess the physiological relevance of Fgf21 for cardiac tissue during this process. Methods and results Female mice and rats at day 18 of gestation and pregnant women in their third trimester were used as models of late pregnancy, and our results revealed that their plasma levels of Fgf21 were significantly increased relative to non-pregnant controls. Pregnant wild-type (wt) mice exhibited a PPARα (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α)-dependent enhancement of Fgf21 expression in the liver and heart. Moreover, pregnancy altered the levels of Fgf21 receptor-1 (FGFR1) and β-klotho, and activated intracellular Fgf21 signaling in the heart. Fgf21-/- mice did not develop the pregnancy-induced cardiac remodeling seen in wt mice. Furthermore, the hearts of Fgf21-/- mice exhibited reductions in their fatty acid oxidation levels, which may compromise cardiac function during pregnancy. Conclusions During pregnancy, both systemic and cardiac-produced Fgf21 act on the heart, leading to the normal physiological cardiac changes that are associated with pregnancy. Thus, Fgf21 acts as an endocrine/autocrine factor required for cardiac remodeling response to gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibon Redondo-Angulo
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aleksandra Mas-Stachurska
- Cardiology Department, Thorax Institute, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Sitges
- Cardiology Department, Thorax Institute, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco José Tinahones
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria Hospital, Teatinos Campus, 29010 Malaga, Spain.,Investigation Unit (IBIMA), Virgen de la Victoria Hospital, 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - Marta Giralt
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Planavila
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Barcelona, Spain
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76
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Rupérez C, Lerin C, Ferrer-Curriu G, Cairo M, Mas-Stachurska A, Sitges M, Villarroya J, Giralt M, Villarroya F, Planavila A. Autophagic control of cardiac steatosis through FGF21 in obesity-associated cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.02.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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77
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Reciprocal Effects of Antiretroviral Drugs Used To Treat HIV Infection on the Fibroblast Growth Factor 21/β-Klotho System. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.00029-18. [PMID: 29661866 PMCID: PMC5971578 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00029-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Following antiretroviral therapy, HIV-infected patients show increased circulating levels of the antidiabetic hormone fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). In contrast, the expression of the FGF21-obligatory coreceptor β-Klotho (KLB) is reduced in target tissues. This situation is comparable to the FGF21 resistance status observed in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Here, we performed the first systematic study of the effects of distinct members of different antiretroviral drug classes on the FGF21/KLB system in human hepatic, adipose, and skeletal muscle cells. Most protease inhibitors and the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor efavirenz induced FGF21 gene expression. Neither nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors nor the viral entry inhibitor maraviroc had any effect. Among the integrase inhibitors, elvitegravir significantly induced FGF21 expression, whereas raltegravir had minor effects only in adipose cells. In human hepatocytes and adipocytes, known target cells of FGF21 action, efavirenz, elvitegravir, and the lopinavir-ritonavir combination exerted inhibitory effects on KLB gene expression. Drug treatments that elicited FGF21 induction/KLB repression were those found to induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and oxidative stress. Notably, the pharmacological agents thapsigargin and tunicamycin, which induce these stress pathways, mimicked the effects of drug treatments. Moreover, pharmacological inhibitors of either ER or oxidative stress significantly impaired lopinavir–ritonavir-induced regulation of FGF21, but not KLB. In conclusion, the present in vitro screen study identifies the antiretroviral drugs that affect FGF21/KLB expression in human cells. The present results could have important implications for the management of comorbidities resulting from side effects of specific antiretroviral drugs for the treatment of HIV-infected patients.
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78
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Villarroya F, Cereijo R, Villarroya J, Gavaldà-Navarro A, Giralt M. Toward an Understanding of How Immune Cells Control Brown and Beige Adipobiology. Cell Metab 2018; 27:954-961. [PMID: 29719233 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Immune cells were recently found to have an unexpected involvement in controlling the thermogenic activity of brown and beige adipose tissue. Here, we review how macrophages, eosinophils, type 2 innate lymphoid cells, and T lymphocytes are linked to this process. In particular, the recruitment of alternatively activated macrophages and eosinophils is associated with brown fat activation and white fat browning. Conversely, pro-inflammatory immune cell recruitment represses the thermogenic activity of brown and beige adipose tissues via cytokines that inhibit noradrenergic signaling. Macrophages also influence the noradrenergic tone by degrading norepinephrine locally and by inhibiting sympathetic innervation over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Rubén Cereijo
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Aleix Gavaldà-Navarro
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Giralt
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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79
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Palomer X, Pizarro-Delgado J, Vázquez-Carrera M. Emerging Actors in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: Heartbreaker Biomarkers or Therapeutic Targets? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:452-467. [PMID: 29605388 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The diabetic heart is characterized by metabolic disturbances that are often accompanied by local inflammation, oxidative stress, myocardial fibrosis, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Overall changes result in contractile dysfunction, concentric left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, and dilated cardiomyopathy, that together affect cardiac output and eventually lead to heart failure, the foremost cause of death in diabetic patients. There are currently several validated biomarkers for the diagnosis and risk assessment of cardiac diseases, but none is capable of discriminating patients with diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). In this review we point to several novel candidate biomarkers from new activated molecular pathways (including microRNAs) with the potential to detect or prevent DCM in its early stages, or even to treat it once established. The prospective use of selected biomarkers that integrate inflammation, oxidative stress, fibrosis, and metabolic dysregulation is widely discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Palomer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Chemistry, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Research Institute, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Pizarro-Delgado
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Chemistry, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Research Institute, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Vázquez-Carrera
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Chemistry, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Research Institute, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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80
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Akyol M, Alacacioglu A, Demir L, Kucukzeybek Y, Yildiz Y, Gumus Z, Kara M, Salman T, Varol U, Taskaynatan H, Oflazoglu U, Bayoglu V, Tarhan MO. The alterations of serum FGF-21 levels, metabolic and body composition in early breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant endocrine therapy. Cancer Biomark 2018; 18:441-449. [PMID: 28106545 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-161507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In early breast cancer patients, the effects of hormonal therapy (tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors) on plasma fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), lipid levels and body composition have not yet been investigated. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the relationship between FGF-21 and body composition as well as the effects of tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors on plasma lipid levels, FGF-21, and body composition. METHODS A total of 72 patients were treated with either tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors due to their menopausal status after adjuvant radiotherapy. Each patient was followed-up over a period of 1 year. Changes in body composition and serum lipid profile, glucose and FGF-21 levels were evaluated. We recorded the type of hormonal therapy, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, lipid profile, and FGF-21 levels both at the beginning and after 12 months. RESULTS There was a statistically significant decrease in serum FGF-21 levels after 12 months of adjuvant endocrine therapy (46 ± 19.21 pg/ml vs. 30.99 ± 13.81 pg/ml, p< 0.001). Total body water (p< 0.001), serum glucose (p= 0.036) and triglyceride levels (p< 0.001) also exhibited a significant decrease. The decreases in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein were not statistically significant. Likewise, high-density lipoprotein increased after adjuvant endocrine therapy, although it did not reach statistical significance. The changes in body composition, glucose, lipid profile and FGF-21 were similar in tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitor groups. A positive correlation was found between basal weight, fat mass, fat-free mass and serum FGF-21 levels; however, the correlation was maintained only for the fat-free mass at the 12th month. CONCLUSION As part of the present study, we suggest that both tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors can reduce FGF-21 levels independently of body compositions, and these drugs can provide antihyperlipidemic, antidiabetic and cardio-protective effects. We also recommend that serum FGF-21 level can be utilized as a tumor biomarker in early-stage breast cancer and for monitoring purposes. FGF-21 levels may help physicians estimate prognosis, too. Further studies with larger populations may shed light on the role of FGF-21 in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Akyol
- Department of Medical Oncology, Manisa State Hospital, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Alacacioglu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Izmir Katip Celebi University Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Leyla Demir
- Department of Biochemistry, Izmir Katip Celebi University Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yuksel Kucukzeybek
- Department of Medical Oncology, Izmir Katip Celebi University Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yasar Yildiz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Izmir Katip Celebi University Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Zehra Gumus
- Department of Medical Oncology, Izmir Katip Celebi University Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mete Kara
- Department of Medical Oncology, Izmir Katip Celebi University Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Tarik Salman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Izmir Katip Celebi University Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Umut Varol
- Department of Medical Oncology, Izmir Katip Celebi University Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Halil Taskaynatan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Izmir Katip Celebi University Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Utku Oflazoglu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Izmir Katip Celebi University Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Vedat Bayoglu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Izmir Katip Celebi University Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
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81
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Xie B, Cao K, Li J, Chen J, Tang J, Chen X, Xia K, Zhou X, Cheng Y, Zhou J, Xie H. Hmgb1 inhibits Klotho expression and malignant phenotype in melanoma cells by activating NF-κB. Oncotarget 2018; 7:80765-80782. [PMID: 27779100 PMCID: PMC5348353 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular and cellular mechanisms behind the involvement of inflammation in melanoma have not been fully elucidated. In this study, knockdown of Hmgb1 expression increased apoptosis, reduced invasion and p-NF-κB expression, but increased Klotho protein level in melanoma tumor cells. The effect of Hmgb1 knockdown was overcome by LPS. Introduction of exogenous Hmgb1 significantly decreased apoptosis, increased invasion, elevated p-NF-κB, but lowered Klotho protein level in melanoma cells. The effect of exogenous Hmgb1 was agonized by NF-κB inhibitor CAPE. Hmgb1 knockdown activated, but exogenous Hmgb1 inactivated, p-IGF1R/p-PI3K p-85/p-Akt/p-mTOR signaling. Knockdown of Klotho gene expression significantly decreased apoptosis, increased invasion in melanoma cells, and inhibited xenograft A375 tumor growth. A significantly high percentage of cells stained positive for p-NF-κB, but negative for Klotho, in melanoma tissues compared to normal and benign skin tissues. The positive p-NF-κB and negative Klotho protein expression correlated with poor prognosis in melanoma patients. Multivariate analysis revealed an independent association between p-NF-κB / Klotho protein level and overall survival. In conclusion, Hmgb1 can inhibit Klotho gene expression and malignant phenotype in melanoma cells through activation of NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Xie
- Deptment of Plastic Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410005, China
| | - Ke Cao
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Jinjin Li
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Deptment of Plastic Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Jintian Tang
- Institute of Medical Physics and Engineering, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Kun Xia
- State Key Laboratory, Medical Genetic, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Department of Oncoplast & Reconstructure Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Jianda Zhou
- Deptment of Plastic Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Huiqing Xie
- Department of Rehabilitation, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
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82
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Li H, Wu G, Fang Q, Zhang M, Hui X, Sheng B, Wu L, Bao Y, Li P, Xu A, Jia W. Fibroblast growth factor 21 increases insulin sensitivity through specific expansion of subcutaneous fat. Nat Commun 2018; 9:272. [PMID: 29348470 PMCID: PMC5773530 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02677-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the pharmacological effects of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) are well-documented, uncertainty about its role in regulating excessive energy intake remains. Here, we show that FGF21 improves systemic insulin sensitivity by promoting the healthy expansion of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). Serum FGF21 levels positively correlate with the SAT area in insulin-sensitive obese individuals. FGF21 knockout mice (FGF21KO) show less SAT mass and are more insulin-resistant when fed a high-fat diet. Replenishment of recombinant FGF21 to a level equivalent to that in obesity restores SAT mass and reverses insulin resistance in FGF21KO, but not in adipose-specific βklotho knockout mice. Moreover, transplantation of SAT from wild-type to FGF21KO mice improves insulin sensitivity in the recipients. Mechanistically, circulating FGF21 upregulates adiponectin in SAT, accompanied by an increase of M2 macrophage polarization. We propose that elevated levels of endogenous FGF21 in obesity serve as a defense mechanism to protect against systemic insulin resistance. FGF21 has a number of beneficial metabolic effects. Here, Li et al. show that FGF21 promotes the healthy expansion of subcutaneous white adipose tissue, promoting the healthy expansion of fat tissue as a regulatory mechanism to maintain systemic insulin sensitivity during nutrient excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huating Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guangyu Wu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China.,Department of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Qichen Fang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Mingliang Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Xiaoyan Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bin Sheng
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Liang Wu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China.,Department of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yuqian Bao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Peng Li
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Hong Kong, China. .,Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Weiping Jia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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Salminen A, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. Integrated stress response stimulates FGF21 expression: Systemic enhancer of longevity. Cell Signal 2017; 40:10-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Constitutive activation of p46JNK2 is indispensable for C/EBPδ induction in the initial stage of adipogenic differentiation. Biochem J 2017; 474:3421-3437. [PMID: 28887384 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Adipogenic differentiation plays a vital role in energy homeostasis and endocrine system. Several transcription factors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 and CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) α, β, and δ, are important for the process, whereas the stage-specific intracellular signal transduction regulating the onset of adipogenesis remains enigmatic. Here, we explored the functional role of c-jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) in adipogenic differentiation using in vitro differentiation models of 3T3-L1 cells and primary adipo-progenitor cells. JNK inactivation with either a pharmacological inhibitor or JNK2-specific siRNA suppressed adipogenic differentiation, characterized by decreased lipid droplet appearance and the down-regulation of Adiponectin, fatty acid protein 4 (Fabp4), Pparg2, and C/ebpa expressions. Conversely, increased adipogenesis was observed by the inducible overexpression of p46JNK2 (JNK2-1), whereas it was not observed by that of p54JNK2 (JNK2-2), indicating a distinct role of p46JNK2. The essential role of JNK appears restricted to the early stage of adipogenic differentiation, as JNK inhibition in the later stages did not influence adipogenesis. Indeed, JNK phosphorylation was significantly induced at the onset of adipogenic differentiation. As for the transcription factors involved in early adipogenesis, JNK inactivation significantly inhibited the induction of C/ebpd, but not C/ebpb, during the initial stage of adipogenic differentiation. JNK activation increased C/ebpd mRNA and protein expression through the induction and phosphorylation of activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) that binds to a responsive element within the C/ebpd gene promoter region. Taken together, these data indicate that constitutive JNK activity is specifically required for the initial stage differentiation events of adipocytes.
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85
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Wang Y, Koh WP, Yuan JM, Pan A. Sex-specific association between fibroblast growth factor 21 and type 2 diabetes: a nested case-control study in Singapore Chinese men and women. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2017; 14:63. [PMID: 29021814 PMCID: PMC5622539 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-017-0216-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) is mainly secreted by liver and has been reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Some prospective studies have shown a positive association between FGF-21 and diabetes risk. However, no study has examined whether the association differed by sex, which has been reported between FGF-21 and atherosclerosis. Therefore, we prospectively evaluated the sex-specific association between FGF-21 and diabetes in a Chinese population. Methods Serum FGF-21 concentration was measured in a case-control study comprising of 251 incident diabetes cases and 251 age-sex-matched controls nested within a prospective population-based cohort, the Singapore Chinese Health Study. At blood collection between 1999 and 2004, participants were free of diagnosed diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Incident self-reported diabetes cases were identified at follow-up II interview (2006–2010). Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using multivariable logistic regression models. Results After adjustment for risk biomarkers of diabetes including lipids, liver enzymes and inflammatory marker, the OR of type 2 diabetes with per one unit increment in log FGF-21 concentration was 1.16 (95% CI 0.90–1.50). Significant interaction was found with sex (P-interaction = 0.029): the OR (95% CI) was 1.50 (1.00-2.25) in women and 0.89 (0.52–1.53) in men. Conclusions Higher serum FGF-21 level was associated with an increased risk of diabetes in Chinese women but not in men. The sex difference in the association between FGF-21 and diabetes risk deserves further investigation and replication in other populations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12986-017-0216-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeli Wang
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, 117549 Singapore
| | - Woon-Puay Koh
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, 117549 Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857 Singapore
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232 USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - An Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430030 China
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86
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Sampaolesi M, Van Calsteren K. Physiological and pathological gestational cardiac hypertrophy: what can we learn from rodents? Cardiovasc Res 2017; 113:1533-1535. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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87
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Huang Z, Zhong L, Lee JTH, Zhang J, Wu D, Geng L, Wang Y, Wong CM, Xu A. The FGF21-CCL11 Axis Mediates Beiging of White Adipose Tissues by Coupling Sympathetic Nervous System to Type 2 Immunity. Cell Metab 2017; 26:493-508.e4. [PMID: 28844880 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 cytokines are important signals triggering biogenesis of thermogenic beige adipocytes in white adipose tissue (WAT) during cold acclimation. However, how cold activates type 2 immunity in WAT remains obscure. Here we show that cold-induced type 2 immune responses and beiging in subcutaneous WAT (scWAT) are abrogated in mice with adipose-selective ablation of FGF21 or its co-receptor β-Klotho, whereas such impairments are reversed by replenishment with chemokine CCL11. Mechanistically, FGF21 acts on adipocytes in an autocrine manner to promote the expression and secretion of CCL11 via activation of ERK1/2, which drives recruitment of eosinophils into scWAT, leading to increases in accumulation of M2 macrophages, and proliferation and commitment of adipocyte precursors into beige adipocytes. These FGF21-elicited type 2 immune responses and beiging are blocked by CCL11 neutralization. Thus, the adipose-derived FGF21-CCL11 axis triggers cold-induced beiging and thermogenesis by coupling sympathetic nervous system to activation of type 2 immunity in scWAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Laboratory Block, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ling Zhong
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Laboratory Block, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jimmy Tsz Hang Lee
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Laboratory Block, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jialiang Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Laboratory Block, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Donghai Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Leiluo Geng
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Laboratory Block, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Laboratory Block, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi-Ming Wong
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Laboratory Block, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Aimin Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Laboratory Block, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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88
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Exercise leads to unfavourable cardiac remodelling and enhanced metabolic homeostasis in obese mice with cardiac and skeletal muscle autophagy deficiency. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7894. [PMID: 28801668 PMCID: PMC5554260 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08480-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is stimulated by exercise in several tissues; yet the role of skeletal and cardiac muscle-specific autophagy on the benefits of exercise training remains incompletely understood. Here, we determined the metabolic impact of exercise training in obese mice with cardiac and skeletal muscle disruption of the Autophagy related 7 gene (Atg7h&mKO). Muscle autophagy deficiency did not affect glucose clearance and exercise capacity in lean adult mice. High-fat diet in sedentary mice led to endoplasmic reticulum stress and aberrant mitochondrial protein expression in autophagy-deficient skeletal and cardiac muscles. Endurance exercise training partially reversed these abnormalities in skeletal muscle, but aggravated those in the heart also causing cardiac fibrosis, foetal gene reprogramming, and impaired mitochondrial biogenesis. Interestingly, exercise-trained Atg7h&mKO mice were better protected against obesity and insulin resistance with increased circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), elevated Fgf21 mRNA and protein solely in the heart, and upregulation of FGF21-target genes involved in thermogenesis and fatty acid oxidation in brown fat. These results indicate that autophagy is essential for the protective effects of exercise in the heart. However, the atypical remodelling elicited by exercise in the autophagy deficient cardiac muscle enhances whole-body metabolism, at least partially, via a heart-brown fat cross-talk involving FGF21.
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89
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Salminen A, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. Regulation of longevity by FGF21: Interaction between energy metabolism and stress responses. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 37:79-93. [PMID: 28552719 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a hormone-like member of FGF family which controls metabolic multiorgan crosstalk enhancing energy expenditure through glucose and lipid metabolism. In addition, FGF21 acts as a stress hormone induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress and dysfunctions of mitochondria and autophagy in several tissues. FGF21 also controls stress responses and metabolism by modulating the functions of somatotropic axis and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) pathway. FGF21 is a potent longevity factor coordinating interactions between energy metabolism and stress responses. Recent studies have revealed that FGF21 treatment can alleviate many age-related metabolic disorders, e.g. atherosclerosis, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and some cardiovascular diseases. In addition, transgenic mice overexpressing FGF21 have an extended lifespan. However, chronic metabolic and stress-related disorders involving inflammatory responses can provoke FGF21 resistance and thus disturb healthy aging process. First, we will describe the role of FGF21 in interorgan energy metabolism and explain how its functions as a stress hormone can improve healthspan. Next, we will examine both the induction of FGF21 expression via the integrated stress response and the molecular mechanism through which FGF21 enhances healthy aging. Finally, we postulate that FGF21 resistance, similarly to insulin resistance, jeopardizes human healthspan and accelerates the aging process.
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90
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Chukijrungroat N, Khamphaya T, Weerachayaphorn J, Songserm T, Saengsirisuwan V. Hepatic FGF21 mediates sex differences in high-fat high-fructose diet-induced fatty liver. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 313:E203-E212. [PMID: 28559436 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00076.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The role of gender in the progression of fatty liver due to chronic high-fat high-fructose diet (HFFD) has not been studied. The present investigation assessed whether HFFD induced hepatic perturbations differently between the sexes and examined the potential mechanisms. Male, female, and ovariectomized (OVX) Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a control diet or HFFD for 12 wk. Indexes of liver damage and hepatic steatosis were analyzed biochemically and histologically together with monitoring changes in hepatic gene and protein expression. HFFD induced a higher degree of hepatic steatosis in females, with significant increases in proteins involved in hepatic lipogenesis, whereas HFFD significantly induced liver injury, inflammation, and oxidative stress only in males. Interestingly, a significant increase in hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) protein expression was observed in HFFD-fed males but not in HFFD-fed females. Ovarian hormone deprivation by itself led to a significant reduction in FGF21 with hepatic steatosis, and HFFD further aggravated hepatic fat accumulation in OVX rats. Importantly, estrogen replacement restored hepatic FGF21 levels and reduced hepatic steatosis in HFFD-fed OVX rats. Collectively, our results indicate that male rats are more susceptible to HFFD-induced hepatic inflammation and that the mechanism underlying this sex dimorphism is mediated through hepatic FGF21 expression. Our findings reveal sex differences in the development of HFFD-induced fatty liver and indicate the protective role of estrogen against HFFD-induced hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsasi Chukijrungroat
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tanaporn Khamphaya
- Toxicology Graduate Program, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; and
| | - Jittima Weerachayaphorn
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thaweesak Songserm
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Vitoon Saengsirisuwan
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand;
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91
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Complementary Role of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 and Cytokeratin 18 in Monitoring the Different Stages of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5095. [PMID: 28698650 PMCID: PMC5506050 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05257-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and cytokeratin 18 (CK18) were previously reported to be elevated in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We aim to analyze the differential roles of FGF21, cell apoptosis marker CK18 fragment M30 and total cell death marker CK18 M65ED in monitoring the different stages of NAFLD spectrum in a population-based prospective cohort comprising 808 Chinese subjects. Predictive performances for monitoring the different stages of NAFLD were assessed by logistic regression and receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves. We found baseline FGF21 but not CK18 level was an independent predictor for the development of simple steatosis. NAFLD patients who had remission during follow-up had significantly lower baseline M30 levels than those who sustained NAFLD (84.74U/L [53.26–135.79] vs. 118.47U/L [87.16–188.89], P = 0.012). M65ED was independently predictive of progressing to suspected non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in NAFLD patients. These results suggest that FGF21 can be used for early identification of hepatic steatosis. On the other hand, CK18 including M30 and M65ED, are predictive of the prognosis of NAFLD patients. FGF21 and CK18 might play differential roles and have complementary value in non-invasive identification and monitoring the outcome of NAFLD patients.
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92
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Yang W, Chen X, Liu Y, Chen M, Jiang X, Shen T, Li Q, Yang Y, Ling W. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids increase hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 sensitivity via a PPAR-γ-β-klotho pathway. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201601075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Yang
- Department of Nutrition; School of Public Health; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food; Nutrition and Health; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Nutrition; School of Public Health; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food; Nutrition and Health; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Medicine; University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Nutrition; School of Public Health; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food; Nutrition and Health; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Xinwei Jiang
- Department of Nutrition; School of Public Health; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food; Nutrition and Health; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Tianran Shen
- Department of Nutrition; School of Public Health; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food; Nutrition and Health; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Nutrition; School of Public Health; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food; Nutrition and Health; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Nutrition; School of Public Health; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food; Nutrition and Health; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Wenhua Ling
- Department of Nutrition; School of Public Health; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food; Nutrition and Health; Guangzhou P. R. China
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93
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Izaguirre M, Gil MJ, Monreal I, Montecucco F, Frühbeck G, Catalán V. The Role and Potential Therapeutic Implications of the Fibroblast Growth Factors in Energy Balance and Type 2 Diabetes. Curr Diab Rep 2017; 17:43. [PMID: 28451950 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-017-0866-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Obesity and its associated metabolic diseases have reached epidemic proportions worldwide, reducing life expectancy and quality of life. Several drugs have been tested to treat these diseases but many of them have damaging side effects. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop more effective therapies. Recently, endocrine fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) have become attractive targets in the treatment of metabolic diseases. This review summarizes their most important functions as well as FGF-based therapies for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies demonstrate that circulating levels of FGF19 are reduced in obesity. In fact, exogenous FGF19 administration is associated with a reduction in food intake as well as with improvements in glycaemia. In contrast, FGF21 levels are elevated in subjects with abdominal obesity, insulin resistance and T2D, probably representing a compensatory response. Additionally, elevated levels of circulating FGF23 in individuals with obesity and T2D are reported in most clinical studies. Finally, increased FGF1 levels in obese patients associated with adipogenesis have been described. FGFs constitute important molecules in the treatment of metabolic diseases due to their beneficial effects on glucose and lipid metabolism. Among all members, FGF19 and FGF21 have demonstrated the ability to improve glucose, lipid and energy homeostasis, along with FGF1, which was recently discovered to have beneficial effects on metabolic homeostasis. Additionally, FGF23 may also play a role in insulin resistance or energy homeostasis beyond mineral metabolism control. These results highlight the relevant use of FGFs as potential biomarkers for the early diagnosis of metabolic diseases. In this regard, notable progress has been made in the development of FGF-based therapies and different approaches are being tested in different clinical trials. However, further studies are needed to determine their potential therapeutic use in the treatment of obesity and obesity-related comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maitane Izaguirre
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María J Gil
- Department of Biochemistry, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Monreal
- Department of Biochemistry, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Victoria Catalán
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain.
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.
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94
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Montanari T, Pošćić N, Colitti M. Factors involved in white-to-brown adipose tissue conversion and in thermogenesis: a review. Obes Rev 2017; 18:495-513. [PMID: 28187240 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is the result of energy intake chronically exceeding energy expenditure. Classical treatments against obesity do not provide a satisfactory long-term outcome for the majority of patients. After the demonstration of functional brown adipose tissue in human adults, great effort is being devoted to develop therapies based on the adipose tissue itself, through the conversion of fat-accumulating white adipose tissue into energy-dissipating brown adipose tissue. Anti-obesity treatments that exploit endogenous, pharmacological and nutritional factors to drive such conversion are especially in demand. In the present review, we summarize the current knowledge about the various molecules that can be applied in promoting white-to-brown adipose tissue conversion and energy expenditure and the cellular mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Montanari
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - N Pošćić
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - M Colitti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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95
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Somm E, Henry H, Bruce SJ, Aeby S, Rosikiewicz M, Sykiotis GP, Asrih M, Jornayvaz FR, Denechaud PD, Albrecht U, Mohammadi M, Dwyer A, Acierno JS, Schoonjans K, Fajas L, Greub G, Pitteloud N. β-Klotho deficiency protects against obesity through a crosstalk between liver, microbiota, and brown adipose tissue. JCI Insight 2017; 2:91809. [PMID: 28422755 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.91809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Klotho (encoded by Klb) is the obligate coreceptor mediating FGF21 and FGF15/19 signaling. Klb-/- mice are refractory to beneficial action of pharmacological FGF21 treatment including stimulation of glucose utilization and thermogenesis. Here, we investigated the energy homeostasis in Klb-/- mice on high-fat diet in order to better understand the consequences of abrogating both endogenous FGF15/19 and FGF21 signaling during caloric overload. Surprisingly, Klb-/- mice are resistant to diet-induced obesity (DIO) owing to enhanced energy expenditure and BAT activity. Klb-/- mice exhibited not only an increase but also a shift in bile acid (BA) composition featured by activation of the classical (neutral) BA synthesis pathway at the expense of the alternative (acidic) pathway. High hepatic production of cholic acid (CA) results in a large excess of microbiota-derived deoxycholic acid (DCA). DCA is specifically responsible for activating the TGR5 receptor that stimulates BAT thermogenic activity. In fact, combined gene deletion of Klb and Tgr5 or antibiotic treatment abrogating bacterial conversion of CA into DCA both abolish DIO resistance in Klb-/- mice. These results suggested that DIO resistance in Klb-/- mice is caused by high levels of DCA, signaling through the TGR5 receptor. These data also demonstrated that gut microbiota can regulate host thermogenesis via conversion of primary into secondary BA. Pharmacologic or nutritional approaches to selectively modulate BA composition may be a promising target for treating metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Somm
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hugues Henry
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stephen J Bruce
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Aeby
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marta Rosikiewicz
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gerasimos P Sykiotis
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mohammed Asrih
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - François R Jornayvaz
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Damien Denechaud
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Urs Albrecht
- Department of Biology, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Moosa Mohammadi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrew Dwyer
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - James S Acierno
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lluis Fajas
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gilbert Greub
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nelly Pitteloud
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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96
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Kharitonenkov A, DiMarchi R. Fibroblast growth factor 21 night watch: advances and uncertainties in the field. J Intern Med 2017; 281:233-246. [PMID: 27878865 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 belongs to a hormone-like subgroup within the FGF superfamily. The members of this subfamily, FGF19, FGF21 and FGF23, are characterized by their reduced binding affinity for heparin that enables them to be transported in the circulation and function in an endocrine manner. It is likely that FGF21 also acts in an autocrine and paracrine fashion, as multiple organs can produce this protein and its plasma concentration seems to be below the level necessary to induce a pharmacological effect. FGF21 signals via FGF receptors, but for efficient receptor engagement it requires a cofactor, membrane-spanning βKlotho (KLB). The regulation of glucose uptake in adipocytes was the initial biological activity ascribed to FGF21, but this hormone is now recognized to stimulate many other pathways in vitro and display multiple pharmacological effects in metabolically compromised animals and humans. Understanding of the precise physiology of FGF21 and its potential medicinal role has evolved exponentially over the last decade, yet numerous aspects remain to be defined and others are a source of debate. Here we provide a historical overview of the advances in FGF21 biology focusing on the uncertainties in the mechanism of action as well as the differing viewpoints relating to this intriguing protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kharitonenkov
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - R DiMarchi
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
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Woo YC, Lee CH, Fong CHY, Xu A, Tso AWK, Cheung BMY, Lam KSL. Serum fibroblast growth factor 21 is a superior biomarker to other adipokines in predicting incident diabetes. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2017; 86:37-43. [PMID: 27611701 DOI: 10.1111/cen.13229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) improves glucose and lipid metabolism, but high circulating levels are found in type 2 diabetes, suggesting FGF21 resistance. Serum FGF21 predicts incident diabetes, but its performance compared to established and emerging predictors is not known. We aimed to study the performance of FGF21 in diabetes prediction, relative to other adipokines and established risk factors including 2-h plasma glucose (2hG) during the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). DESIGN/PARTICIPANTS/MEASUREMENTS We studied 1380 nondiabetic subjects from the Hong Kong Cardiovascular Risk Factor Prevalence Study using the second visit (2000-2004) as baseline when serum levels of FGF21 and other adipokines were measured. Glycaemic status was assessed by OGTT. Incident diabetes was defined as fasting glucose level (FG) ≥ 7 mmol/l or 2hG ≥ 11·1 mmol/l or use of antidiabetic agents, at subsequent visits. RESULTS A total of 123 participants developed diabetes over 9·0 years (median). On multivariable logistic regression analysis, FGF21 (P = 0·003), adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (P = 0·003) and adiponectin (P = 0·035) were independent predictors of incident diabetes. FGF21 had the best change in log likelihood when added to a diabetes prediction model (DP) based on age, family history, smoking, hypertension, BMI, dyslipidaemia and FG. It also improved the area under ROC curve (AUROC) of diabetes prediction (DP) from 0·797 to 0·819 (P = 0·0072), rendering its performance comparable to the 'DP + 2hG' model (AUROC=0·838, P = 0·19). CONCLUSIONS As a biomarker for diabetes prediction, serum FGF21 appeared to be superior to other adipokines and, on its own, could be considered as an alternative to the OGTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cho Woo
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Ho Lee
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Carol H Y Fong
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Annette W K Tso
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bernard M Y Cheung
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Karen S L Lam
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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98
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The metabolic hormone FGF21 is associated with endothelial dysfunction in hemodialysis patients. Int Urol Nephrol 2016; 49:517-523. [PMID: 27943169 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-016-1474-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Finding new, reliable biomarkers of cardiovascular risk in hemodialysis (HD) patients is of utmost importance. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has been recently associated with atherosclerosis in the general population. The relationship between markedly elevated FGF21 levels in HD patients and endothelial dysfunction is unknown. The aim of the study was to assess the determinants of FGF21, the correlation between FGF21 and tumor necrosis factor TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (sTWEAK) and the correlation between FGF21 and endothelial dysfunction in HD patients. METHODS A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in 70 HD patients (mean age 59.9 ± 12.5 years, 14.3% diabetes mellitus, 57.1% male) from Nefromed Dialysis Center Cluj. We registered clinical and biological data, and serum FGF21 levels were measured by ELISA. Endothelial function was evaluated by brachial flow-mediated dilation (FMD). An analysis based on stratification of FGF21 values into quartiles was performed. RESULTS FGF21 levels were directly correlated with sTWEAK, tricipital skinfold thickness (TST), systolic blood pressure (SBP), total cholesterol and triglycerides. In multivariate linear analysis, only sTWEAK and SBP remained significantly associated with FGF21. FGF21 values in the inferior quartile were directly correlated with HDL-cholesterol, while FGF21 values in the superior quartile were directly correlated with SBP, pulse pressure and sTWEAK. FMD was significantly higher in the inferior quartile as compared to the superior quartile. CONCLUSIONS High FGF21 values in our patients are correlated with atherosclerosis risk factors: hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, increased TST and increased levels of sTWEAK. Endothelial dysfunction is associated with high FGF21 in HD patients.
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Hu Y, Liu J, Zhang H, Xu Y, Hong T, Wang G. Exenatide treatment decreases fasting fibroblast growth factor 21 levels in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2016; 42:358-363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Brooks NE, Hjortebjerg R, Henry BE, List EO, Kopchick JJ, Berryman DE. Fibroblast growth factor 21, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1, and β-Klotho expression in bovine growth hormone transgenic and growth hormone receptor knockout mice. Growth Horm IGF Res 2016; 30-31:22-30. [PMID: 27585733 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although growth hormone (GH) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) have a reported relationship, FGF21 and its receptor, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) and cofactor β-Klotho (KLB), have not been analyzed in chronic states of altered GH action. The objective of this study was to quantify circulating FGF21 and tissue specific expression of Fgf21, Fgfr1, and Klb in mice with modified GH action. Based on previous studies, we hypothesized that bovine GH transgenic (bGH) mice will be FGF21 resistant and GH receptor knockout (GHR-/-) mice will have normal FGF21 action. DESIGN Seven-month-old male bGH mice (n=9) and wild type (WT) controls (n=10), and GHR-/- mice (n=8) and WT controls (n=8) were used for all measurements. Body composition was determined before dissection, and tissue weights were measured at the time of dissection. Serum FGF21 levels were evaluated by ELISA. Expression of Fgf21, Fgfr1, and Klb mRNA in white adipose tissue (AT), brown AT, and liver were evaluated by reverse transcription quantitative PCR. RESULTS As expected, bGH mice had increased body weight (p=3.70E-8) but decreased percent fat mass (p=4.87E-4). Likewise, GHR-/- mice had decreased body weight (p=1.78E-10) but increased percent fat mass (p=1.52E-9), due to increased size of the subcutaneous AT depot when normalized to body weight (p=1.60E-10). Serum FGF21 levels were significantly elevated in bGH mice (p=0.041) and unchanged in GHR-/- mice (p=0.88). Expression of Fgf21, Fgfr1, and Klb mRNA in white AT and liver were downregulated or unchanged in both bGH and GHR-/- mice. The only exception was Fgf21 expression in brown AT of GHR-/-, which trended toward increased expression (p=0.075). CONCLUSIONS In accordance with our hypothesis, we provide evidence that circulating FGF21 is increased in bGH animals, but remains unchanged in GHR-/- mice. Downregulation or no change in Fgf21, Fgfr1, and Klb expression are seen in white AT, brown AT, and liver of bGH and GHR-/- mice when compared to their respective controls, except for an increase in brown AT Fgf21 expression in GHR-/- mice, which could suggest a possible link to increased thermogenic potential in these mice. Overall, these results suggest possible modulation of FGF21 by GH resulting in FGF21 resistance or changes in FGF21 levels due to GH induced changes in liver size or kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Brooks
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; Honors Tutorial College, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Rikke Hjortebjerg
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
| | - Brooke E Henry
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; The Diabetes Institute at Ohio University, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; The Diabetes Institute at Ohio University, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
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