51
|
Stiefel P, Vallejo-Vaz AJ, García Morillo S, Villar J. Role of the Renin-Angiotensin system and aldosterone on cardiometabolic syndrome. Int J Hypertens 2011; 2011:685238. [PMID: 21785705 PMCID: PMC3139197 DOI: 10.4061/2011/685238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldosterone facilitates cardiovascular damage by increasing blood pressure and through different mechanisms that are independent of its effects on blood pressure. In this respect, recent evidence involves aldosterone in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome. Although this relationship is complex, there is some evidence suggesting that different factors may play an important role, such as insulin resistance, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, oxidative stress, sodium retention, increased sympathetic activity, levels of free fatty acids, or inflammatory cytokines and adipokines. In addition to the classical pathway by which aldosterone acts through the mineralocorticoid receptors leading to sodium retention, aldosterone also has other mechanisms that influence cardiovascular tissue remodelling. Finally, overweight and obesity promote the adrenal secretion of aldosterone, increasing the predisposition to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Further studies are needed to better establish therapeutic strategies that act on the blockade of mineralocorticoid receptor in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases related to the excess of aldosterone and the metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Stiefel
- Unidad clínico-experimental de Riesgo Vascular (UCERV-UCAMI), IBIS. Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, SAS, Universidad de Sevilla, CSIC Avenida, 41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
Martinerie L, Viengchareun S, Meduri G, Kim HS, Luther JM, Lombès M. Aldosterone postnatally, but not at birth, is required for optimal induction of renal mineralocorticoid receptor expression and sodium reabsorption. Endocrinology 2011; 152:2483-91. [PMID: 21467193 PMCID: PMC3100620 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-1460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Sodium wasting during the neonatal period is the consequence of a physiological aldosterone resistance, related to a low renal mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) expression at birth, both in humans and mice. To investigate whether aldosterone is involved in the neonatal regulation of MR expression, we compared aldosterone and corticosterone levels and renal MR expression by quantitative real-time PCR, between aldosterone synthase (AS) knockout, heterozygous, and wild type (WT) mice, at birth and postnatal d 8. Analysis of MR transcripts showed a similar expression profile in all genotypes, demonstrating that the lack of aldosterone does not modify either the low renal MR expression at birth or its postnatal induction. However, mRNA levels of the α-subunit of the epithelial sodium channel, a MR target gene, were significantly higher in WT compared with AS knockout mice, both at birth and postnatal d 8, despite high corticosterone levels in AS knockout mice, indicating that aldosterone is required for optimal renal induction of the epithelial sodium channel. Using organotypic cultures of newborn WT kidneys, we confirmed that aldosterone does not regulate MR expression at birth, but is instead capable of increasing MR expression in mature kidneys, unlike dexamethasone. In sum, we demonstrate both in vivo and in vitro, that, whereas aldosterone has no significant impact on renal MR expression at birth, it is crucial for optimal MR regulation in postnatal kidneys and for appropriate hydroelectrolytic balance. Understanding of MR-regulatory mechanisms could therefore lead to new therapeutic strategies for the management of sodium loss in preterms and neonates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Martinerie
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U693, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, 63, rue Gabriel Péri, 94276 Le Kremlin Bicêtre Cedex France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Krug AW, Pojoga LH, Williams GH, Adler GK. Cell Membrane–Associated Mineralocorticoid Receptors? Hypertension 2011; 57:1019-25. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.110.159459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W. Krug
- From the Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Boston, MA
| | - Luminita H. Pojoga
- From the Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Boston, MA
| | - Gordon H. Williams
- From the Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Boston, MA
| | - Gail K. Adler
- From the Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Acelajado MC, Calhoun DA. Aldosteronism and resistant hypertension. Int J Hypertens 2011; 2011:837817. [PMID: 21331160 PMCID: PMC3034938 DOI: 10.4061/2011/837817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistant hypertension (RHTN) is defined as blood pressure (BP) that remains uncontrolled in spite of intake of ≥3 antihypertensive medications, ideally prescribed at optimal doses and one of which is a diuretic. The incidence of primary aldosteronism (PA) in patients with RHTN is estimated in prospective studies to be 14 to 23%, which is higher than in the general hypertensive population. Patients with PA are at an increased cardiovascular risk, as shown by higher rates of stroke, myocardial infarction, and arrhythmias compared to hypertensive individuals without PA. Likewise, RHTN is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes, and the contribution of PA to this increased risk is undetermined. Similar to PA, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is closely associated with RHTN, and a causal link between PA, OSA, and RHTN remains to be elucidated. The addition of MR antagonists to the antihypertensive regimen in patients with RHTN produces a profound BP-lowering effect, and this effect is seen in patients with or without biochemical evidence of PA, highlighting the role of relative aldosterone excess in driving treatment resistance in this group of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Czarina Acelajado
- Vascular Biology and Hypertension Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, CH19, Room 115, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-2041, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
55
|
Faresse N, Ruffieux-Daidie D, Salamin M, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Staub O. Mineralocorticoid receptor degradation is promoted by Hsp90 inhibition and the ubiquitin-protein ligase CHIP. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2010; 299:F1462-72. [PMID: 20861078 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00285.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) plays a crucial role in the regulation of Na(+) balance and blood pressure, as evidenced by gain of function mutations in the MR of hypertensive families. In the kidney, aldosterone binds to the MR, induces its nuclear translocation, and promotes a transcriptional program leading to increased transepithelial Na(+) transport via the epithelial Na(+) channel. In the unliganded state, MR is localized in the cytosol and part of a multiprotein complex, including heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), which keeps it ligand-binding competent. 17-Allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG) is a benzoquinone ansamycin antibiotic that binds to Hsp90 and alters its function. We investigated whether 17-AAG affects the stability and transcriptional activity of MR and consequently Na(+) reabsorption by renal cells. 17-AAG treatment lead to reduction of MR protein level in epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo, thereby interfering with aldosterone-dependent transcription. Moreover, 17-AAG inhibited aldosterone-induced Na(+) transport, possibly by interfering with MR availability for the ligand. Finally, we identified the ubiquitin-protein ligase, COOH terminus of Hsp70-interacting protein, as a novel partner of the cytosolic MR, which is responsible for its polyubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation in presence of 17-AAG. In conclusion, 17-AAG may represent a novel pharmacological tool to interfere with Na(+) reabsorption and hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nourdine Faresse
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
McEneaney V, Dooley R, Yusef YR, Keating N, Quinn U, Harvey BJ, Thomas W. Protein kinase D1 modulates aldosterone-induced ENaC activity in a renal cortical collecting duct cell line. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 325:8-17. [PMID: 20434520 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Aldosterone treatment of M1-CCD cells stimulated an increase in epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC) alpha-subunit expression that was mainly localized to the apical membrane. PKD1-suppressed cells constitutively expressed ENaCalpha at low abundance, with no increase after aldosterone treatment. In the PKD1-suppressed cells, ENaCalpha was mainly localized proximal to the basolateral surface of the epithelium both before and after aldosterone treatment. Apical membrane insertion of ENaCbeta in response to aldosterone treatment was also sensitive to PKD1 suppression as was the aldosterone-induced rise in the amiloride-sensitive, trans-epithelial current (I(TE)). The interaction of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) with specific elements in the promoters of aldosterone responsive genes is stabilized by ligand interaction and phosphorylation. PKD1 suppression inhibited aldosterone-induced SGK-1 expression. The nuclear localization of MR was also blocked by PKD1 suppression and MEK antagonism implicating both these kinases in MR nuclear stabilization. PKD1 thus modulates aldosterone-induced ENaC activity through the modulation of sub-cellular trafficking and the stabilization of MR nuclear localization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria McEneaney
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Smurfit Building, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Urbanet R, Pilon C, Calcagno A, Peschechera A, Hubert EL, Giacchetti G, Gomez-Sanchez C, Mulatero P, Toffanin M, Sonino N, Zennaro MC, Giorgino F, Vettor R, Fallo F. Analysis of insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue of patients with primary aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:4037-42. [PMID: 20484481 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to assess the effect of high aldosterone levels on insulin sensitivity of adipose tissue in humans. METHODS Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) was obtained from patients with aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA; n=14) and, as controls, nonfunctioning adenoma (NFA; n=14) undergoing laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Homeostasis model assessment index was higher and potassium was lower in APA than NFA (P<0.05). Immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and real-time PCR were used to detect and quantify mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) expression. Transcript levels of peroxisome proliferative-activated receptor-gamma, insulin receptor, glucose transporter 4, insulin receptor substrate-1 and -2, leptin, adiponectin, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-alpha, 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD11B) type 1, and HSD11B2 were quantified. The effect of increasing aldosterone concentrations on 2-deoxy-[3H]d-glucose uptake was tested in human sc abdominal adipocytes. RESULTS Expression of MR was demonstrated in VAT, with no difference between APA and NFA as to mRNA levels of MR, GRalpha, HSD11B1, and glucose metabolism and inflammation factors. In cultured adipocytes, basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake were unaffected by 1-100 nM (normal/hyperaldosteronism) and impaired only by much higher, up to 10 microM, aldosterone concentrations. The impairment was prevented by RU486 but not by eplerenone. CONCLUSIONS Gene expression of insulin signaling/inflammatory molecules was similar in VAT of APA and NFA patients, not supporting an effect of aldosterone excess on insulin sensitivity of adipose tissues. Only at pharmacological concentrations and through GR activation, aldosterone reduced glucose uptake in adipocytes. Insulin resistance in primary aldosteronism might occur in compartments other than fat and/or depend on concurrent environmental factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Urbanet
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ospedale 105, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Grossmann C, Ruhs S, Seiferth A, Gekle M. Interaction between mineralocorticoid receptor and cAMP/CREB signaling. Steroids 2010; 75:539-43. [PMID: 19879890 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Besides regulating water and electrolyte homeostasis, the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) elicits pathophysiological effects in the renocardiovascular system. Although the MR's closest relative, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), acts as a transcription factor at the same hormone-response-element (HRE), activated glucocorticoid receptor mediates very different effects. One explanation for this discrepancy is that the MR interacts with additional signaling pathways in the cytosol. In the literature, there are several indications for an interaction between aldosterone/MR and the cAMP/CREB signaling. Here we summarize the current knowledge of the cross-talk between the two signaling pathways, including some unpublished observations of our own that indicate that MR/CREB signaling is mediated by calcineurin and has potentially pathophysiological consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Grossmann
- Julius-Bernstein-Institute of Physiology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 6, 06097 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Hernández-Díaz I, Giraldez T, Arnau MR, Smits VAJ, Jaisser F, Farman N, Alvarez de la Rosa D. The mineralocorticoid receptor is a constitutive nuclear factor in cardiomyocytes due to hyperactive nuclear localization signals. Endocrinology 2010; 151:3888-99. [PMID: 20484457 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), a member of the nuclear receptor family, mediates the action of aldosterone in target epithelia, enhancing sodium reabsorption. In addition, MR may have other physiological functions in nonepithelial tissues. Altered expression or inappropriate activation of cardiac MR is directly linked to the development of cardiac fibrosis, and MR blockade is beneficial for the treatment of heart failure. However, the physiological role, activation status, and target genes of MR in the heart are poorly known. Because ligand-free steroid receptors are typically cytoplasmic and translocate to the nucleus upon ligand binding, we examined the subcellular localization of MR under different corticosteroid levels using subcellular fractionation and immunostaining. Our results demonstrate that MR is a chromatin-bound factor in mouse left ventricle and in a cultured model of cardiomyocytes, HL-1 cells, regardless of circulating corticosteroid levels. Immunohistochemical localization of MR in human heart confirms the subcellular localization pattern. Mutation of nuclear localization signals (NLSs) demonstrates that MR constitutive nuclear localization mainly depends on the synergistic contribution of NLS0 and NLS1. Constitutive nuclear localization in HL-1 cells can be reverted by cotransfection of heat shock protein 90. Heat shock protein 90 expression levels in the mouse heart and HL-1 cells are lower than those found in other tissues, suggesting that low levels of cochaperones render MR NLSs hyperactive in cardiomyocytes. Even though MR is constitutively nuclear, corticosteroids still control the transactivation properties of the receptor in a model promoter, although other MR ligand-independent activities cannot be excluded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iván Hernández-Díaz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna 38071, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Abstract
Aldosterone is currently thought to exert its physiologic effects by activating epithelial mineralocorticoid receptors, and its pathologic effects on the cardiovascular system via mineralocorticoid receptors in the heart and blood vessels. Recent studies have extended this understanding to include a reevaluation of the roles of aldosterone and mineralocorticoid receptor activation in blood pressure control; the rapid, nongenomic effects of aldosterone; the role of cortisol as a mineralocorticoid receptor agonist under conditions of redox change/tissue damage/reactive oxygen species generation; the growing consensus that primary aldosteronism accounts for approximately 10% of all essential hypertension; recent new insights into the cardioprotective role of spironolactone; and the development of third- and fourth-generation mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists for use in cardiovascular and other inflammatory disease. These findings on aldosterone action and mineralocorticoid receptor blockade are analyzed in the context of the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John W Funder
- Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Vinson GP, Coghlan JP. Expanding view of aldosterone action, with an emphasis on rapid action. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2010; 37:410-6. [PMID: 20409082 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2010.05352.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gavin P Vinson
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
62
|
Involvement of the bone morphogenetic protein system in endothelin- and aldosterone-induced cell proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells isolated from human patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Hypertens Res 2010; 33:435-45. [PMID: 20186146 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2010.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent genetic studies have uncovered a link between familial and idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and germline mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein type-II receptor (BMPRII). The pathology of PAH is characterized by remodeling of the pulmonary arteries due to pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) hyperproliferation. Although increased endothelial injury and impaired suppression of PASMC proliferation are both critical for the cellular pathogenesis of PAH, a detailed molecular mechanism underlying PAH has yet to be elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the roles of the BMP system and other vasoactive factors associated with PAH (including endothelin (ET), angiotensin II (Ang II) and aldosterone) in the mitotic actions of PASMCs isolated from idiopathic and secondary PAH lungs. ET1 and aldosterone stimulated PASMC proliferation of idiopathic PAH more effectively than secondary PAH, whereas Ang II and ET3 failed to activate mitosis in either of the PASMC cell type. The effects of ET1 and aldosterone were blocked by bosentan, an ET type-A/B receptor (ETA/BR) antagonist, and eplerenone, a selective mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) blocker, respectively. Among the BMP ligands examined, BMP-2 and BMP-7, but not BMP-4 or BMP-6, significantly increased cell mitosis in both PASMC cell types. Notably, ET1- and aldosterone-induced mitosis and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation were significantly increased in the presence of BMP-2 and BMP-7 in PASMCs isolated from idiopathic PAH, although additive effects were not observed in PASMCs isolated from secondary PAH. Inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1)/ERK2 signaling suppressed basal-, ET1- and aldosterone-induced PASMC mitosis more potently than that of stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase inhibition. Given the fact that BMP-2 and BMP-7 upregulated ETA/BR and MR expression and that BMP-2 decreased 11betaHSD2 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2) levels in PASMCs isolated from idiopathic PAH, BMPR-Smad signaling may have a key role in amplifying the ETA/BR and/or MR-ERK signaling in PASMCs of the PAH lung. Collectively, the functional link between BMP and ET and/or the MR system may be involved in the progress of PASMC mitosis, ultimately leading to the development of clinical PAH.
Collapse
|
63
|
Ladage D, Schützeberg N, Dartsch T, Krausgrill B, Halbach M, Zobel C, Müller-Ehmsen J. Hyperaldosteronism is associated with a decrease in number and altered growth factor expression of endothelial progenitor cells in rats. Int J Cardiol 2010; 149:152-156. [PMID: 20116868 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 12/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aldosterone plays a role in hypertension, the pathogenesis of heart failure and vascular injury. However, little information exists about the possible influence of aldosterone on bone marrow derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPC), which are involved in the repair of damaged endothelium. This study was designed to determine the long- term in vivo influence of aldosterone on the number of EPC. METHODS Male Wistar rats were equipped with a subcutaneous pump which released aldosterone (n=20) or placebo (n=20) over 28 days. The animals were either fed with or without the aldosterone antagonist spironolactone (each n=10). EPC were identified by the uptake of ac-LDL and BS-1. The expression of VEGF-2 receptor, VEGF, HGF, SDF1 and the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in EPC was assessed by quantitative PCR. Finally, VEGF concentration was measured in the serum of all animals by ELISA. RESULTS The total number of EPC was significantly lowered by chronic aldosterone treatment. Spironolactone compensated the effect and lead to a 2-fold increase. While the SDF1 mRNA was not affected by aldosterone, HGF, MR2 and VEGF receptor mRNA were significantly downregulated in EPC. Strikingly spironolactone not only leads to increases in the mRNA expression in hyper-aldosteronemic animals but also exhibited significant increases above the control levels. CONCLUSION The present data indicate that high levels of aldosterone impair the function and reduce the numbers of EPC and lead to a downregulation of VEGF and the VEGF receptor in vivo. Spironolactone antagonized these effects. MR blockade by spironolactone may therefore represent a future tool to enhance the response to cell based therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Ladage
- Laboratory of Muscle Research and Molecular Cardiology, Dept. III of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nora Schützeberg
- Laboratory of Muscle Research and Molecular Cardiology, Dept. III of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Dept. I of Internal Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Theresa Dartsch
- Laboratory of Muscle Research and Molecular Cardiology, Dept. III of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Benjamin Krausgrill
- Laboratory of Muscle Research and Molecular Cardiology, Dept. III of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marcel Halbach
- Laboratory of Muscle Research and Molecular Cardiology, Dept. III of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carsten Zobel
- Laboratory of Muscle Research and Molecular Cardiology, Dept. III of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jochen Müller-Ehmsen
- Laboratory of Muscle Research and Molecular Cardiology, Dept. III of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Ronconi V, Turchi F, Rilli S, Di Mattia D, Agostinelli L, Boscaro M, Giacchetti G. Metabolic syndrome in primary aldosteronism and essential hypertension: relationship to adiponectin gene variants. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2010; 20:93-100. [PMID: 19481913 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Revised: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Evidence shows that aldosterone excess is crucial for the development of cardiac and metabolic complications. Among the possible pathogenetic elements of the metabolic syndrome, adiponectin and its polymorphisms seem to confer a genetic risk for metabolic alterations and type 2 diabetes. Aims of the study were to investigate whether metabolic syndrome represents a common feature in patients with primary aldosteronism (PA) compared with essential hypertensives (EH) and to study the impact of two common adiponectin gene variants on the parameters of metabolic syndrome. METHODS AND RESULTS Metabolic syndrome was defined according to ATPIII criteria. Eighty-nine patients with PA and 164 matched EH were studied. In all patients with PA and in 135 EH two single nucleotide polymorphisms of the adiponectin gene, T45G and G276T, were detected. Patients with PA displayed a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome compared with EH (45% vs. 30%, p<0.05). In patients with PA, genotypes 45T/G+G/G were associated with significantly lower values of waist circumference, HOMA-IR and serum aldosterone. In both PA patients and EH, the 276T/T genotype was associated with significantly worse metabolic profile and a higher risk for the metabolic syndrome (OR=1.5 for PA and OR=1.3 for EH). CONCLUSIONS Our data confirm a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome among patients with PA compared with matched EH. Genetic analysis of T45G and G276T adiponectin gene polymorphisms showed that, while the genotypes 45G/G+G/T seemed to have a protective role on the metabolic complications, the genotype 276T/T defined PA and EH patients with a worse metabolic profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Ronconi
- Division of Endocrinology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universtaria, Ospedali Riuniti Umberto I-GM Lancisi-G Salesi, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Abstract
In the setting of primary aldosteronism, elevated aldosterone levels are associated with increased blood pressure. Aldosterone concentrations within the normal range, however, can also alter blood pressure. Furthermore, the aldosterone-to-renin ratio, an indicator of aldosterone excess, is associated with hypertension, even in patients without excessive absolute aldosterone levels. In this Review we assess the data on the role of aldosterone in the development and maintenance of hypertension. We provide an overview of the complex crosstalk between genetic and environmental factors, and about aldosterone-mediated arterial hypertension and target organ damage. The discussion is organized according to major targets of aldosterone action: the collecting duct in the kidney, the vasculature and the central nervous system. The antihypertensive efficacy of mineralocorticoid-receptor blockers, even in patients with aldosterone values in the normal range, supports the evidence that aldosterone plays a part in blood pressure elevation in the absence of primary aldosteronism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Tomaschitz
- Division of Endocrinology and Nuclear Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
66
|
Cloning and heterologous expression in Escherichia coli of the fission yeast vip1 gene, showing differential expression after aldosterone treatment. CR CHIM 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
67
|
Dos Santos PM, Freitas FP, Mendes J, Tararthuch AL, Fernandez R. Differential regulation of H+-ATPases in MDCK-C11 cells by aldosterone and vasopressin. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2009; 87:653-65. [DOI: 10.1139/y09-057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present work was to characterize the biochemical activity of the proton pumps present in the C11 clone of Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, akin to intercalated cells of the collecting duct, as well as to study their regulation by hormones like aldosterone and vasopressin. MDCK-C11 cells from passages 78 to 86 were utilized. The reaction to determine H+-ATPase activity was started by addition of cell homogenates to tubes contained the assay medium. The inorganic phosphate (Pi) released was determined by a colorimetric method modified from that described by Fiske and Subbarow. Changes in intracellular calcium concentration in the cells was determined using the Ca2+-sensing dye fluo-4 AM. Homogenates of MDCK-C11 cells present a bafilomycin-sensitive activity (vacuolar H+-ATPase), and a vanadate-sensitive activity (H+/K+-ATPase). The bafilomycin-sensitive activity showed a pH optimum of 6.12. ATPase activity was also stimulated in a dose-dependent fashion as K+ concentration was increased between 0 and 50 mmol·L–1, with an apparent Km for the release of Pi of 0.13 mmol·L–1 and Vmax of 22.01 nmol·mg–1·min–1. Incubation of cell monolayers with 10−8 mol·L–1 aldosterone for 24 h significantly increased vacuolar H+-ATPase activity, an effect prevented by 10−5 mol·L–1 spironolactone. Vacuolar H+-ATPase activity was also stimulated by 10−11 mol·L–1 vasopressin, an effect prevented by a V1 receptor-specific antagonist. This dose of vasopressin determined a sustained rise of cytosolic ionized calcium. We conclude that (i) homogenates of MDCK-C11 cells present a bafilomycin-sensitive (H+-ATPase) activity and a vanadate-sensitive (H+/K+-ATPase) activity, and (ii) vacuolar H+-ATPase activity is activated by aldosterone through a genomic pathway and by vasopressin through V1 receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla M.C. Dos Santos
- Department of Physiology, Division of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fabio P. Freitas
- Department of Physiology, Division of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jeane Mendes
- Department of Physiology, Division of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana Lucia Tararthuch
- Department of Physiology, Division of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Fernandez
- Department of Physiology, Division of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Paraná, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Minoura Y, Onimaru H, Iigaya K, Homma I, Kobayashi Y. Electrophysiological responses of sympathetic preganglionic neurons to ANG II and aldosterone. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 297:R699-706. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00041.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The intermediolateral cell column (IML) of the spinal cord is an important area where sympathetic impulses propagate to peripheral sympathetic organs. ANG II and aldosterone are important components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which activate the sympathetic nervous system. Each is partly synthesized in the brain and plays a paracrine role in the regulation of blood pressure independently of RAAS in the periphery. Our purpose in the present study was to clarify the contributions of sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the IML (IML neurons) and the effects of ANG II and aldosterone on the sympathetic nervous system. To examine responses to ANG II and aldosterone, we intracellularly recorded 104 IML neurons using a whole cell patch-clamp technique in spinal cord slice preparations. IML neurons were classified into two types: silent and firing. Both neuron types were significantly depolarized by ANG II, and candesartan inhibited this depolarization. After pretreatment with TTX, firing neurons (but not silent neurons) were significantly depolarized by ANG II. Aldosterone significantly increased the number of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in both neuron types, but this response disappeared after pretreatment with TTX. ANG II and aldosterone had no synergistic effects on the IML neurons. The silent neurons had large cell soma, and many more dendrites than the firing neurons. These results suggest that ANG II acts presynaptically and postsynaptically in IML neurons, while aldosterone acts mainly presynaptically. Thus, the physiological effects of these substances are likely to be transmitted via specific membrane receptors of IML and/or presynaptic neurons.
Collapse
|
69
|
Martinerie L, Pussard E, Foix-L'hélias L, Petit F, Cosson C, Boileau P, Lombès M. Physiological partial aldosterone resistance in human newborns. Pediatr Res 2009; 66:323-8. [PMID: 19542911 PMCID: PMC2919537 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181b1bbec] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In the neonatal period, the human kidney is characterized by an impaired ability to regulate water and sodium homeostasis, resembling partial aldosterone resistance. The aim of our study was to assess this hormonal insensitivity in newborn infants and to determine its relationship with neonatal sodium handling. We conducted a prospective study in 48 healthy newborns and their mothers. Aldosterone, renin, and electrolyte concentrations were measured in umbilical cords and in maternal plasma. Urinary aldosterone concentrations and sodium excretion were determined at urination within 24 h after birth. A significant difference was observed between aldosterone and renin levels in newborn infants compared with their mothers (817 +/- 73 versus 575 +/- 55 pg/mL and 79 +/- 10 versus 15 +/- 2 pg/mL, respectively, p < 0.001). This hyperactivation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system was associated with hyponatremia and hyperkalemia in the newborn infants, and high urinary sodium loss, consistent with a partial aldosterone resistance at birth. Unlike plasma aldosterone, urinary aldosterone concentration was found highly correlated with plasma potassium concentrations, thus representing the best index for accurate evaluation of mineralocorticoid sensitivity. Our study represents a comprehensive characterization of the renin-aldosterone axis in newborn infants and provides evidence for physiologic partial aldosterone resistance in the neonatal period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Martinerie
- Récepteurs stéroïdiens : physiopathologie endocrinienne et métabolique
INSERM : U693IFR93Université Paris Sud - Paris XIFaculté de médecine 63, Rue Gabriel Peri 94276 LE KREMLIN BICETRE,FR
| | - Eric Pussard
- Récepteurs stéroïdiens : physiopathologie endocrinienne et métabolique
INSERM : U693IFR93Université Paris Sud - Paris XIFaculté de médecine 63, Rue Gabriel Peri 94276 LE KREMLIN BICETRE,FR,Service de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie
AP-HPHôpital BicêtreUniversité Paris Sud - Paris XI78, rue du Général Leclerc 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre,FR
| | - Laurence Foix-L'hélias
- Service de Pédiatrie et Réanimations néonatales
Université Paris Sud - Paris XIAP-HPHôpital Antoine Béclère92141 Clamart,FR
| | | | | | - Pascal Boileau
- Service de Pédiatrie et Réanimations néonatales
Université Paris Sud - Paris XIAP-HPHôpital Antoine Béclère92141 Clamart,FR
| | - Marc Lombès
- Récepteurs stéroïdiens : physiopathologie endocrinienne et métabolique
INSERM : U693IFR93Université Paris Sud - Paris XIFaculté de médecine 63, Rue Gabriel Peri 94276 LE KREMLIN BICETRE,FR,Service d'Endocrinologie et Maladies de la reproduction
AP-HPHôpital BicêtreLe Kremlin Bicêtre 94275,FR,* Correspondence should be adressed to: Marc Lombès
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Low-dose spironolactone: effects on artery-to-artery vein grafts and percutaneous coronary intervention sites. Am J Ther 2009; 16:204-14. [PMID: 19454859 DOI: 10.1097/mjt.0b013e31818bec62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of vein grafts used in coronary and peripheral artery bypass is limited by excessive hyperplasia and fibrosis that occur early after engraftment. In the present study, we sought to determine whether low-dose spironolactone alleviates maladaptive vein graft arterialization and alters intimal reaction to coronary artery stenting. Yorkshire pigs were randomized to treatment with oral spironolactone 25 mg daily or placebo. All animals underwent right carotid artery interposition grafting using a segment of external jugular vein and, 5 days later, underwent angiography of carotid and coronary arteries. At that time, a bare metal stent was placed in the left anterior descending artery and balloon angioplasty was performed on the circumflex coronary artery. Repeat carotid and coronary angiograms were performed before euthanasia and graft excision at 30 days. Angiography revealed that venous grafts of spironolactone-treated animals had lumen diameters twice the size of controls at 5 days, a finding that persisted at 30 days. However, neointima and total vessel wall areas also were 2- to 3-fold greater in spironolactone-treated animals, and there were no differences in vessel wall layer thicknesses or collagen and elastin densities. In the coronary circulation, there were no differences between treatment groups in any vessel wall parameters in either stented or unstented vessels. Taken together, these observations suggest that low-dose spironolactone may exert a novel protective effect on remodeling in venous arterial grafts that does not depend on the reduction of hyperplastic changes but may involve dilatation of the vessel wall.
Collapse
|
71
|
Goto J, Otsuka F, Yamashita M, Suzuki J, Otani H, Takahashi H, Miyoshi T, Mimura Y, Ogura T, Makino H. Enhancement of aldosterone-induced catecholamine production by bone morphogenetic protein-4 through activating Rho and SAPK/JNK pathway in adrenomedullar cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009; 296:E904-16. [PMID: 19190257 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90840.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Here we investigated the effects of mineralocorticoid in the regulation of catecholamine biosynthesis using rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Expression of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) was confirmed in undifferentiated PC12 cells. Aldosterone stimulated dopamine production by PC12 cells without any increase in cAMP activity. Aldosterone-induced dopamine accumulation was enhanced in accordance with the increase in the rate-limiting enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Blocking MR with eplerenone suppressed aldosterone-induced increases of TH mRNA and dopamine production. A glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist, RU-486, attenuated dexamethasone- but not aldosterone-induced TH expression. Cycloheximide reduced both aldosterone- and dexamethasone-induced TH mRNA. A SAPK/JNK inhibitor, SP600125, suppressed aldosterone-induced TH mRNA expression; however, the aldosterone-induced TH expression was not affected by inhibition of ERK1/2, p38-MAPK, Rho-kinase, PI 3-kinase, and PKC. It was of note that cotreatment with eplerenone and SP600125 restored aldosterone-induced TH mRNA expression to basal levels. To investigate the involvement of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) actions in aldosterone-induced catecholamine production, we examined the effects of BMP-4 and BMP-7, which are expressed in the adrenal medulla, on catecholamine biosynthesis. BMP-4 preferentially enhanced aldosterone-induced TH mRNA and dopamine production, although BMP-4 alone did not affect TH expression. The BMP-4 enhancement of aldosterone-induced TH expression was not observed in cells treated with eplerenone. BMP-4 did not affect MR expression of PC12 cells; however, it did enhance aldosterone-induced SAPK/JNK phosphorylation. Inhibition of SAPK/JNK or Rho suppressed BMP-4 enhancement of aldosterone-induced TH expression. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that aldosterone stimulates catecholamine biosynthesis in adrenomedullar cells via MR through genomic action and partly through nongenomic action by Rho-SAPK/JNK signaling, the latter of which is facilitated by BMP-4. A functional link between MR actions and endogenous BMP may be involved in the catecholamine production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junko Goto
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama City, 700-8558, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Lombès M. Various actions of aldosterone: the kidney and beyond... ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2009; 70:173-5. [PMID: 19286156 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2009.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Lombès
- Inserm U693, service d'endocrinologie et maladies de la reproduction, hôpital de Bicêtre, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, faculté de médecine Paris-Sud-11, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Whaley-Connell A, Habibi J, Wei Y, Gutweiler A, Jellison J, Wiedmeyer CE, Ferrario CM, Sowers JR. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism attenuates glomerular filtration barrier remodeling in the transgenic Ren2 rat. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 296:F1013-22. [PMID: 19261739 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.90646.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonism has beneficial effects on tissue oxidative stress and insulin metabolic signaling as well as reducing proteinuria. However, the mechanisms by which MR antagonism corrects both renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) impairments in renal insulin metabolic signaling and filtration barrier/podocyte injury remain unknown. To explore this potential beneficial interactive effect of MR antagonism we used young transgenic (mRen2)27 (Ren2) rats with increased tissue RAAS activity and elevated serum aldosterone levels. Ren2 and age-matched Sprague-Dawley (SD) control rats (age 6-7 wk) were implanted with a low dose of the MR antagonist spironolactone (0.24 mg/day) or vehicle, both delivered over 21 days. Albuminuria, podocyte-specific proteins (synaptopodin, nephrin, and podocin), and ultrastructural analysis of the glomerular filtration barrier were measured in relation to RAAS activation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the redox-sensitive Rho kinase (ROK). Insulin metabolic signaling was determined via measurement of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) phosphorylation, IRS-1 ubiquitin/proteasomal degradation, and phosphorylation of Akt. Ren2 rats exhibited albuminuria, loss of podocyte-specific proteins, and podocyte foot process effacement contemporaneous with reduced renal IRS-1 and protein kinase B/Akt phosphorylation compared with SD control rats (each P < 0.05). Ren2 kidneys also manifested increased NADPH oxidase/ROS/ROK in conjunction with enhanced renal tissue levels of angiotensin II (ANG II), ANG-(1-12), and angiotensin type 1 receptor. Low-dose spironolactone treatment reduced albuminuria and tissue RAAS activity and improved podocyte structural and protein integrity with improvements in IRS-1/Akt phosphorylation. Thus, in this model of RAAS activation, MR antagonism attenuates glomerular/podocyte remodeling and albuminuria, in part through reductions in redox-mediated impairment of insulin metabolic signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Whaley-Connell
- Internal Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
74
|
Gomez-Sanchez EP, Gomez-Sanchez MT, de Rodriguez AF, Romero DG, Warden MP, Plonczynski MW, Gomez-Sanchez CE. Immunohistochemical demonstration of the mineralocorticoid receptor, 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 and -2, and hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in rat ovary. J Histochem Cytochem 2009; 57:633-41. [PMID: 19255253 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.2009.953059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An IHC survey using several monoclonal antibodies against different portions of the rat mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) molecule demonstrated significant specific MR immunoreactivity in the ovary, prompting further study of the localization of MR and of determinants of extrinsic MR ligand specificity, 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD) types 1 and 2, and hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH). MR expression (real-time RT-PCR and Western blot) did not differ significantly in whole rat ovaries at early diestrus, late diestrus, estrus, and a few hours after ovulation. MR immunostaining was most intense in corporal lutea cells, light to moderate in oocytes and granulosa cells, and least intense in theca cells. Light immunoreactivity for 11beta-HSD2 occurred in most cells, with some mural granulosa cells of mature follicles staining more strongly. The distribution of immunoreactivity for 11beta-HSD1 and H6PDH required to generate NADPH, the cofactor required for reductase activity of 11beta-HSD1, was similar, with the most-intense staining in the cytoplasm of corporal lutea and theca cells and light or no staining in the granulosa and oocytes. MR function in the ovary is as yet unclear, but distinct patterns of distribution of 11beta-HSD1 and -2 and H6PDH suggest that the ligand for MR activation in different cells of the ovary may be differentially regulated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- Research Service, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
75
|
Suzuki S, Ohkusa T, Sato T, Yoshida M, Yasui K, Miwa K, Lee JK, Yano M, Kodama I, Matsuzaki M. Effects of Aldosterone on Cx43 Gap Junction Expression in Neonatal Rat Cultured Cardiomyocytes. Circ J 2009; 73:1504-12. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-08-1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Suzuki
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Tomoko Ohkusa
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Takashi Sato
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Masaaki Yoshida
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Kenji Yasui
- Department of Bioinformation Analysis, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University
| | - Keiko Miwa
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University
| | - Jong-Kook Lee
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University
| | - Masafumi Yano
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Itsuo Kodama
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University
| | - Masunori Matsuzaki
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Actions of aldosterone in the cardiovascular system: the good, the bad, and the ugly? Pflugers Arch 2008; 458:231-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-008-0616-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
77
|
Wildling L, Hinterdorfer P, Kusche-Vihrog K, Treffner Y, Oberleithner H. Aldosterone receptor sites on plasma membrane of human vascular endothelium detected by a mechanical nanosensor. Pflugers Arch 2008; 458:223-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-008-0615-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
78
|
Leite-Dellova DCA, Oliveira-Souza M, Malnic G, Mello-Aires M. Genomic and nongenomic dose-dependent biphasic effect of aldosterone on Na+/H+ exchanger in proximal S3 segment: role of cytosolic calcium. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 295:F1342-52. [PMID: 18715944 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00048.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of aldosterone on the intracellular pH recovery rate (pHirr) via Na+/H+ exchanger and on the [Ca2+]i were investigated in isolated rat S3 segment. Aldosterone [10(-12), 10(-10), or 10(-8) M with 1-h, 15- or 2-min preincubation (pi)] caused a dose-dependent increase in the pHirr, but aldosterone (10(-6) M with 1-h, 15- or 2-min pi) decreased it (these effects were prevented by HOE694 but not by S3226). After 1 min of aldosterone pi, there was a transient and dose-dependent increase of the [Ca2+]i and after 6-min pi there was a new increase of [Ca2+]i that persisted after 1 h. Spironolactone, actinomycin D, or cycloheximide did not affect the effects of aldosterone (15- or 2-min pi) but inhibited the effects of aldosterone (1-h pi) on pHirr and on [Ca2+]i. RU 486 prevented the stimulatory effect of aldosterone (10(-12) M, 15- or 2-min pi) on both parameters and maintained the inhibitory effect of aldosterone (10(-6) M, 15- or 2-min pi) on the pHirr but reversed its stimulatory effect on the [Ca2+]i to an inhibitory effect. The data indicate a genomic (1 h, via MR) and a nongenomic action (15 or 2 min, probably via GR) on [Ca2+]i and on the basolateral NHE1 and are compatible with stimulation of the NHE1 by increases in [Ca2+]i in the lower range (at 10(-12) M aldosterone) and inhibition by increases at high levels (at 10(-6) M aldosterone) or decreases in [Ca2+]i (at 10(-6) M aldosterone plus RU 486).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D C A Leite-Dellova
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil. )
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
Lastra G, Whaley-Connell A, Manrique C, Habibi J, Gutweiler AA, Appesh L, Hayden MR, Wei Y, Ferrario C, Sowers JR. Low-dose spironolactone reduces reactive oxygen species generation and improves insulin-stimulated glucose transport in skeletal muscle in the TG(mRen2)27 rat. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 295:E110-6. [PMID: 18445755 PMCID: PMC2493595 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00258.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activation mediates increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and impaired insulin signaling. The transgenic Ren2 rat manifests increased tissue renin-angiotensin system activity, elevated serum aldosterone, hypertension, and insulin resistance. To explore the role of aldosterone in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, we investigated the impact of in vivo treatment with a mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist on insulin sensitivity in Ren2 and aged-matched Sprague-Dawley (SD) control rats. Both groups (age 6-8 wk) were implanted with subcutaneous time-release pellets containing spironolactone (0.24 mg/day) or placebo over 21 days. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test were determined. Soleus muscle insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), tyrosine phosphorylated IRS-1, protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation, GLUT4 levels, and insulin-stimulated 2-deoxyglucose uptake were evaluated in relation to NADPH subunit expression/oxidase activity and ROS production (chemiluminescence and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal immunostaining). Along with increased soleus muscle NADPH oxidase activity and ROS, there was systemic insulin resistance and reduced muscle IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation, Akt phosphorylation/activation, and GLUT4 expression in the Ren2 group (each P < 0.05). Despite not decreasing blood pressure, low-dose spironolactone treatment improved soleus muscle insulin signaling parameters and systemic insulin sensitivity in concert with reductions in NADPH oxidase subunit expression/activity and ROS production (each P < 0.05). Our findings suggest that aldosterone contributes to insulin resistance in the transgenic Ren2, in part, by increasing NADPH oxidase activity in skeletal muscle tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Lastra
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
80
|
Lastra-Gonzalez G, Manrique-Acevedo C, Sowers JR. The role of aldosterone in cardiovascular disease in people with diabetes and hypertension: an update. Curr Diab Rep 2008; 8:203-7. [PMID: 18625117 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-008-0035-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The role of mineralocorticoids in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), cardiometabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and hypertension is a growing field of interest. Aldosterone, mainly through nongenomic actions that result in proliferation, fibrosis, inflammation, and tissue remodeling, has been linked to CVD and CKD. Increased circulating aldosterone is also associated with insulin resistance and impaired glucose homeostasis that contribute to the development of endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, and kidney disease. Aldosterone-induced oxidative stress and inflammation play a key role in impairing insulin signaling. Mineralocorticoid receptor blockade restores insulin sensitivity, counterbalances the deleterious cardiovascular and renal effects of aldosterone, and emerges as an alternative to improve blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which potentially could contribute to reduce the burden of CVD and CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Lastra-Gonzalez
- University of Missouri Columbia, Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Diabetes Division, MU Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, D109 HSC Diabetes Center, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
Palmer BR, Pilbrow AP, Frampton CM, Yandle TG, Skelton L, Nicholls MG, Richards AM. Plasma aldosterone levels during hospitalization are predictive of survival post-myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2008; 29:2489-96. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehn383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
82
|
Nishimura H, Ito Y, Mizuno M, Tanaka A, Morita Y, Maruyama S, Yuzawa Y, Matsuo S. Mineralocorticoid receptor blockade ameliorates peritoneal fibrosis in new rat peritonitis model. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 294:F1084-93. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00565.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal fibrosis (PF) is an important complication of long-term peritoneal dialysis. Although mineralocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) have attracted increasing attention in the field of vascular injury, including the heart, kidney, and vessels, little is known about the role of mineralocorticoid in PF. This work was designed to explore the effects of MR blockade on PF. We developed a new model of PF in rats based on mechanical scraping of the peritoneum. This model is characterized by acute-phase inflammation (neutrophil and macrophage infiltration on days 0–3) and late-phase PF (α-smooth muscle actin-positive fibroblast infiltration, type III collagen accumulation, and neoangiogenesis on days 7–14). Peritoneal thickening peaked on day 14. MR was expressed in rat peritoneum and a rat fibroblast cell line. Expression of its effector kinase [serum- and glucocorticoid-induced kinase-1 (Sgk1)], transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and CD31-positive vessels increased during the course of PF. Rats were treated with spironolactone, angiotensin receptor blockade (ARB), or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI)-ARB-spironolactone starting at 6 h after peritoneal scraping. All parameters, including peritoneal thickening, number of macrophages and CD31-positive vessels, and expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, TGF-β, PAI-1, and Sgk1, were significantly suppressed by spironolactone (10 mg·kg−1·day−1). The effects of spironolactone (10 and 20 mg·kg−1·day−1) were very similar to those of triple blockade. ARB, but not ACEI, significantly reduced peritoneal thickening. Furthermore, peritoneal function assessed by peritoneal equilibration test was significantly improved by spironolactone. Our results suggest that MR is a potential target to prevent inflammation-induced PF in patients on peritoneal dialysis.
Collapse
|
83
|
Grossmann C, Freudinger R, Mildenberger S, Husse B, Gekle M. EF Domains Are Sufficient for Nongenomic Mineralocorticoid Receptor Actions. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:7109-16. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m708751200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
|
84
|
Hillebrand U, Hausberg M, Lang D, Stock C, Riethmüller C, Callies C, Büssemaker E. How steroid hormones act on the endothelium—insights by atomic force microscopy. Pflugers Arch 2008; 456:51-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-007-0411-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 11/20/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
85
|
Kiyomoto H, Rafiq K, Mostofa M, Nishiyama A. Possible Underlying Mechanisms Responsible for Aldosterone and Mineralocorticoid Receptor–Dependent Renal Injury. J Pharmacol Sci 2008; 108:399-405. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.08r02cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
|
86
|
Abstract
Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption across kidney target tubules already before it increases the number of transport proteins, indicating that the early functional response to aldosterone depends on the activation of preexisting channels and pumps. A central mediator of this action is the early aldosterone-induced kinase Sgk1 that de-represses the surface expression and activity of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). A main mechanism by which Sgk1 exerts this de-repression is the phosphorylation of the ubiquitin ligase Nedd4-2 that is thereby prevented from ubiquitylating ENaC. Among a series of new early aldosterone-induced gene products recently identified in kidney target tubules, an additional regulator of ENaC ubiquitylation, the deubiquitylating enzyme Usp2-45, was identified. Coexpression of Usp2-45 was shown to increase ENaC surface expression and activity, and to decrease its ubiquitylation in expression systems, whereas other Usps such as the splice variant Usp2-69 had no effect. Since both Sgk1 and Usp2-45 are similarly induced in distal colon as well, in contrast to other gene products strongly induced in kidney that are not regulated in colon, we suggest that (de)ubiquitylation is the major ENaC regulatory mechanism targeted by aldosterone in the short-term via transcriptional regulation.
Collapse
|
87
|
Bunda S, Liu P, Wang Y, Liu K, Hinek A. Aldosterone induces elastin production in cardiac fibroblasts through activation of insulin-like growth factor-I receptors in a mineralocorticoid receptor-independent manner. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 171:809-19. [PMID: 17724138 PMCID: PMC1959490 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.070101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone is known to regulate electrolyte homeostasis, but it may also contribute to other processes, including the maladaptive remodeling of postinfarct hearts. Because aldosterone has been implicated in the stimulation of collagen production in the heart, we investigated whether it would also affect elastin deposition in cultures of human cardiac fibroblasts. We first demonstrated that treatment with 1 to 50 nmol/L aldosterone leads to a significant increase in collagen type I mRNA levels and in subsequent collagen fiber deposition. Pretreatment of cells with the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist spironolactone, but not with the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU 486, inhibited collagen synthesis in aldosterone-treated cultures. Most importantly, we demonstrated that aldosterone also increases elastin mRNA levels, tropoelastin synthesis, and elastic fiber deposition in a dose-dependent manner. Strikingly, neither spironolactone nor RU 486 eliminated aldosterone-induced increases in elastin production. We further discovered that the proelastogenic effect of aldosterone involves a rapid increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor and that the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor kinase inhibitor AG1024 or an anti-insulin-like growth factor-I receptor-neutralizing antibody inhibits both insulin-like growth factor-I and aldosterone-induced elastogenesis. Thus, we have demonstrated for the first time that aldosterone, which stimulates collagen production through the mineralocorticoid receptor-dependent pathway, also increases elastogenesis via a parallel mineralocorticoid receptor-independent pathway involving I insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Severa Bunda
- Cardiovascular Research Program, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
88
|
Viengchareun S, Le Menuet D, Martinerie L, Munier M, Pascual-Le Tallec L, Lombès M. The mineralocorticoid receptor: insights into its molecular and (patho)physiological biology. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR SIGNALING 2007; 5:e012. [PMID: 18174920 PMCID: PMC2121322 DOI: 10.1621/nrs.05012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed tremendous progress in the understanding of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), its molecular mechanism of action, and its implications for physiology and pathophysiology. After the initial cloning of MR, and identification of its gene structure and promoters, it now appears as a major actor in protein-protein interaction networks. The role of transcriptional coregulators and the determinants of mineralocorticoid selectivity have been elucidated. Targeted oncogenesis and transgenic mouse models have identified unexpected sites of MR expression and novel roles for MR in non-epithelial tissues. These experimental approaches have contributed to the generation of new cell lines for the characterization of aldosterone signaling pathways, and have also facilitated a better understanding of MR physiology in the heart, vasculature, brain and adipose tissues. This review describes the structure, molecular mechanism of action and transcriptional regulation mediated by MR, emphasizing the most recent developments at the cellular and molecular level. Finally, through insights obtained from mouse models and human disease, its role in physiology and pathophysiology will be reviewed. Future investigations of MR biology should lead to new therapeutic strategies, modulating cell-specific actions in the management of cardiovascular disease, neuroprotection, mineralocorticoid resistance, and metabolic disorders.
Collapse
|
89
|
McEneaney V, Harvey BJ, Thomas W. Aldosterone rapidly activates protein kinase D via a mineralocorticoid receptor/EGFR trans-activation pathway in the M1 kidney CCD cell line. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 107:180-90. [PMID: 17681751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone elicits physiological responses through the modulation of gene expression and by stimulating signaling processes. Here we investigated the activation pathway of protein kinase D1 (PKD1) by aldosterone in the murine M1 renal cortical collecting duct cell line. Aldosterone stimulated a rapid increase in PKD1 activity peaking at 2-5 min and at 30 min after treatment that was insensitive to inhibitors of transcription or translation. PKD1 was not activated by aldosterone in MR null NIH-3T3 fibroblasts or M1-CCD cells propagated without dexamethasone, which did not express MR. PKD1 activation was sensitive to the MR antagonists spironolactone and RU28318 but not to the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU486. Aldosterone activation of PKD1 was inhibited by the epidermal growth factor (EGFR) antagonist tyrphostin AG1478 and by the c-Src inhibitor PP2. Western blotting revealed EGFR phosphorylation following aldosterone treatment at the c-Src tyrosine kinase-specific residue Tyr845. The activation of c-Src was dependent on its interaction with HSP84, since HSP84 antagonist 17-AAG inhibited both the phosphorylation of EGFR in response to aldosterone by c-Src and also the subsequent activation of PKD1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria McEneaney
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Education and Research Centre, Smurfit Building, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
90
|
Aldosterone-stimulated PKC signalling cascades: from receptor to effector. Biochem Soc Trans 2007; 35:1049-51. [DOI: 10.1042/bst0351049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure. The effects of this hormone have classically been described in terms of the transcriptional regulation of genes that facilitate electrolyte transport, particularly across high-resistance epithelia. The protein kinase signalling cascades that are rapidly activated in response to aldosterone are emerging as important modulators of the transcriptional response, and may serve to prime cells for the subsequent transcriptional changes. The activation of protein kinase D through an epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation pathway by aldosterone in renal cells has the potential to impact on cell trafficking events that regulate transporter activity.
Collapse
|
91
|
Lastra-Gonzalez G, Manrique-Acevedo C, Sowers JR. New Trends in Insulin Resistance: The Role of Mineralocorticoids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 2:233-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-4564.2007.06170.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
92
|
Simoncini T, Fu XD, Caruso A, Garibaldi S, Baldacci C, Giretti MS, Mannella P, Flamini MI, Sanchez AM, Genazzani AR. Drospirenone increases endothelial nitric oxide synthesis via a combined action on progesterone and mineralocorticoid receptors. Hum Reprod 2007; 22:2325-34. [PMID: 17545686 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dem109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progestins have actions on the cardiovascular system, which depend on the structure as well as on receptor binding characteristics. Drospirenone (DRSP) is a progestin that uniquely interferes with the signaling of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). Hormone therapy containing DRSP results in blood pressure reduction in hypertensive post-menopausal women. METHODS We describe the effects of DRSP on endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthesis and compare them with those of progesterone (P) and of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). In addition, we herein tested the relevance of the anti-mineralocorticoid activity of DRSP for NO synthesis. RESULTS DRSP results in rapid activation of the endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) through mitogen-activated protein kinases and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase as well as in enhanced eNOS expression. These actions depend on P receptor. When the cells are exposed to aldosterone, a reduction of eNOS expression is found that is antagonized by DRSP. This action is not shared by P or MPA. In addition, DRSP does not interfere with the induction or activation of eNOS induced by estradiol, as opposed to MPA. CONCLUSIONS DRSP acts on endothelial cells via a combined action through the P and MRs. These results help to interpret the anti-hypertensive effects of hormonal therapies containing DRSP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Simoncini
- Molecular and Cellular Gynecological Endocrinology Laboratory (MCGEL), Department of Reproductive Medicine and Child Development, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 57, Pisa 56100, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
Fernandes-Rosa FL, Antonini SRR. [Mineralocorticoid resistance: pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1]. ARQUIVOS BRASILEIROS DE ENDOCRINOLOGIA E METABOLOGIA 2007; 51:373-81. [PMID: 17546235 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302007000300004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2006] [Accepted: 10/22/2006] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1 (PHA1) is a rare genetic disease characterized by neonatal renal salt wasting, vomiting, dehydration and failure to thrive. Affected patients present hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, associated with high levels of plasma renin and aldosterone resulting from a renal or systemic resistance to aldosterone. The systemic form of PHA1 results in a severe phenotype, and high doses of salt supplementation are necessary. The symptoms are life-long recurrent. This form is associated with autosomal recessive transmission. Homozygous or compound heterozygous loss of function mutations in the genes coding for the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) subunities are responsible for this disease. The renal form of PHA1 results in a mild phenotype. Low doses of salt supplementation are required and usually the symptoms remit at the end of the first year of life. Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) gene are associated with the renal form of PHA1 in the majority of the affected families but sporadic cases have been reported. In this review the mechanisms of aldosterone action and its effects are discussed. Additionally, clinical and molecular findings of a Brazilian family with the renal form of PHA1 caused by a nonsense mutation (R947X) in the MR gene are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fábio L Fernandes-Rosa
- Departamento de Puericultura e Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, SP
| | | |
Collapse
|
94
|
Affiliation(s)
- David W Good
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-0562, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
McEwen BS, Milner TA. Hippocampal formation: shedding light on the influence of sex and stress on the brain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 55:343-55. [PMID: 17395265 PMCID: PMC2101766 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2006] [Revised: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus is a malleable brain region that responds to external agents such as hormones and stressors. Investigations that began in our laboratories with the Golgi technique and an appreciation of hippocampal neuroanatomy at the light and electron microscopic levels have led us down a path that has uncovered unexpected structural plasticity in the adult brain along with unanticipated cellular and molecular mechanisms of this plasticity and of hormone mediation of these effects. This chapter reviews the history of discoveries in our two laboratories involving the actions of estradiol and stress hormones on neuronal structure and function and then discusses the insight to hormone-brain interactions that this has engendered. These discoveries have led us to a new view of brain structural plasticity and the role and mechanism of steroid hormone action involving both genomic and non-genomic pathways. This new view is consistent with the predictions of Cajal in his book "The Structure of Ammon's horn", 1892.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S. McEwen
- Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Rockefeller University, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10021
| | - Teresa A. Milner
- Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Rockefeller University, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10021
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill-Cornell Medical College, 411 East 69th St., New York, NY 10021
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
van der Horst ICC, Voors AA, van Veldhuisen DJ. Treatment of heart failure with ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers: what is next? Aldosterone receptor antagonists? Clin Res Cardiol 2007; 96:193-5. [PMID: 17294352 PMCID: PMC2779440 DOI: 10.1007/s00392-007-0487-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iwan C. C. van der Horst
- Thoraxcenter, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan A. Voors
- Thoraxcenter, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J. van Veldhuisen
- Thoraxcenter, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Otani H, Otsuka F, Inagaki K, Takeda M, Miyoshi T, Suzuki J, Mukai T, Ogura T, Makino H. Antagonistic effects of bone morphogenetic protein-4 and -7 on renal mesangial cell proliferation induced by aldosterone through MAPK activation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007; 292:F1513-25. [PMID: 17244894 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00402.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldosterone and angiotensin II (ANG II) contribute to the development and progression of renal damage. Here we investigated the effects of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) on renal cell proliferation evoked by aldosterone and ANG II with mouse mesangial cells, which express mineralocorticoid receptors (MR), ANG II type 1 receptors, and BMP signaling molecules. Aldosterone and ANG II stimulated mesangial cell mitosis and activated ERK1/2 and SAPK/JNK signaling. These aldosterone effects were neutralized by the MR antagonist eplerenone and inhibition of transcription or translation, suggesting the involvement of genomic activation via MR. BMP-4 and BMP-7 stimulated Smad1, -5, -8 signaling more potently than BMP-2 and BMP-6, leading to suppression of mesangial cell mitosis and MR expression. MAPK inhibitors including U-0126 and SP-600125, but not SB-203580, suppressed aldosterone-induced cellular DNA synthesis, implying that ERK1/2 and SAPK/JNK pathways play crucial roles in mesangial cell proliferation. BMP-4 and BMP-7 inhibited phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and SAPK/JNK induced by aldosterone while activating p38 pathway, resulting in inhibition of aldosterone-induced cell mitosis. In contrast, aldosterone modulated the mesangial BMP system by decreasing expression of ALK-3, BMP-4, and BMP-7 while increasing inhibitory Smad6 expression. Thus novel functional cross talk between the mesangial BMP system and aldosterone signaling was uncovered, in which inhibition of MAPK signaling and MR expression by BMP-4 and BMP-7 may be involved in ameliorating renal damage due to mesangial proliferation caused by aldosterone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Otani
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama City, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
98
|
Ganter GK, Walton KL, Merriman JO, Salmon MV, Brooks KM, Maddula S, Kravitz EA. Increased Male–Male Courtship in Ecdysone Receptor Deficient Adult Flies. Behav Genet 2007; 37:507-12. [PMID: 17238001 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-006-9140-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2006] [Accepted: 12/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Male-male courtship is infrequent among mature adult Drosophila melanogaster. After pairs of mature adult males expressing a temperature-sensitive allele of the ecdysone receptor (EcR) gene were treated at a restrictive temperature, however, they engaged in elevated levels of male-male courtship. EcR-deficient males courted wildtype males and females, but were not courted by wildtype males. These results suggest that the ecdysone steroid hormone system may have a role in courtship initiation by adult male fruit flies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey K Ganter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New England, 11 Hills Beach Road, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
Pujo L, Fagart J, Gary F, Papadimitriou DT, Claës A, Jeunemaître X, Zennaro MC. Mineralocorticoid receptor mutations are the principal cause of renal type 1 pseudohypoaldosteronism. Hum Mutat 2007; 28:33-40. [PMID: 16972228 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone plays a key role in electrolyte balance and blood pressure regulation. Type 1 pseudohypoaldosteronism (PHA1) is a primary form of mineralocorticoid resistance characterized in the newborn by salt wasting, hyperkalemia, and failure to thrive. Inactivating mutations of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR; NR3C2) are responsible for autosomal dominant and some sporadic cases of PHA1. The question as to whether other genes may be involved in the disease is of major importance because of the potential life-threatening character of the disease, the potential cardiovascular effects of compensatory aldosterone excess, and the role of the mineralocorticoid system in human hypertension. We present the first comprehensive study seeking nucleotide substitutions in coding regions, intron-exon junctions, and untranslated exons, as well as for large deletions. A total of 22 MR gene abnormalities were found in 33 patients. We demonstrate that MR mutations are extremely frequent in PHA1 patients classified according to aldosterone and potassium levels and give indications for accurate clinical and biological investigation. In our study the possibility of a genocopy exists in three PHA1 kindreds. The other patients without MR mutations might have different diseases resembling to PHA1 in the neonatal period, which could be identified by extensive clinical and functional exploration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Pujo
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Department of Genetics, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
100
|
Abstract
The roles of aldosterone and mineralocorticoid receptors in cardiovascular disease have been expanded, refined, and distinguished over the past decade. Primary aldosteronism has been shown to represent 8-13% (rather than <1%) of unselected hypertensive patients, and patients with primary aldosteronism to have higher indices of cardiovascular damage than controls of the same age, sex, and BP status. While this represents a clearly expanded role for aldosterone, it is improbable that the hormone (as opposed to the mineralocorticoid receptor) plays a major role in other instances of essential hypertension, in cardiac failure, or in atherosclerosis. Evidence from studies in these conditions supports a substantial role for mineralocorticoid receptor activation; low baseline aldosterone levels, and evidence from experimental in vivo studies, support a role for normal levels of physiologic glucocorticoids in activating mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) in the context of tissue damage and reactive oxygen species generation. These relatively recent insights suggest the potential therapeutic role for MR antagonists across a spectrum of cardiovascular disease, as vascular protectants even when circulating levels of aldosterone are low.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John W Funder
- Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|