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Han SY, Song HK, Cha JJ, Han JY, Kang YS, Cha DR. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist ameliorates systemic insulin resistance, dysregulation of lipid metabolism, and alterations of various organs in a type 2 diabetic kidney animal model. Acta Diabetol 2021; 58:495-503. [PMID: 33399988 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-020-01652-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) plays a role in homeostasis of bile acid, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism. However, the systemic effects of FXR in diabetic nephropathy are controversial. We aimed to clarify the systemic effects of FXR on various organs in a type 2 diabetic animal model. METHODS We treated db/db mice with the FXR agonist GW4064 for 3 months and evaluated insulin resistance, lipid metabolism, renal functional changes, and structural changes in organs including those of the kidney, liver, pancreas, adipose tissue, aorta, and heart. RESULTS The FXR agonist significantly improved plasma lipid profiles and insulin resistance and showed beneficial systemic effects on several organs. In the kidney, the FXR agonist ameliorated albuminuria, pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory changes and improved renal lipid metabolism. These changes were also associated with a decrease in lipid hydroperoxide in the kidney. Similar beneficial effects were shown in other organs, including restoration of pancreatic beta cell hypertrophy, hepatic steatosis and aortic medial hypertrophy, more differentiated phenotypic changes in adipose tissue, and improvement of cardiomyocyte disarray and left ventricular mass index. CONCLUSIONS The FXR agonist improves insulin resistance, renal lipid metabolism, and functional and structural changes in the kidney and other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Youb Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University, Ilsan-Paik Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hye Kyoung Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University, Ansan Hospital, 516 Kojan-Dong, Ansan City, Kyungki-Do, 15355, Korea
| | - Jin Joo Cha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University, Ansan Hospital, 516 Kojan-Dong, Ansan City, Kyungki-Do, 15355, Korea
| | - Jee Young Han
- Department of Pathology, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Young Sun Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University, Ansan Hospital, 516 Kojan-Dong, Ansan City, Kyungki-Do, 15355, Korea
| | - Dae Ryong Cha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University, Ansan Hospital, 516 Kojan-Dong, Ansan City, Kyungki-Do, 15355, Korea.
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Kim DH, Park JS, Choi HI, Kim CS, Bae EH, Ma SK, Kim SW. The critical role of FXR is associated with the regulation of autophagy and apoptosis in the progression of AKI to CKD. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:320. [PMID: 33767132 PMCID: PMC7994637 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03620-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is important for cells to break down and recycle cellular proteins, remove damaged organelles, and especially, for recovery from acute kidney injury (AKI). Despite research on the role and cellular mechanism of autophagy in AKI, the role of autophagy in the progression to chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains poorly understood. Here, using farnesoid X receptor (FXR) knockout (KO) mice, we determined whether FXR prevents the progression of AKI to CKD after renal ischemic-reperfusion (such as I/R) injury through the regulation of renal autophagy and apoptosis. FXR regulated genes that participate in renal autophagy under feeding and fasting conditions, such as hepatic autophagy, and the activation of FXR by agonists, such as GW4064 and INT-747, attenuated the increased autophagy and apoptosis of hypoxia-induced human renal proximal tubule epithelial (HK2) cells. The expression levels of autophagy-related and apoptosis-related proteins in FXR KO mice were increased compared with those in wild-type (WT) mice. We also showed that the increase in reactive oxidative species (ROS) in hypoxia-treated HK2 cells was attenuated by treatment with FXR agonist or by FXR overexpression, and that the level of ROS was elevated in FXR-deficient cells and mice. At 28 days after I/R injury, the autophagy levels were still elevated in FXR KO mice, and the expression levels of fibrosis-related proteins and ROS deposits were higher than those in WT mice. In conclusion, the regulation of renal autophagy and apoptosis by FXR may be a therapeutic target for the early stages of kidney damage, and the progression of AKI to CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Sun Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon-In Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Seong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hui Bae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Kwon Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Wan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
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Li KX, Ji MJ, Sun HJ. An updated pharmacological insight of resveratrol in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy. Gene 2021; 780:145532. [PMID: 33631244 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most common complications of diabetes, nephropathy develops in approximately 40% of diabetic individuals. Although end stage kidney disease is known as one of the most consequences of diabetic nephropathy, the majority of diabetic individuals might die from cardiovascular diseases and infections before renal replacement treatment. Moreover, the routine medical treatments for diabetes hold undesirable side effects. The explosive prevalence of diabetes urges clinicians and scientists to investigate the complementary or alternative therapies. Phytochemicals are emerging as alternatives with a wide range of therapeutic effects on various pathologies, including diabetic kidney disease. Of those phytochemicals, resveratrol, a natural polyphenolic stilbene, has been found to exert a broad spectrum of health benefits via various signaling molecules. In particular, resveratrol has gained a great deal of attention because of its anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, cardiovascular-protective, and anti-tumor properties. In the renal system, emerging evidence shows that resveratrol has already been used to ameliorate chronic or acute kidney injury. This review critically summarizes the current findings and molecular mechanisms of resveratrol in diabetic renal damage. In addition, we will discuss the adverse and inconsistent effects of resveratrol in diabetic nephropathy. Although there is increasing evidence that resveratrol affords great potential in diabetic nephropathy therapy, these results should be treated with caution before its clinical translation. In addition, the unfavorable pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamics profiles, such as poor bioavailability, may limit its extensive clinical applications. It is clear that further research is needed to unravel these limitations and improve its efficacy against diabetic nephropathy. Increasing investigation of resveratrol in diabetic kidney disease will not only help us better understand its pharmacological actions, but also provide novel potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Xue Li
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Miao-Jin Ji
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China.
| | - Hai-Jian Sun
- Department of Basic Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
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54
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Chang TT, Chen YA, Li SY, Chen JW. Nrf-2 mediated heme oxygenase-1 activation contributes to the anti-inflammatory and renal protective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract in diabetic nephropathy. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 266:113474. [PMID: 33068650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) is derived from a medicinal plant and suggested as a treatment for diabetic nephropathy (DN), but the mechanism was not clarified. AIM OF STUDY The present study investigated whether GbE prevented DN via activation of heme oxygenase (HO)-1. MATERIALS AND METHODS Streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice were fed a high-fat diet to generate DN. Human and murine podocytes were used for the in vitro study. RESULTS GbE improved renal function via decreasing glomerular hypertrophy, the kidney/body weight ratio, and albuminuria in DN mice. GbE reversed the reduction of synaptopodin and nephrin and enhanced HO-1 expression in the kidneys of DN mice. GbE decreased the enhancement of TNF-α, IL-6, fibronectin, and lipid accumulation in the glomeruli of DN mice. GbE attenuated the uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein and reduced the production of ROS in high glucose-stimulated podocytes, and HO-1 inhibitor treatment abrogated the protective effects of GbE. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) siRNA significantly abolished the beneficial effects of GbE via decreased HO-1 expression and enhanced TNF-α and IL-6 levels. CONCLUSIONS GbE protected podocytes against hyperglycemia and prevented the development of DN via Nrf-2/HO-1 activation. Our findings provide further mechanistic insight into the potential use of GbE in clinical DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Chang
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-An Chen
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yuan Li
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Wen Chen
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Healthcare and Services Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan; Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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55
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Libby AE, Jones B, Lopez-Santiago I, Rowland E, Levi M. Nuclear receptors in the kidney during health and disease. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 78:100935. [PMID: 33272705 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 30 years, nuclear receptors (NRs) have been increasingly recognized as key modulators of systemic homeostasis and as contributing factors in many diseases. In the kidney, NRs play numerous important roles in maintaining homeostasis-many of which continue to be unraveled. As "master regulators", these important transcription factors integrate and coordinate many renal processes such as circadian responses, lipid metabolism, fatty acid oxidation, glucose handling, and inflammatory responses. The use of recently-developed genetic tools and small molecule modulators have allowed for detailed studies of how renal NRs contribute to kidney homeostasis. Importantly, while NRs are intimately involved in proper kidney function, they are also implicated in a variety of renal diseases such as diabetes, acute kidney injury, and other conditions such as aging. In the last 10 years, our understanding of renal disease etiology and progression has been greatly shaped by knowledge regarding how NRs are dysregulated in these conditions. Importantly, NRs have also become attractive therapeutic targets for attenuation of renal diseases, and their modulation for this purpose has been the subject of intense investigation. Here, we review the role in health and disease of six key renal NRs including the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR), estrogen-related receptors (ERR), the farnesoid X receptors (FXR), estrogen receptors (ER), liver X receptors (LXR), and vitamin D receptors (VDR) with an emphasis on recent findings over the last decade. These NRs have generated a wealth of data over the last 10 years that demonstrate their crucial role in maintaining normal renal homeostasis as well as their capacity to modulate disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Libby
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, 3900 Reservoir Rd, Washington, DC, 20007, USA.
| | - Bryce Jones
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University, 3900 Reservoir Rd, Washington, DC, 20007, USA.
| | - Isabel Lopez-Santiago
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, 3900 Reservoir Rd, Washington, DC, 20007, USA.
| | - Emma Rowland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, 3900 Reservoir Rd, Washington, DC, 20007, USA.
| | - Moshe Levi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, 3900 Reservoir Rd, Washington, DC, 20007, USA.
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56
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Wei H, Wang L, An Z, Xie H, Liu W, Du Q, Guo Y, Wu X, Li S, Shi Y, Zhang X, Liu H. QiDiTangShen granules modulated the gut microbiome composition and improved bile acid profiles in a mouse model of diabetic nephropathy. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 133:111061. [PMID: 33378964 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
QiDiTangShen granules (QDTS), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, have been used in clinical practice for treating diabetic kidney disease for several years. In our previous study, we have demonstrated that QDTS displayed good efficacy on reducing proteinuria in mice with diabetic nephropathy (DN). However, the exact mechanism by which QDTS exerts its reno-protection remains largely unknown. To ascertain whether QDTS could target the gut microbiota-bile acid axis, the db/db mice were adopted as a mouse model of DN. After a 12-week of treatment, we found that QDTS significantly reduced urinary albumin excretion (UAE), and attenuated the pathological injuries of kidney in the db/db mice, while the body weight and blood glucose levels of those mice were not affected. In addition, we found that QDTS significantly altered the gut microbiota composition, and decreased serum levels of total bile acid (TBA) and BA profiles such as β-muricholic acid (β-MCA), taurocholic acid (TCA), tauro β-muricholic acid (Tβ-MCA) and deoxycholic acid (DCA). These BAs are associated with the activation of farnesoid X receptor (FXR), which is highly expressed in kidney. However, there was no significant difference between QDTS-treated and -untreated db/db mice regarding the renal expression of FXR, indicating that other mechanisms may be involved. Conclusively, our study revealed that QDTS significantly alleviated renal injuries in mice with DN. The gut microbiota-bile acid axis may be an important target for the reno-protection of QDTS in DN, but the specific mechanism merits further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huili Wei
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Renal Research Institute of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Haiyuncang Road No. 5, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Renal Research Institute of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Haiyuncang Road No. 5, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Zhichao An
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Renal Research Institute of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Haiyuncang Road No. 5, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Huidi Xie
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Renal Research Institute of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Haiyuncang Road No. 5, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Weijing Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Renal Research Institute of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Haiyuncang Road No. 5, Beijing, 100700, China; Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Haiyuncang Road No. 5, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Qing Du
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Renal Research Institute of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Haiyuncang Road No. 5, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Renal Research Institute of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Haiyuncang Road No. 5, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xi Wu
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Renal Research Institute of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Haiyuncang Road No. 5, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Sicheng Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Renal Research Institute of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Haiyuncang Road No. 5, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yang Shi
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Renal Research Institute of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Haiyuncang Road No. 5, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xianhui Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Renal Research Institute of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Haiyuncang Road No. 5, Beijing, 100700, China; Health Management Center, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Dongsibei Road No. 279, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Hongfang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Renal Research Institute of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Haiyuncang Road No. 5, Beijing, 100700, China; Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Haiyuncang Road No. 5, Beijing, 100700, China.
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Abstract
Nuclear receptors have a broad spectrum of biological functions in normal physiology and in the pathology of various diseases, including glomerular disease. The primary therapies for many glomerular diseases are glucocorticoids, which exert their immunosuppressive and direct podocyte protective effects via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). As glucocorticoids are associated with important adverse effects and a substantial proportion of patients show resistance to these therapies, the beneficial effects of selective GR modulators are now being explored. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) agonism using thiazolidinediones has potent podocyte cytoprotective and nephroprotective effects. Repurposing of thiazolidinediones or identification of novel PPARγ modulators are potential strategies to treat non-diabetic glomerular disease. Retinoic acid receptor-α is the key mediator of the renal protective effects of retinoic acid, and repair of the endogenous retinoic acid pathway offers another potential therapeutic strategy for glomerular disease. Vitamin D receptor, oestrogen receptor and mineralocorticoid receptor modulators regulate podocyte injury in experimental models. Further studies are needed to better understand the mechanisms of these nuclear receptors, evaluate their synergistic pathways and identify their novel modulators. Here, we focus on the role of nuclear receptors in podocyte biology and non-diabetic glomerular disease.
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Pei K, Gui T, Li C, Zhang Q, Feng H, Li Y, Wu J, Gai Z. Recent Progress on Lipid Intake and Chronic Kidney Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:3680397. [PMID: 32382547 PMCID: PMC7196967 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3680397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with major abnormalities in circulating lipoproteins and renal lipid metabolism. This article elaborates on the mechanisms of CKD and lipid uptake abnormalities. The viewpoint we supported is that lipid abnormalities directly cause CKD, resulting in forming a vicious cycle. On the theoretical and experiment fronts, this inference has been verified by elaborately elucidating the role of lipid intake and accumulation as well as their influences on CKD. Taken together, these findings suggest that further understanding of lipid metabolism in CKD may lead to novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Pei
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Ting Gui
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Chao Li
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Huichao Feng
- Acupuncture and Massage College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Yunlun Li
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- The Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250011, China
| | - Jibiao Wu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Zhibo Gai
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
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59
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Gai Z, Gui T, Alecu I, Lone MA, Hornemann T, Chen Q, Visentin M, Hiller C, Hausler S, Kullak-Ublick GA. Farnesoid X receptor activation induces the degradation of hepatotoxic 1-deoxysphingolipids in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver Int 2020; 40:844-859. [PMID: 31883408 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) exhibit higher levels of plasma 1-deoxysphingolipids than healthy individuals. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in 1-deoxysphingolipid de novo synthesis and degradation. METHODS Mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) to induce obesity and NAFLD, and then treated with the FXR ligand obeticholic acid (OCA). Histology and gene expression analysis were performed on liver tissue. Sphingolipid patterns from NAFLD patients and mouse models were assessed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The molecular mechanism underlying the effect of FXR activation on sphingolipid metabolism was studied in Huh7 cells and primary cultured hepatocytes, as well as in a 1-deoxysphinganine-treated mouse model. RESULTS 1-deoxysphingolipids were increased in both NAFLD patients and mouse models. FXR activation by OCA protected the liver against oxidative stress, apoptosis, and reduced 1-deoxysphingolipid levels, both in a HFD-induced mouse model of obesity and in 1-deoxysphinganine-treated mice. In vitro, FXR activation lowered intracellular 1-deoxysphingolipid levels by inducing Cyp4f-mediated degradation, but not by inhibiting de novo synthesis, thereby protecting hepatocytes against doxSA-induced cytotoxicity, mitochondrial damage, and apoptosis. Overexpression of Cyp4f13 in cells was sufficient to ameliorate doxSA-induced cytotoxicity. Treatment with the Cyp4f pan-inhibitor HET0016 or FXR knock-down fully abolished the protective effect of OCA, indicating that OCA-mediated 1-deoxysphingolipid degradation is FXR and Cyp4f dependent. CONCLUSIONS Our study identifies FXR-Cyp4f as a novel regulatory pathway for 1-deoxysphingolipid metabolism. FXR activation represents a promising therapeutic strategy for patients with metabolic syndrome and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Gai
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ting Gui
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Irina Alecu
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, uOttawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Catalysis and Research Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Museer A Lone
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Hornemann
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Qingfa Chen
- The Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Liaocheng University/Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Michele Visentin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Hiller
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Hausler
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerd A Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Mechanistic Safety, CMO & Patient Safety, Global Drug Development, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland
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60
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Asare-Bediako B, Noothi SK, Li Calzi S, Athmanathan B, Vieira CP, Adu-Agyeiwaah Y, Dupont M, Jones BA, Wang XX, Chakraborty D, Levi M, Nagareddy PR, Grant MB. Characterizing the Retinal Phenotype in the High-Fat Diet and Western Diet Mouse Models of Prediabetes. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020464. [PMID: 32085589 PMCID: PMC7072836 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We sought to delineate the retinal features associated with the high-fat diet (HFD) mouse, a widely used model of obesity. C57BL/6 mice were fed either a high-fat (60% fat; HFD) or low-fat (10% fat; LFD) diet for up to 12 months. The effect of HFD on body weight and insulin resistance were measured. The retina was assessed by electroretinogram (ERG), fundus photography, permeability studies, and trypsin digests for enumeration of acellular capillaries. The HFD cohort experienced hypercholesterolemia when compared to the LFD cohort, but not hyperglycemia. HFD mice developed a higher body weight (60.33 g vs. 30.17g, p < 0.0001) as well as a reduced insulin sensitivity index (9.418 vs. 62.01, p = 0.0002) compared to LFD controls. At 6 months, retinal functional testing demonstrated a reduction in a-wave and b-wave amplitudes. At 12 months, mice on HFD showed evidence of increased retinal nerve infarcts and vascular leakage, reduced vascular density, but no increase in number of acellular capillaries compared to LFD mice. In conclusion, the HFD mouse is a useful model for examining the effect of prediabetes and hypercholesterolemia on the retina. The HFD-induced changes appear to occur slower than those observed in type 2 diabetes (T2D) models but are consistent with other retinopathy models, showing neural damage prior to vascular changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bright Asare-Bediako
- Vision Science Graduate Program, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (B.A.-B.); (Y.A.-A.); (M.D.)
| | - Sunil K. Noothi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (S.K.N.); (S.L.C.); (C.P.V.); (D.C.)
| | - Sergio Li Calzi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (S.K.N.); (S.L.C.); (C.P.V.); (D.C.)
| | - Baskaran Athmanathan
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (B.A.); (P.R.N.)
| | - Cristiano P. Vieira
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (S.K.N.); (S.L.C.); (C.P.V.); (D.C.)
| | - Yvonne Adu-Agyeiwaah
- Vision Science Graduate Program, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (B.A.-B.); (Y.A.-A.); (M.D.)
| | - Mariana Dupont
- Vision Science Graduate Program, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (B.A.-B.); (Y.A.-A.); (M.D.)
| | - Bryce A. Jones
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA;
| | - Xiaoxin X. Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (X.X.W.); (M.L.)
| | - Dibyendu Chakraborty
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (S.K.N.); (S.L.C.); (C.P.V.); (D.C.)
| | - Moshe Levi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (X.X.W.); (M.L.)
| | - Prabhakara R. Nagareddy
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (B.A.); (P.R.N.)
| | - Maria B. Grant
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (S.K.N.); (S.L.C.); (C.P.V.); (D.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Stavniichuk A, Savchuk O, Khan AH, Jankiewicz WK, Imig JD, Merk D. THE EFFECT OF COMPOUND DM509 ON KIDNEY FIBROSIS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE EXPERIMENTAL MODEL. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 80:10-15. [PMID: 33437972 DOI: 10.17721/1728_2748.2020.80.10-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is a critical event in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Unfortunately, there are few options to target renal fibrosis in order to develop novel anti-fibrotic agents that could prevent CKD progression to ESRD. We evaluated the efficacy of a novel dual-acting molecule, DM509, in preventing renal fibrosis using the unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) renal fibrosis mouse model. DM509 acts simultaneously as a farnesoid X receptor agonist (FXRA) and a soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor (sEHi). In this study, groups of 8-12 weeks old C57BL/6J male mice went through either UUO or sham surgery (n=6/group). Mice were pre-treated with DM509 (10mg/kg/d) or vehicle administered in drinking water one day prior to the UUO surgery. Sham, vehicle and DM509 treatments continued until day 10 and blood and kidney tissue were collected for biochemical, histological, and gene expression analysis at the end of the treatment protocol. The UUO group exhibited kidney dysfunction with elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) compared to the sham group (63±7 vs. 34±6 mg/dL). DM509 treatment prevented renal dysfunction as evident from 36% lower BUN level in the DM509 treated UUO mice compared to UUO mice treated with vehicle. Vehicle treated UUO mice demonstrated renal fibrosis with elevated kidney hydroxyproline content (213±11 vs. 49±9 μg/mg protein) and kidney collagen positive area (13±2% vs. 1.1±0.1%) compared to the sham group. We found that DM509 treatment prevented renal fibrosis and DM509 treated mice had 34-66% lower levels of kidney hydroxyproline and collagen positive renal area compared to vehicle-treated UUO mice. In conclusion, our data provide evidence that the novel dual-acting FXRA and a sEHi, DM509, prevented renal dysfunction and renal fibrosis in UUO mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stavniichuk
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, ESC Institute of Biology and Medicine», Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - O Savchuk
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, ESC Institute of Biology and Medicine», Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Abdul Hye Khan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Wojciech K Jankiewicz
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - John D Imig
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goal of this review is to review the role that renal parenchymal lipid accumulation plays in contributing to diabetic kidney disease (DKD), specifically contributing to the mitochondrial dysfunction observed in glomerular renal cells in the context of DKD development and progression. RECENT FINDINGS Mitochondrial dysfunction has been observed in experimental and clinical DKD. Recently, Ayanga et al. demonstrate that podocyte-specific deletion of a protein involved in mitochondrial dynamics protects from DKD progression. Furthermore, our group has recently shown that ATP-binding cassette A1 (a protein involved in cholesterol and phospholipid efflux) is significantly reduced in clinical and experimental DKD and that genetic or pharmacological induction of ABCA1 is sufficient to protect from DKD. ABCA1 deficiency in podocytes leads to mitochondrial dysfunction observed with alterations of mitochondrial lipids, in particular, cardiolipin (a mitochondrial-specific phospholipid). However, through pharmacological reduction of cardiolipin peroxidation DKD progression is reverted. Lipid metabolism is significantly altered in the diabetic kidney and renders cellular components, such as the podocyte, susceptible to injury leading to worsened DKD progression. Dysfunction of the lipid metabolism pathway can also lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial lipid alteration. Future research aimed at targeting mitochondrial lipids content and function could prove to be beneficial for the treatment of DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Michelle Ducasa
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, 1580 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alla Mitrofanova
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, 1580 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alessia Fornoni
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, 1580 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL, USA.
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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Kim DH, Choi HI, Park JS, Kim CS, Bae EH, Ma SK, Kim SW. Src-mediated crosstalk between FXR and YAP protects against renal fibrosis. FASEB J 2019; 33:11109-11122. [PMID: 31298930 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900325r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2024]
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is the common pathway of chronic kidney disease progression. The nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor [FXR, NR1H4 (nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group member 4)], a multifunctional transcription factor, plays a pivotal role in protecting against fibrosis. However, the mechanisms underlying these antifibrotic actions of FXR in kidney disease are largely unknown. Here, we show that agonist GW4064-mediated FXR activation inhibits the activity of the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Src (proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase), which is critical for regulation of yes-associated protein (YAP) phosphorylation and nuclear localization in renal fibrosis. Activation of FXR suppressed renal fibrosis and Tyr416-Src phosphorylation in TGF-β-treated human renal proximal tubule epithelial (HK2) cells. Moreover, GW4064 treatment in HK2 cells increased Ser127 phosphorylation, cytosolic accumulation of YAP, and interaction of the hippo core kinases (Ste20-like kinase 1, large tumor suppressor kinase 1, and salvador homolog 1). Inhibition of Src using PP2 (Src kinase inhibitor) prevented renal fibrosis and increased Ser127 phosphorylation and cytosolic accumulation of YAP. The expression of fibrosis markers, inflammatory genes, and YAP target genes was increased in the kidneys of FXR knockout mice compared with those of wild-type mice. In addition, GW4064 or WAY-362450 (turofexorate isopropyl) treatment protected against unilateral ureteral obstruction-induced renal fibrosis. Collectively, our data support the novel conclusion that Src-mediated crosstalk between FXR and YAP protects against renal fibrosis, making this pathway a possible therapeutic target for chronic kidney disease.-Kim, D.-H., Choi, H.-I., Park, J. S., Kim, C. S., Bae, E. H., Ma, S. K., Kim, S. W. Src-mediated crosstalk between FXR and YAP protects against renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hoon-In Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jung Sun Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Chang Seong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Eun Hui Bae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Seong Kwon Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Soo Wan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
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Comeglio P, Filippi S, Sarchielli E, Morelli A, Cellai I, Corno C, Adorini L, Vannelli GB, Maggi M, Vignozzi L. Therapeutic effects of the selective farnesoid X receptor agonist obeticholic acid in a monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension rat model. J Endocrinol Invest 2019; 42:951-965. [PMID: 30674010 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-019-1009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a member of the nuclear receptor steroid superfamily, leads to anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects in several tissues, including the lung. We have recently demonstrated a protective effect of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist obeticholic acid (OCA) in rat models of monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the positive effects of OCA treatment could be exerted also in established MCT-induced PAH, i.e., starting treatment 2 weeks after MCT administration. METHODS Rats with MCT-induced PAH were treated, 2 weeks after MCT administration, with OCA or tadalafil for two additional weeks. Pulmonary functional tests were performed at week 2 (before treatment) and four (end of treatment). At the same time points, lung morphological features and expression profile of genes related to smooth muscle relaxation/contraction and tissue remodeling were also assessed. RESULTS 2 weeks after MCT-induced injury, the treadmill resistance (a functional parameter related to pulmonary hypertension) was significantly decreased. At the same time point, we observed right ventricular hypertrophy and vascular remodeling, with upregulation of genes related to inflammation. At week 4, we observed a further worsening of the functional and morphological parameters, accompanied by dysregulation of inflammatory and extracellular matrix markers mRNA expression. Administration of OCA (3 or 10 mg/kg/day), starting 2 weeks after MCT-induced injury, significantly improved pulmonary function, effectively normalizing the exercise capacity. OCA also reverted most of the lung alterations, with a significant reduction of lung vascular wall thickness, right ventricular hypertrophy, and restoration of the local balance between relaxant and contractile pathways. Markers of remodeling pathways were also normalized by OCA treatment. Notably, results with OCA treatment were similar, or even superior, to those obtained with tadalafil, a recently approved treatment for pulmonary hypertension. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrate a significant therapeutic effect of OCA in established MCT-induced PAH, improving exercise capacity associated with reduction of right ventricular hypertrophy and lung vascular remodeling. Thus, OCA dosing in a therapeutic protocol restores the balance between relaxant and contractile pathways in the lung, promoting cardiopulmonary protective actions in MCT-induced PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Comeglio
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, AOU Careggi, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - S Filippi
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - E Sarchielli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - A Morelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - I Cellai
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, AOU Careggi, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - C Corno
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, AOU Careggi, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - L Adorini
- Intercept Pharmaceuticals, New York, NY, USA
| | - G B Vannelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - M Maggi
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, AOU Careggi, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
- I.N.B.B. (Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture E Biosistemi), Rome, Italy
| | - L Vignozzi
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, AOU Careggi, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy.
- I.N.B.B. (Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture E Biosistemi), Rome, Italy.
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Pu S, Wu X, Yang X, Zhang Y, Dai Y, Zhang Y, Wu X, Liu Y, Cui X, Jin H, Cao J, Li R, Cai J, Cao Q, Hu L, Gao Y. The Therapeutic Role of Xenobiotic Nuclear Receptors Against Metabolic Syndrome. Curr Drug Metab 2019; 20:15-22. [PMID: 29886826 DOI: 10.2174/1389200219666180611083155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes, with an increased prevalence and various progressive complications, has become a significant global health challenge. The concrete mechanisms responsible for the development of diabetes still remain incompletely unknown, although substantial researches have been conducted to search for the effective therapeutic targets. This review aims to reveal the novel roles of Xenobiotic Nuclear Receptors (XNRs), including the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR), the Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR), the Liver X Receptor (LXR), the Pregnane X Receptor (PXR) and the Constitutive Androstane Receptor (CAR), in the development of diabetes and provide potential strategies for research and treatment of metabolic diseases. METHODS We retrieved a large number of original data about these five XNRs and organized to focus on their recently discovered functions in diabetes and its complications. RESULTS Increasing evidences have suggested that PPAR, FXR, LXR ,PXR and CAR are involved in the development of diabetes and its complications through different mechanisms, including the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, insulin and inflammation response and related others. CONCLUSION PPAR, FXR, LXR, PXR, and CAR, as the receptors for numerous natural or synthetic compounds, may be the most effective therapeutic targets in the treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Pu
- PI-WEI Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojie Wu
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiaoying Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology and Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yunzhan Zhang
- PI-WEI Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunkai Dai
- PI-WEI Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Department of Operating Theatre, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Xiaoting Wu
- Department of Operating Theatre, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiaona Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Haiyong Jin
- Department of Otolaryngology, the Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianhong Cao
- PI-WEI Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruliu Li
- PI-WEI Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiazhong Cai
- PI-WEI Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qizhi Cao
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Ling Hu
- PI-WEI Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Gao
- PI-WEI Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Ducasa GM, Mitrofanova A, Mallela SK, Liu X, Molina J, Sloan A, Pedigo CE, Ge M, Santos JV, Hernandez Y, Kim JJ, Maugeais C, Mendez AJ, Nair V, Kretzler M, Burke GW, Nelson RG, Ishimoto Y, Inagi R, Banerjee S, Liu S, Szeto HH, Merscher S, Fontanesi F, Fornoni A. ATP-binding cassette A1 deficiency causes cardiolipin-driven mitochondrial dysfunction in podocytes. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:3387-3400. [PMID: 31329164 PMCID: PMC6668702 DOI: 10.1172/jci125316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts from patients with Tangier disease carrying ATP-binding cassette A1 (ABCA1) loss-of-function mutations are characterized by cardiolipin accumulation, a mitochondrial-specific phospholipid. Suppression of ABCA1 expression occurs in glomeruli from patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and in human podocytes exposed to DKD sera collected prior to the development of DKD. We demonstrated that siRNA ABCA1 knockdown in podocytes led to reduced oxygen consumption capabilities associated with alterations in the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes and with cardiolipin accumulation. Podocyte-specific deletion of Abca1 (Abca1fl/fl) rendered mice susceptible to DKD, and pharmacological induction of ABCA1 improved established DKD. This was not mediated by free cholesterol, as genetic deletion of sterol-o-acyltransferase-1 (SOAT1) in Abca1fl/fl mice was sufficient to cause free cholesterol accumulation but did not cause glomerular injury. Instead, cardiolipin mediates ABCA1-dependent susceptibility to podocyte injury, as inhibition of cardiolipin peroxidation with elamipretide improved DKD in vivo and prevented ABCA1-dependent podocyte injury in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, we describe a pathway definitively linking ABCA1 deficiency to cardiolipin-driven mitochondrial dysfunction. We demonstrated that this pathway is relevant to DKD and that ABCA1 inducers or inhibitors of cardiolipin peroxidation may each represent therapeutic strategies for the treatment of established DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Michelle Ducasa
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension/ Drug Discovery Center, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Alla Mitrofanova
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension/ Drug Discovery Center, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Shamroop K. Mallela
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension/ Drug Discovery Center, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Xiaochen Liu
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension/ Drug Discovery Center, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Judith Molina
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension/ Drug Discovery Center, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Alexis Sloan
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension/ Drug Discovery Center, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | | | - Mengyuan Ge
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension/ Drug Discovery Center, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Javier Varona Santos
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension/ Drug Discovery Center, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Yanio Hernandez
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension/ Drug Discovery Center, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jin-Ju Kim
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension/ Drug Discovery Center, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Cyrille Maugeais
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Armando J. Mendez
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Viji Nair
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Matthias Kretzler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - George W. Burke
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | | | - Yu Ishimoto
- Division of CKD Pathophysiology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Inagi
- Division of CKD Pathophysiology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shaoyi Liu
- Social Profit Network Research Lab, Alexandria LaunchLabs, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hazel H. Szeto
- Social Profit Network Research Lab, Alexandria LaunchLabs, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sandra Merscher
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension/ Drug Discovery Center, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Flavia Fontanesi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Alessia Fornoni
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension/ Drug Discovery Center, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
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Jiang X, Yu J, Wang X, Ge J, Li N. Quercetin improves lipid metabolism via SCAP-SREBP2-LDLr signaling pathway in early stage diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2019; 12:827-839. [PMID: 31239739 PMCID: PMC6554005 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s195456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Quercetin, the most widely distributed flavonoid, has been shown to have multiple properties and beneficial effects on various metabolic diseases. Thus, our aim was to investigate the underlying mechanism whereby quercetin regulates renal lipid accumulation and ameliorates early diabetic renal injuries in Leprdb/Leprdb (db/db) mice, a model of type 2 diabetes. Methods: db/db mice were administered either 50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg quercetin by oral gavage once a day to evaluate its effects on early stage diabetic nephropathy; mice were sacrificed at the end of the 10th week after intervention; a similar number of db/db and db/m mice were used as controls. During the experimental study, the general status of the animals was observed daily; body weight and blood glucose concentrations were measured at bi-weekly intervals. Biochemical parameters of lipid metabolism were measured by automatic biochemical analyzer. Renal function parameters were performed using commercial kits. Early renal histological changes and lipid accumulation were demonstrated by H&E staining and Oil-Red-O staining, respectively. Moreover, the expression of key proteins in the low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLr)-SREBP-2-SREBP cSCAP signaling pathway in the kidneys of diabetic mice was detected by Western blot assay. Results: Compared with diabetic controls, quercetin not only ameliorated albuminuria and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio, but also decreased blood urea nitrogen and glucose, serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, whereas it had no remarkable effect on the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in diabetic db/db mice. Additionally, the evidently down regulated expression of LDLr, HMGCR, SREBP-2, and SCAP subsequently attenuated the renal lipid profile change and lipid droplet accumulation, resulting in the alleviation of renal injury of db/db mice. Conclusion: Quercetin safely and efficiently alleviates early diabetic renal injuries, possibly through improving the lipid metabolism via SCAP-SREBP2-LDLr signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyuan Jiang
- The First Clinical Medical School, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu210029, People’s Republic of China
- Eodocrinology Department, KunShan Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, 215300, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiangyi Yu
- Eodocrinology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu213003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- Eodocrinology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu213003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Ge
- Eodocrinology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu213003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nan Li
- The First Clinical Medical School, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu210029, People’s Republic of China
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68
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Lipid Accumulation and Chronic Kidney Disease. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040722. [PMID: 30925738 PMCID: PMC6520701 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and hyperlipidemia are the most prevalent independent risk factors of chronic kidney disease (CKD), suggesting that lipid accumulation in the renal parenchyma is detrimental to renal function. Non-esterified fatty acids (also known as free fatty acids, FFA) are especially harmful to the kidneys. A concerted, increased FFA uptake due to high fat diets, overexpression of fatty acid uptake systems such as the CD36 scavenger receptor and the fatty acid transport proteins, and a reduced β-oxidation rate underlie the intracellular lipid accumulation in non-adipose tissues. FFAs in excess can damage podocytes, proximal tubular epithelial cells and the tubulointerstitial tissue through various mechanisms, in particular by boosting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation, promoting mitochondrial damage and tissue inflammation, which result in glomerular and tubular lesions. Not all lipids are bad for the kidneys: polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) seem to help lag the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Lifestyle interventions, especially dietary adjustments, and lipid-lowering drugs can contribute to improve the clinical outcome of patients with CKD.
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69
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Comeglio P, Filippi S, Sarchielli E, Morelli A, Cellai I, Corno C, Pini A, Adorini L, Vannelli GB, Maggi M, Vignozzi L. Therapeutic effects of obeticholic acid (OCA) treatment in a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis rat model. J Endocrinol Invest 2019; 42:283-294. [PMID: 29923060 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-018-0913-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We recently demonstrated a protective effect of the farnesoid X receptor agonist obeticholic acid (OCA) in rat models of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis (PF). Aim of the present study was to investigate whether the positive effects of OCA treatment are apparent also on ongoing bleomycin-induced PF, i.e., after 2 weeks of bleomycin administration. METHODS Bleomycin-induced PF rats were treated 2 weeks after bleomycin administration with OCA or pirfenidone for two additional weeks. Pulmonary function test was performed at 2 and 4 weeks in all experimental groups. At the same time points, lung morphological features and mRNA expression profile of genes related to fibrosis, inflammation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition were also assessed. RESULTS After 2 weeks, bleomycin significantly increased the pressure at the airway opening (PAO), a functional parameter related to fibrosis-induced lung stiffness, and induced diffuse lung interstitium fibrosis, with upregulation of inflammation (IL1β, MCP1) and tissue remodeling (COL1A1, COL3A1, ET1, MMP7, PDGFa, αSMA, SNAI1) markers. At week four, a further increase of lung fibrosis and PAO was observed, accompanied by upregulation of extracellular matrix-related mRNA expression. OCA administration, even after the establishment of PF, significantly improved pulmonary function, normalizing PAO, and reverted the bleomycin-induced lung alterations, with significant reduction of markers of inflammation (CD206, COX2, HIF1, IL1β, MCP1), epithelial proliferation (CTGF, PDGFa) and fibrosis (COL1A1, COL3A1, ET1, FN1, MMPs, αSMA, SNAIs, TGFβ1, TIMPs). Results with OCA were similar or superior to those obtained with pirfenidone. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our results demonstrate a significant therapeutic effect of OCA in already established PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Comeglio
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, AOU Careggi, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - S Filippi
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - E Sarchielli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - A Morelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - I Cellai
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, AOU Careggi, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - C Corno
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, AOU Careggi, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - A Pini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - L Adorini
- Intercept Pharmaceuticals, New York, NY, USA
| | - G B Vannelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - M Maggi
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, AOU Careggi, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
- I.N.B.B. (Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi), Rome, Italy
| | - L Vignozzi
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, AOU Careggi, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy.
- I.N.B.B. (Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi), Rome, Italy.
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70
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Masaoutis C, Theocharis S. The farnesoid X receptor: a potential target for expanding the therapeutic arsenal against kidney disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 23:107-116. [PMID: 30577722 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1559825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear bile acid (BA) receptor widely distributed among tissues, a major sensor of BA levels, primary suppressor of hepatic BA synthesis and secondary regulator of lipid metabolism and inflammation. Chronic kidney disease is a common, multifactorial condition with metabolic and inflammatory causes and implications. An array of natural and synthetic FXR agonists has been developed, but not yet studied clinically in kidney disease. Areas covered: Following a summary of FXR's physiological functions in the kidney, we discuss its effects in renal disease with emphasis on chronic and acute kidney disease, chemotherapy-induced nephrotoxicity, and renal neoplasia. Most information is derived from animal models; no relevant clinical study has been conducted to date. Expert opinion: Most available preclinical data indicates a promising outlook for clinical research in this direction. We believe FXR agonism to be an auspicious approach to treating renal disease, considering that multifactorial diseases call for ideally wide-reaching therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Masaoutis
- a First Department of Pathology, Medical School , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Stamatios Theocharis
- a First Department of Pathology, Medical School , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
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71
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Kato M. Noncoding RNAs as therapeutic targets in early stage diabetic kidney disease. Kidney Res Clin Pract 2018; 37:197-209. [PMID: 30254844 PMCID: PMC6147183 DOI: 10.23876/j.krcp.2018.37.3.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a major renal complication of diabetes that leads to renal dysfunction and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Major features of DKD include accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins and glomerular hypertrophy, especially in early stage. Transforming growth factor-β plays key roles in regulation of profibrotic genes and signal transducers such as Akt kinase and MAPK as well as endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidant stress, and autophagy related to hypertrophy in diabetes. Many drugs targeting the pathogenic signaling in DKD (mostly through protein-coding genes) are under development. However, because of the limited number of protein-coding genes, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) including microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are attracting more attention as potential new drug targets for human diseases. Some miRNAs and lncRNAs regulate each other (by hosting, enhancing transcription from the neighbor, hybridizing each other, and changing chromatin modifications) and create circuits and cascades enhancing the pathogenic signaling in DKD. In this short and focused review, the functional significance of ncRNAs (miRNAs and lncRNAs) in the early stages of DKD and their therapeutic potential are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuo Kato
- Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
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72
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Beli E, Yan Y, Moldovan L, Vieira CP, Gao R, Duan Y, Prasad R, Bhatwadekar A, White FA, Townsend SD, Chan L, Ryan CN, Morton D, Moldovan EG, Chu FI, Oudit GY, Derendorf H, Adorini L, Wang XX, Evans-Molina C, Mirmira RG, Boulton ME, Yoder MC, Li Q, Levi M, Busik JV, Grant MB. Restructuring of the Gut Microbiome by Intermittent Fasting Prevents Retinopathy and Prolongs Survival in db/db Mice. Diabetes 2018; 67:1867-1879. [PMID: 29712667 PMCID: PMC6110320 DOI: 10.2337/db18-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF) protects against the development of metabolic diseases and cancer, but whether it can prevent diabetic microvascular complications is not known. In db/db mice, we examined the impact of long-term IF on diabetic retinopathy (DR). Despite no change in glycated hemoglobin, db/db mice on the IF regimen displayed significantly longer survival and a reduction in DR end points, including acellular capillaries and leukocyte infiltration. We hypothesized that IF-mediated changes in the gut microbiota would produce beneficial metabolites and prevent the development of DR. Microbiome analysis revealed increased levels of Firmicutes and decreased Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia. Compared with db/db mice on ad libitum feeding, changes in the microbiome of the db/db mice on IF were associated with increases in gut mucin, goblet cell number, villi length, and reductions in plasma peptidoglycan. Consistent with the known modulatory effects of Firmicutes on bile acid (BA) metabolism, measurement of BAs demonstrated a significant increase of tauroursodeoxycholate (TUDCA), a neuroprotective BA, in db/db on IF but not in db/db on AL feeding. TGR5, the TUDCA receptor, was found in the retinal primary ganglion cells. Expression of TGR5 did not change with IF or diabetes. However, IF reduced retinal TNF-α mRNA, which is a downstream target of TGR5 activation. Pharmacological activation of TGR5 using INT-767 prevented DR in a second diabetic mouse model. These findings support the concept that IF prevents DR by restructuring the microbiota toward species producing TUDCA and subsequent retinal protection by TGR5 activation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bacteroidetes/growth & development
- Bacteroidetes/immunology
- Bacteroidetes/isolation & purification
- Bile Acids and Salts/therapeutic use
- Colon/drug effects
- Colon/immunology
- Colon/metabolism
- Colon/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/microbiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy
- Diabetic Retinopathy/complications
- Diabetic Retinopathy/immunology
- Diabetic Retinopathy/pathology
- Diabetic Retinopathy/prevention & control
- Dysbiosis/complications
- Dysbiosis/microbiology
- Dysbiosis/pathology
- Dysbiosis/therapy
- Fasting
- Feces/microbiology
- Firmicutes/growth & development
- Firmicutes/immunology
- Firmicutes/isolation & purification
- Ganglia, Sensory/drug effects
- Ganglia, Sensory/immunology
- Ganglia, Sensory/metabolism
- Ganglia, Sensory/pathology
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome/immunology
- Goblet Cells/drug effects
- Goblet Cells/immunology
- Goblet Cells/metabolism
- Goblet Cells/pathology
- Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
- Leukocytes/drug effects
- Leukocytes/immunology
- Leukocytes/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Microvessels/drug effects
- Microvessels/immunology
- Microvessels/metabolism
- Microvessels/pathology
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Retina/drug effects
- Retina/immunology
- Retina/metabolism
- Retina/pathology
- Retinal Vessels/drug effects
- Retinal Vessels/immunology
- Retinal Vessels/metabolism
- Retinal Vessels/pathology
- Survival Analysis
- Verrucomicrobia/growth & development
- Verrucomicrobia/immunology
- Verrucomicrobia/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Beli
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Yuanqing Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Leni Moldovan
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Cristiano P Vieira
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL
| | - Ruli Gao
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Yaqian Duan
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Ram Prasad
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL
| | - Ashay Bhatwadekar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Fletcher A White
- Department of Anesthesia, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fang-I Chu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Gavin Y Oudit
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | - Xiaoxin X Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Carmella Evans-Molina
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Raghavendra G Mirmira
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Michael E Boulton
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL
| | - Mervin C Yoder
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Qiuhong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Moshe Levi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Julia V Busik
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Maria B Grant
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Bile acids act as activating signals of endogenous renal receptors: the nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the membrane-bound G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1, also known as TGR5). In recent years, bile acids have emerged as important for renal pathophysiology by activating FXR and TGR5 and transcription factors relevant for lipid, cholesterol and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as genes involved in inflammation and renal fibrosis. RECENT FINDINGS Activation of bile acid receptors has a promising therapeutic potential in prevention of diabetic nephropathy and obesity-induced renal damage, as well as in nephrosclerosis. During the past decade, progress has been made in understanding the biology and mechanisms of bile acid receptors in the kidney and in the development of specific bile acid receptor agonists. SUMMARY In this review, we discuss current knowledge on the roles of FXR and TGR5 in the physiology of the kidney and the latest advances made in development and characterization of bile acid analogues that activate bile acid receptors for treatment of renal disease.
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74
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Liu ZQ, Lee JN, Son M, Lim JY, Dutta RK, Maharjan Y, Kwak S, Oh GT, Byun K, Choe SK, Park R. Ciliogenesis is reciprocally regulated by PPARA and NR1H4/FXR through controlling autophagy in vitro and in vivo. Autophagy 2018; 14:1011-1027. [PMID: 29771182 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1448326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary cilia are evolutionarily conserved microtubule-based cellular organelles that perceive metabolic status and thus link the sensory system to cellular signaling pathways. Therefore, ciliogenesis is thought to be tightly linked to autophagy, which is also regulated by nutrient-sensing transcription factors, such as PPARA (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha) and NR1H4/FXR (nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 4). However, the relationship between these factors and ciliogenesis has not been clearly demonstrated. Here, we present direct evidence for the involvement of macroautophagic/autophagic regulators in controlling ciliogenesis. We showed that activation of PPARA facilitated ciliogenesis independently of cellular nutritional states. Importantly, PPARA-induced ciliogenesis was mediated by controlling autophagy, since either pharmacological or genetic inactivation of autophagy significantly repressed ciliogenesis. Moreover, we showed that pharmacological activator of autophagy, rapamycin, recovered repressed ciliogenesis in ppara-/- cells. Conversely, activation of NR1H4 repressed cilia formation, while knockdown of NR1H4 enhanced ciliogenesis by inducing autophagy. The reciprocal activities of PPARA and NR1H4 in regulating ciliogenesis were highlighted in a condition where de-repressed ciliogenesis by NR1H4 knockdown was further enhanced by PPARA activation. The in vivo roles of PPARA and NR1H4 in regulating ciliogenesis were examined in greater detail in ppara-/- mice. In response to starvation, ciliogenesis was facilitated in wild-type mice via enhanced autophagy in kidney, while ppara-/- mice displayed impaired autophagy and kidney damage resembling ciliopathy. Furthermore, an NR1H4 agonist exacerbated kidney damage associated with starvation in ppara-/- mice. These findings indicate a previously unknown role for PPARA and NR1H4 in regulating the autophagy-ciliogenesis axis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang Liu
- a Department of Microbiology and Center for Metabolic Function Regulation , Wonkwang University School of Medicine , Iksan , Jeonbuk , Korea
| | - Joon No Lee
- b Department of Biomedical Science & Engineering , Institute of Integrated Technology, Gwangju Institute of Science & Technology , Gwangju , Korea
| | - Myeongjoo Son
- d Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology , Gachon University Graduate School of Medicine , Incheon , Korea.,e Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory , Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University , Incheon , Korea
| | - Jae-Young Lim
- a Department of Microbiology and Center for Metabolic Function Regulation , Wonkwang University School of Medicine , Iksan , Jeonbuk , Korea
| | - Raghbendra Kumar Dutta
- a Department of Microbiology and Center for Metabolic Function Regulation , Wonkwang University School of Medicine , Iksan , Jeonbuk , Korea
| | - Yunash Maharjan
- a Department of Microbiology and Center for Metabolic Function Regulation , Wonkwang University School of Medicine , Iksan , Jeonbuk , Korea
| | - SeongAe Kwak
- c Zoonosis Research Center , Wonkwang University School of Medicine , Iksan , Jeonbuk , Korea
| | - Goo Taeg Oh
- f Laboratory of Cardiovascular Genomics, Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Ewha Womans University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Kyunghee Byun
- d Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology , Gachon University Graduate School of Medicine , Incheon , Korea.,e Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory , Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University , Incheon , Korea
| | - Seong-Kyu Choe
- a Department of Microbiology and Center for Metabolic Function Regulation , Wonkwang University School of Medicine , Iksan , Jeonbuk , Korea
| | - Raekil Park
- b Department of Biomedical Science & Engineering , Institute of Integrated Technology, Gwangju Institute of Science & Technology , Gwangju , Korea
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75
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The crosstalk of gut microbiota and chronic kidney disease: role of inflammation, proteinuria, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Int Urol Nephrol 2018; 50:1453-1466. [PMID: 29728993 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-018-1873-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been shown to result in profound changes in the composition and functions of the gut microbial flora which by disrupting intestinal epithelial barrier and generating toxic by-products contributes to systemic inflammation and the associated complications. On the other hand, emerging evidence points to the role of the gut microbiota in the development and progression of CKD by provoking inflammation, proteinuria, hypertension, and diabetes. These observations demonstrate the causal interconnection between the gut microbial dysbiosis and CKD. The gut microbiota closely interacts with the inflammatory, renal, cardiovascular, and endocrine systems via metabolic, humoral, and neural signaling pathways, events which can lead to chronic systemic inflammation, proteinuria, hypertension, diabetes, and kidney disease. Given the established role of the gut microbiota in the development and progression of CKD and its complications, favorable modification of the composition and function of the gut microbiome represents an appealing therapeutic target for prevention and treatment of CKD. This review provides an overview of the role of the gut microbial dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of the common causes of CKD including hypertension, diabetes, and proteinuria as well as progression of CKD.
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76
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Wang XX, Wang D, Luo Y, Myakala K, Dobrinskikh E, Rosenberg AZ, Levi J, Kopp JB, Field A, Hill A, Lucia S, Qiu L, Jiang T, Peng Y, Orlicky D, Garcia G, Herman-Edelstein M, D'Agati V, Henriksen K, Adorini L, Pruzanski M, Xie C, Krausz KW, Gonzalez FJ, Ranjit S, Dvornikov A, Gratton E, Levi M. FXR/TGR5 Dual Agonist Prevents Progression of Nephropathy in Diabetes and Obesity. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:118-137. [PMID: 29089371 PMCID: PMC5748904 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017020222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids are ligands for the nuclear hormone receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the G protein-coupled receptor TGR5. We have shown that FXR and TGR5 have renoprotective roles in diabetes- and obesity-related kidney disease. Here, we determined whether these effects are mediated through differential or synergistic signaling pathways. We administered the FXR/TGR5 dual agonist INT-767 to DBA/2J mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes, db/db mice with type 2 diabetes, and C57BL/6J mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity. We also examined the individual effects of the selective FXR agonist obeticholic acid (OCA) and the TGR5 agonist INT-777 in diabetic mice. The FXR agonist OCA and the TGR5 agonist INT-777 modulated distinct renal signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetic nephropathy. Treatment of diabetic DBA/2J and db/db mice with the dual FXR/TGR5 agonist INT-767 improved proteinuria and prevented podocyte injury, mesangial expansion, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. INT-767 exerted coordinated effects on multiple pathways, including stimulation of a signaling cascade involving AMP-activated protein kinase, sirtuin 1, PGC-1α, sirtuin 3, estrogen-related receptor-α, and Nrf-1; inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress; and inhibition of enhanced renal fatty acid and cholesterol metabolism. Additionally, in mice with diet-induced obesity, INT-767 prevented mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress determined by fluorescence lifetime imaging of NADH and kidney fibrosis determined by second harmonic imaging microscopy. These results identify the renal signaling pathways regulated by FXR and TGR5, which may be promising targets for the treatment of nephropathy in diabetes and obesity.
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MESH Headings
- Albuminuria/etiology
- Animals
- Bile Acids and Salts/pharmacology
- Chenodeoxycholic Acid/analogs & derivatives
- Chenodeoxycholic Acid/pharmacology
- Cholesterol/metabolism
- Cholic Acids/pharmacology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetic Nephropathies/complications
- Diabetic Nephropathies/metabolism
- Diabetic Nephropathies/pathology
- Diabetic Nephropathies/prevention & control
- Disease Progression
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
- Fibrosis
- Glomerular Mesangium/pathology
- Humans
- Kidney Tubules/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Obesity/complications
- Obesity/metabolism
- Oxidative Stress
- Podocytes/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/agonists
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Triglycerides/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxin X Wang
- Departments of Medicine and
- Pathology, University of Colorado Denver and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Dong Wang
- Departments of Medicine and
- Pathology, University of Colorado Denver and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Yuhuan Luo
- Departments of Medicine and
- Pathology, University of Colorado Denver and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Komuraiah Myakala
- Departments of Medicine and
- Pathology, University of Colorado Denver and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Evgenia Dobrinskikh
- Departments of Medicine and
- Pathology, University of Colorado Denver and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Avi Z Rosenberg
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and
- Division of Pathology and
| | - Jonathan Levi
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and
| | - Jeffrey B Kopp
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and
| | - Amanda Field
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center and the George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Rabin Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ashley Hill
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center and the George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Rabin Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Scott Lucia
- Departments of Medicine and
- Pathology, University of Colorado Denver and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Liru Qiu
- Departments of Medicine and
- Pathology, University of Colorado Denver and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Tao Jiang
- Departments of Medicine and
- Pathology, University of Colorado Denver and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Yingqiong Peng
- Departments of Medicine and
- Pathology, University of Colorado Denver and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - David Orlicky
- Departments of Medicine and
- Pathology, University of Colorado Denver and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Gabriel Garcia
- Departments of Medicine and
- Pathology, University of Colorado Denver and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michal Herman-Edelstein
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Rabin Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Vivette D'Agati
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Kammi Henriksen
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Mark Pruzanski
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Cen Xie
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kristopher W Krausz
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Suman Ranjit
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Alexander Dvornikov
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Enrico Gratton
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Moshe Levi
- Departments of Medicine and
- Pathology, University of Colorado Denver and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
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77
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Comeglio P, Morelli A, Adorini L, Maggi M, Vignozzi L. Beneficial effects of bile acid receptor agonists in pulmonary disease models. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2017; 26:1215-1228. [PMID: 28949776 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2017.1385760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bile acids act as steroid hormones, controlling lipid, glucose and energy metabolism, as well as inflammation and fibrosis. Their actions are implemented through activation of nuclear (FXR, VDR, PXR) and membrane G protein-coupled (TGR5, S1PR2) receptors. Areas covered: This review discusses the potential of FXR and TGR5 as therapeutic targets in the treatment of pulmonary disorders linked to metabolism and/or inflammation. Obeticholic acid (OCA) is the most clinically advanced bile acid-derived agonist for FXR-mediated anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects. It therefore represents an attractive pharmacological approach for the treatment of lung conditions characterized by vascular and endothelial dysfunctions. Expert opinion: Inflammation, vascular remodeling and fibrotic processes characterize the progression of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). These processes are only partially targeted by the available therapeutic options and still represent a relevant medical need. The results hereby summarized demonstrate OCA efficacy in preventing experimental lung disorders, i.e. monocrotaline-induced PAH and bleomycin-induced fibrosis, by abating proinflammatory and vascular remodeling progression. TGR5 is also expressed in the lung, and targeting the TGR5 pathway, using the TGR5 agonist INT-777 or the dual FXR/TGR5 agonist INT-767, could also contribute to the treatment of pulmonary disorders mediated by inflammation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Comeglio
- a Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences , University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Annamaria Morelli
- b Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine , University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | | | - Mario Maggi
- a Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences , University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Linda Vignozzi
- a Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences , University of Florence , Florence , Italy
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Su W, Cao R, He YC, Guan YF, Ruan XZ. Crosstalk of Hyperglycemia and Dyslipidemia in Diabetic Kidney Disease. KIDNEY DISEASES 2017; 3:171-180. [PMID: 29344511 DOI: 10.1159/000479874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is defined by the functional, structural, and clinical abnormalities of the kidney that are caused by diabetes. Summary One-third of both type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes patients suffer from DKD, which is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease, and is also associated with cardiovascular disease and high public health care costs. Serum glucose level and lipid level are key factors in the pathogenesis of DKD and are modifiable. The goal of this review is to provide an update on the roles of glucose and lipid metabolism in DKD and their crosstalk at the molecular level. We will further discuss the recent advances regarding metabolic nuclear receptors in glucose-lipid crosstalk, which may provide new potential therapeutic targets for DKD. Key Message AMPK, SREBP-1, and some metabolic hormone receptors including liver X receptors, farnesoid X receptors, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors mediate the crosstalk of hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia in diabetic kidney disease and might be potential treatment candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Su
- AstraZeneca - Shenzhen University Joint Institute of Nephrology, Center for Nephrology and Urology, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rong Cao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yong Cheng He
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - You Fei Guan
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiong Zhong Ruan
- John Moorhead Research Laboratory, Centre for Nephrology, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
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79
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Gai Z, Chu L, Xu Z, Song X, Sun D, Kullak-Ublick GA. Farnesoid X receptor activation protects the kidney from ischemia-reperfusion damage. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9815. [PMID: 28852062 PMCID: PMC5575310 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10168-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) activation has been reported to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress. Because both inflammation and oxidative stress are critical for tissue destruction during kidney ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury, we investigated the protective role of FXR against kidney damage induced by I/R in mice. Mice undergoing renal I/R developed the typical features of acute kidney injury (AKI): increased creatinine, albuminuria, tubular necrosis and apoptosis. Inflammatory cytokine production and oxidative stress were also markedly increased. In mice pretreated with 6-ethyl-chenodeoxycholic acid (6-ECDCA), a selective FXR agonist, I/R induced changes were prevented and renal function and structure were improved. Moreover, FXR activation also effectively prevented the subsequent progression of AKI to chronic kidney disease (CKD) by ameliorating glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis and by suppressing fibrogenic gene expression. FXR mRNA levels were inversely correlated with the progression to CKD in mice and with the degree of interstitial fibrosis in human biopsies. In further experiments administering 6-ECDCA to renal proximal tubular cells cultured under hypoxia, the renoprotective effects of FXR activation were associated with inhibition of oxidative and ER stress and with increased antioxidant activity. In conclusion, FXR agonists may have a therapeutic role in conditions associated with ischemic kidney damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Gai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lei Chu
- Department of Urology, Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Zaozhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenqiang Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Song
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongfeng Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Gerd A Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Kwon G, Uddin MJ, Lee G, Jiang S, Cho A, Lee JH, Lee SR, Bae YS, Moon SH, Lee SJ, Cha DR, Ha H. A novel pan-Nox inhibitor, APX-115, protects kidney injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice: possible role of peroxisomal and mitochondrial biogenesis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:74217-74232. [PMID: 29088780 PMCID: PMC5650335 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidase (Nox)-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) are increasingly recognized as a key factor in inflammation and extracellular matrix accumulation in diabetic kidney disease. APX-115 (3-phenyl-1-(pyridin-2-yl)-4-propyl-1-5-hydroxypyrazol HCl) is a novel orally active pan-Nox inhibitor. The objective of this study was to compare the protective effect of APX-115 with a renin-angiotensin system inhibitor (losartan), the standard treatment against kidney injury in diabetic patients, on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic kidney injury. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of STZ at 50 mg/kg/day for 5 days in C57BL/6J mice. APX-115 (60 mg/kg/day) or losartan (1.5 mg/kg/day) was administered orally to diabetic mice for 12 weeks. APX-115 effectively prevented kidney injury such as albuminuria, glomerular hypertrophy, tubular injury, podocyte injury, fibrosis, and inflammation as well as oxidative stress in diabetic mice, similar to losartan. In addition, both APX-115 and losartan treatment effectively inhibited mitochondrial and peroxisomal dysfunction associated with lipid accumulation. Our data suggest that APX-115, a pan-Nox inhibitor, may become a novel therapeutic agent against diabetic kidney disease by maintaining peroxisomal and mitochondrial fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guideock Kwon
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Md Jamal Uddin
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gayoung Lee
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Songling Jiang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ahreum Cho
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Hwa Lee
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sae Rom Lee
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun Soo Bae
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | - Dae Ryong Cha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hunjoo Ha
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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81
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Wang XX, Luo Y, Wang D, Adorini L, Pruzanski M, Dobrinskikh E, Levi M. A dual agonist of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the G protein-coupled receptor TGR5, INT-767, reverses age-related kidney disease in mice. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:12018-12024. [PMID: 28596381 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c117.794982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Even in healthy individuals, renal function gradually declines during aging. However, an observed variation in the rate of this decline has raised the possibility of slowing or delaying age-related kidney disease. One of the most successful interventional measures that slows down and delays age-related kidney disease is caloric restriction. We undertook the present studies to search for potential factors that are regulated by caloric restriction and act as caloric restriction mimetics. Based on our prior studies with the bile acid-activated nuclear hormone receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and G protein-coupled membrane receptor TGR5 that demonstrated beneficial effects of FXR and TGR5 activation in the kidney, we reasoned that FXR and TGR5 could be excellent candidates. We therefore determined the effects of aging and caloric restriction on the expression of FXR and TGR5 in the kidney. We found that FXR and TGR5 expression levels are decreased in the aging kidney and that caloric restriction prevents these age-related decreases. Interestingly, in long-lived Ames dwarf mice, renal FXR and TGR5 expression levels were also increased. A 2-month treatment of 22-month-old C57BL/6J mice with the FXR-TGR5 dual agonist INT-767 induced caloric restriction-like effects and reversed age-related increases in proteinuria, podocyte injury, fibronectin accumulation, TGF-β expression, and, most notably, age-related impairments in mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial function. Furthermore, in podocytes cultured in serum obtained from old mice, INT-767 prevented the increases in the proinflammatory markers TNF-α, toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), and TLR4. In summary, our results indicate that FXR and TGR5 may play an important role in modulation of age-related kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxin X Wang
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Yuhuan Luo
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Dong Wang
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | | | | | - Evgenia Dobrinskikh
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Moshe Levi
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045.
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Comeglio P, Filippi S, Sarchielli E, Morelli A, Cellai I, Corcetto F, Corno C, Maneschi E, Pini A, Adorini L, Vannelli GB, Maggi M, Vignozzi L. Anti-fibrotic effects of chronic treatment with the selective FXR agonist obeticholic acid in the bleomycin-induced rat model of pulmonary fibrosis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 168:26-37. [PMID: 28115235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) activation by obeticholic acid (OCA) has been demonstrated to inhibit inflammation and fibrosis development in liver, kidney and intestine in multiple disease models. FXR activation has also been demonstrated to suppress the inflammatory response and to promote lung repair after lung injury. This study investigated the protective effects of OCA treatment (3 or 10mg/kg/day) on inflammation, tissue remodeling and fibrosis in the bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis rat model. Effects of OCA treatment on morphological and molecular alterations of the lung, as well as remodeling of the alveoli and the right ventricle were also evaluated. Lung function was assessed by measuring airway resistance to inflation. In the acute phase (7days), bleomycin promoted an initial thickening and fibrosis of the lung interstitium, with upregulation of genes related to epithelial proliferation, tissue remodeling and hypoxia. At 28days, an evident increase in the deposition of collagen in the lungs was observed. This excessive deposition was accompanied by an upregulation of transcripts related to the extracellular matrix (TGFβ1, SNAI1 and SNAI2), indicating lung fibrosis. Administration of OCA protected against bleomycin-induced lung damage by suppressing molecular mechanisms related to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), inflammation and collagen deposition, with a dose-dependent reduction of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-6, as well as TGF-β1 and SNAI1 expression. Pirfenidone, a recently approved treatment for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), significantly counteracted bleomycin-induced pro-fibrotic genes expression, but did not exert significant effects on IL-1β and IL-6. OCA treatment in bleomycin-challenged rats also improved pulmonary function, by effectively normalizing airway resistance to inflation and lung stiffness in vivo. Results with OCA were similar, or even superior, to those obtained with pirfenidone. In conclusion, our results suggest an important protective effect of OCA against bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis by blunting critical mediators in the pathogenesis of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Comeglio
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sandra Filippi
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Neuroscience, Drug Research and Child Care, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Erica Sarchielli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Annamaria Morelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cellai
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Corcetto
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Corno
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Maneschi
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | - Mario Maggi
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; I.N.B.B. (Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi), Rome, Italy
| | - Linda Vignozzi
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; I.N.B.B. (Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi), Rome, Italy.
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83
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Wang XX, Levi J, Luo Y, Myakala K, Herman-Edelstein M, Qiu L, Wang D, Peng Y, Grenz A, Lucia S, Dobrinskikh E, D'Agati VD, Koepsell H, Kopp JB, Rosenberg AZ, Levi M. SGLT2 Protein Expression Is Increased in Human Diabetic Nephropathy: SGLT2 PROTEIN INHIBITION DECREASES RENAL LIPID ACCUMULATION, INFLAMMATION, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEPHROPATHY IN DIABETIC MICE. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:5335-5348. [PMID: 28196866 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.779520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is very limited human renal sodium gradient-dependent glucose transporter protein (SGLT2) mRNA and protein expression data reported in the literature. The first aim of this study was to determine SGLT2 mRNA and protein levels in human and animal models of diabetic nephropathy. We have found that the expression of SGLT2 mRNA and protein is increased in renal biopsies from human subjects with diabetic nephropathy. This is in contrast to db-db mice that had no changes in renal SGLT2 protein expression. Furthermore, the effect of SGLT2 inhibition on renal lipid content and inflammation is not known. The second aim of this study was to determine the potential mechanisms of beneficial effects of SGLT2 inhibition in the progression of diabetic renal disease. We treated db/db mice with a selective SGLT2 inhibitor JNJ 39933673. We found that SGLT2 inhibition caused marked decreases in systolic blood pressure, kidney weight/body weight ratio, urinary albumin, and urinary thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances. SGLT2 inhibition prevented renal lipid accumulation via inhibition of carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein-β, pyruvate kinase L, SCD-1, and DGAT1, key transcriptional factors and enzymes that mediate fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis. SGLT2 inhibition also prevented inflammation via inhibition of CD68 macrophage accumulation and expression of p65, TLR4, MCP-1, and osteopontin. These effects were associated with reduced mesangial expansion, accumulation of the extracellular matrix proteins fibronectin and type IV collagen, and loss of podocyte markers WT1 and synaptopodin, as determined by immunofluorescence microscopy. In summary, our study showed that SGLT2 inhibition modulates renal lipid metabolism and inflammation and prevents the development of nephropathy in db/db mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxin X Wang
- From the Departments of Medicine, Anesthesiology, and Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80220.,the Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, Colorado 80220
| | - Jonathan Levi
- the NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Yuhuan Luo
- From the Departments of Medicine, Anesthesiology, and Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80220
| | - Komuraiah Myakala
- From the Departments of Medicine, Anesthesiology, and Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80220
| | - Michal Herman-Edelstein
- the Rabin Medical Center, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Liru Qiu
- From the Departments of Medicine, Anesthesiology, and Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80220
| | - Dong Wang
- From the Departments of Medicine, Anesthesiology, and Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80220
| | - Yingqiong Peng
- From the Departments of Medicine, Anesthesiology, and Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80220
| | - Almut Grenz
- From the Departments of Medicine, Anesthesiology, and Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80220
| | - Scott Lucia
- From the Departments of Medicine, Anesthesiology, and Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80220
| | - Evgenia Dobrinskikh
- From the Departments of Medicine, Anesthesiology, and Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80220
| | - Vivette D D'Agati
- the Department of Pathology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10027
| | - Hermann Koepsell
- the Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Würzburg, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany, and
| | - Jeffrey B Kopp
- the NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Avi Z Rosenberg
- the Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Moshe Levi
- From the Departments of Medicine, Anesthesiology, and Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80220, .,the Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, Colorado 80220
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84
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Teno N, Iguchi Y, Yamashita Y, Mori N, Une M, Nishimaki-Mogami T, Gohda K. Discovery and optimization of benzimidazole derivatives as a novel chemotype of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:1787-1794. [PMID: 28190654 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We describe here a novel chemotype with substituted benzimidazole scaffold for nonsteroidal farnesoid X receptor (FXR) antagonists starting from the identification of a screening hit, BB-4. Structure diversity in four regions A-D of BB-4 or 1 is discussed. In particular, regions A and C had an effect on an antagonism against FXR as demonstrated by the derivatives represented by 7 and 15, respectively. Thus, compound 19 arising from the combination of regions A and C underscored an important fact on antagonism against FXR, also showing the reduced small heterodimer partner and the increased cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Teno
- Hiroshima International University, Faculty of Clinical Nutrition, 5-1-1, Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Iguchi
- Hiroshima International University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5-1-1, Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Yukiko Yamashita
- Hiroshima International University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5-1-1, Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Mori
- Hiroshima International University, Faculty of Clinical Nutrition, 5-1-1, Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Mizuho Une
- Hiroshima International University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5-1-1, Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | | | - Keigo Gohda
- Computer-aided Molecular Modeling Research Center, Kansai (CAMM-Kansai), 3-32-302, Tsuto-Otsuka, Nishinomiya 663-8241, Japan
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Ceulemans LJ, Verbeke L, Decuypere JP, Farré R, De Hertogh G, Lenaerts K, Jochmans I, Monbaliu D, Nevens F, Tack J, Laleman W, Pirenne J. Farnesoid X Receptor Activation Attenuates Intestinal Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in Rats. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169331. [PMID: 28060943 PMCID: PMC5218501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is abundantly expressed in the ileum, where it exerts an enteroprotective role as a key regulator of intestinal innate immunity and homeostasis, as shown in pre-clinical models of inflammatory bowel disease. Since intestinal ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is characterized by hyperpermeability, bacterial translocation and inflammation, we aimed to investigate, for the first time, if the FXR-agonist obeticholic acid (OCA) could attenuate intestinal ischemia reperfusion injury. MATERIAL AND METHODS In a validated rat model of intestinal IRI (laparotomy + temporary mesenteric artery clamping), 3 conditions were tested (n = 16/group): laparotomy only (sham group); ischemia 60min+ reperfusion 60min + vehicle pretreatment (IR group); ischemia 60min + reperfusion 60min + OCA pretreatment (IR+OCA group). Vehicle or OCA (INT-747, 2*30mg/kg) was administered by gavage 24h and 4h prior to IRI. The following end-points were analyzed: 7-day survival; biomarkers of enterocyte viability (L-lactate, I-FABP); histology (morphologic injury to villi/crypts and villus length); intestinal permeability (Ussing chamber); endotoxin translocation (Lipopolysaccharide assay); cytokines (IL-6, IL-1-β, TNFα, IFN-γ IL-10, IL-13); apoptosis (cleaved caspase-3); and autophagy (LC3, p62). RESULTS It was found that intestinal IRI was associated with high mortality (90%); loss of intestinal integrity (structurally and functionally); increased endotoxin translocation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production; and inhibition of autophagy. Conversely, OCA-pretreatment improved 7-day survival up to 50% which was associated with prevention of epithelial injury, preserved intestinal architecture and permeability. Additionally, FXR-agonism led to decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine release and alleviated autophagy inhibition. CONCLUSION Pretreatment with OCA, an FXR-agonist, improves survival in a rodent model of intestinal IRI, preserves the gut barrier function and suppresses inflammation. These results turn FXR into a promising target for various conditions associated with intestinal ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens J Ceulemans
- Abdominal Transplant Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, & Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Len Verbeke
- Liver and Biliopancreatic Disorders, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean-Paul Decuypere
- Abdominal Transplant Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, & Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ricard Farré
- Gastro-enterology, University Hospitals Leuven, & Translational Research in Gastro-Intestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gert De Hertogh
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research, University Hospitals Leuven, & Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kaatje Lenaerts
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ina Jochmans
- Abdominal Transplant Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, & Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Diethard Monbaliu
- Abdominal Transplant Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, & Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frederik Nevens
- Liver and Biliopancreatic Disorders, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Tack
- Gastro-enterology, University Hospitals Leuven, & Translational Research in Gastro-Intestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Laleman
- Liver and Biliopancreatic Disorders, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jacques Pirenne
- Abdominal Transplant Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, & Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Belgium
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Zhang H, Zhao T, Li Z, Yan M, Zhao H, Zhu B, Li P. Transcriptional Profile of Kidney from Type 2 Diabetic db/db Mice. J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017:8391253. [PMID: 28232950 PMCID: PMC5292381 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8391253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN), a common diabetic microvascular complication, is characterized by progressive glomerular sclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. However, the underlying mechanisms involved in DN remain to be elucidated. We explored changes in the transcriptional profile in spontaneous type 2 diabetic db/db mice by using the cDNA microarray. Compared with control db/m mice, the db/db mice exhibited marked increases in body weight, kidney weight, and urinary albumin excretion. Renal histological analysis revealed mesangial expansion and thickness of the basement membrane in the kidney of the db/db mice. A total of 355 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by microarray analysis. Pathway enrichment analysis suggested that biological oxidation, bile acid metabolism, and steroid hormone synthesis were the 3 major significant pathways. The top 10 hub genes were selected from the constructed PPI network of DEGs, including Ccnb2 and Nr1i2, which remained largely unclear in DN. We believe that our study can help elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojun Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Beijing Key Lab Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiguo Li
- Department of Medical Research Center, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Geriatric Medicine, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Meihua Yan
- Beijing Key Lab Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hailing Zhao
- Beijing Key Lab Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Beijing Key Lab Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Li
- Beijing Key Lab Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Ping Li:
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87
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Chung S, Kim M, Koh ES, Hwang HS, Chang YK, Park CW, Kim SY, Chang YS, Hong YA. Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D Better Reflects Renal Parameters Than 25-hydoxyvitamin D in Patients with Glomerular Diseases. Int J Med Sci 2017; 14:1080-1087. [PMID: 29104461 PMCID: PMC5666538 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.20452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Impaired vitamin D metabolism may contribute to the development and progression of chronic kidney disease. The purpose of this study was to determine associations of circulating vitamin D with the degree of proteinuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in patients with biopsy-proven glomerular diseases. Methods: Clinical and biochemical data including blood samples for 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) levels were collected from patients at the time of kidney biopsy. Results: Serum 25(OH)D levels were not different according to eGFR. However, renal function was significantly decreased with lower serum 1,25(OH)2D levels (P < 0.001). The proportions of nephrotic-range proteinuria and renal dysfunction (eGFR ≤ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) progressively increased with declining 1,25(OH)2D but not 25(OH)D. Multivariable linear regression analysis showed that 25(OH)D was significantly correlated with serum albumin and total cholesterol (β = 0.224, P = 0.006; β = -0.263, P = 0.001) and 1,25(OH)2D was significantly correlated with eGFR, serum albumin and phosphorus (β = 0.202, P = 0.005; β = 0.304, P < 0.001; β = -0.161, P = 0.024). In adjusted multivariable linear regression, eGFR and 24hr proteinuria were independently correlated only with 1,25(OH)2D (β = 0.154, P = 0.018; β = -0.171, P = 0.012), but not 25(OH)D. The lower level of 1,25(OH)2D was associated with the frequent use of immunosuppressive agents (P < 0.001). Conclusion: It is noteworthy in these results that circulating 1,25(OH)2D may be superior to 25(OH)D as a marker of severity of glomerular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Chung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Minyoung Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sil Koh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Seok Hwang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Kyung Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Whee Park
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Young Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Sik Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Ah Hong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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88
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Pathophysiology of Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17122082. [PMID: 27973438 PMCID: PMC5187882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiopathology of fatty liver and metabolic syndrome are influenced by diet, life style and inflammation, which have a major impact on the severity of the clinicopathologic outcome of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. A short comprehensive review is provided on current knowledge of the pathophysiological interplay among major circulating effectors/mediators of fatty liver, such as circulating lipids, mediators released by adipose, muscle and liver tissues and pancreatic and gut hormones in relation to diet, exercise and inflammation.
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89
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Activation of FXR protects against renal fibrosis via suppressing Smad3 expression. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37234. [PMID: 27853248 PMCID: PMC5112546 DOI: 10.1038/srep37234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is the common pathway of most chronic kidney disease progression to end-stage renal failure. The nuclear receptor FXR (farnesoid X receptor), a multiple functional transcription factor, plays an important role in protecting against fibrosis. The TGFβ-Smad signaling has a central role in kidney fibrosis. However, it remains unclear whether FXR plays direct anti-fibrotic effect in renal fibrosis via regulating TGFβ-Smad pathway. In this study, we found that the level of FXR was negatively correlated with that of Smad3 and fibronectin (a marker of fibrosis) in human fibrotic kidneys. Activation of FXR suppressed kidney fibrosis and downregulated Smad3 expression, which was markedly attenuated by FXR antagonist. Moreover, the FXR-mediated repression of fibrosis was significantly alleviated by ectopic expression of Smad3. Luciferase reporter assay revealed that FXR activation inhibited the transcriptional activity of Smad3 gene promoter. The in vivo experiments showed that FXR agonist protected against renal fibrosis and downregulated Smad3 expression in UUO mice. These results suggested that FXR may serve as an important negative regulator for manipulating Smad3 expression, and the FXR/Smad3 pathway may be a novel target for the treatment of renal fibrosis.
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90
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Hsu CW, Hsieh JH, Huang R, Pijnenburg D, Khuc T, Hamm J, Zhao J, Lynch C, van Beuningen R, Chang X, Houtman R, Xia M. Differential modulation of FXR activity by chlorophacinone and ivermectin analogs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 313:138-148. [PMID: 27773686 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Chemicals that alter normal function of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) have been shown to affect the homeostasis of bile acids, glucose, and lipids. Several structural classes of environmental chemicals and drugs that modulated FXR transactivation were previously identified by quantitative high-throughput screening (qHTS) of the Tox21 10K chemical collection. In the present study, we validated the FXR antagonist activity of selected structural classes, including avermectin anthelmintics, dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, 1,3-indandione rodenticides, and pyrethroid pesticides, using in vitro assay and quantitative structural-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis approaches. (Z)-Guggulsterone, chlorophacinone, ivermectin, and their analogs were profiled for their ability to alter CDCA-mediated FXR binding using a panel of 154 coregulator motifs and to induce or inhibit transactivation and coactivator recruitment activities of constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), liver X receptor alpha (LXRα), or pregnane X receptor (PXR). Our results showed that chlorophacinone and ivermectin had distinct modes of action (MOA) in modulating FXR-coregulator interactions and compound selectivity against the four aforementioned functionally-relevant nuclear receptors. These findings collectively provide mechanistic insights regarding compound activities against FXR and possible explanations for in vivo toxicological observations of chlorophacinone, ivermectin, and their analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wen Hsu
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jui-Hua Hsieh
- National Toxicology Program, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Ruili Huang
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dirk Pijnenburg
- PamGene International B.V., Wolvenhoek 10, 5211 HH 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Thai Khuc
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jon Hamm
- Integrated Laboratory System, Inc., Morrisville, NC, USA
| | - Jinghua Zhao
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Caitlin Lynch
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rinie van Beuningen
- PamGene International B.V., Wolvenhoek 10, 5211 HH 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaoqing Chang
- Integrated Laboratory System, Inc., Morrisville, NC, USA
| | - René Houtman
- PamGene International B.V., Wolvenhoek 10, 5211 HH 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Menghang Xia
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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91
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Zheng B, Chen L, Gonzalez FJ. ISN Forefronts Symposium 2015: Nuclear Receptors and Diabetic Nephropathy. Kidney Int Rep 2016; 1:177-188. [PMID: 28932823 PMCID: PMC5601313 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the major reason for end stage renal disease in the western world. Patients with DN developed more severe cardiovascular complications with worse prognosis. In spite of tight blood pressure and glucose control through applying angiotensin II receptor antagonism, angiotensin receptor inhibitors and even direct renin inhibitors, the progression and development of DN has continued to accelerate. Nuclear receptors are, with few exceptions, ligand-depended transcription factors some of which modulate genes involved in the transportation and metabolism of carbohydrate or lipid, and inflammation. Considering the diverse biological functions of nuclear receptors, efforts have been made to explore their contributions to the pathogenesis of DN and potential therapeutic strategies. This review is mainly focused on the association between various nuclear receptors and the pathogenesis of DN, the potential beneficial effects of targeting these receptors for preventing the progress of DN, and the important role that nuclear receptors may play in future therapeutic strategies for DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zheng
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Chen
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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92
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Du C, Wu M, Liu H, Ren Y, Du Y, Wu H, Wei J, Liu C, Yao F, Wang H, Zhu Y, Duan H, Shi Y. Thioredoxin-interacting protein regulates lipid metabolism via Akt/mTOR pathway in diabetic kidney disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 79:1-13. [PMID: 27497988 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal lipid metabolism contributes to the renal lipid accumulation, which is associated with diabetic kidney disease, but its precise mechanism remains unclear. The growing evidence demonstrates that thioredoxin-interacting protein is involved in regulating cellular glucose and lipid metabolism. Here, we investigated the effects of thioredoxin-interacting protein on lipid accumulation in diabetic kidney disease. In contrast to the diabetic wild-type mice, the physical and biochemical parameters were improved in the diabetic thioredoxin-interacting protein knockout mice. The increased renal lipid accumulation, expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1, and phosphorylated Akt and mTOR associated with diabetes in wild-type mice was attenuated in diabetic thioredoxin-interacting protein knockout mice. Furthermore, thioredoxin-interacting protein knockout significantly increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α, acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 and carnitine palmitoyltransferaser 1 in diabetic kidneys. In vitro experiments, using HK-2 cells, revealed that knockdown of thioredoxin-interacting protein inhibited high glucose-mediated lipid accumulation, expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1, as well as activation of Akt and mTOR. Moreover, knockdown of thioredoxin-interacting protein reversed high glucose-induced reduction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α, acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 and carnitine palmitoyltransferaser 1 expression in HK-2 cells. Importantly, blockade of Akt/mTOR signaling pathway with LY294002, a specific PI3K inhibitor, replicated these effects of thioredoxin-interacting protein silencing. Taken together, these data suggest that thioredoxin-interacting protein deficiency alleviates diabetic renal lipid accumulation through regulation of Akt/mTOR pathway, thioredoxin-interacting protein may be a potential therapeutic target for diabetic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Du
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Ming Wu
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Huan Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yunzhuo Ren
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Yunxia Du
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Haijiang Wu
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jinying Wei
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chuxin Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Fang Yao
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Laboratorical Center for Electron Microscopy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Huijun Duan
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Yonghong Shi
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China.
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93
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Halilbasic E, Fuchs C, Traussnigg S, Trauner M. Farnesoid X Receptor Agonists and Other Bile Acid Signaling Strategies for Treatment of Liver Disease. Dig Dis 2016; 34:580-8. [PMID: 27332721 DOI: 10.1159/000445268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) respond to bile acids (BAs) by activating transcriptional networks and/or signaling cascades. These cascades affect the expression of a great number of target genes relevant for BA, cholesterol, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as genes involved in inflammation, fibrosis and carcinogenesis. FXR activation in the liver tissue and beyond, such as the gut-liver axis, kidney and adipose tissue, plays a role in metabolic diseases. These BA receptors activators hold promise to become a new class of drugs to be used in the treatment of chronic liver disease, hepatocellular cancer and extrahepatic inflammatory and metabolic diseases. This review discusses the relevant BA receptors, the new drugs that target BA transport and signaling and their possible applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emina Halilbasic
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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94
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Obesity-related glomerulopathy: clinical and pathologic characteristics and pathogenesis. Nat Rev Nephrol 2016; 12:453-71. [PMID: 27263398 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2016.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity-related glomerulopathy is increasing in parallel with the worldwide obesity epidemic. Glomerular hypertrophy and adaptive focal segmental glomerulosclerosis define the condition pathologically. The glomerulus enlarges in response to obesity-induced increases in glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow, filtration fraction and tubular sodium reabsorption. Normal insulin/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and mTOR signalling are critical for podocyte hypertrophy and adaptation. Adipokines and ectopic lipid accumulation in the kidney promote insulin resistance of podocytes and maladaptive responses to cope with the mechanical forces of renal hyperfiltration. Although most patients have stable or slowly progressive proteinuria, up to one-third develop progressive renal failure and end-stage renal disease. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone blockade is effective in the short-term but weight loss by hypocaloric diet or bariatric surgery has induced more consistent and dramatic antiproteinuric effects and reversal of hyperfiltration. Altered fatty acid and cholesterol metabolism are increasingly recognized as key mediators of renal lipid accumulation, inflammation, oxidative stress and fibrosis. Newer therapies directed to lipid metabolism, including SREBP antagonists, PPARα agonists, FXR and TGR5 agonists, and LXR agonists, hold therapeutic promise.
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95
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Chee CS, Chang KM, Loke MF, Angela Loo VP, Subrayan V. Association of potential salivary biomarkers with diabetic retinopathy and its severity in type-2 diabetes mellitus: a proteomic analysis by mass spectrometry. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2022. [PMID: 27280065 PMCID: PMC4893325 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM/HYPOTHESIS The aim of our study was to characterize the human salivary proteome and determine the changes in protein expression in two different stages of diabetic retinopathy with type-2 diabetes mellitus: (1) with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) and (2) with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Type-2 diabetes mellitus without diabetic retinopathy (XDR) was designated as control. METHOD In this study, 45 saliva samples were collected (15 samples from XDR control group, 15 samples from NPDR disease group and 15 samples from PDR disease group). Salivary proteins were extracted, reduced, alkylated, trypsin digested and labeled with an isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) before being analyzed by an Orbitrap fusion tribrid mass spectrometer. Protein annotation, fold change calculation and statistical analysis were interrogated by Proteome Discoverer. Biological pathway analysis was performed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifiers PXD003723-PX003725. RESULTS A total of 315 proteins were identified from the salivary proteome and 119 proteins were found to be differentially expressed. The differentially expressed proteins from the NPDR disease group and the PDR disease group were assigned to respective canonical pathways indicating increased Liver X receptor/Retinoid X receptor (LXR/RXR) activation, Farnesoid X receptor/Retinoid X receptor (FXR/RXR) activation, acute phase response signaling, sucrose degradation V and regulation of actin-based motility by Rho in the PDR disease group compared to the NPDR disease group. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Progression from non-proliferative to proliferative retinopathy in type-2 diabetic patients is a complex multi-mechanism and systemic process. Furthermore, saliva was shown to be a feasible alternative sample source for diabetic retinopathy biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Soon Chee
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khai Meng Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mun Fai Loke
- Department of Medical Microbiology/Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Visvaraja Subrayan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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96
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Ijssennagger N, Janssen AWF, Milona A, Ramos Pittol JM, Hollman DAA, Mokry M, Betzel B, Berends FJ, Janssen IM, van Mil SWC, Kersten S. Gene expression profiling in human precision cut liver slices in response to the FXR agonist obeticholic acid. J Hepatol 2016; 64:1158-1166. [PMID: 26812075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The bile acid-activated farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor regulating bile acid, glucose and cholesterol homeostasis. Obeticholic acid (OCA), a promising drug for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and type 2 diabetes, activates FXR. Mouse studies demonstrated that FXR activation by OCA alters hepatic expression of many genes. However, no data are available on the effects of OCA in the human liver. Here we generated gene expression profiles in human precision cut liver slices (hPCLS) after treatment with OCA. METHODS hPCLS were incubated with OCA for 24 h. Wild-type or FXR(-/-) mice received OCA or vehicle by oral gavage for 7 days. RESULTS Transcriptomic analysis showed that well-known FXR target genes, including NR0B2 (SHP), ABCB11 (BSEP), SLC51A (OSTα) and SLC51B (OSTβ), and ABCB4 (MDR3) are regulated by OCA in hPCLS. Ingenuity pathway analysis confirmed that 'FXR/RXR activation' is the most significantly changed pathway upon OCA treatment. Comparison of gene expression profiles in hPCLS and mouse livers identified 18 common potential FXR targets. ChIP-sequencing in mouse liver confirmed FXR binding to IR1 sequences of Akap13, Cgnl1, Dyrk3, Pdia5, Ppp1r3b and Tbx6. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that hPCLS respond to OCA treatment by upregulating well-known FXR target genes, demonstrating its suitability to study FXR-mediated gene regulation. We identified six novel bona-fide FXR target genes in both mouse and human liver. Finally, we discuss a possible explanation for changes in high or low density lipoprotein observed in NASH and primary biliary cholangitis patients treated with OCA based on the genomic expression profile in hPCLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noortje Ijssennagger
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aafke W F Janssen
- Nutrition, Metabolism & Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, 6703 HD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandra Milona
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - José M Ramos Pittol
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle A A Hollman
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michal Mokry
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bark Betzel
- Department of Surgery, Rijnstate Hospital, 6815 AD Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Frits J Berends
- Department of Surgery, Rijnstate Hospital, 6815 AD Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Ignace M Janssen
- Department of Surgery, Rijnstate Hospital, 6815 AD Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia W C van Mil
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism & Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, 6703 HD Wageningen, The Netherlands
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97
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Levi M. Role of Bile Acid-Regulated Nuclear Receptor FXR and G Protein-Coupled Receptor TGR5 in Regulation of Cardiorenal Syndrome (Cardiovascular Disease and Chronic Kidney Disease). Hypertension 2016; 67:1080-4. [PMID: 27045028 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.06417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Levi
- From the Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado AMC, Aurora.
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98
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Foam cells in human glomeruli can be encountered in various renal diseases including focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and diabetic nephropathy. Although foam cells are key participants in atherosclerosis, surprisingly little is known about their pathogenicity in the kidney. We review our understanding (or lack thereof) of foam cells in the kidney, as well as insights gained in studies of foam cells and macrophages involved in atherosclerosis to suggest areas of investigation that will allow better characterization of the role of these cells in renal disease. RECENT FINDINGS There is a general dearth of animal models of disease with renal foam cell accumulation, limiting progress in our understanding of the pathobiology of these cells. Recent genetic modifications of hyperlipidemic mice have resulted in some new disease models with renal foam cell accumulation. Recent studies have challenged older paradigms by findings that indicate that many tissue macrophages are derived from cells permanently residing in the tissue from birth rather than circulating monocytes. SUMMARY Renal foam cells remain an enigma. Extrapolating from studies of atherosclerosis suggests that therapeutics targeting mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production, or modulating cholesterol and lipoprotein uptake or egress from these cells, may prove beneficial for kidney diseases in which foam cells are present.
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Abstract
In the last few decades, rapid changes in lifestyle have led to an alarming increase in the prevalence of obesity and obesity-associated complications. Obese patients are at increased risk of developing hypertension, heart disease, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes and kidney disease. The surplus of calories is normally stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue. However, excess lipids can also accumulate ectopically in other organs, including the kidney, contributing to their damage through toxic processes named lipotoxicity. The kidney is negatively affected by dyslipidemia, lipid accumulation and changes in circulating adipokines that bring about alterations in renal lipid metabolism and promote insulin resistance, generation of reactive oxygen species and endoplasmic reticulum stress, ultimately leading to alterations in the glomerular filtration barrier and renal failure. This review focuses on the pathogenic molecular mechanisms associated with renal lipotoxicity, and presents new insights about potential new therapeutic targets and biomarkers such as microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs, of relevance for the early detection of lipid-associated kidney disease.
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Zhou B, Feng B, Qin Z, Zhao Y, Chen Y, Shi Z, Gong Y, Zhang J, Yuan F, Mu J. Activation of farnesoid X receptor downregulates visfatin and attenuates diabetic nephropathy. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 419:72-82. [PMID: 26450152 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Visfatin, a recently discovered adipocytokine, has been shown to have an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). The farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a ligand-activated nuclear receptor, plays a protective role in DN. The regulation between FXR and visfatin and their interaction in DN has not been well established. In this study, we reported that FXR agonist GW4064 reduced high glucose induced human mesangial cells (HMCs) inflammation, fibrosis and proliferation by downregulating visfatin expression, which can be blunted by exogenous visfatin treatment. Moreover, luciferase reporter assay showed FXR regulated visfatin transcription activity probably by binding to the -1607 bp and -1192 bp region of the visfatin promoter. In vivo study also showed that GW4064 ameliorated the progression of DN in db/db mice with a decreased visfatin expression. These findings suggest that FXR activation delayed the progression of diabetic nephropathy and this effect is through downregulating visfatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoshang Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Bing Feng
- Department of Nephrology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Zhexue Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Youguang Zhao
- Department of Urology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Zhengmin Shi
- Department of Nephrology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Yi Gong
- Department of Nephrology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Fahuan Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
| | - Jiao Mu
- Department of Nephrology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
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