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Ayoub-Charette S, Chiavaroli L, Liu Q, Khan TA, Zurbau A, Au-Yeung F, Cheung A, Ahmed A, Lee D, Choo VL, Blanco Mejia S, de Souza RJ, Wolever TM, Leiter LA, Kendall CW, Jenkins DJ, Sievenpiper JL. Different Food Sources of Fructose-Containing Sugars and Fasting Blood Uric Acid Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Feeding Trials. J Nutr 2021; 151:2409-2421. [PMID: 34087940 PMCID: PMC8349131 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although fructose as a source of excess calories increases uric acid, the effect of the food matrix is unclear. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of fructose-containing sugars by food source at different levels of energy control on uric acid, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. METHODS MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched (through 11 January 2021) for trials ≥ 7 days. We prespecified 4 trial designs by energy control: substitution (energy-matched replacement of sugars in diets); addition (excess energy from sugars added to diets); subtraction (energy from sugars subtracted from diets); and ad libitum (energy from sugars freely replaced in diets) designs. Independent reviewers (≥2) extracted data and assessed the risk of bias. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation was used to assess the certainty of evidence. RESULTS We included 47 trials (85 comparisons; N = 2763) assessing 9 food sources [sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), sweetened dairy, fruit drinks, 100% fruit juice, fruit, dried fruit, sweets and desserts, added nutritive sweetener, and mixed sources] across 4 energy control levels in predominantly healthy, mixed-weight adults. Total fructose-containing sugars increased uric acid levels in substitution trials (mean difference, 0.16 mg/dL; 95% CI: 0.06-0.27 mg/dL; P = 0.003), with no effect across the other energy control levels. There was evidence of an interaction by food source: SSBs and sweets and desserts increased uric acid levels in the substitution design, while SSBs increased and 100% fruit juice decreased uric acid levels in addition trials. The certainty of evidence was high for the increasing effect of SSBs in substitution and addition trials and the decreasing effect of 100% fruit juice in addition trials and was moderate to very low for all other comparisons. CONCLUSIONS Food source more than energy control appears to mediate the effects of fructose-containing sugars on uric acid. The available evidence provides reliable indications that SSBs increase and 100% fruit juice decreases uric acid levels. More high-quality trials of different food sources are needed. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02716870.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Ayoub-Charette
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Chiavaroli
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tauseef Ahmad Khan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andreea Zurbau
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,INQUIS Clinical Research Ltd. (formerly Glycemic Index Laboratories, Inc.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fei Au-Yeung
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,INQUIS Clinical Research Ltd. (formerly Glycemic Index Laboratories, Inc.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Annette Cheung
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amna Ahmed
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danielle Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vivian L Choo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sonia Blanco Mejia
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Russell J de Souza
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences Corporation, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Ms Wolever
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,INQUIS Clinical Research Ltd. (formerly Glycemic Index Laboratories, Inc.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lawrence A Leiter
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cyril Wc Kendall
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - David Ja Jenkins
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John L Sievenpiper
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Lao MR, Bautista VII AT, Mendoza NDS, Cervancia CR. Stable carbon isotope ratio analysis of Philippine honeys for the determination of adulteration with C4 sugars. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-01968-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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53
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Kazierad DJ, Chidsey K, Somayaji VR, Bergman AJ, Birnbaum MJ, Calle RA. Inhibition of ketohexokinase in adults with NAFLD reduces liver fat and inflammatory markers: A randomized phase 2 trial. MED 2021; 2:800-813.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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54
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Social Media Mining for an Analysis of Nutrition and Dietary Health in Taiwan. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061778. [PMID: 34071009 PMCID: PMC8224562 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dining is an essential part of human life. In order to pursue a healthier self, more and more people enjoy homemade cuisines. Consequently, the amount of recipe websites has increased significantly. These online recipes represent different cultures and cooking methods from various regions, and provide important indications on nutritional content. In recent years, the development of data science made data mining a popular research area. However, only a few researches in Taiwan have applied data mining in the studies of recipes and nutrients. Therefore, this work aims at utilizing machine learning models to discover health-related insights from recipes on social media. First, we collected over 15,000 Chinese recipes from the largest recipe website in Taiwan to build a recipe database. We then extracted information from this dataset through natural language processing methodologies so as to better understand the characteristics of various cuisines and ingredients. Thus, we can establish a classification model for the automatic categorization of recipes. We further performed cluster analysis for grouping nutrients to recognize the nutritional differences for each cluster and each cuisine type. The results showed that using the support vector machine (SVM) model can successfully classify recipes with an average F-score of 82%. We also analyzed the nutritional value of different cuisine categories and the possible health effects they may bring to the consumers. Our methods and findings can assist future work on extracting essential nutritional information from recipes and promoting healthier diets.
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Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption and Calcified Atherosclerotic Plaques in the Coronary Arteries: The NHLBI Family Heart Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061775. [PMID: 34067500 PMCID: PMC8224703 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake is associated with higher risk of weight gain, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and cardiovascular mortality. However, the association of SSB with subclinical atherosclerosis in the general population is unknown. Objective: Our primary objective was to investigate the association between SSB intake and prevalence of atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary arteries in The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Family Heart Study. Methods: We studied 1991 participants of the NHLBI Family Heart Study without known coronary heart disease. Intake of SSB was assessed through a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Coronary artery calcium (CAC) was measured by cardiac Computed Tomography (CT) and prevalent CAC was defined as an Agatston score ≥100. We used generalized estimating equations to calculate adjusted prevalence ratios of CAC. A sensitivity analysis was also performed at different ranges of cut points for CAC. Results: Mean age and body mass index (BMI) were 55.0 years and 29.5 kg/m2, respectively, and 60% were female. In analysis adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, energy intake, and field center, higher SSB consumption was not associated with higher prevalence of CAC [prevalence ratio (95% confidence interval) of: 1.0 (reference), 1.36 (0.70–2.63), 1.69 (0.93–3.09), 1.21 (0.69–2.12), 1.05 (0.60–1.84), and 1.58 (0.85–2.94) for SSB consumption of almost never, 1–3/month, 1/week, 2–6/week, 1/day, and ≥2/day, respectively (p for linear trend 0.32)]. In a sensitivity analysis, there was no evidence of association between SSB and prevalent CAC when different CAC cut points of 0, 50, 150, 200, and 300 were used. Conclusions: These data do not provide evidence for an association between SSB consumption and prevalent CAC in adult men and women.
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56
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Shi YN, Liu YJ, Xie Z, Zhang WJ. Fructose and metabolic diseases: too much to be good. Chin Med J (Engl) 2021; 134:1276-1285. [PMID: 34010200 PMCID: PMC8183764 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Excessive consumption of fructose, the sweetest of all naturally occurring carbohydrates, has been linked to worldwide epidemics of metabolic diseases in humans, and it is considered an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. We provide an overview about the features of fructose metabolism, as well as potential mechanisms by which excessive fructose intake is associated with the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases both in humans and rodents. To accomplish this aim, we focus on illuminating the cellular and molecular mechanisms of fructose metabolism as well as its signaling effects on metabolic and cardiovascular homeostasis in health and disease, highlighting the role of carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein in regulating fructose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Shi
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Ya-Jin Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Zhifang Xie
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Weiping J. Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin 300134, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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57
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Pérez-Martínez P, Pérez-Jiménez F. Treatment of mild-to-moderate hypertriglyceridemia. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS : PUBLICACION OFICIAL DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2021; 33 Suppl 2:69-74. [PMID: 34006357 DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The atherogenic role of triglycerides (TG) as an independent cardiovascular risk factor has been discussed for many years, largely because hypertriglyceridaemia (HTG) is a complex metabolic entity of multiple aetiology involving processes of diverse nature. In this chapter, a discussion will be presented on the current recommendations for the management of mild-moderate hypertriglyceridaemia (150-880mg/dL). The aim of the interventions used is to decrease the LDL-cholesterol (c-LDL) and control the HTG. This entails reducing apoprotein B (ApoB) levels, the number of remaining TG-rich lipoproteins (LRP), non-HDL-cholesterol (c-non-HDL), and increasing HDL-cholesterol (c-HDL). The management strategy includes healthy lifestyle recommendations, and subsequent use of lipid-lowering drugs, including statins, fibrates, n-3 fatty acids and PCSK9 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Pérez-Martínez
- Unidad de Lípidos y Arterioesclerosis, Universidad de Córdoba/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, España; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España.
| | - Francisco Pérez-Jiménez
- Unidad de Lípidos y Arterioesclerosis, Universidad de Córdoba/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, España; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España
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58
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Federico A, Rosato V, Masarone M, Torre P, Dallio M, Romeo M, Persico M. The Role of Fructose in Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis: Old Relationship and New Insights. Nutrients 2021; 13:1314. [PMID: 33923525 PMCID: PMC8074203 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents the result of hepatic fat overload not due to alcohol consumption and potentially evolving to advanced fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Fructose is a naturally occurring simple sugar widely used in food industry linked to glucose to form sucrose, largely contained in hypercaloric food and beverages. An increasing amount of evidence in scientific literature highlighted a detrimental effect of dietary fructose consumption on metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, obesity, hepatic steatosis, and NAFLD-related fibrosis as well. An excessive fructose consumption has been associated with NAFLD development and progression to more clinically severe phenotypes by exerting various toxic effects, including increased fatty acid production, oxidative stress, and worsening insulin resistance. Furthermore, some studies in this context demonstrated even a crucial role in liver cancer progression. Despite this compelling evidence, the molecular mechanisms by which fructose elicits those effects on liver metabolism remain unclear. Emerging data suggest that dietary fructose may directly alter the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, including those that increase hepatic fat accumulation or reduce hepatic fat removal. This review aimed to summarize the current understanding of fructose metabolism on NAFLD pathogenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Federico
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.D.); (M.R.)
| | - Valerio Rosato
- Internal Medicine and Hepatology Division, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Odontostomatology, “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy; (V.R.); (M.M.); (P.T.); (M.P.)
- Liver Unit, Ospedale Evangelico Betania, 80147 Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Masarone
- Internal Medicine and Hepatology Division, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Odontostomatology, “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy; (V.R.); (M.M.); (P.T.); (M.P.)
| | - Pietro Torre
- Internal Medicine and Hepatology Division, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Odontostomatology, “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy; (V.R.); (M.M.); (P.T.); (M.P.)
| | - Marcello Dallio
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.D.); (M.R.)
| | - Mario Romeo
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.D.); (M.R.)
| | - Marcello Persico
- Internal Medicine and Hepatology Division, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Odontostomatology, “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy; (V.R.); (M.M.); (P.T.); (M.P.)
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Gutierrez JA, Liu W, Perez S, Xing G, Sonnenberg G, Kou K, Blatnik M, Allen R, Weng Y, Vera NB, Chidsey K, Bergman A, Somayaji V, Crowley C, Clasquin MF, Nigam A, Fulham MA, Erion DM, Ross TT, Esler WP, Magee TV, Pfefferkorn JA, Bence KK, Birnbaum MJ, Tesz GJ. Pharmacologic inhibition of ketohexokinase prevents fructose-induced metabolic dysfunction. Mol Metab 2021; 48:101196. [PMID: 33667726 PMCID: PMC8050029 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Recent studies suggest that excess dietary fructose contributes to metabolic dysfunction by promoting insulin resistance, de novo lipogenesis (DNL), and hepatic steatosis, thereby increasing the risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and related comorbidities. Whether this metabolic dysfunction is driven by the excess dietary calories contained in fructose or whether fructose catabolism itself is uniquely pathogenic remains controversial. We sought to test whether a small molecule inhibitor of the primary fructose metabolizing enzyme ketohexokinase (KHK) can ameliorate the metabolic effects of fructose. Methods The KHK inhibitor PF-06835919 was used to block fructose metabolism in primary hepatocytes and Sprague Dawley rats fed either a high-fructose diet (30% fructose kcal/g) or a diet reflecting the average macronutrient dietary content of an American diet (AD) (7.5% fructose kcal/g). The effects of fructose consumption and KHK inhibition on hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia were evaluated, along with the activation of DNL and the enzymes that regulate lipid synthesis. A metabolomic analysis was performed to confirm KHK inhibition and understand metabolite changes in response to fructose metabolism in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, the effects of administering a single ascending dose of PF-06835919 on fructose metabolism markers in healthy human study participants were assessed in a randomized placebo-controlled phase 1 study. Results Inhibition of KHK in rats prevented hyperinsulinemia and hypertriglyceridemia from fructose feeding. Supraphysiologic levels of dietary fructose were not necessary to cause metabolic dysfunction as rats fed the American diet developed hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and hepatic steatosis, which were all reversed by KHK inhibition. Reversal of the metabolic effects of fructose coincided with reductions in DNL and inactivation of the lipogenic transcription factor carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP). We report that administering single oral doses of PF-06835919 was safe and well tolerated in healthy study participants and dose-dependently increased plasma fructose indicative of KHK inhibition. Conclusions Fructose consumption in rats promoted features of metabolic dysfunction seen in metabolic diseases such as T2D and NASH, including insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, and hepatic steatosis, which were reversed by KHK inhibition. PF-06835919 is a potent inhibitor of fructose metabolism in rats and humans. Rats fed fructose at levels consistent with the typical American diet develop hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia and steatosis. KHK inhibition reverses fructose-induced metabolic dysfunction by blocking ChREBP activation. Due to the global dietary prevalence of fructose, KHK inhibition is a potential pharmacotherapy for metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemy A Gutierrez
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Sylvie Perez
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Gang Xing
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Gabriele Sonnenberg
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Kou Kou
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Matt Blatnik
- Early Clinical Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Groton, CT 06340 USA
| | - Richard Allen
- Quantitative Systems Pharmacology, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Yan Weng
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Nicholas B Vera
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Kristin Chidsey
- Early Clinical Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Arthur Bergman
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Veena Somayaji
- Early Clinical Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Collin Crowley
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Michelle F Clasquin
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Anu Nigam
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Melissa A Fulham
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Derek M Erion
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Trenton T Ross
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - William P Esler
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Thomas V Magee
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Jeffrey A Pfefferkorn
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Kendra K Bence
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Morris J Birnbaum
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Gregory J Tesz
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
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Rogers PJ, Appleton KM. The effects of low-calorie sweeteners on energy intake and body weight: a systematic review and meta-analyses of sustained intervention studies. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 45:464-478. [PMID: 33168917 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-020-00704-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous meta-analyses of intervention studies have come to different conclusions about effects of consumption of low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) on body weight. The present review included 60 articles reporting 88 parallel-groups and cross-over studies ≥1 week in duration that reported either body weight (BW), BMI and/or energy intake (EI) outcomes. Studies were analysed according to whether they compared (1) LCS with sugar, (2) LCS with water or nothing, or (3) LCS capsules with placebo capsules. Results showed an effect in favour of LCS vs sugar for BW (29 parallel-groups studies, 2267 participants: BW change, -1.06 kg, 95% CI -1.50 to -0.62, I2 = 51%), BMI and EI. Effect on BW change increased with 'dose' of sugar replaced by LCS, whereas there were no differences in study outcome as a function of duration of the intervention or participant blinding. Overall, results showed no difference in effects of LCS vs water/nothing for BW (11 parallel-groups studies, 1068 participants: BW change, 0.10 kg, 95% CI -0.87 to 1.07, I2 = 82%), BMI and EI; and inconsistent effects for LCS consumed in capsules (BW change: -0.28 kg, 95% CI -0.80 to 0.25, I2 = 0%; BMI change: 0.20 kg/m2, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.36, I2 = 0%). Occurrence of adverse events was not affected by the consumption of LCS. The studies available did not permit robust analysis of effects by LCS type. In summary, outcomes were not clearly affected when the treatments differed in sweetness, nor when LCS were consumed in capsules without tasting; however, when treatments differed in energy value (LCS vs sugar), there were consistent effects in favour of LCS. The evidence from human intervention studies supports the use of LCS in weight management, constrained primarily by the amount of added sugar that LCS can displace in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Rogers
- Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TU, UK.
| | - Katherine M Appleton
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole, BH12 5BB, UK
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Sigala DM, Stanhope KL. An Exploration of the Role of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage in Promoting Obesity and Health Disparities. Curr Obes Rep 2021; 10:39-52. [PMID: 33411311 PMCID: PMC7788552 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-020-00421-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The mechanistic role of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) in the etiology of obesity is undetermined. We address whether, compared to other foods, does consumption of SSB (1) automatically lead to failure to compensate for the energy it contains? (2) fail to elicit homeostatic hormone responses? (3) promote hedonic eating through activation of the brain's reward pathways? We followed the evidence to address: (4) Would restriction of targeted marketing of SSB and other unhealthy foods to vulnerable populations decrease their prevalence of obesity? RECENT FINDINGS The data are lacking to demonstrate that SSB consumption promotes body weight gain compared with isocaloric consumption of other beverages or foods and that this is linked to its failure to elicit adequate homeostatic hormone responses. However, more recent data have linked body weight gain to reward activation in the brain to palatable food cues and suggest that sweet tastes and SSB consumption heightens the reward response to food cues. Studies investigating the specificity of these responses have not been conducted. Nevertheless, the current data provide a biological basis to the body of evidence demonstrating that the targeted marketing (real life palatable food cues) of SSB and other unhealthy foods to vulnerable populations, including children and people of color and low socioeconomic status, is increasing their risk for obesity. While the mechanisms for the association between SSB consumption and body weight gain cannot be identified, current scientific evidence strongly suggests that proactive environmental measures to reduce exposure to palatable food cues in the form of targeting marketing will decrease the risk of obesity in vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree M. Sigala
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California (UC), Davis, 2211 VM3B, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Kimber L. Stanhope
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California (UC), Davis, 2211 VM3B, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- Basic Sciences, Touro University of California, Vallejo, CA USA
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Price CA, Medici V, Nunez MV, Lee V, Sigala DM, Benyam Y, Keim NL, Mason AE, Chen SY, Parenti M, Slupsky C, Epel ES, Havel PJ, Stanhope KL. A Pilot Study Comparing the Effects of Consuming 100% Orange Juice or Sucrose-Sweetened Beverage on Risk Factors for Cardiometabolic Disease in Women. Nutrients 2021; 13:760. [PMID: 33652807 PMCID: PMC7996959 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Overconsumption of sugar-sweetened beverages increases risk factors associated with cardiometabolic disease, in part due to hepatic fructose overload. However, it is not clear whether consumption of beverages containing fructose as naturally occurring sugar produces equivalent metabolic dysregulation as beverages containing added sugars. We compared the effects of consuming naturally-sweetened orange juice (OJ) or sucrose-sweetened beverages (sucrose-SB) for two weeks on risk factors for cardiometabolic disease. Healthy, overweight women (n = 20) were assigned to consume either 3 servings of 100% orange juice or sucrose-SB/day. We conducted 16-hour serial blood collections and 3-h oral glucose tolerance tests during a 30-h inpatient visit at baseline and after the 2-week diet intervention. The 16-h area under the curve (AUC) for uric acid increased in subjects consuming sucrose-SB compared with subjects consuming OJ. Unlike sucrose-SB, OJ did not significantly increase fasting or postprandial lipoproteins. Consumption of both beverages resulted in reductions in the Matsuda insulin sensitivity index (OJ: -0.40 ± 0.18, p = 0.04 within group; sucrose-SB: -1.0 ± 0.38, p = 0.006 within group; p = 0.53 between groups). Findings from this pilot study suggest that consumption of OJ at levels above the current dietary guidelines for sugar intake does not increase plasma uric acid concentrations compared with sucrose-SB, but appears to lead to comparable decreases of insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Allister Price
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (V.L.); (D.M.S.); (Y.B.); (P.J.H.); (K.L.S.)
| | - Valentina Medici
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine (V.M.), University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA;
| | - Marinelle V. Nunez
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.V.N.); (N.L.K.); (S.-Y.C.); (M.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Vivien Lee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (V.L.); (D.M.S.); (Y.B.); (P.J.H.); (K.L.S.)
| | - Desiree M. Sigala
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (V.L.); (D.M.S.); (Y.B.); (P.J.H.); (K.L.S.)
| | - Yanet Benyam
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (V.L.); (D.M.S.); (Y.B.); (P.J.H.); (K.L.S.)
| | - Nancy L. Keim
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.V.N.); (N.L.K.); (S.-Y.C.); (M.P.); (C.S.)
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ashley E. Mason
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94155, USA;
| | - Shin-Yu Chen
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.V.N.); (N.L.K.); (S.-Y.C.); (M.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Mariana Parenti
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.V.N.); (N.L.K.); (S.-Y.C.); (M.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Carolyn Slupsky
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.V.N.); (N.L.K.); (S.-Y.C.); (M.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Elissa S. Epel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
| | - Peter J. Havel
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (V.L.); (D.M.S.); (Y.B.); (P.J.H.); (K.L.S.)
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.V.N.); (N.L.K.); (S.-Y.C.); (M.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Kimber L. Stanhope
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (V.L.); (D.M.S.); (Y.B.); (P.J.H.); (K.L.S.)
- Basic Sciences, Touro University of California, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
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Effects of Consuming Sugar-Sweetened Beverages for 2 Weeks on 24-h Circulating Leptin Profiles, Ad Libitum Food Intake and Body Weight in Young Adults. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123893. [PMID: 33352724 PMCID: PMC7765993 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugar-sweetened beverage (sugar-SB) consumption is associated with body weight gain. We investigated whether the changes of (Δ) circulating leptin contribute to weight gain and ad libitum food intake in young adults consuming sugar-SB for two weeks. In a parallel, double-blinded, intervention study, participants (n = 131; BMI 18–35 kg/m2; 18–40 years) consumed three beverages/day containing aspartame or 25% energy requirement as glucose, fructose, high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) or sucrose (n = 23–28/group). Body weight, ad libitum food intake and 24-h leptin area under the curve (AUC) were assessed at Week 0 and at the end of Week 2. The Δbody weight was not different among groups (p = 0.092), but the increases in subjects consuming HFCS- (p = 0.0008) and glucose-SB (p = 0.018) were significant compared with Week 0. Subjects consuming sucrose- (+14%, p < 0.0015), fructose- (+9%, p = 0.015) and HFCS-SB (+8%, p = 0.017) increased energy intake during the ad libitum food intake trial compared with subjects consuming aspartame-SB (−4%, p = 0.0037, effect of SB). Fructose-SB decreased (−14 ng/mL × 24 h, p = 0.0006) and sucrose-SB increased (+25 ng/mL × 24 h, p = 0.025 vs. Week 0; p = 0.0008 vs. fructose-SB) 24-h leptin AUC. The Δad libitum food intake and Δbody weight were not influenced by circulating leptin in young adults consuming sugar-SB for 2 weeks. Studies are needed to determine the mechanisms mediating increased energy intake in subjects consuming sugar-SB.
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Struijk EA, Rodríguez-Artalejo F, Fung TT, Willett WC, Hu FB, Lopez-Garcia E. Sweetened beverages and risk of frailty among older women in the Nurses' Health Study: A cohort study. PLoS Med 2020; 17:e1003453. [PMID: 33290392 PMCID: PMC7723265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) has been consistently associated with a higher risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and premature mortality, whereas evidence for artificially sweetened beverages (ASBs) and fruit juices on health is less solid. The aim of this study was to evaluate the consumption of SSBs, ASBs, and fruit juices in association with frailty risk among older women. METHODS AND FINDINGS We analyzed data from 71,935 women aged ≥60 (average baseline age was 63) participating in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS), an ongoing cohort study initiated in 1976 among female registered nurses in the United States. Consumption of beverages was derived from 6 repeated food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) administered between 1990 and 2010. Frailty was defined as having at least 3 of the following 5 criteria from the FRAIL scale: fatigue, poor strength, reduced aerobic capacity, having ≥5 chronic illnesses, and weight loss ≥5%. The occurrence of frailty was assessed every 4 years from 1992 to 2014. During 22 years of follow-up, we identified 11,559 incident cases of frailty. Consumption of SSBs was associated with higher risk of frailty after adjustment for diet quality, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, and medication use, specifically, the relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for ≥2 serving/day versus no SSB consumption was 1.32 (1.10, 1.57); p-value <0.001. ASBs were also associated with frailty [RR ≥2 serving/day versus no consumption: 1.28 (1.17, 1.39); p-value <0.001]. Orange juice was associated with lower risk of frailty [RR ≥1 serving/day versus no consumption: 0.82 (0.76, 0.87); p-value <0.001], whereas other juices were associated with a slightly higher risk [RR ≥1 serving/day versus no consumption: 1.15 (1.03, 1.28); p-value <0.001]. A limitation of this study is that, due to self-reporting of diet and frailty, certain misclassification bias cannot be ruled out; also, some residual confounding may persist. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we observed that consumption of SSBs and ASBs was associated with a higher risk of frailty. However, orange juice intake showed an inverse association with frailty. These results need to be confirmed in further studies using other frailty definitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen A. Struijk
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERESP (CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Fernando Rodríguez-Artalejo
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERESP (CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health), Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA/Food Institute, CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa T. Fung
- Department of Nutrition, Simmons University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Walter C. Willett
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Frank B. Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Esther Lopez-Garcia
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERESP (CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health), Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA/Food Institute, CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Campos-Ramírez C, Ramírez-Amaya V, Olalde-Mendoza L, Palacios-Delgado J, Anaya-Loyola MA. Soft Drink Consumption in Young Mexican Adults Is Associated with Higher Total Body Fat Percentage in Men but Not in Women. Foods 2020; 9:E1760. [PMID: 33260727 PMCID: PMC7761352 DOI: 10.3390/foods9121760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A high consumption of soft drinks (SDs) has been linked with the development of anthropometric and metabolic alterations. We evaluate the association between SD consumption and some anthropometric and metabolic variables. This study is an observational study, using a sample of 394 university students, of which 158 were men (40.1%) and 238 women (59.9%), between 18 and 30 years. An SD intake questionnaire provided the consumption of different SDs. The participants' weight, height, and waist and hip circumferences were collected. Metabolic biomarkers were analyzed. The average intake of caloric SDs (CSDs) was 1193.6 ± 1534.8 mL/week and 84.5 ± 115.02 mL/week for non-caloric SDs (NCSDs). Sex differences were found in the amount of SD consumption and these statistical differences were driven by those men subjects with a high total body fat percentage (TBF%). In men, correlations were found between the intake of CSDs and the body mass index, waist and hip circumferences, TBF%, and visceral fat percentage. In woman, a correlation was found with glucose and triglycerides. The prediction model revealed that the intake of CSDs predicts TBF% and low-density lipoprotein only in men. A high amount of CSD consumption in men was associated with a high TBF%, and this may be predictive of future development of metabolic abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Campos-Ramírez
- Program of Biological Science, Department of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Av. de las Ciencias S/N, Juriquilla, Queretaro 76230, Mexico; (C.C.-R.); (L.O.-M.)
| | - Víctor Ramírez-Amaya
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra INIMEC-CONICET-UNC, Friuli 2434, Colinas de Vélez Sarsfield, Córdoba 5016, Argentina;
| | - Liliana Olalde-Mendoza
- Program of Biological Science, Department of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Av. de las Ciencias S/N, Juriquilla, Queretaro 76230, Mexico; (C.C.-R.); (L.O.-M.)
| | - Jorge Palacios-Delgado
- University of Mexican Valley-Campus Juriquilla, Blvd. Juriquilla 1000 Querétaro, Querétaro 76230, Mexico;
| | - Miriam Aracely Anaya-Loyola
- Department of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Av. de las Ciencias S/N, Juriquilla, Queretaro 76230, Mexico
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Fructose-Induced Intestinal Microbiota Shift Following Two Types of Short-Term High-Fructose Dietary Phases. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113444. [PMID: 33182700 PMCID: PMC7697676 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High consumption of fructose and high-fructose corn syrup is related to the development of obesity-associated metabolic diseases, which have become the most relevant diet-induced diseases. However, the influences of a high-fructose diet on gut microbiota are still largely unknown. We therefore examined the effect of short-term high-fructose consumption on the human intestinal microbiota. Twelve healthy adult women were enrolled in a pilot intervention study. All study participants consecutively followed four different diets, first a low fructose diet (< 10 g/day fructose), then a fruit-rich diet (100 g/day fructose) followed by a low fructose diet (10 g/day fructose) and at last a high-fructose syrup (HFS) supplemented diet (100 g/day fructose). Fecal microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. A high-fructose fruit diet significantly shifted the human gut microbiota by increasing the abundance of the phylum Firmicutes, in which beneficial butyrate producing bacteria such as Faecalibacterium, Anareostipes and Erysipelatoclostridium were elevated, and decreasing the abundance of the phylum Bacteroidetes including the genus Parabacteroides. An HFS diet induced substantial differences in microbiota composition compared to the fruit-rich diet leading to a lower Firmicutes and a higher Bacteroidetes abundance as well as reduced abundance of the genus Ruminococcus. Compared to a low-fructose diet we observed a decrease of Faecalibacterium and Erysipelatoclostridium after the HFS diet. Abundance of Bacteroidetes positively correlated with plasma cholesterol and LDL level, whereas abundance of Firmicutes was negatively correlated. Different formulations of high-fructose diets induce distinct alterations in gut microbiota composition. High-fructose intake by HFS causes a reduction of beneficial butyrate producing bacteria and a gut microbiota profile that may affect unfavorably host lipid metabolism whereas high consumption of fructose from fruit seems to modulate the composition of the gut microbiota in a beneficial way supporting digestive health and counteracting harmful effects of excessive fructose.
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Hieronimus B, Medici V, Bremer AA, Lee V, Nunez MV, Sigala DM, Keim NL, Havel PJ, Stanhope KL. Synergistic effects of fructose and glucose on lipoprotein risk factors for cardiovascular disease in young adults. Metabolism 2020; 112:154356. [PMID: 32916151 PMCID: PMC8744004 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fructose consumption increases risk factors for cardiometabolic disease. It is assumed that the effects of free sugars on risk factors are less potent because they contain less fructose. We compared the effects of consuming fructose, glucose or their combination, high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), on cardiometabolic risk factors. METHODS Adults (18-40 years; BMI 18-35 kg/m2) participated in a parallel, double-blinded dietary intervention during which beverages sweetened with aspartame, glucose (25% of energy requirements (ereq)), fructose or HFCS (25% and 17.5% ereq) were consumed for two weeks. Groups were matched for sex, baseline BMI and plasma lipid/lipoprotein concentrations. 24-h serial blood samples were collected at baseline and at the end of intervention. Primary outcomes were 24-h triglyceride AUC, LDL-cholesterol (C), and apolipoprotein (apo)B. Interactions between fructose and glucose were assessed post hoc. FINDINGS 145 subjects (26.0 ± 5.8 years; body mass index 25.0 ± 3.7 kg/m2) completed the study. As expected, the increase of 24-h triglycerides compared with aspartame was highest during fructose consumption (25%: 6.66 mmol/Lx24h 95% CI [1.90 to 11.63], P = 0.0013 versus aspartame), intermediate during HFCS consumption (25%: 4.68 mmol/Lx24h 95% CI [-0.18 to 9.55], P = 0.066 versus aspartame) and lowest during glucose consumption. In contrast, the increase of LDL-C was highest during HFCS consumption (25%: 0.46 mmol/L 95% CI [0.16 to 0.77], P = 0.0002 versus aspartame) and intermediate during fructose consumption (25%: 0.33 mmol/L 95% CI [0.03 to 0.63], P = 0.023 versus aspartame), as was the increase of apoB (HFCS-25%: 0.108 g/L 95%CI [0.032 to 0.184], P = 0.001; fructose 25%: 0.072 g/L 95%CI [-0.004 to 0.148], P = 0.074 versus aspartame). The post hoc analyses showed significant interactive effects of fructose*glucose on LDL-C and apoB (both P < 0.01), but not on 24-h triglyceride (P = 0.340). CONCLUSION A significant interaction between fructose and glucose contributed to increases of lipoprotein risk factors when the two monosaccharides were co-ingested as HFCS. Thus, the effects of HFCS on lipoprotein risks factors are not solely mediated by the fructose content and it cannot be assumed that glucose is a benign component of HFCS. Our findings suggest that HFCS may be as harmful as isocaloric amounts of pure fructose and provide further support for the urgency to implement strategies to limit free sugar consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Hieronimus
- Max Rubner-Institut, Institute of Child Nutrition, Karlsruhe, Germany; Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America.
| | - Valentina Medici
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Andrew A Bremer
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America; Pediatric Growth and Nutrition Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Vivien Lee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Marinelle V Nunez
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Desiree M Sigala
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America; Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Nancy L Keim
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America; United States Department of Agriculture, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Peter J Havel
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America; Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Kimber L Stanhope
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
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Gowen BH, Reyes MV, Joseph LC, Morrow JP. Mechanisms of Chronic Metabolic Stress in Arrhythmias. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9101012. [PMID: 33086602 PMCID: PMC7603089 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9101012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac arrhythmias are responsible for many cardiovascular disease-related deaths worldwide. While arrhythmia pathogenesis is complex, there is increasing evidence for metabolic causes. Obesity, diabetes, and chronically consuming high-fat foods significantly increase the likelihood of developing arrhythmias. Although these correlations are well established, mechanistic explanations connecting a high-fat diet (HFD) to arrhythmogenesis are incomplete, although oxidative stress appears to be critical. This review investigates the metabolic changes that occur in obesity and after HFD. Potential therapies to prevent or treat arrhythmias are discussed, including antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John P. Morrow
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-212-305-5553; Fax: +1-212-305-4648
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Lelis DDF, Andrade JMO, Almenara CCP, Broseguini-Filho GB, Mill JG, Baldo MP. High fructose intake and the route towards cardiometabolic diseases. Life Sci 2020; 259:118235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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O'Neil CE, Nicklas TA, Saab R, Fulgoni VL. Relationship of added sugars intakes with physiologic parameters in adults: an analysis of national health and nutrition examination survey 2001-2012. AIMS Public Health 2020; 7:450-468. [PMID: 32968670 PMCID: PMC7505778 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Consumption of added sugars (AS) has been associated with increased risk for liver disease and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study was to further understand the relationship of AS intake with liver enzymes and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in adults (n = 29,687) participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001–2012. Methods Individual usual intake (IUI) of AS was estimated using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo ratio method using two days of 24-hour dietary recalls gathered using standardized protocols. Subjects were separated into six consumption groups: 0 to <5%, 5 to <10%, 10 to <15%, 15 to <20%, 20 to <25% and ≥25% of energy as added sugars. Linear and group trends were determined using regression analyses for liver enzymes, cardiovascular risk factors, weight parameters, glucose, metabolic syndrome, and C-reactive protein. Logistic regression calculated odds ratios for these biomarkers above established risk levels (p < 0.01). Results There was an inverse group trend association with AS IUI for lower body mass index (beta = −0.12 kg/m2 across AS intake groups); % overweight/obese or % obese also showed inverse group trend (−1.44, −0.77, % units across AS intake groups, respectively). Liver enzymes did not show a significant association with AS IUI. Mean plasma glucose levels (mg/dL) showed an inverse linear (beta = −0.13 mg/dL per AS intake); and group association with energy from AS IUI (beta = −0.71mg/d L across AS intake groups). There was no association of AS intake with the risk of elevated uric acid levels; however, the odds of reduced uric acid levels was 17% lower with increasing intake of energy from AS IUI in group trend analysis only (0.83; 0.72–0.95 [99th CI]). Conclusion Although it is sensible to consume AS in moderation, results suggested that higher intakes of AS were not consistently associated with physiologic parameters. Since the data were cross-sectional, they cannot be used to assess cause and effect. Thus, additional studies are warranted to confirm these findings with more rigorous study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol E O'Neil
- LSU Agricultural Center Professor Emeritus, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | | | - Rabab Saab
- USDA/ARS/CNRC, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Ayoub SM, Minhas M, Lapointe T, Limebeer CL, Parker LA, Leri F. Effects of high fructose corn syrup on ethanol self-administration in rats. Alcohol 2020; 87:79-88. [PMID: 32497557 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The addition of sweeteners to alcoholic beverages is thought to facilitate heavy alcohol consumption, and this may be of particular concern when the additive is high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). METHODS Four experiments in male Sprague-Dawley rats were performed to investigate whether the addition of 25% HFCS to ethanol (5%, 10%, and 20% v/v ethanol) would alter its intraoral operant self-administration, palatability, and sensitivity to food deprivation stress. RESULTS As anticipated, HFCS drastically increased ethanol intake, and this effect appeared driven by its caloric value. Importantly, HFCS increased the persistence of operant responding following extinction in animals trained to self-administer the combination, and the addition of HFCS to ethanol changed subsequent responses to ethanol, including increased palatability and intake. CONCLUSIONS These results in rats suggest that the addition of HFCS to the list of ingredients in sweetened alcoholic beverages could play a significant role in the harmful consumption of ethanol-containing beverages.
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Effects of Dietary Glucose and Fructose on Copper, Iron, and Zinc Metabolism Parameters in Humans. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092581. [PMID: 32854403 PMCID: PMC7551875 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations of transition metal levels have been associated with obesity, hepatic steatosis, and metabolic syndrome in humans. Studies in animals indicate an association between dietary sugars and copper metabolism. Our group has conducted a study in which young adults consumed beverages sweetened with glucose, fructose, high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), or aspartame for two weeks and has reported that consumption of both fructose- and HFCS-sweetened beverages increased cardiovascular disease risk factors. Baseline and intervention serum samples from 107 participants of this study were measured for copper metabolism (copper, ceruloplasmin ferroxidase activity, ceruloplasmin protein), zinc levels, and iron metabolism (iron, ferritin, and transferrin) parameters. Fructose and/or glucose consumption were associated with decreased ceruloplasmin ferroxidase activity and serum copper and zinc concentrations. Ceruloplasmin protein levels did not change in response to intervention. The changes in copper concentrations were correlated with zinc, but not with iron. The decreases in copper, ceruloplasmin ferroxidase activity, ferritin, and transferrin were inversely associated with the increases in metabolic risk factors associated with sugar consumption, specifically, apolipoprotein CIII, triglycerides, or post-meal glucose, insulin, and lactate responses. These findings are the first evidence that consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages can alter clinical parameters of transition metal metabolism in healthy subjects.
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73
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Zhu Z, He Y, Wang Z, He X, Zang J, Guo C, Jia X, Ren Y, Shan C, Sun J, Huang J, Ding G, Wu F. The associations between sugar-sweetened beverage intake and cardiometabolic risks in Chinese children and adolescents. Pediatr Obes 2020; 15:e12634. [PMID: 32196990 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) has been linked to an increased risk of cardiometabolic diseases. OBJECTIVES This study aims to examine associations between SSB intake and cardiometabolic risks among Chinese children and adolescences. METHODS Data from 3958 participants aged 6-17 years old were obtained in Shanghai, China, from September to October 2015. A 3-day dietary record and a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) were applied to assess SSB consumption and frequency. Anthropometric and laboratory measurements were conducted to measure cardiometabolic indicators. RESULTS After adjusting for age, sex, daily energy intake, pubertal stage, sedentary time, maternal education, and household income, SSB consumption was positively associated with serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), while it was inversely associated with systolic blood pressure (P < .05). The participants in the highest intake category (≥201.7 mL/day) of SSB consumption had 0.10 (95%CI, 0.02-0.18) mmol/L higher total cholesterol and 0.09 (95%CI, 0.03-0.16) mmol/L higher LDL-C levels than the nonconsumption group (0 mL/day). There was a quasi-U-shaped trend in LDL-C across the categories of >0 mL/day SSB consumption. SSB frequency was positively associated with BMI (P = .04). CONCLUSIONS SSB intake was positively associated with serum cholesterol and was weakly associated with BMI in Chinese children and adolescents, independent of energy intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenni Zhu
- Division of Health Risk Factors Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.,National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yuna He
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengyuan Wang
- Division of Health Risk Factors Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin He
- Division of Non-Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajie Zang
- Division of Health Risk Factors Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Changyi Guo
- Division of Health Risk Factors Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Jia
- Division of Health Risk Factors Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaping Ren
- Department of Public Health, Shanghai Pudong District Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengdi Shan
- Department of Public Health, Shanghai Huangpu District Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Sun
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Huang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Gangqiang Ding
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Division of Health Risk Factors Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
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Nergiz-Unal R, Ulug E, Kisioglu B, Tamer F, Bodur M, Yalcimin H, Yuruk AA. Hepatic cholesterol synthesis and lipoprotein levels impaired by dietary fructose and saturated fatty acids in mice: Insight on PCSK9 and CD36. Nutrition 2020; 79-80:110954. [PMID: 32862122 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.110954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the uncertain effects of high saturated fatty acids (SFAs) or fructose intake on cholesterol and lipoproteins with an insight of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9)- and cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36)-induced mechanisms. METHODS Forty male C57 BL/6 mice (8 wks of age) were divided into four groups and fed ad libitum with standard chow or three isocaloric diets containing high SFAs (SFA group), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA group, vehicle), or fructose for 15 wks. Subsequently, mice were sacrificed and blood, liver, and heart were collected for further analysis. RESULTS Consequently, fructose or SFA intake resulted in higher plasma and liver total cholesterol (TC) levels, plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), apolipoprotein (Apo)-B levels, TC/HDL-C, and LDL-C/HDL-C ratios, and lower plasma levels of HDL-C and Apo-A1 (P < 0.05). Levels of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase 1 enzymes in liver and CD36 levels in plasma were elevated by high SFAs and fructose intake (P < 0.05), whereas plasma PCSK9 levels were not significantly changed. Fructose and SFA intake increased PCSK9 and CD36 levels in the heart, along with increased CD36 levels in the liver (P < 0.05). Furthermore, plasma LDL-C was found to be positively correlated with liver PCSK9 (r = 0.85, P = 0.02), and CD36 (r = 0.70, P = 0.02) in the SFA and fructose groups. CONCLUSION High intakes of dietary SFAs and fructose might induce dysregulations in the cholesterol synthesis and blood lipoprotein levels via proposed nutrient-sensitive biomarkers PCSK9 and CD36 in liver and extrahepatic tissues involved in cholesterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhan Nergiz-Unal
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Elif Ulug
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Betul Kisioglu
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Funda Tamer
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Bodur
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hacer Yalcimin
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Armagan Aytug Yuruk
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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75
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The Impact of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption on the Liver: A Proteomics-based Analysis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9070569. [PMID: 32630236 PMCID: PMC7402188 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9070569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiometabolic complications such as the metabolic syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) are major causes of global morbidity and mortality. As sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are implicated in this process, this study aimed to obtain greater mechanistic insights. Male Wistar rats (~200 g) were gavaged with a local SSB every day for a period of six months while the control group was gavaged with an iso-volumetric amount of water. Experimental dosages were calculated according to the surface area-to-volume ratio and were equivalent to 125 mL/day (in human terms). A proteomic analysis was performed on isolated liver samples and thereafter, markers of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, antioxidant/oxidant capacity, calcium regulation, and mitochondrial functionality were assessed. These data show that SSB consumption resulted in (a) the induction of mild hepatic ER stress; (b) altered hepatic mitochondrial dynamics; and (c) perturbed calcium handling across mitochondria-associated ER membranes. Despite significant changes in markers of ER stress, the antioxidant response and calcium handling (proteomics data), the liver is able to initiate adaptive responses to counteract such stressors. However, the mitochondrial data showed increased fission and decreased fusion that may put the organism at risk for developing insulin resistance and T2DM in the longer term.
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Moreira ARO, Batista RFL, Ladeira LLC, Thomaz EBAF, Alves CMC, Saraiva MC, Silva AAM, Brondani MA, Ribeiro CCC. Higher sugar intake is associated with periodontal disease in adolescents. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 25:983-991. [PMID: 32519237 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03387-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Analyze the association between higher added sugar exposure and periodontal disease in adolescents (18-19 years old). MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a cross-sectional study nested to RPS Cohorts Consortium, São Luís, Brazil (n = 2515). The exposure was percentage of daily calories from added sugar (≥ 10%), estimated from a quantitative food frequency. The outcome was periodontal disease estimated by the number of teeth affected by bleeding on probing, periodontal probing depth ≥ 4 mm, and clinical attachment level ≥ 4 mm at the same site. A theoretical model was depicted in a directed acyclic graph to identify the minimal sufficient adjustment set: household income, adolescent's educational level, sex, alcohol use, and smoking. Periodontal disease was categorized into < 2 teeth affected, 2 to 3 teeth affected, and ≥ 4 teeth affected to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) by multinomial logistic regression. To test for consistency, means ratio (MR) were estimated using zero-inflated Poisson. RESULTS High sugar intake was associated with ≥ 4 teeth affected by periodontal disease (PR = 1.42; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.03-1.94; p = 0.030); consistency Poisson analysis reinforced these results (MR = 1.15; 95% CI = 1.03-1.29; p = 0.011). CONCLUSION High level of added sugar intake was associated with greater extent of periodontal disease in adolescents. CLINICAL RELEVANCE High sugar intake was associated with periodontal disease in adolescents, supporting the integrated hypothesis of dental caries and periodontal disease and giving impetus to future clinical investigation on the effect of restriction of added sugar consumption in periodontal parameters, which potentially may change traditional treatment protocols of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R O Moreira
- Postgraduate Program of Dentistry, Federal University of Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses 1966, Cidade Universitária Bacanga, São Luís, MA, 65080-805, Brazil
| | - Rosangela F L Batista
- Postgraduate Program of Public Health, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Lorena L C Ladeira
- Postgraduate Program of Dentistry, Federal University of Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses 1966, Cidade Universitária Bacanga, São Luís, MA, 65080-805, Brazil
| | - Erika B A F Thomaz
- Postgraduate Program of Public Health, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Claudia M C Alves
- Postgraduate Program of Dentistry, Federal University of Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses 1966, Cidade Universitária Bacanga, São Luís, MA, 65080-805, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program of Public Health, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Maria C Saraiva
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio A M Silva
- Postgraduate Program of Public Health, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Mario A Brondani
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cecilia C C Ribeiro
- Postgraduate Program of Dentistry, Federal University of Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses 1966, Cidade Universitária Bacanga, São Luís, MA, 65080-805, Brazil.
- Postgraduate Program of Public Health, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil.
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Marques-Vidal P. Comparison of lifestyle changes and pharmacological treatment on cardiovascular risk factors. Heart 2020; 106:852-862. [PMID: 32354801 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2019-316252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Marques-Vidal
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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78
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Ribas BLP, Longo A, Dobke FV, Weber B, Bertoldi EG, Borges LR, Abib RT. Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages in patients with established atherosclerosis disease. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2020; 25:1499-1506. [PMID: 32267450 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232020254.12912018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the association between consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and anthropometric and biochemical variables in a cross-sectional study conducted with secondary data from the first visit of the randomized clinical trial of the Brazilian Cardioprotective Nutritional Program (BALANCE Program) (2013-2014). Weight, height, waist circumference, lipid profile and fasting glycemia and a 24-hour diet recall were collected. Differences between consumption and non-consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages were evaluated by Student's t-test. The Chi-square test was employed to analyze the association between consumption and non-consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and biochemical and anthropometric factors. The sample consisted of 2,172 individuals, mostly men (58.5%), elderly (63.6%), C-rated economic class (57.3%), and overweight (62.7%). A statistically significant difference was found between the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and higher BMI values (p=0.029), waist circumference (p=0.004) and triglycerides (p=0.023). These results emphasize the need for nutritional intervention regarding the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages as part of the dietary treatment of this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Luiza Paulina Ribas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição e Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas. R. Gomes Carneiro 1, Centro. 96010-610 Pelotas RS Brasil.
| | - Aline Longo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição e Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas. R. Gomes Carneiro 1, Centro. 96010-610 Pelotas RS Brasil.
| | - Fernanda Vighi Dobke
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição e Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas. R. Gomes Carneiro 1, Centro. 96010-610 Pelotas RS Brasil.
| | | | | | - Lúcia Rota Borges
- Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Pelotas RS Brasil
| | - Renata Torres Abib
- Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Pelotas RS Brasil
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Villeda-González JD, Gómez-Olivares JL, Baiza-Gutman LA, Manuel-Apolinar L, Damasio-Santana L, Millán-Pacheco C, Ángeles-Mejía S, Cortés-Ginez MC, Cruz-López M, Vidal-Moreno CJ, Díaz-Flores M. Nicotinamide reduces inflammation and oxidative stress via the cholinergic system in fructose-induced metabolic syndrome in rats. Life Sci 2020; 250:117585. [PMID: 32243928 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) have been associated with risk factors for metabolic syndrome (MetS). Our objective was to evaluate the effect of nicotinamide (NAM) on the activities, expression and protein content of cholinesterases in a MetS model. MAIN METHODS MetS was induced in male rats administrating 40% fructose to the drinking water for 16 weeks. Additionally, from 5th week onward, the carbohydrate solution was replaced by NAM, at several concentrations for 5 h each morning for the next 12 weeks. In the 15th week, the glucose tolerance test was conducted, and blood pressure was measured. After the treatment period had concluded, the biochemical profile; oxidant stress; proinflammatory markers; and the activity, quantity and expression of cholinesterases were evaluated, and molecular docking analysis was performed. KEY FINDINGS The MetS group showed anthropometric, hemodynamic and biochemical alterations and increased cholinesterase activity, inflammation and stress markers. In the liver, cholinesterase activity and mRNA, free fatty acid, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) levels were increased, while reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were decreased. NAM partially or totally decreased risk factors for MetS, markers of stress and inflammation, and the activity (serum and liver) and expression (liver) of cholinesterases. Molecular docking analysis showed that NAM has a greater affinity for cholinesterases than acetylcholine (ACh), suggesting NAM as an inhibitor of cholinesterases. SIGNIFICANCE Supplementation with 40% fructose induced MetS, which increased the activity and expression of cholinesterases, oxidative stress and the inflammation. NAM attenuated these MetS-induced alterations and changes in cholinesterases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Villeda-González
- Programa de Posgrado en Biología Experimental, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco 186, México City, México; Unidad de Investigación Médica en Bioquímica, Hospital de Especialidades "Bernardo Sepúlveda Gutiérrez" Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - J L Gómez-Olivares
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco 186, México City, México
| | - L A Baiza-Gutman
- Laboratorio en Biología del Desarrollo, Unidad de Morfología y Función, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Estado de México, México
| | - L Manuel-Apolinar
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades "Bernardo Sepúlveda Gutiérrez" Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - L Damasio-Santana
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades "Bernardo Sepúlveda Gutiérrez" Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - C Millán-Pacheco
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - S Ángeles-Mejía
- Laboratorio en Biología del Desarrollo, Unidad de Morfología y Función, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Estado de México, México
| | - M C Cortés-Ginez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Bioquímica, Hospital de Especialidades "Bernardo Sepúlveda Gutiérrez" Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - M Cruz-López
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Bioquímica, Hospital de Especialidades "Bernardo Sepúlveda Gutiérrez" Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - C J Vidal-Moreno
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Universidad de Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Murcia, Spain
| | - M Díaz-Flores
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Bioquímica, Hospital de Especialidades "Bernardo Sepúlveda Gutiérrez" Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México.
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Froogh G, Kandhi S, Duvvi R, Le Y, Weng Z, Alruwaili N, Ashe JO, Sun D, Huang A. The contribution of chymase-dependent formation of ANG II to cardiac dysfunction in metabolic syndrome of young rats: roles of fructose and EETs. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 318:H985-H993. [PMID: 32167781 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00633.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The roles of ACE-independent ANG II production via chymase and therapeutic potential of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) in fructose-induced metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the adolescent population remain elusive. Thus we tested the hypothesis that a high-fructose diet (HFD) in young rats elicits chymase-dependent increases in ANG II production and oxidative stress, responses that are reversible by 1-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-3-(1-propionylpiperidin-4-yl) urea (TPPU), an inhibitor of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) that metabolizes EETs. Three groups of weanling rats (21-day-old) were fed a normal diet, 60% HFD, and HFD with TPPU, respectively, for 30 days. HFD rats developed MetS, characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hypertension and associated with decreases in cardiac output and stroke volume and loss of nitric oxide (NO) modulation of myocardial oxygen consumption; all impairments were normalized by TPPU that significantly elevated circulating 11,12-EET, a major cardiac EET isoform. In the presence of comparable cardiac angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) expression/activity among the three groups, HFD rats exhibited significantly greater chymase-dependent ANG II formation in hearts, as indicated by an augmented cardiac chymase content as a function of enhanced mast cell degranulation. The enhanced chymase-dependent ANG II production was paralleled with increases in ANG II type 1 receptor (AT1R) expression and NADPH oxidase (Nox)-induced superoxide, alterations that were significantly reversed by TPPU. Conversely, HFD-induced downregulation of cardiac ACE2, followed by a lower Ang-(1-7) level displayed in an TPPU-irreversible manner. In conclusion, HFD-driven adverse chymase/ANG II/Nox/superoxide signaling in young rats was prevented by inhibition of sEH via, at least in part, an EET-mediated stabilization of mast cells, highlighting chymase and sEH as therapeutic targets during treatment of MetS.NEW & NOTEWORTHY As the highest fructose consumers, the adolescent population is highly susceptible to the metabolic syndrome, where increases in mast cell chymase-dependent formation of ANG II, ensued by cardiometabolic dysfunction, are reversible in response to inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). This study highlights chymase and sEH as therapeutic targets and unravels novel avenues for the development of optimal strategies for young patients with fructose-induced metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghezal Froogh
- Departments of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Sharath Kandhi
- Departments of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Roopa Duvvi
- Departments of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Yicong Le
- Departments of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Zan Weng
- Departments of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Norah Alruwaili
- Departments of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Jonathan O Ashe
- Departments of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Dong Sun
- Departments of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - An Huang
- Departments of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
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81
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Pérez-Corredor PA, Gutiérrez-Vargas JA, Ciro-Ramírez L, Balcazar N, Cardona-Gómez GP. High fructose diet-induced obesity worsens post-ischemic brain injury in the hippocampus of female rats. Nutr Neurosci 2020; 25:122-136. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2020.1724453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. A. Pérez-Corredor
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, SIU, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - J. A. Gutiérrez-Vargas
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, SIU, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Corporación Universitaria Remington, Medellin, Colombia
| | - L. Ciro-Ramírez
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Corporación Universitaria Remington, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Norman Balcazar
- Molecular Genetics Group, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - G. P. Cardona-Gómez
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, SIU, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
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82
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Chiu S, Siri-Tarino P, Bergeron N, Suh JH, Krauss RM. A Randomized Study of the Effect of Replacing Sugar-Sweetened Soda by Reduced Fat Milk on Cardiometabolic Health in Male Adolescent Soda Drinkers. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020405. [PMID: 32033078 PMCID: PMC7071288 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Soda consumption in adolescents has been linked to poorer metabolic outcomes. We tested whether replacing soda with reduced fat milk would improve features of atherogenic dyslipidemia and other cardiometabolic risk factors. Thirty overweight and obese adolescent boys who were habitual consumers of sugar-sweetened beverages were randomly assigned to consume 24 oz/day of sugar-sweetened soda or an energy equivalent of reduced fat (2%) milk for 3 weeks with crossover to the alternate beverage after a ≥ 2 weeks washout. Plasma lipids and lipoproteins and other laboratory measures were assessed after each beverage period. Lipid and lipoprotein measurements, C-reactive protein, and serum transaminases did not differ significantly between the soda and milk phases of the study. Systolic blood pressure z-score and uric acid concentration were significantly lower after consuming milk compared to soda. Milk consumption also significantly decreased plasma glucosyl ceramide (d18:1/C16:0) and lactosylceramides (d18:1/C16:0 and d18:1/C18:0). While no effects of replacing soda with milk on lipid and lipoprotein measurements were observed in these normolipidemic weight-stable adolescent boys, decreases in systolic blood pressure, uric acid, and glycosphingolipids suggest that an overall favorable effect on cardiometabolic risk can be achieved following a short-term dietary intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Chiu
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute; 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA 94609, USA; (S.C.); (P.S.-T.); (N.B.); (J.H.S.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Patty Siri-Tarino
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute; 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA 94609, USA; (S.C.); (P.S.-T.); (N.B.); (J.H.S.)
- Siri Tarino Consulting, Piedmont, CA 94611, USA
| | - Nathalie Bergeron
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute; 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA 94609, USA; (S.C.); (P.S.-T.); (N.B.); (J.H.S.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
| | - Jung H. Suh
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute; 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA 94609, USA; (S.C.); (P.S.-T.); (N.B.); (J.H.S.)
| | - Ronald M. Krauss
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute; 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA 94609, USA; (S.C.); (P.S.-T.); (N.B.); (J.H.S.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Correspondence:
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83
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic consumption of fructose and fructose-containing sugars leads to dyslipidemia. Apolipoprotein (apo) CIII is strongly associated with elevated levels of triglycerides and cardiovascular disease risk. We reviewed the effects of fructose consumption on apoCIII levels and the role of apoCIII in fructose-induced dyslipidemia. RECENT FINDINGS Consumption of fructose increases circulating apoCIII levels compared with glucose. The more marked effects of fructose compared with glucose on apoCIII concentrations may involve the failure of fructose consumption to stimulate insulin secretion. The increase in apoCIII levels after fructose consumption correlates with increased postprandial serum triglyceride. Further, RNA interference of apoCIII prevents fructose-induced dyslipidemia in nonhuman primates. Increases in postprandial apoCIII after fructose, but not glucose consumption, are positively associated with elevated triglycerides in large triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and increased small dense LDL levels. SUMMARY ApoCIII might be causal in the lipid dysregulation observed after consumption of fructose and fructose-containing sugars. Decreased consumption of fructose and fructose-containing sugars could be an effective strategy for reducing circulating apoCIII and subsequently lowering triglyceride levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Hieronimus
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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84
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Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, Koskinas KC, Casula M, Badimon L, Chapman MJ, De Backer GG, Delgado V, Ference BA, Graham IM, Halliday A, Landmesser U, Mihaylova B, Pedersen TR, Riccardi G, Richter DJ, Sabatine MS, Taskinen MR, Tokgozoglu L, Wiklund O. 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Atherosclerosis 2020; 290:140-205. [PMID: 31504418 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 539] [Impact Index Per Article: 134.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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85
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A cross-sectional study on uric acid levels among Chinese adolescents. Pediatr Nephrol 2020; 35:441-446. [PMID: 31811538 PMCID: PMC6968984 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-019-04357-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of hyperuricemia is increasing in adults, while the prevalence among adolescents is seldom reported. METHODS A cross-sectional survey by multistage, stratified sampling method was carried out in Shandong Province during 2017-2018. A total of 9371 adolescents aged from 13 to 19 years were randomly sampled and analyzed in this survey. RESULTS The overall mean serum uric acid (sUA) concentration was 6.08 ± 1.57 mg/dL and overall hyperuricemia prevalence was 25.4% and 60.5% (when hyperuricemia was defined as sUA ≥ 7 mg/dL or ≥ 5.5 mg/dL). Prevalence were 42.3% (male) and 8.0% (female) when limit was 7 mg/dL and prevalence were 82.1% (male) and 38.4% (female) when limit was 5.5 mg/dL. Male gender, increased body mass index, increased waist circumstance, increased triglycerides, increased fasting blood glucose, increased systolic blood pressure, decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate, and positive family gout history were associated with the enhanced risk of hyperuricemia according to univariate and/or multivariate logistic regression analysis. Food intake frequency of carbonate beverage, mutton, and other kinds varied between hyperuricemia adolescents and normal sUA ones. CONCLUSIONS The studied adolescent population showed sUA level and hyperuricemia prevalence which are even higher than those of adults in China. The epidemic of youth hyperuricemia may pose a future threat of gout attacks and other hyperuricemia-related diseases, which alarms the public, health professionals and health policy makers to prepare the future health challenges.
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86
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Borén J, Packard CJ, Taskinen MR. The Roles of ApoC-III on the Metabolism of Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins in Humans. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:474. [PMID: 32849270 PMCID: PMC7399058 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally. It is well-established based on evidence accrued during the last three decades that high plasma concentrations of cholesterol-rich atherogenic lipoproteins are causatively linked to CVD, and that lowering these reduces atherosclerotic cardiovascular events in humans (1-9). Historically, most attention has been on low-density lipoproteins (LDL) since these are the most abundant atherogenic lipoproteins in the circulation, and thus the main carrier of cholesterol into the artery wall. However, with the rise of obesity and insulin resistance in many populations, there is increasing interest in the role of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) and their metabolic remnants, with accumulating evidence showing they too are causatively linked to CVD. Plasma triglyceride, measured either in the fasting or non-fasting state, is a useful index of the abundance of TRLs and recent research into the biology and genetics of triglyceride heritability has provided new insight into the causal relationship of TRLs with CVD. Of the genetic factors known to influence plasma triglyceride levels variation in APOC3- the gene for apolipoprotein (apo) C-III - has emerged as being particularly important as a regulator of triglyceride transport and a novel therapeutic target to reduce dyslipidaemia and CVD risk (10).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Jan Borén
| | - Chris J. Packard
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Marja-Riitta Taskinen
- Research Programs Unit, Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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87
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Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, Koskinas KC, Casula M, Badimon L, Chapman MJ, De Backer GG, Delgado V, Ference BA, Graham IM, Halliday A, Landmesser U, Mihaylova B, Pedersen TR, Riccardi G, Richter DJ, Sabatine MS, Taskinen MR, Tokgozoglu L, Wiklund O. 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J 2020; 41:111-188. [PMID: 31504418 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4232] [Impact Index Per Article: 1058.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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88
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Hyer MM, Dyer SK, Kloster A, Adrees A, Taetzsch T, Feaster J, Valdez G, Neigh GN. Sex modifies the consequences of extended fructose consumption on liver health, motor function, and physiological damage in rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 317:R903-R911. [PMID: 31553663 PMCID: PMC6957373 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00046.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences are evident in the presentation of metabolic symptoms. A shift of sex hormones that signal the onset of puberty combined with a poor diet consumed in adolescence is likely to have sex-specific, long-term impacts on adult physiology. Here, we expanded on existing literature to elucidate the sex-specific mechanisms driving physiological deficits following high fructose consumption. Male and female Wistar rats were fed a high-fructose (55%) diet beginning immediately postweaning for 10 wk. Female rats fed the high-fructose diet displayed elevated weight gain and extensive liver pathology consistent with markers of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Male rats fed the high-fructose diet exhibited increased circulating glucose along with moderate hepatic steatosis. Levels of cytokines and gene expression of inflammatory targets were not altered by fructose consumption in either sex. However, circulating levels of markers for liver health, including alanine transaminase and uric acid, and markers for epithelial cell death were altered by fructose consumption. From the alterations in these markers for liver health, along with elevated circulating triglycerides, it was evident that liver health had deteriorated significantly and that a number of factors were at play. Both adult fructose-fed male and female rats displayed motor deficits that correlated with aberrant structural changes at the neuromuscular junction; however, these deficits were exacerbated in males. These data indicate that consumption of a high-fructose diet beginning in adolescence leads to adult pathology that is modified by sex. Identification of these sex-specific changes has implications for treatment of clinical presentation of metabolic syndrome and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly M Hyer
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Samya K Dyer
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Alix Kloster
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Anum Adrees
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Thomas Taetzsch
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Jonathan Feaster
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Gregorio Valdez
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Gretchen N Neigh
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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89
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Rodgers M, Heineman B, Dushay J. Increased fructose consumption has sex-specific effects on fibroblast growth factor 21 levels in humans. Obes Sci Pract 2019; 5:503-510. [PMID: 31687174 PMCID: PMC6819978 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a primarily hepatic hormone with pleotropic metabolic effects, is regulated by fructose in humans. Recent work has established that 75 g of oral fructose robustly stimulates FGF21 levels in humans with peak levels occurring 2 h following ingestion; this has been termed an oral fructose tolerance test (OFTT). It is unknown whether prolonged high-fructose consumption influences the FGF21 response to acute fructose or whether biological sex influences FGF21-fructose dynamics. METHODS Thirty-nine healthy adults underwent baseline OFTT following an overnight fast. For the high-fructose exposure protocol, 20 subjects ingested 75 g of fructose daily for 14 ± 3 d, followed by repeat OFTT. For the control group, an OFTT was repeated following 14 ± 3 d of ad lib diet. For all subjects, FGF21 levels, glucose, insulin, non-esterified fatty acids and triglyceride levels were measured at baseline and 2 h following OFTT. All subjects maintained 3-d food logs prior to OFTT testing. RESULTS Women demonstrated significantly higher baseline and peak stimulated total and intact FGF21 levels compared with men both before and after high-fructose exposure. Baseline total and intact FGF21 levels decreased following ongoing fructose exposure, maintaining a stable ratio. This decrease was sex specific, with only women demonstrating decreased baseline FGF21 levels. There were no changes in metabolic or anthropometric parameters following the high-fructose exposure. CONCLUSIONS Daily ingestion of 75 g of fructose for 2 weeks results in a sex-specific decrease in baseline FGF21 levels without change in body weight or biochemical evidence of metabolic injury. There were also sex-specific differences in peak fructose-stimulated FGF21 levels, which do not change with high-fructose consumption. The role of FGF21 in the development of metabolic disease caused by fructose consumption may differ based on biological sex. Future long-term studies should consider sex differences in FGF21-fructose dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Rodgers
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBostonMAUSA
| | - B. Heineman
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBostonMAUSA
| | - J. Dushay
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBostonMAUSA
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90
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Taskinen MR, Packard CJ, Borén J. Dietary Fructose and the Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11091987. [PMID: 31443567 PMCID: PMC6770027 DOI: 10.3390/nu11091987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of fructose, the sweetest of all naturally occurring carbohydrates, has increased dramatically in the last 40 years and is today commonly used commercially in soft drinks, juice, and baked goods. These products comprise a large proportion of the modern diet, in particular in children, adolescents, and young adults. A large body of evidence associate consumption of fructose and other sugar-sweetened beverages with insulin resistance, intrahepatic lipid accumulation, and hypertriglyceridemia. In the long term, these risk factors may contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Fructose is absorbed in the small intestine and metabolized in the liver where it stimulates fructolysis, glycolysis, lipogenesis, and glucose production. This may result in hypertriglyceridemia and fatty liver. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying intestinal and hepatic fructose metabolism is important. Here we review recent evidence linking excessive fructose consumption to health risk markers and development of components of the Metabolic Syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marja-Riitta Taskinen
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Medicine Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Chris J Packard
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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91
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Malik VS, Hu FB. Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Cardiometabolic Health: An Update of the Evidence. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1840. [PMID: 31398911 PMCID: PMC6723421 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) have little nutritional value and a robust body of evidence has linked the intake of SSBs to weight gain and risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and some cancers. Metabolic Syndrome (MetSyn) is a clustering of risk factors that precedes the development of T2D and CVD; however, evidence linking SSBs to MetSyn is not clear. To make informed recommendations about SSBs, new evidence needs to be considered against existing literature. This review provides an update on the evidence linking SSBs and cardiometabolic outcomes including MetSyn. Findings from prospective cohort studies support a strong positive association between SSBs and weight gain and risk of T2D and coronary heart disease (CHD), independent of adiposity. Associations with MetSyn are less consistent, and there appears to be a sex difference with stroke with greater risk in women. Findings from short-term trials on metabolic risk factors provide mechanistic support for associations with T2D and CHD. Conclusive evidence from cohort studies and trials on risk factors support an etiologic role of SSB in relation to weight gain and risk of T2D and CHD. Continued efforts to reduce intake of SSB should be encouraged to improve the cardiometabolic health of individuals and populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasanti S Malik
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Frank B Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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92
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Effects of Fructose or Glucose on Circulating ApoCIII and Triglyceride and Cholesterol Content of Lipoprotein Subfractions in Humans. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8070913. [PMID: 31247940 PMCID: PMC6678650 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8070913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ApoCIII and triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins (TRL), particularly, large TG-rich lipoproteins particles, have been described as important mediators of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. The effects of sustained consumption of dietary fructose compared with those of sustained glucose consumption on circulating apoCIII and large TRL particles have not been reported. We measured apoCIII concentrations and the TG and cholesterol content of lipoprotein subfractions separated by size in fasting and postprandial plasma collected from men and women (age: 54 ± 8 years) before and after they consumed glucose- or fructose-sweetened beverages for 10 weeks. The subjects consuming fructose exhibited higher fasting and postprandial plasma apoCIII concentrations than the subjects consuming glucose (p < 0.05 for both). They also had higher concentrations of postprandial TG in all TRL subfractions (p < 0.05, effect of sugar), with the highest increases occurring in the largest TRL particles (p < 0.0001 for fructose linear trend). Compared to glucose consumption, fructose consumption increased postprandial TG in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles (p < 0.05, effect of sugar), especially in the smaller particles (p < 0.0001 for fructose linear trend). The increases of both postprandial apoCIII and TG in large TRL subfractions were associated with fructose-induced increases of fasting cholesterol in the smaller LDL particles. In conclusion, 10 weeks of fructose consumption increased the circulating apoCIII and postprandial concentrations of large TRL particles compared with glucose consumption.
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93
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Abstract
Purpose of Review Apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III) is known to inhibit lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and function as an important regulator of triglyceride metabolism. In addition, apoC-III has also more recently been identified as an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which apoC-III induces hypertriglyceridemia and promotes atherogenesis, as well as the findings from recent clinical trials using novel strategies for lowering apoC-III. Recent Findings Genetic studies have identified subjects with heterozygote loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in APOC3, the gene coding for apoC-III. Clinical characterization of these individuals shows that the LOF variants associate with a low-risk lipoprotein profile, in particular reduced plasma triglycerides. Recent results also show that complete deficiency of apoC-III is not a lethal mutation and is associated with very rapid lipolysis of plasma triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL). Ongoing trials based on emerging gene-silencing technologies show that intervention markedly lowers apoC-III levels and, consequently, plasma triglyceride. Unexpectedly, the evidence points to apoC-III not only inhibiting LPL activity but also suppressing removal of TRLs by LPL-independent pathways. Summary Available data clearly show that apoC-III is an important cardiovascular risk factor and that lifelong deficiency of apoC-III is cardioprotective. Novel therapies have been developed, and results from recent clinical trials indicate that effective reduction of plasma triglycerides by inhibition of apoC-III might be a promising strategy in management of severe hypertriglyceridemia and, more generally, a novel approach to CHD prevention in those with elevated plasma triglyceride.
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94
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Labonté R, Crosbie E, Gleeson D, McNamara C. USMCA (NAFTA 2.0): tightening the constraints on the right to regulate for public health. Global Health 2019; 15:35. [PMID: 31088499 PMCID: PMC6518719 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-019-0476-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In late 2018 the United States, Canada, and Mexico signed a new trade agreement (most commonly referred to by its US-centric acronym, the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement, or USMCA) to replace the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The new agreement is the first major trade treaty negotiated under the shadow of the Trump Administration’s unilateral imposition of tariffs to pressure other countries to accept provisions more favourable to protectionist US economic interests. Although not yet ratified, the agreement is widely seen as indicative of how the US will engage in future international trade negotiations. Methods Drawing from methods used in earlier health impact assessments of the Trans-Pacific Partnership agreement, we undertook a detailed analysis of USMCA chapters that have direct or indirect implications for health. We began with an initial reading of the entire agreement, followed by multiple line-by-line readings of key chapters. Secondary sources and inter-rater (comparative) analyses by the four authors were used to ensure rigour in our assessments. Results The USMCA expands intellectual property rights and regulatory constraints that will lead to increased drug costs, particularly in Canada and Mexico. It opens up markets in both Canada and Mexico for US food exports without reducing the subsidies the US provides to its own producers, and introduces a number of new regulatory reforms that weaken public health oversight of food safety. It reduces regulatory policy space through new provisions on ‘technical barriers to trade’ and requirements for greater regulatory coherence and harmonization across the three countries. It puts some limitations on contentious investor-state dispute provisions between the US and Mexico, provisions often used to challenge or chill health and environmental measures, and eliminates them completely in disputes between the US and Canada; but it allows for new ‘legacy claims’ for 3 years after the agreement enters into force. Its labour and environmental chapters contain a few improvements but overall do little to ensure either workers’ rights or environmental protection. Conclusion Rather than enhancing public health protection the USMCA places new, extended, and enforceable obligations on public regulators that increase the power (voice) of corporate (investor) interests during the development of new regulations. It is not a health-enhancing template for future trade agreements that governments should emulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Labonté
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, 600 Peter Morand Crescent, Ottawa, Ontario, K1G 5Z3, Canada.
| | - Eric Crosbie
- School of Community Health Sciences, Ozmen Institute for Global Studies, University of Nevada Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Reno, NV, 89557-0274, USA
| | - Deborah Gleeson
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Courtney McNamara
- Department of Sociology and Political Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
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95
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Scott SN, Anderson L, Morton JP, Wagenmakers AJM, Riddell MC. Carbohydrate Restriction in Type 1 Diabetes: A Realistic Therapy for Improved Glycaemic Control and Athletic Performance? Nutrients 2019; 11:E1022. [PMID: 31067747 PMCID: PMC6566372 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Around 80% of individuals with Type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the United States do not achieve glycaemic targets and the prevalence of comorbidities suggests that novel therapeutic strategies, including lifestyle modification, are needed. Current nutrition guidelines suggest a flexible approach to carbohydrate intake matched with intensive insulin therapy. These guidelines are designed to facilitate greater freedom around nutritional choices but they may lead to higher caloric intakes and potentially unhealthy eating patterns that are contributing to the high prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome in people with T1D. Low carbohydrate diets (LCD; <130 g/day) may represent a means to improve glycaemic control and metabolic health in people with T1D. Regular recreational exercise or achieving a high level of athletic performance is important for many living with T1D. Research conducted on people without T1D suggests that training with reduced carbohydrate availability (often termed "train low") enhances metabolic adaptation compared to training with normal or high carbohydrate availability. However, these "train low" practices have not been tested in athletes with T1D. This review aims to investigate the known pros and cons of LCDs as a potentially effective, achievable, and safe therapy to improve glycaemic control and metabolic health in people with T1D. Secondly, we discuss the potential for low, restricted, or periodised carbohydrate diets in athletes with T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam N Scott
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | | | - James P Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
| | - Anton J M Wagenmakers
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
| | - Michael C Riddell
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
- LMC Diabetes & Endocrinology, 1929 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON M4G 3E8, Canada.
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96
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Are Fruit Juices Healthier Than Sugar-Sweetened Beverages? A Review. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051006. [PMID: 31052523 PMCID: PMC6566863 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Free sugars overconsumption is associated with an increased prevalence of risk factors for metabolic diseases such as the alteration of the blood lipid levels. Natural fruit juices have a free sugar composition quite similar to that of sugar-sweetened beverages. Thus, could fruit juice consumption lead to the same adverse effects on health as sweetened beverages? We attempted to answer this question by reviewing the available evidence on the health effects of both sugar-sweetened beverages and natural fruit juices. We determined that, despite the similarity of fruits juices to sugar-sweetened beverages in terms of free sugars content, it remains unclear whether they lead to the same metabolic consequences if consumed in equal dose. Important discrepancies between studies, such as type of fruit juice, dose, duration, study design, and measured outcomes, make it impossible to provide evidence-based public recommendations as to whether the consumption of fruit juices alters the blood lipid profile. More randomized controlled trials comparing the metabolic effects of fruit juice and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption are needed to shape accurate public health guidelines on the variety and quantity of free sugars in our diet that would help to prevent the development of obesity and related health problems.
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97
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Butler AA, Price CA, Graham JL, Stanhope KL, King S, Hung YH, Sethupathy P, Wong S, Hamilton J, Krauss RM, Bremer AA, Havel PJ. Fructose-induced hypertriglyceridemia in rhesus macaques is attenuated with fish oil or ApoC3 RNA interference. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:805-818. [PMID: 30723097 PMCID: PMC6446715 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m089508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia and insulin resistance are significant adverse outcomes of consuming high-sugar diets. Conversely, dietary fish oil (FO) reduces plasma lipids. Diet-induced dyslipidemia in a rhesus model better approximates the pathophysiology of human metabolic syndrome (MetS) than rodent models. Here, we investigated relationships between metabolic parameters and hypertriglyceridemia in rhesus macaques consuming a high-fructose diet (n = 59) and determined the effects of FO supplementation or RNA interference (RNAi) on plasma ApoC3 and triglyceride (TG) concentrations. Fructose supplementation increased body weight, fasting insulin, leptin, TGs, and large VLDL particles and reduced adiponectin concentrations (all P < 0.001). In multiple regression analyses, increased plasma ApoC3 was the most consistent and significant variable related to diet-induced hypertriglyceridemia. FO supplementation, which attenuated increases of plasma TG and ApoC3 concentrations, reversed fructose-induced shifts of lipoprotein particle size toward IDL and VLDL, a likely mechanism contributing to beneficial metabolic effects, and reduced hepatic expression of genes regulated by the SREBP pathway, particularly acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Furthermore, RNAi-mediated ApoC3 inhibition lowered plasma TG concentrations in animals with diet-induced hypertriglyceridemia. In summary, ApoC3 is an important independent correlate of TG-rich lipoprotein concentrations in rhesus macaques consuming a high-fructose diet. ApoC3 is a promising therapeutic target for hypertriglyceridemia in patients with MetS and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Butler
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Candice A Price
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, California National Primate Research Center, and Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - James L Graham
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, California National Primate Research Center, and Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Kimber L Stanhope
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, California National Primate Research Center, and Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Sarah King
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA
| | - Yu-Han Hung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Praveen Sethupathy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - So Wong
- Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, Pasadena, CA
| | | | | | - Andrew A Bremer
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Peter J Havel
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, California National Primate Research Center, and Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA.
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98
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Men Y, Zhu P, Zhu Y, Zeng Y, Yang J, Sun Y. The development of low-calorie sugar and functional jujube food using biological transformation and fermentation coupling technology. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:1302-1310. [PMID: 31024703 PMCID: PMC6475756 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Jujube juice has been used as ingredient in a range of foods and dietary supplements. In this study, an enzyme transformation and fermentation coupling technology was applied to increase the nutritional value of concentrated/extracted Jinsi jujube juice. Two enzymes, D-glucose isomerase (GI) and D-allulose 3-epimerase (DAE), were employed to convert the glucose and fructose to a low-calorie sweeter D-allulose with a concentration of 110 g/L in jujube juice. Furthermore, the mixed cultures of Pediococcus pentosaceus PC-5 and Lactobacillus plantarum M were employed to increase the content of nutrition components related to bioactivities and flavor volatiles in jujube juice. Accordingly, this fermentation accumulated 100 mg/L gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which has neurotransmission, hypotension, diuretic, and tranquilizer effects, and increased the content of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and many free amino acids (Asp, Glu, Gly, and Ala) at different level. The fermentation not only maintained the concentration of native functional components such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and minerals, but also increased the content of iron (Fe2+) and zinc (Zn2+), which have blood and eyesight tonic function. The value-added jujube juice might serve as a low-calorie and probiotic functional beverage and show high application potential in food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Men
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial EnzymesTianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesTianjinChina
| | - Ping Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial EnzymesTianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesTianjinChina
| | - Yueming Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial EnzymesTianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesTianjinChina
| | - Yan Zeng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial EnzymesTianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesTianjinChina
| | - Jiangang Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial EnzymesTianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesTianjinChina
| | - Yuanxia Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial EnzymesTianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesTianjinChina
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99
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Wang KW, Xiao BQ, Li BH, Liu YY, Wei ZY, Rao JH, Chen JH. Effects of fat-to-sugar ratio in excess dietary energy on lipid abnormalities: a 7-month prospective feeding study in adult cynomolgus monkeys. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:1. [PMID: 30611256 PMCID: PMC6320598 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0950-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excess energy intake contributes to metabolic disorders. However, the relationship between excess sugar and fat in their contributions to metabolic abnormalities remains to be further elucidated. Here we conducted a prospective feeding experiment to evaluate effects of dietary fat-to-sugar ratio on diet-induced metabolic abnormalities in adult cynomolgus monkeys. METHODS Four groups of adult cynomolgus monkeys were fed regular chow plus emulsion with combinations of high sugar (HS) or low sugar (HS) and low fat (LF) or high fat (HF) for 7 months. Plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglyceride (TG) and blood glucose were measured for all the four groups of animals during the experiment. RESULTS Plasma levels of TC and LDL-C gradually increased in all 4 diets groups, with the highest increase found in the LSHF group compared to the other three groups (P = 0.0018 and P = 0.0005 respectively). HF induced increased fasting glucose (P = 0.0077) and HS induced higher TG (P = 0.0227) respectively. Intriguingly, HSHF led to dramatically smaller magnitude of increase in LDL-C and TC levels compared to LSHF, while such difference was absent between the LSLF and LSHF groups. Our findings thus indicate interactive effects of HS and HF on TC and LDL-C. In addition, HF exhibited stronger effects on lipid abnormalities than HS. CONCLUSIONS In the current study, our prospective feeding experiment in adult cynomolgus monkeys revealed effects of different fat-to-sugar ratios on diet-induced metabolic abnormalities. Furthermore, our findings suggest that not only excess dietary energy but also the balance of dietary fat-to-sugar ratio matters in diet-induced lipid abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Wei Wang
- Department for hospital infection, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University (Wuxi Third People's Hospital), Wuxi, 214041, Jiangsu, China
- Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Joint Primate Research Center for Chronic Diseases, Jiangnan University and Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Jiangnan University, No 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bai-Quan Xiao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, 105 Xingang Rd. West, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, 105 Xingang Rd. West, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, 105 Xingang Rd. West, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bi-Hai Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, 105 Xingang Rd. West, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, 105 Xingang Rd. West, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, 105 Xingang Rd. West, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi-Yan Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, 105 Xingang Rd. West, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, 105 Xingang Rd. West, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, 105 Xingang Rd. West, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Wei
- Department for hospital infection, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University (Wuxi Third People's Hospital), Wuxi, 214041, Jiangsu, China
- Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Joint Primate Research Center for Chronic Diseases, Jiangnan University and Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Jiangnan University, No 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun-Hua Rao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, 105 Xingang Rd. West, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, 105 Xingang Rd. West, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, 105 Xingang Rd. West, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jian-Huan Chen
- Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
- Joint Primate Research Center for Chronic Diseases, Jiangnan University and Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Jiangnan University, No 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
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100
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Toews I, Lohner S, Küllenberg de Gaudry D, Sommer H, Meerpohl JJ. Association between intake of non-sugar sweeteners and health outcomes: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised and non-randomised controlled trials and observational studies. BMJ 2019; 364:k4718. [PMID: 30602577 PMCID: PMC6313893 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.k4718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the association between intake of non-sugar sweeteners (NSS) and important health outcomes in generally healthy or overweight/obese adults and children. DESIGN Systematic review following standard Cochrane review methodology. DATA SOURCES Medline (Ovid), Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, Clinicaltrials.gov, and reference lists of relevant publications. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES Studies including generally healthy adults or children with or without overweight or obesity were eligible. Included study designs allowed for a direct comparison of no intake or lower intake of NSS with higher NSS intake. NSSs had to be clearly named, the dose had to be within the acceptable daily intake, and the intervention duration had to be at least seven days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Body weight or body mass index, glycaemic control, oral health, eating behaviour, preference for sweet taste, cancer, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, mood, behaviour, neurocognition, and adverse effects. RESULTS The search resulted in 13 941 unique records. Of 56 individual studies that provided data for this review, 35 were observational studies. In adults, evidence of very low and low certainty from a limited number of small studies indicated a small beneficial effect of NSSs on body mass index (mean difference -0.6, 95% confidence interval -1.19 to -0.01; two studies, n=174) and fasting blood glucose (-0.16 mmol/L, -0.26 to -0.06; two, n=52). Lower doses of NSSs were associated with lower weight gain (-0.09 kg, -0.13 to -0.05; one, n=17 934) compared with higher doses of NSSs (very low certainty of evidence). For all other outcomes, no differences were detected between the use and non-use of NSSs, or between different doses of NSSs. No evidence of any effect of NSSs was seen on overweight or obese adults or children actively trying to lose weight (very low to moderate certainty). In children, a smaller increase in body mass index z score was observed with NSS intake compared with sugar intake (-0.15, -0.17 to -0.12; two, n=528, moderate certainty of evidence), but no significant differences were observed in body weight (-0.60 kg, -1.33 to 0.14; two, n=467, low certainty of evidence), or between different doses of NSSs (very low to moderate certainty). CONCLUSIONS Most health outcomes did not seem to have differences between the NSS exposed and unexposed groups. Of the few studies identified for each outcome, most had few participants, were of short duration, and their methodological and reporting quality was limited; therefore, confidence in the reported results is limited. Future studies should assess the effects of NSSs with an appropriate intervention duration. Detailed descriptions of interventions, comparators, and outcomes should be included in all reports. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION Prospero CRD42017047668.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Toews
- Institute for Evidence in Medicine (for Cochrane Germany Foundation), Medical Centre of the University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 153, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Szimonetta Lohner
- Cochrane Hungary, Clinical Centre of the University of Pécs, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Daniela Küllenberg de Gaudry
- Institute for Evidence in Medicine (for Cochrane Germany Foundation), Medical Centre of the University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 153, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Harriet Sommer
- Institute for Evidence in Medicine (for Cochrane Germany Foundation), Medical Centre of the University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 153, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Medical Biometry and Statistics, Medical Centre of the University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Joerg J Meerpohl
- Institute for Evidence in Medicine (for Cochrane Germany Foundation), Medical Centre of the University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 153, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Centre of Epidemiological and Statistical Research, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Inserm/Université Paris Descartes, Cochrane France, Paris, France
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