51
|
Lenghel A, Gheorghita AM, Vacaru AM, Vacaru AM. What Is the Sweetest UPR Flavor for the β-cell? That Is the Question. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:614123. [PMID: 33613449 PMCID: PMC7891099 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.614123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Unfolded protein response (UPR) is a process conserved from yeasts to mammals and, based on the generally accepted dogma, helps the secretory performance of a cell, by improving its capacity to cope with a burden in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The ER of β-cells, "professional secretory cells", has to manage tremendous amounts of insulin, which elicits a strong pressure on the ER intrinsic folding capacity. Thus, the constant demand for insulin production results in misfolded proinsulin, triggering a physiological upregulation of UPR to restore homeostasis. Most diabetic disorders are characterized by the loss of functional β-cells, and the pathological side of UPR plays an instrumental role. The transition from a homeostatic to a pathological UPR that ultimately leads to insulin-producing β-cell decay entails complex cellular processes and molecular mechanisms which remain poorly described so far. Here, we summarize important processes that are coupled with or driven by UPR in β-cells, such as proliferation, inflammation and dedifferentiation. We conclude that the UPR comes in different "flavors" and each of them is correlated with a specific outcome for the cell, for survival, differentiation, proliferation as well as cell death. All these greatly depend on the way UPR is triggered, however what exactly is the switch that favors the activation of one UPR as opposed to others is largely unknown. Substantial work needs to be done to progress the knowledge in this important emerging field as this will help in the development of novel and more efficient therapies for diabetes.
Collapse
|
52
|
Sun T, Han X. Death versus dedifferentiation: The molecular bases of beta cell mass reduction in type 2 diabetes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 103:76-82. [PMID: 31831356 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus is currently affecting more than 425 million people worldwide, among which over 90 % of the cases belong to type 2 diabetes. The number is growing quickly every year. Together with its many complications, the disease is causing tremendous social and economic burden and is classified as one of the leading causes of high morbidity and mortality rate. Residing in the islets of Langerhans, pancreatic beta cell serves as a central mediator in glucose homeostasis through secreting insulin, the only hormone that could reduce glucose level in the body, into the blood. Abnormality in pancreatic beta cell is generally considered as the fundamental reason which is responsible for the development of diabetes. Evidence shows that beta cell mass is greatly reduced in the biopsy of type 2 diabetic patients. Since then, large amount of research was conducted in order to decipher the molecular mechanisms behind the phenotype above and enormous progression has been made. The aim of this review is to summarize and provide a rudimentary molecular road map for beta cell mass reduction from the aspects of apoptosis and dedifferentiation based on recent research advances. Hopefully, this review could give the community some enlightenment for the next-step research and, more importantly, could provide avenues for developing novel and effective therapies to restrain or reverse beta cell loss in type 2 diabetes in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211100, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Melnik BC. Milk exosomal miRNAs: potential drivers of AMPK-to-mTORC1 switching in β-cell de-differentiation of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2019; 16:85. [PMID: 31827573 PMCID: PMC6898964 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-019-0412-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) steadily increases in prevalence since the 1950's, the period of widespread distribution of refrigerated pasteurized cow's milk. Whereas breastfeeding protects against the development of T2DM in later life, accumulating epidemiological evidence underlines the role of cow's milk consumption in T2DM. Recent studies in rodent models demonstrate that during the breastfeeding period pancreatic β-cells are metabolically immature and preferentially proliferate by activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and suppression of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Weaning determines a metabolic switch of β-cells from a proliferating, immature phenotype with low insulin secretion to a differentiated mature phenotype with glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, less proliferation, reduced mTORC1- but increased AMPK activity. Translational evidence presented in this perspective implies for the first time that termination of milk miRNA transfer is the driver of this metabolic switch. miRNA-148a is a key inhibitor of AMPK and phosphatase and tensin homolog, crucial suppressors of mTORC1. β-Cells of diabetic patients return to the postnatal phenotype with high mTORC1 and low AMPK activity, explained by continuous transfer of bovine milk miRNAs to the human milk consumer. Bovine milk miRNA-148a apparently promotes β-cell de-differentiation to the immature mTORC1-high/AMPK-low phenotype with functional impairments in insulin secretion, increased mTORC1-driven endoplasmic reticulum stress, reduced autophagy and early β-cell apoptosis. In contrast to pasteurized cow's milk, milk's miRNAs are inactivated by bacterial fermentation, boiling and ultra-heat treatment and are missing in current infant formula. Persistent milk miRNA signaling adds a new perspective to the pathogenesis of T2DM and explains the protective role of breastfeeding but the diabetogenic effect of continued milk miRNA signaling by persistent consumption of pasteurized cow's milk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C. Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Am Finkenhügel 7A, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Noguchi GM, Huising MO. Integrating the inputs that shape pancreatic islet hormone release. Nat Metab 2019; 1:1189-1201. [PMID: 32694675 PMCID: PMC7378277 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-019-0148-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The pancreatic islet is a complex mini organ composed of a variety of endocrine cells and their support cells, which together tightly control blood glucose homeostasis. Changes in glucose concentration are commonly regarded as the chief signal controlling insulin-secreting beta cells, glucagon-secreting alpha cells and somatostatin-secreting delta cells. However, each of these cell types is highly responsive to a multitude of endocrine, paracrine, nutritional and neural inputs, which collectively shape the final endocrine output of the islet. Here, we review the principal inputs for each islet-cell type and the physiological circumstances in which these signals arise, through the prism of the insights generated by the transcriptomes of each of the major endocrine-cell types. A comprehensive integration of the factors that influence blood glucose homeostasis is essential to successfully improve therapeutic strategies for better diabetes management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glyn M Noguchi
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mark O Huising
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Sufu- and Spop-mediated downregulation of Hedgehog signaling promotes beta cell differentiation through organ-specific niche signals. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4647. [PMID: 31604927 PMCID: PMC6789033 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12624-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cell-derived beta cells offer a promising cell-based therapy for diabetes. However, efficient stem cell to beta cell differentiation has proven difficult, possibly due to the lack of cross-talk with the appropriate mesenchymal niche. To define organ-specific niche signals, we isolated pancreatic and gastrointestinal stromal cells, and analyzed their gene expression during development. Our genetic studies reveal the importance of tightly regulated Hedgehog signaling in the pancreatic mesenchyme: inactivation of mesenchymal signaling leads to annular pancreas, whereas stroma-specific activation of signaling via loss of Hedgehog regulators, Sufu and Spop, impairs pancreatic growth and beta cell genesis. Genetic rescue and transcriptome analyses show that these Sufu and Spop knockout defects occur through Gli2-mediated activation of gastrointestinal stromal signals such as Wnt ligands. Importantly, inhibition of Wnt signaling in organoid and human stem cell cultures significantly promotes insulin-producing cell generation, altogether revealing the requirement for organ-specific regulation of stromal niche signals.
Collapse
|
56
|
Ibarra Urizar A, Prause M, Wortham M, Sui Y, Thams P, Sander M, Christensen GL, Billestrup N. Beta-cell dysfunction induced by non-cytotoxic concentrations of Interleukin-1β is associated with changes in expression of beta-cell maturity genes and associated histone modifications. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 496:110524. [PMID: 31362031 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Decreased insulin secretory capacity in Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with beta-cell dedifferentiation and inflammation. We hypothesize that prolonged exposure of beta-cells to low concentrations of IL-1β induce beta-cell dedifferentiation characterized by impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, reduced expression of key beta-cell genes and changes in histone modifications at gene loci known to affect beta-cell function. Ten days exposure to IL-1β at non-cytotoxic concentrations reduced insulin secretion and beta-cell proliferation and decreased expression of key beta-cell identity genes, including MafA and Ucn3 and decreased H3K27ac at the gene loci, suggesting that inflammatory cytokines directly affects the epigenome. Following removal of IL-1β, beta-cell function was normalized and mRNA expression of beta-cell identity genes, such as insulin and Ucn3 returned to pre-stimulation levels. Our findings indicate that prolonged exposure to low concentrations of IL-1β induces epigenetic changes associated with loss of beta-cell identity as observed in Type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Ibarra Urizar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Michala Prause
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Matthew Wortham
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yinghui Sui
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Peter Thams
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Maike Sander
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Gitte Lund Christensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Metropolitan University College, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Nils Billestrup
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark; Lead Contact Nils Billestrup, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Lenz A, Lenz G, Ku HT, Ferreri K, Kandeel F. Islets from human donors with higher but not lower hemoglobin A1c levels respond to gastrin treatment in vitro. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221456. [PMID: 31430329 PMCID: PMC6701795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrin is a peptide hormone, which in combination with other factors such as TGFα, EGF or GLP-1, is capable of increasing beta cell mass and lowering blood glucose levels in adult diabetic mice. In humans, administration of a bolus of gastrin alone induces insulin secretion suggesting that gastrin may target islet cells. However, whether gastrin alone is sufficient to exert an effect on isolated human islets has been controversial and the mechanism remained poorly understood. Therefore, in this study we started to examine the effects of gastrin alone on cultured adult human islets. Treatment of isolated human islets with gastrin I for 48 h resulted in increased expression of insulin, glucagon and somatostatin transcripts. These increases were significantly correlated with the levels of donor hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) but not BMI or age. In addition, gastrin treatment resulted in increased expression of PDX1, NKX6.1, NKX2.2, MNX1 and HHEX in islets from donors with HbA1c greater than 42 mmol/mol. The addition of YM022, an antagonist of the gastrin receptor cholecystokinin B receptor (CCKBR), together with gastrin eliminated these effects, verifying that the effects of gastrin are mediated through CCKBR.CCKBR is expressed in somatostatin-expressing delta cells in islets from all donors. However, in the islets from donors with higher HbA1c (greater than 42 mmol/mol [6.0%]), cells triple-positive for CCKBR, somatostatin and insulin were detected, suggesting a de-differentiation or trans-differentiation of endocrine cells. Our results demonstrate a direct effect of gastrin on human islets from prediabetic or diabetic individuals that is mediated through CCKBR+ cells. Further, our data imply that gastrin may be a potential treatment for diabetic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Lenz
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Gal Lenz
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Hsun Teresa Ku
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin Ferreri
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Fouad Kandeel
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Helker CSM, Mullapudi ST, Mueller LM, Preussner J, Tunaru S, Skog O, Kwon HB, Kreuder F, Lancman JJ, Bonnavion R, Dong PDS, Looso M, Offermanns S, Korsgren O, Spagnoli FM, Stainier DYR. A whole organism small molecule screen identifies novel regulators of pancreatic endocrine development. Development 2019; 146:dev.172569. [PMID: 31142539 DOI: 10.1242/dev.172569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An early step in pancreas development is marked by the expression of the transcription factor Pdx1 within the pancreatic endoderm, where it is required for the specification of all endocrine cell types. Subsequently, Pdx1 expression becomes restricted to the β-cell lineage, where it plays a central role in β-cell function. This pivotal role of Pdx1 at various stages of pancreas development makes it an attractive target to enhance pancreatic β-cell differentiation and increase β-cell function. In this study, we used a newly generated zebrafish reporter to screen over 8000 small molecules for modulators of pdx1 expression. We found four hit compounds and validated their efficacy at different stages of pancreas development. Notably, valproic acid treatment increased pancreatic endoderm formation, while inhibition of TGFβ signaling led to α-cell to β-cell transdifferentiation. HC toxin, another HDAC inhibitor, enhances β-cell function in primary mouse and human islets. Thus, using a whole organism screening strategy, this study identified new pdx1 expression modulators that can be used to influence different steps in pancreas and β-cell development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian S M Helker
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany .,Philipps-University Marburg, Faculty of Biology, Cell Signaling and Dynamics, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sri-Teja Mullapudi
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Laura M Mueller
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Jens Preussner
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, ECCPS Bioinformatics Core Unit, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Sorin Tunaru
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Biochemistry Institute of the Romanian Academy, Department of Enzymology, Bucharest 060031, Romania
| | - Oskar Skog
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hyouk-Bum Kwon
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Florian Kreuder
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Joseph J Lancman
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Remy Bonnavion
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - P Duc Si Dong
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mario Looso
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, ECCPS Bioinformatics Core Unit, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Ole Korsgren
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Francesca M Spagnoli
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Kuo T, Damle M, González BJ, Egli D, Lazar MA, Accili D. Induction of α cell-restricted Gc in dedifferentiating β cells contributes to stress-induced β-cell dysfunction. JCI Insight 2019; 5:128351. [PMID: 31120862 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.128351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic β cell failure is associated with β cell dedifferentiation. To identify effector genes of dedifferentiation, we integrated analyses of histone methylation as a surrogate of gene activation status and RNA expression in β cells sorted from mice with multiparity-induced diabetes. Interestingly, only a narrow subset of genes demonstrated concordant changes to histone methylation and RNA levels in dedifferentiating β cells. Notable among them was the α cell signature gene Gc, encoding a vitamin D-binding protein. While diabetes was associated with Gc induction, Gc-deficient islets did not induce β cell dedifferentiation markers and maintained normal ex vivo insulin secretion in the face of metabolic challenge. Moreover, Gc-deficient mice exhibited a more robust insulin secretory response than normal controls during hyperglycemic clamps. The data are consistent with a functional role of Gc activation in β cell dysfunction, and indicate that multiparity-induced diabetes is associated with altered β cell fate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taiyi Kuo
- Department of Medicine and Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Manashree Damle
- The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bryan J González
- Department of Medicine and Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dieter Egli
- Department of Medicine and Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mitchell A Lazar
- The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Domenico Accili
- Department of Medicine and Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Li Y, Deng S, Peng J, Wang X, Essandoh K, Mu X, Peng T, Meng ZX, Fan GC. MicroRNA-223 is essential for maintaining functional β-cell mass during diabetes through inhibiting both FOXO1 and SOX6 pathways. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:10438-10448. [PMID: 31118273 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The initiation and development of diabetes are mainly ascribed to the loss of functional β-cells. Therapies designed to regenerate β-cells provide great potential for controlling glucose levels and thereby preventing the devastating complications associated with diabetes. This requires detailed knowledge of the molecular events and underlying mechanisms in this disorder. Here, we report that expression of microRNA-223 (miR-223) is up-regulated in islets from diabetic mice and humans, as well as in murine Min6 β-cells exposed to tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) or high glucose. Interestingly, miR-223 knockout (KO) mice exhibit impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. Further analysis reveals that miR-223 deficiency dramatically suppresses β-cell proliferation and insulin secretion. Mechanistically, using luciferase reporter gene assays, histological analysis, and immunoblotting, we demonstrate that miR-223 inhibits both forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) and SRY-box 6 (SOX6) signaling, a unique bipartite mechanism that modulates expression of several β-cell markers (pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX1), NK6 homeobox 1 (NKX6.1), and urocortin 3 (UCN3)) and cell cycle-related genes (cyclin D1, cyclin E1, and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor P27 (P27)). Importantly, miR-223 overexpression in β-cells could promote β-cell proliferation and improve β-cell function. Taken together, our results suggest that miR-223 is a critical factor for maintaining functional β-cell mass and adaptation during metabolic stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutian Li
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Shan Deng
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267.,Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China 430074
| | - Jiangtong Peng
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China 430074
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Kobina Essandoh
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Xingjiang Mu
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Tianqing Peng
- Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, Ontario, Canada N6C 2R5, and
| | - Zhuo-Xian Meng
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China 310058
| | - Guo-Chang Fan
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267,
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Huising MO, van der Meulen T, Huang JL, Pourhosseinzadeh MS, Noguchi GM. The Difference δ-Cells Make in Glucose Control. Physiology (Bethesda) 2019; 33:403-411. [PMID: 30303773 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00029.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of beta and α-cells to glucose control are established, but the physiological role of δ-cells is poorly understood. Delta-cells are ideally positioned within pancreatic islets to modulate insulin and glucagon secretion at their source. We review the evidence for a negative feedback loop between delta and β-cells that determines the blood glucose set point and suggest that local δ-cell-mediated feedback stabilizes glycemic control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark O Huising
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California , Davis, California.,Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California , Davis, California
| | - Talitha van der Meulen
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California , Davis, California
| | - Jessica L Huang
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California , Davis, California
| | - Mohammad S Pourhosseinzadeh
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California , Davis, California
| | - Glyn M Noguchi
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California , Davis, California
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Delgadillo-Silva LF, Tsakmaki A, Akhtar N, Franklin ZJ, Konantz J, Bewick GA, Ninov N. Modelling pancreatic β-cell inflammation in zebrafish identifies the natural product wedelolactone for human islet protection. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:12/1/dmm036004. [PMID: 30679186 PMCID: PMC6361155 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.036004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Islet inflammation and cytokine production are implicated in pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and diabetes pathogenesis. However, we lack therapeutics to protect the insulin-producing β-cells from inflammatory damage. Closing this clinical gap requires the establishment of new disease models of islet inflammation to facilitate screening efforts aimed at identifying new protective agents. Here, we have developed a genetic model of Interleukin-1β (Il-1β)-driven islet inflammation in zebrafish, a vertebrate that allows for non-invasive imaging of β-cells and in vivo drug discovery. Live imaging of immune cells and β-cells in our model revealed dynamic migration, increased visitation and prolonged macrophage retention in the islet, together with robust activation of NF-κB signalling in β-cells. We find that Il-1β-mediated inflammation does not cause β-cell destruction but, rather, it impairs β-cell function and identity. In vivo, β-cells exhibit impaired glucose-stimulated calcium influx and reduced expression of genes involved in function and maturity. These defects are accompanied by α-cell expansion, glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia following a glucose challenge. Notably, we show that a medicinal plant derivative (wedelolactone) is capable of reducing the immune-cell infiltration while also ameliorating the hyperglycemic phenotype of our model. Importantly, these anti-diabetic properties in zebrafish are predictive of wedelolactone's efficacy in protecting rodent and human islets from cytokine-induced apoptosis. In summary, this new zebrafish model of diabetes opens a window to study the interactions between immune and β-cells in vivo, while also allowing the identification of therapeutic agents for protecting β-cells from inflammation. Summary: A model of islet inflammation in zebrafish exhibits functional β-cell silencing and a lack of glucose responsiveness. A natural compound that rescues the glucose defect in zebrafish can protect human islets from inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fernando Delgadillo-Silva
- Centre for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany.,Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus of TU Dresden, German Center for Diabetes Reseach (DZD e.V.), Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Anastasia Tsakmaki
- Diabetes Research Group, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 91UL, UK
| | - Nadeem Akhtar
- Centre for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Zara J Franklin
- Diabetes Research Group, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 91UL, UK
| | - Judith Konantz
- Centre for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Gavin A Bewick
- Diabetes Research Group, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 91UL, UK
| | - Nikolay Ninov
- Centre for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany.,Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus of TU Dresden, German Center for Diabetes Reseach (DZD e.V.), Dresden 01307, Germany.,Centre for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Acquisition of Dynamic Function in Human Stem Cell-Derived β Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 12:351-365. [PMID: 30661993 PMCID: PMC6372986 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) differentiation protocols have generated insulin-producing cells resembling pancreatic β cells. While these stem cell-derived β (SC-β) cells are capable of undergoing glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), insulin secretion per cell remains low compared with islets and cells lack dynamic insulin release. Herein, we report a differentiation strategy focused on modulating transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling, controlling cellular cluster size, and using an enriched serum-free media to generate SC-β cells that express β cell markers and undergo GSIS with first- and second-phase dynamic insulin secretion. Transplantation of these cells into mice greatly improves glucose tolerance. These results reveal that specific time frames for inhibiting and permitting TGF-β signaling are required during SC-β cell differentiation to achieve dynamic function. The capacity of these cells to undergo GSIS with dynamic insulin release makes them a promising cell source for diabetes cellular therapy. Development of differentiation protocol to β-like cells with enhanced function TGF-β signaling promotes acquisition of dynamic function in maturing β-like cells Transplanted cells rapidly restore glucose tolerance in mice
Collapse
|
64
|
Huising MO, Lee S, van der Meulen T. Evidence for a Neogenic Niche at the Periphery of Pancreatic Islets. Bioessays 2018; 40:e1800119. [PMID: 30264410 PMCID: PMC6570402 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201800119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We recently discovered a novel subset of beta cells that resemble immature beta cells during pancreas development. We named these "virgin" beta cells as they do not stem from existing mature beta cells. Virgin beta cells are found exclusively at the islet periphery in areas that we therefore designated as the "neogenic niche." As beta cells are our only source of insulin, their loss leads to diabetes. Islets also contain glucagon-producing alpha cells and somatostatin-producing delta cells, that are important for glucose homeostasis and form a mantle surrounding the beta cell core. This 3D architecture is important and determines access to blood flow and innervation. We propose that the distinctive islet architecture may also play an important, but hitherto unappreciated role in generation of new endocrine cells, including beta cells. We discuss several predictions to further test the contribution of the neogenic niche to beta cell regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark O. Huising
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sharon Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Talitha van der Meulen
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Jiang WJ, Peng YC, Yang KM. Cellular signaling pathways regulating β-cell proliferation as a promising therapeutic target in the treatment of diabetes. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:3275-3285. [PMID: 30233674 PMCID: PMC6143874 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is established that a decrease in β-cell number and deficiency in the function of existing β-cells contribute to type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, a major focus of current research is to identify novel methods of improving the number and function of β-cells, so as to prevent and/or postpone the development of diabetes mellitus and potentially reverse diabetes mellitus. Based on prior knowledge of the above-mentioned causes, promising therapeutic approaches may include direct transplantation of islets, implantation and subsequent induced differentiation of progenitors/stem cells to β-cells, replication of pre-existing β-cells, or activation of endogenous β-cell progenitors. More recently, with regards to cell replacement and regenerative treatment for diabetes patients, the identification of cellular signaling pathways with related genes or corresponding proteins involved in diabetes has become a topic of interest. However, the majority of pathways and molecules associated with β-cells remain unresolved, and the specialized functions of known pathways remain unclear, particularly in humans. The current article has evaluated the progress of research on pivotal cellular signaling pathways involved with β-cell proliferation and survival, and their validity for therapeutic adult β-cell regeneration in diabetes. More efforts are required to elucidate the cellular events involved in human β-cell proliferation in terms of the underlying mechanisms and functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Juan Jiang
- Institute of Anatomy, Basic Medical College of Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Chuan Peng
- Institute of Anatomy, Basic Medical College of Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000, P.R. China
| | - Kai-Ming Yang
- Institute of Anatomy, Basic Medical College of Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Adams MT, Gilbert JM, Hinojosa Paiz J, Bowman FM, Blum B. Endocrine cell type sorting and mature architecture in the islets of Langerhans require expression of Roundabout receptors in β cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10876. [PMID: 30022126 PMCID: PMC6052079 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29118-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic islets of Langerhans display characteristic spatial architecture of their endocrine cell types. This architecture is critical for cell-cell communication and coordinated hormone secretion. Islet architecture is disrupted in type-2 diabetes. Moreover, the generation of architecturally correct islets in vitro remains a challenge in regenerative approaches to type-1 diabetes. Although the characteristic islet architecture is well documented, the mechanisms controlling its formation remain obscure. Here, we report that correct endocrine cell type sorting and the formation of mature islet architecture require the expression of Roundabout (Robo) receptors in β cells. Mice with whole-body deletion of Robo1 and conditional deletion of Robo2 either in all endocrine cells or selectively in β cells show complete loss of endocrine cell type sorting, highlighting the importance of β cells as the primary organizer of islet architecture. Conditional deletion of Robo in mature β cells subsequent to islet formation results in a similar phenotype. Finally, we provide evidence to suggest that the loss of islet architecture in Robo KO mice is not due to β cell transdifferentiation, cell death or loss of β cell differentiation or maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa T Adams
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Jennifer M Gilbert
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Jesus Hinojosa Paiz
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Faith M Bowman
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Barak Blum
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Abu-Gazala S, Horwitz E, Ben-Haroush Schyr R, Bardugo A, Israeli H, Hija A, Schug J, Shin S, Dor Y, Kaestner KH, Ben-Zvi D. Sleeve Gastrectomy Improves Glycemia Independent of Weight Loss by Restoring Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity. Diabetes 2018; 67:1079-1085. [PMID: 29475831 PMCID: PMC5961409 DOI: 10.2337/db17-1028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bariatric surgery dramatically improves glycemic control, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms remain controversial because of confounding weight loss. We performed sleeve gastrectomy (SG) on obese and diabetic leptin receptor-deficient mice (db/db). One week postsurgery, mice weighed 5% less and displayed improved glycemia compared with sham-operated controls, and islets from SG mice displayed reduced expression of diabetes markers. One month postsurgery SG mice weighed more than preoperatively but remained near-euglycemic and displayed reduced hepatic lipid droplets. Pair feeding of SG and sham db/db mice showed that surgery rather than weight loss was responsible for reduced glycemia after SG. Although insulin secretion profiles from islets of sham and SG mice were indistinguishable, clamp studies revealed that SG causes a dramatic improvement in muscle and hepatic insulin sensitivity accompanied by hepatic regulation of hepatocyte nuclear factor-α and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α targets. We conclude that long-term weight loss after SG requires leptin signaling. Nevertheless, SG elicits a remarkable improvement in glycemia through insulin sensitization independent of reduced feeding and weight loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samir Abu-Gazala
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Surgery, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Elad Horwitz
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rachel Ben-Haroush Schyr
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Aya Bardugo
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hadar Israeli
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ayat Hija
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jonathan Schug
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Soona Shin
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Yuval Dor
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Klaus H Kaestner
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Danny Ben-Zvi
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Grosche J, Meißner J, Eble JA. More than a syllable in fib-ROS-is: The role of ROS on the fibrotic extracellular matrix and on cellular contacts. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 63:30-46. [PMID: 29596842 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is characterized by excess deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM). However, the ECM changes during fibrosis not only quantitatively but also qualitatively. Thus, the composition is altered as the expression of various ECM proteins changes. Moreover, also posttranslational modifications, secretion, deposition and crosslinkage as well as the proteolytic degradation of ECM components run differently during fibrosis. As several of these processes involve redox reactions and some of them are even redox-regulated, reactive oxygen species (ROS) influence fibrotic diseases. Redox regulation of the ECM has not been studied intensively, although evidences exist that the alteration of the ECM, including the redox-relevant processes of its formation and degradation, may be of key importance not only as a cause but also as a consequence of fibrotic diseases. Myofibroblasts, which have differentiated from fibroblasts during fibrosis, produce most of the ECM components and in return obtain important environmental cues of the ECM, including their redox-dependent fibrotic alterations. Thus, myofibroblast differentiation and fibrotic changes of the ECM are interdependent processes and linked with each other via cell-matrix contacts, which are mediated by integrins and other cell adhesion molecules. These cell-matrix contacts are also regulated by redox processes and by ROS. However, most of the redox-catalyzing enzymes are localized within cells. Little is known about redox-regulating enzymes, especially the ones that control the formation and cleavage of redox-sensitive disulfide bridges within the extracellular space. They are also important players in the redox-regulative crosstalk between ECM and cells during fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julius Grosche
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Juliane Meißner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes A Eble
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Anderson SJ, White MG, Armour SL, Maheshwari R, Tiniakos D, Muller YD, Berishvili E, Berney T, Shaw JAM. Loss of end-differentiated β-cell phenotype following pancreatic islet transplantation. Am J Transplant 2018; 18:750-755. [PMID: 28949067 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Replacement of pancreatic β-cells through deceased donor islet transplantation is a proven therapy for preventing recurrent life-threatening hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes. Although near-normal glucose levels and insulin independence can be maintained for many years following successful islet transplantation, restoration of normal functional β-cell mass has remained elusive. It has recently been proposed that dedifferentiation/plasticity towards other endocrine phenotypes may play an important role in stress-induced β-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. Here we report loss of end-differentiated β-cell phenotype in 2 intraportal islet allotransplant recipients. Despite excellent graft function and sustained insulin independence, all examined insulin-positive cells had lost expression of the end-differentiation marker, urocortin-3, or appeared to co-express the α-cell marker, glucagon. In contrast, no insulin+ /urocortin-3- cells were seen in nondiabetic deceased donor control pancreatic islets. Loss of end-differentiated phenotype may facilitate β-cell survival during the stresses associated with islet isolation and culture, in addition to sustained hypoxia following engraftment. As further refinements in islet isolation and culture are made in parallel with exploration of alternative β-cell sources, graft sites, and ultimately fully vascularized bioengineered insulin-secreting microtissues, differentiation status immunostaining provides a novel tool to assess whether fully mature β-cell phenotype has been maintained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Anderson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - M G White
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - S L Armour
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - R Maheshwari
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - D Tiniakos
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK.,Department of Pathology, Aretaieion Hospital, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Y D Muller
- Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - E Berishvili
- Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Research, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - T Berney
- Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - J A M Shaw
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Bensellam M, Jonas JC, Laybutt DR. Mechanisms of β-cell dedifferentiation in diabetes: recent findings and future research directions. J Endocrinol 2018; 236:R109-R143. [PMID: 29203573 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Like all the cells of an organism, pancreatic β-cells originate from embryonic stem cells through a complex cellular process termed differentiation. Differentiation involves the coordinated and tightly controlled activation/repression of specific effectors and gene clusters in a time-dependent fashion thereby giving rise to particular morphological and functional cellular features. Interestingly, cellular differentiation is not a unidirectional process. Indeed, growing evidence suggests that under certain conditions, mature β-cells can lose, to various degrees, their differentiated phenotype and cellular identity and regress to a less differentiated or a precursor-like state. This concept is termed dedifferentiation and has been proposed, besides cell death, as a contributing factor to the loss of functional β-cell mass in diabetes. β-cell dedifferentiation involves: (1) the downregulation of β-cell-enriched genes, including key transcription factors, insulin, glucose metabolism genes, protein processing and secretory pathway genes; (2) the concomitant upregulation of genes suppressed or expressed at very low levels in normal β-cells, the β-cell forbidden genes; and (3) the likely upregulation of progenitor cell genes. These alterations lead to phenotypic reconfiguration of β-cells and ultimately defective insulin secretion. While the major role of glucotoxicity in β-cell dedifferentiation is well established, the precise mechanisms involved are still under investigation. This review highlights the identified molecular mechanisms implicated in β-cell dedifferentiation including oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inflammation and hypoxia. It discusses the role of Foxo1, Myc and inhibitor of differentiation proteins and underscores the emerging role of non-coding RNAs. Finally, it proposes a novel hypothesis of β-cell dedifferentiation as a potential adaptive mechanism to escape cell death under stress conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Bensellam
- Garvan Institute of Medical ResearchSydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Université Catholique de LouvainInstitut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Nutrition, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe Jonas
- Université Catholique de LouvainInstitut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Nutrition, Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Ross Laybutt
- Garvan Institute of Medical ResearchSydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical SchoolUNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Pauerstein PT, Tellez K, Willmarth KB, Park KM, Hsueh B, Efsun Arda H, Gu X, Aghajanian H, Deisseroth K, Epstein JA, Kim SK. A radial axis defined by semaphorin-to-neuropilin signaling controls pancreatic islet morphogenesis. Development 2017; 144:3744-3754. [PMID: 28893946 DOI: 10.1242/dev.148684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The islets of Langerhans are endocrine organs characteristically dispersed throughout the pancreas. During development, endocrine progenitors delaminate, migrate radially and cluster to form islets. Despite the distinctive distribution of islets, spatially localized signals that control islet morphogenesis have not been discovered. Here, we identify a radial signaling axis that instructs developing islet cells to disperse throughout the pancreas. A screen of pancreatic extracellular signals identified factors that stimulated islet cell development. These included semaphorin 3a, a guidance cue in neural development without known functions in the pancreas. In the fetal pancreas, peripheral mesenchymal cells expressed Sema3a, while central nascent islet cells produced the semaphorin receptor neuropilin 2 (Nrp2). Nrp2 mutant islet cells developed in proper numbers, but had defects in migration and were unresponsive to purified Sema3a. Mutant Nrp2 islets aggregated centrally and failed to disperse radially. Thus, Sema3a-Nrp2 signaling along an unrecognized pancreatic developmental axis constitutes a chemoattractant system essential for generating the hallmark morphogenetic properties of pancreatic islets. Unexpectedly, Sema3a- and Nrp2-mediated control of islet morphogenesis is strikingly homologous to mechanisms that regulate radial neuronal migration and cortical lamination in the developing mammalian brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip T Pauerstein
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Krissie Tellez
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kirk B Willmarth
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Keon Min Park
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Brian Hsueh
- Departments of Bioengineering and of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - H Efsun Arda
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xueying Gu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Haig Aghajanian
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Departments of Bioengineering and of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jonathan A Epstein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Seung K Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Qiu WL, Zhang YW, Feng Y, Li LC, Yang L, Xu CR. Deciphering Pancreatic Islet β Cell and α Cell Maturation Pathways and Characteristic Features at the Single-Cell Level. Cell Metab 2017; 25:1194-1205.e4. [PMID: 28467935 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic β and α cells play essential roles in maintaining glucose homeostasis. However, the mechanisms by which these distinct cell populations are generated, expand, and mature during pancreas development remain unclear. In this study, we addressed this critical question by performing a single-cell transcriptomic analysis of mouse β and α cells sorted from fetal to adult stages. We discovered that β and α cells use different regulatory strategies for their maturation and that cell proliferation peaks at different developmental times. However, the quiescent and proliferative cells in both the β lineage and α lineage are synchronous in their maturation states. The heterogeneity of juvenile β cells reflects distinct cell-cycling phases, origins, and maturation states, whereas adult β cells are relatively homogeneous at the transcriptomic level. These analyses provide not only a high-resolution roadmap for islet lineage development but also insights into the mechanisms of cellular heterogeneity, cell number expansion, and maturation of both β and α cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lin Qiu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; PKU-Tsinghua-NIBS Graduate Program, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu-Wei Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ye Feng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; PKU-Tsinghua-NIBS Graduate Program, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lin-Chen Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Cheng-Ran Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Phelps EA, Cianciaruso C, Santo-Domingo J, Pasquier M, Galliverti G, Piemonti L, Berishvili E, Burri O, Wiederkehr A, Hubbell JA, Baekkeskov S. Advances in pancreatic islet monolayer culture on glass surfaces enable super-resolution microscopy and insights into beta cell ciliogenesis and proliferation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45961. [PMID: 28401888 PMCID: PMC5388888 DOI: 10.1038/srep45961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A robust and reproducible method for culturing monolayers of adherent and well-spread primary islet cells on glass coverslips is required for detailed imaging studies by super-resolution and live-cell microscopy. Guided by an observation that dispersed islet cells spread and adhere well on glass surfaces in neuronal co-culture and form a monolayer of connected cells, we demonstrate that in the absence of neurons, well-defined surface coatings combined with components of neuronal culture media collectively support robust attachment and growth of primary human or rat islet cells as monolayers on glass surfaces. The islet cell monolayer cultures on glass stably maintain distinct mono-hormonal insulin+, glucagon+, somatostatin+ and PP+ cells and glucose-responsive synchronized calcium signaling as well as expression of the transcription factors Pdx-1 and NKX-6.1 in beta cells. This technical advance enabled detailed observation of sub-cellular processes in primary human and rat beta cells by super-resolution microscopy. The protocol is envisaged to have broad applicability to sophisticated analyses of pancreatic islet cells that reveal new biological insights, as demonstrated by the identification of an in vitro protocol that markedly increases proliferation of primary beta cells and is associated with a reduction in ciliated, ostensibly proliferation-suppressed beta cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Phelps
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Cianciaruso
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Graduate Program in Biotechnology and Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jaime Santo-Domingo
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences S.A., EPFL Innovation Park, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Miriella Pasquier
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Galliverti
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Graduate Program in Biotechnology and Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Piemonti
- Pancreatic Islet Processing Facility, Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Ekaterine Berishvili
- Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Burri
- BioImaging and Optics Core Facility, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Wiederkehr
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences S.A., EPFL Innovation Park, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey A Hubbell
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Graduate Program in Biotechnology and Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60615, USA
| | - Steinunn Baekkeskov
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Graduate Program in Biotechnology and Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
van der Meulen T, Mawla AM, DiGruccio MR, Adams MW, Nies V, Dólleman S, Liu S, Ackermann AM, Cáceres E, Hunter AE, Kaestner KH, Donaldson CJ, Huising MO. Virgin Beta Cells Persist throughout Life at a Neogenic Niche within Pancreatic Islets. Cell Metab 2017; 25:911-926.e6. [PMID: 28380380 PMCID: PMC8586897 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Postnatal maintenance or regeneration of pancreatic beta cells is considered to occur exclusively via the replication of existing beta cells, but clinically meaningful restoration of human beta cell mass by proliferation has never been achieved. We discovered a population of immature beta cells that is present throughout life and forms from non-beta precursors at a specialized micro-environment or "neogenic niche" at the islet periphery. These cells express insulin, but lack other key beta cell markers, and are transcriptionally immature, incapable of sensing glucose, and unable to support calcium influx. They constitute an intermediate stage in the transdifferentiation of alpha cells to cells that are functionally indistinguishable from conventional beta cells. We thus identified a lifelong source of new beta cells at a specialized site within healthy islets. By comparing co-existing immature and mature beta cells within healthy islets, we stand to learn how to mature insulin-expressing cells into functional beta cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Talitha van der Meulen
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Alex M Mawla
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Michael R DiGruccio
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Michael W Adams
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Vera Nies
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sophie Dólleman
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Siming Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Amanda M Ackermann
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elena Cáceres
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Anna E Hunter
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Klaus H Kaestner
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Cynthia J Donaldson
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mark O Huising
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Ma X, Zhu S. Chemical strategies for pancreatic β cell differentiation, reprogramming, and regeneration. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2017; 49:289-301. [PMID: 28338772 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmx008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of unlimited functional pancreatic β cells is critical for the study of pancreatic biology and treatment of diabetes mellitus. Recent advances have suggested several promising directions, including directed differentiation of pancreatic β cells from pluripotent stem cells, reprogramming of pancreatic β cells from other types of somatic cells, and stimulated proliferation and enhanced functions of existing pancreatic β cells. Small molecules are useful in generating unlimited numbers of functional pancreatic cells in vitro and could be further developed as drugs to stimulate endogenous pancreatic regeneration. Here, we provide an updated summary of recent major achievements in pancreatic β cell differentiation, reprogramming, proliferation, and function. These studies will eventually lead to significant advances in the field of pancreatic biology and regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Ma
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Saiyong Zhu
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Hunter CS, Stein RW. Evidence for Loss in Identity, De-Differentiation, and Trans-Differentiation of Islet β-Cells in Type 2 Diabetes. Front Genet 2017; 8:35. [PMID: 28424732 PMCID: PMC5372778 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The two main types of diabetes mellitus have distinct etiologies, yet a similar outcome: loss of islet β-cell function that is solely responsible for the secretion of the insulin hormone to reduce elevated plasma glucose toward euglycemic levels. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) has traditionally been characterized by autoimmune-mediated β-cell death leading to insulin-dependence, whereas type 2 diabetes (T2D) has hallmarks of peripheral insulin resistance, β-cell dysfunction, and cell death. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that, especially during T2D, key components of β-cell failure involves: (1) loss of cell identity, specifically proteins associated with mature cell function (e.g., insulin and transcription factors like MAFA, PDX1, and NKX6.1), as well as (2) de-differentiation, defined by regression to a progenitor or stem cell-like state. New technologies have allowed the field to compare islet cell characteristics from normal human donors to those under pathophysiological conditions by single cell RNA-Sequencing and through epigenetic analysis. This has revealed a remarkable level of heterogeneity among histologically defined "insulin-positive" β-cells. These results not only suggest that these β-cell subsets have different responses to insulin secretagogues, but that defining their unique gene expression and epigenetic modification profiles will offer opportunities to develop cellular therapeutics to enrich/maintain certain subsets for correcting pathological glucose levels. In this review, we will summarize the recent literature describing how β-cell heterogeneity and plasticity may be influenced in T2D, and various possible avenues of therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chad S Hunter
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Comprehensive Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, AL, USA
| | - Roland W Stein
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Cheng CW, Villani V, Buono R, Wei M, Kumar S, Yilmaz OH, Cohen P, Sneddon JB, Perin L, Longo VD. Fasting-Mimicking Diet Promotes Ngn3-Driven β-Cell Regeneration to Reverse Diabetes. Cell 2017; 168:775-788.e12. [PMID: 28235195 PMCID: PMC5357144 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Stem-cell-based therapies can potentially reverse organ dysfunction and diseases, but the removal of impaired tissue and activation of a program leading to organ regeneration pose major challenges. In mice, a 4-day fasting mimicking diet (FMD) induces a stepwise expression of Sox17 and Pdx-1, followed by Ngn3-driven generation of insulin-producing β cells, resembling that observed during pancreatic development. FMD cycles restore insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis in both type 2 and type 1 diabetes mouse models. In human type 1 diabetes pancreatic islets, fasting conditions reduce PKA and mTOR activity and induce Sox2 and Ngn3 expression and insulin production. The effects of the FMD are reversed by IGF-1 treatment and recapitulated by PKA and mTOR inhibition. These results indicate that a FMD promotes the reprogramming of pancreatic cells to restore insulin generation in islets from T1D patients and reverse both T1D and T2D phenotypes in mouse models. PAPERCLIP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wei Cheng
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA; Koch Institute at MIT, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Valentina Villani
- GOFARR Laboratory for Organ Regenerative Research and Cell Therapeutics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Division of Urology, Saban Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Roberta Buono
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA; IFOM FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Min Wei
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Omer H Yilmaz
- Koch Institute at MIT, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Pinchas Cohen
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Julie B Sneddon
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Laura Perin
- GOFARR Laboratory for Organ Regenerative Research and Cell Therapeutics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Division of Urology, Saban Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Valter D Longo
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; IFOM FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, Milan 20139, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Swisa A, Glaser B, Dor Y. Metabolic Stress and Compromised Identity of Pancreatic Beta Cells. Front Genet 2017; 8:21. [PMID: 28270834 PMCID: PMC5318414 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta cell failure is a central feature of type 2 diabetes (T2D), but the molecular underpinnings of the process remain only partly understood. It has been suggested that beta cell failure in T2D involves massive cell death. Other studies ascribe beta cell failure to cell exhaustion, due to chronic oxidative or endoplasmic reticulum stress leading to cellular dysfunction. More recently it was proposed that beta cells in T2D may lose their differentiated identity, possibly even gaining features of other islet cell types. The loss of beta cell identity appears to be driven by glucotoxicity inhibiting the activity of key beta cell transcription factors including Pdx1, Nkx6.1, MafA and Pax6, thereby silencing beta cell genes and derepressing alternative islet cell genes. The loss of beta cell identity is at least partly reversible upon normalization of glycemia, with implications for the reversibility of T2D, although it is not known if beta cell failure reaches eventually a point of no return. In this review we discuss current evidence for metabolism-driven compromised beta cell identity, key knowledge gaps and opportunities for utility in the treatment of T2D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avital Swisa
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical SchoolJerusalem, Israel
| | - Benjamin Glaser
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Service, Department of Internal Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical CenterJerusalem, Israel
| | - Yuval Dor
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical SchoolJerusalem, Israel,*Correspondence: Yuval Dor,
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Martinez-Sanchez A, Rutter GA, Latreille M. MiRNAs in β-Cell Development, Identity, and Disease. Front Genet 2017; 7:226. [PMID: 28123396 PMCID: PMC5225124 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells regulate glucose metabolism by secreting insulin, which in turn stimulates the utilization or storage of the sugar by peripheral tissues. Insulin insufficiency and a prolonged period of insulin resistance are usually the core components of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Although, decreased insulin levels in T2D have long been attributed to a decrease in β-cell function and/or mass, this model has recently been refined with the recognition that a loss of β-cell “identity” and dedifferentiation also contribute to the decline in insulin production. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulatory molecules that display tissue-specific expression patterns and maintain the differentiated state of somatic cells. During the past few years, great strides have been made in understanding how miRNA circuits impact β-cell identity. Here, we review current knowledge on the role of miRNAs in regulating the acquisition of the β-cell fate during development and in maintaining mature β-cell identity and function during stress situations such as obesity, pregnancy, aging, or diabetes. We also discuss how miRNA function could be harnessed to improve our ability to generate β-cells for replacement therapy for T2D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aida Martinez-Sanchez
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London London, UK
| | - Guy A Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London London, UK
| | - Mathieu Latreille
- Cellular Identity and Metabolism Group, MRC London Institute of Medical SciencesLondon, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Xiao X, Chen C, Guo P, Zhang T, Fischbach S, Fusco J, Shiota C, Prasadan K, Dong H, Gittes GK. Forkhead Box Protein 1 (FoxO1) Inhibits Accelerated β Cell Aging in Pancreas-specific SMAD7 Mutant Mice. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:3456-3465. [PMID: 28057752 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.770032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the effects of exocrine dysfunction on the development of diabetes remain largely unknown. Here we show that pancreatic depletion of SMAD7 resulted in age-dependent increases in β cell dysfunction with accelerated glucose intolerance, followed by overt diabetes. The accelerated β cell dysfunction and loss of proliferation capacity, two features of β cell aging, appeared to be non-cell-autonomous, secondary to the adjacent exocrine failure as a "bystander effect." Increased Forkhead box protein 1 (FoxO1) acetylation and nuclear retention was followed by progressive FoxO1 loss in β cells that marked the onset of diabetes. Moreover, forced FoxO1 expression in β cells prevented β cell dysfunction and loss in this model. Thus, we present a model of accelerated β cell aging that may be useful for studying the mechanisms underlying β cell failure in diabetes. Moreover, we provide evidence highlighting a critical role of FoxO1 in maintaining β cell identity in the context of SMAD7 failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Congde Chen
- Divisions of Pediatric Surgery; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Ping Guo
- Divisions of Pediatric Surgery; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas 77054
| | - Ting Zhang
- Immunogenetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | | | | | | | | | - Henry Dong
- Immunogenetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
White MG, Shaw JAM, Taylor R. Type 2 Diabetes: The Pathologic Basis of Reversible β-Cell Dysfunction. Diabetes Care 2016; 39:2080-2088. [PMID: 27926891 DOI: 10.2337/dc16-0619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The reversible nature of early type 2 diabetes has been demonstrated in in vivo human studies. Recent in vivo and in vitro studies of β-cell biology have established that the β-cell loses differentiated characteristics, including glucose-mediated insulin secretion, under metabolic stress. Critically, the β-cell dedifferentiation produced by long-term excess nutrient supply is reversible. Weight loss in humans permits restoration of first-phase insulin secretion associated with the return to normal of the elevated intrapancreatic triglyceride content. However, in type 2 diabetes of duration greater than 10 years, the cellular changes appear to pass a point of no return. This review summarizes the evidence that early type 2 diabetes can be regarded as a reversible β-cell response to chronic positive calorie balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael G White
- Regenerative Medicine for Diabetes Group and Magnetic Resonance Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - James A M Shaw
- Regenerative Medicine for Diabetes Group and Magnetic Resonance Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - Roy Taylor
- Regenerative Medicine for Diabetes Group and Magnetic Resonance Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Efrat S. Mechanisms of adult human β-cell in vitro dedifferentiation and redifferentiation. Diabetes Obes Metab 2016; 18 Suppl 1:97-101. [PMID: 27615137 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies in animal models and human pathological specimens suggest the involvement of β-cell dedifferentiation in β-cell dysfunction associated with type 2 diabetes. Dedifferentiated β-cells may be exploited for endogenous renewal of the β-cell mass. However, studying human β-cell dedifferentiation in diabetes presents major difficulties. We have analysed mechanisms involved in human β-cell dedifferentiation in vitro, under conditions that allow cell proliferation. Although there are important differences between the two cellular environments, β-cell dedifferentiation in the two conditions is likely to share a number of common pathways. Insights from the in vitro studies may lead to development of approaches for redifferentiation of endogenous dedifferentiated β-cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Efrat
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Accili D, Talchai SC, Kim-Muller JY, Cinti F, Ishida E, Ordelheide AM, Kuo T, Fan J, Son J. When β-cells fail: lessons from dedifferentiation. Diabetes Obes Metab 2016; 18 Suppl 1:117-22. [PMID: 27615140 PMCID: PMC5021187 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is caused by a combination of impaired responsiveness to insulin and reduced production of insulin by the pancreas. Until recently, the decline of insulin production had been ascribed to β-cell death. But recent research has shown that β-cells do not die in diabetes, but undergo a silencing process, termed "dedifferentiation." The main implication of this discovery is that β-cells can be revived by appropriate treatments. We have shown that mitochondrial abnormalities are a key step in the progression of β-cell dysfunction towards dedifferentiation. In normal β-cells, mitochondria generate energy required to sustain insulin production and its finely timed release in response to the body's nutritional status. A normal β-cell can adapt its mitochondrial fuel source based on substrate availability, a concept known as "metabolic flexibility." This capability is the first casualty in the progress of β-cell failure. β-Cells lose the ability to select the right fuel for mitochondrial energy production. Mitochondria become overloaded, and accumulate by-products derived from incomplete fuel utilization. Energy production stalls, and insulin production drops, setting the stage for dedifferentiation. The ultimate goal of these investigations is to explore novel treatment paradigms that will benefit people with diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Accili
- Department of Medicine and Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, New York.
| | - S C Talchai
- Department of Medicine and Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - J Y Kim-Muller
- Department of Medicine and Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - F Cinti
- Department of Medicine and Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - E Ishida
- Department of Medicine and Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - A M Ordelheide
- Department of Medicine and Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - T Kuo
- Department of Medicine and Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - J Fan
- Department of Medicine and Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - J Son
- Department of Medicine and Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Téllez N, Vilaseca M, Martí Y, Pla A, Montanya E. β-Cell dedifferentiation, reduced duct cell plasticity, and impaired β-cell mass regeneration in middle-aged rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E554-63. [PMID: 27406742 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00502.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Limitations in β-cell regeneration potential in middle-aged animals could contribute to the increased risk to develop diabetes associated with aging. We investigated β-cell regeneration of middle-aged Wistar rats in response to two different regenerative stimuli: partial pancreatectomy (Px + V) and gastrin administration (Px + G). Pancreatic remnants were analyzed 3 and 14 days after surgery. β-Cell mass increased in young animals after Px and was further increased after gastrin treatment. In contrast, β-cell mass did not change after Px or after gastrin treatment in middle-aged rats. β-Cell replication and individual β-cell size were similarly increased after Px in young and middle-aged animals, and β-cell apoptosis was not modified. Nuclear immunolocalization of neurog3 or nkx6.1 in regenerative duct cells, markers of duct cell plasticity, was increased in young but not in middle-aged Px rats. The pancreatic progenitor-associated transcription factors neurog3 and sox9 were upregulated in islet β-cells of middle-aged rats and further increased after Px. The percentage of chromogranin A+/hormone islet cells was significantly increased in the pancreases of middle-aged Px rats. In summary, the potential for compensatory β-cell hyperplasia and hypertrophy was retained in middle-aged rats, but β-cell dedifferentiation and impaired duct cell plasticity limited β-cell regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noèlia Téllez
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain; Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Vilaseca
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yasmina Martí
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arturo Pla
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Montanya
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain; Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain; Endocrine Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Lima MJ, Muir KR, Docherty HM, McGowan NWA, Forbes S, Heremans Y, Heimberg H, Casey J, Docherty K. Generation of Functional Beta-Like Cells from Human Exocrine Pancreas. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156204. [PMID: 27243814 PMCID: PMC4887015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor mediated lineage reprogramming of human pancreatic exocrine tissue could conceivably provide an unlimited supply of islets for transplantation in the treatment of diabetes. Exocrine tissue can be efficiently reprogrammed to islet-like cells using a cocktail of transcription factors: Pdx1, Ngn3, MafA and Pax4 in combination with growth factors. We show here that overexpression of exogenous Pax4 in combination with suppression of the endogenous transcription factor ARX considerably enhances the production of functional insulin-secreting β-like cells with concomitant suppression of α-cells. The efficiency was further increased by culture on laminin-coated plates in media containing low glucose concentrations. Immunocytochemistry revealed that reprogrammed cultures were composed of ~45% islet-like clusters comprising >80% monohormonal insulin+ cells. The resultant β-like cells expressed insulin protein levels at ~15–30% of that in adult human islets, efficiently processed proinsulin and packaged insulin into secretory granules, exhibited glucose responsive insulin secretion, and had an immediate and prolonged effect in normalising blood glucose levels upon transplantation into diabetic mice. We estimate that approximately 3 billion of these cells would have an immediate therapeutic effect following engraftment in type 1 diabetes patients and that one pancreas would provide sufficient tissue for numerous transplants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Lima
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Kenneth R. Muir
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Hilary M. Docherty
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Neil W. A. McGowan
- Department of Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, EH16 4SU, United Kingdom
| | - Shareen Forbes
- Endocrinology Unit, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Yves Heremans
- Diabetes Research Centre, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Harry Heimberg
- Diabetes Research Centre, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - John Casey
- Department of Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, EH16 4SU, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Docherty
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Generation of stem cell-derived β-cells from patients with type 1 diabetes. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11463. [PMID: 27163171 PMCID: PMC4866045 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported the scalable in vitro production of functional stem cell-derived β-cells (SC-β cells). Here we extend this approach to generate the first SC-β cells from type 1 diabetic patients (T1D). β-cells are destroyed during T1D disease progression, making it difficult to extensively study them in the past. These T1D SC-β cells express β-cell markers, respond to glucose both in vitro and in vivo, prevent alloxan-induced diabetes in mice and respond to anti-diabetic drugs. Furthermore, we use an in vitro disease model to demonstrate the cells respond to different forms of β-cell stress. Using these assays, we find no major differences in T1D SC-β cells compared with SC-β cells derived from non-diabetic patients. These results show that T1D SC-β cells could potentially be used for the treatment of diabetes, drug screening and the study of β-cell biology. Pancreatic β cells can be generated from pluripotent stem cells. Here, the authors show that human induced pluripotent stem cells from patients with type 1 diabetes can be differentiated into β-like cells that have no detectable differences compared with cells from non-diabetic individuals.
Collapse
|
87
|
Dhawan S, Dirice E, Kulkarni RN, Bhushan A. Inhibition of TGF-β Signaling Promotes Human Pancreatic β-Cell Replication. Diabetes 2016; 65:1208-18. [PMID: 26936960 PMCID: PMC4839200 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is associated with loss of functional pancreatic β-cells, and restoration of β-cells is a major goal for regenerative therapies. Endogenous regeneration of β-cells via β-cell replication has the potential to restore cellular mass; however, pharmacological agents that promote regeneration or expansion of endogenous β-cells have been elusive. The regenerative capacity of β-cells declines rapidly with age, due to accumulation of p16(INK4a), resulting in limited capacity for adult endocrine pancreas regeneration. Here, we show that transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling via Smad3 integrates with the trithorax complex to activate and maintain Ink4a expression to prevent β-cell replication. Importantly, inhibition of TGF-β signaling can result in repression of the Ink4a/Arf locus, resulting in increased β-cell replication in adult mice. Furthermore, small molecule inhibitors of the TGF-β pathway promote β-cell replication in human islets transplanted into NOD-scid IL-2Rg(null) mice. These data reveal a novel role for TGF-β signaling in the regulation of the Ink4a/Arf locus and highlight the potential of using small molecule inhibitors of TGF-β signaling to promote human β-cell replication.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Benzamides/pharmacology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16/agonists
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16/genetics
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16/metabolism
- Dioxoles/pharmacology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Humans
- Insulin/metabolism
- Insulin Secretion
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/cytology
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/drug effects
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/metabolism
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/physiology
- Islets of Langerhans Transplantation/physiology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/agonists
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Regeneration/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Smad3 Protein/metabolism
- Tissue Banks
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Transplantation, Heterotopic
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Dhawan
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ercument Dirice
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rohit N Kulkarni
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Anil Bhushan
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Beamish CA, Strutt BJ, Arany EJ, Hill DJ. Insulin-positive, Glut2-low cells present within mouse pancreas exhibit lineage plasticity and are enriched within extra-islet endocrine cell clusters. Islets 2016; 8:65-82. [PMID: 27010375 PMCID: PMC4987018 DOI: 10.1080/19382014.2016.1162367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of insulin-producing β-cells from resident pancreas progenitors requires an understanding of both progenitor identity and lineage plasticity. One model suggested that a rare β-cell sub-population within islets demonstrated multi-lineage plasticity. We hypothesized that β-cells from young mice (postnatal day 7, P7) exhibit such plasticity and used a model of islet dedifferentiation toward a ductal epithelial-cell phenotype to test this theory. RIPCre;Z/AP(+/+) mice were used to lineage trace the fate of β-cells during dedifferentiation culture by a human placental alkaline phosphatase (HPAP) reporter. There was a significant loss of HPAP-expressing β-cells in culture, but remaining HPAP(+) cells lost insulin expression while gaining expression of the epithelial duct cell marker cytokeratin-19 (Ck19). Flow cytometry and recovery of β-cell subpopulations from whole pancreas vs. islets suggest that the HPAP(+)Ck19(+) cells had derived from insulin-positive, glucose-transporter-2-low (Ins(+)Glut2(LO)) cells, representing 3.5% of all insulin-expressing cells. The majority of these cells were found outside of islets within clusters of <5 β-cells. These insulin(+)Glut2(LO) cells demonstrated a greater proliferation rate in vivo and in vitro as compared to insulin(+)Glut2(+) cells at P7, were retained into adulthood, and a subset differentiated into endocrine, ductal, and neural lineages, illustrating substantial plasticity. Results were confirmed using RIPCre;ROSA- eYFP mice. Quantitative PCR data indicated these cells possess an immature β-cell phenotype. These Ins(+)Glut2(LO) cells may represent a resident population of cells capable of forming new, functional β-cells, and which may be potentially exploited for regenerative therapies in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine A. Beamish
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, St Joseph Health Care, London, ON, Canada
| | - Brenda J. Strutt
- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, St Joseph Health Care, London, ON, Canada
| | - Edith J. Arany
- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, St Joseph Health Care, London, ON, Canada
| | - David J. Hill
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, St Joseph Health Care, London, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Xiao X, Fischbach S, Song Z, Gaffar I, Zimmerman R, Wiersch J, Prasadan K, Shiota C, Guo P, Ramachandran S, Witkowski P, Gittes GK. Transient Suppression of TGFβ Receptor Signaling Facilitates Human Islet Transplantation. Endocrinology 2016; 157:1348-56. [PMID: 26872091 PMCID: PMC4816736 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although islet transplantation is an effective treatment for severe diabetes, its broad application is greatly limited due to a shortage of donor islets. Suppression of TGFβ receptor signaling in β-cells has been shown to increase β-cell proliferation in mice, but has not been rigorously examined in humans. Here, treatment of human islets with a TGFβ receptor I inhibitor, SB-431542 (SB), significantly improved C-peptide secretion by β-cells, and significantly increased β-cell number by increasing β-cell proliferation. In addition, SB increased cell-cycle activators and decreased cell-cycle suppressors in human β-cells. Transplantation of SB-treated human islets into diabetic immune-deficient mice resulted in significant improvement in blood glucose control, significantly higher serum and graft insulin content, and significantly greater increases in β-cell proliferation in the graft, compared with controls. Thus, our data suggest that transient suppression of TGFβ receptor signaling may improve the outcome of human islet transplantation, seemingly through increasing β-cell number and function.
Collapse
|
90
|
Domínguez-Bendala J, Lanzoni G, Klein D, Álvarez-Cubela S, Pastori RL. The Human Endocrine Pancreas: New Insights on Replacement and Regeneration. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:153-162. [PMID: 26774512 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Islet transplantation is an effective cell therapy for type 1 diabetes (T1D) but its clinical application is limited due to shortage of donors. After a decade-long period of exploration of potential alternative cell sources, the field has only recently zeroed in on two of them as the most likely to replace islets. These are pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) (through directed differentiation) and pancreatic non-endocrine cells (through directed differentiation or reprogramming). Here we review progress in both areas, including the initiation of Phase I/II clinical trials using human embryonic stem cell (hESc)-derived progenitors, advances in hESc differentiation in vitro, novel insights on the developmental plasticity of the pancreas, and groundbreaking new approaches to induce β cell conversion from the non-endocrine compartment without genetic manipulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Domínguez-Bendala
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Giacomo Lanzoni
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Dagmar Klein
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Silvia Álvarez-Cubela
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ricardo L Pastori
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
PNA lectin for purifying mouse acinar cells from the inflamed pancreas. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21127. [PMID: 26884345 PMCID: PMC4756371 DOI: 10.1038/srep21127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Better methods for purifying human or mouse acinar cells without the need for genetic modification are needed. Such techniques would be advantageous for the specific study of certain mechanisms, such as acinar-to-beta-cell reprogramming and pancreatitis. Ulex Europaeus Agglutinin I (UEA-I) lectin has been used to label and isolate acinar cells from the pancreas. However, the purity of the UEA-I-positive cell fraction has not been fully evaluated. Here, we screened 20 widely used lectins for their binding specificity for major pancreatic cell types, and found that UEA-I and Peanut agglutinin (PNA) have a specific affinity for acinar cells in the mouse pancreas, with minimal affinity for other major pancreatic cell types including endocrine cells, duct cells and endothelial cells. Moreover, PNA-purified acinar cells were less contaminated with mesenchymal and inflammatory cells, compared to UEA-I purified acinar cells. Thus, UEA-I and PNA appear to be excellent lectins for pancreatic acinar cell purification. PNA may be a better choice in situations where mesenchymal cells or inflammatory cells are significantly increased in the pancreas, such as type 1 diabetes, pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
|
92
|
Nivlet L, Herrmann J, Martin DE, Meunier A, Orvain C, Gradwohl G. Expression and functional studies of the GDNF family receptor alpha 3 in the pancreas. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 56:77-90. [PMID: 26576643 PMCID: PMC5911917 DOI: 10.1530/jme-15-0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The generation of therapeutic β-cells from human pluripotent stem cells relies on the identification of growth factors that faithfully mimic pancreatic β-cell development in vitro. In this context, the aim of the study was to determine the expression and function of the glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor receptor alpha 3 (GFRα3) and its ligand artemin (Artn) in islet cell development and function. GFRα3 and Artn expression were characterized by in situ hybridization, immunochemistry, and qRT-PCR. We used GFRα3-deficient mice to study GFRα3 function and generated transgenic mice overexpressing Artn in the embryonic pancreas to study Artn function. We found that GFRα3 is expressed at the surface of a subset of Ngn3-positive endocrine progenitors as well as of embryonic α- and β-cells, while Artn is found in the pancreatic mesenchyme. Adult β-cells lack GFRα3 but α-cells express the receptor. GFRα3 was also found in parasympathetic and sympathetic intra-islet neurons as well as in glial cells in the embryonic and adult pancreas. The loss of GFRα3 or overexpression of Artn has no impact on Ngn3 and islet cell formation and maintenance in the embryo. Islet organization and innervation as well as glucose homeostasis is normal in GFRα3-deficient mice suggesting functional redundancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laure Nivlet
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC)Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg (UdS), 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Joel Herrmann
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC)Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg (UdS), 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Delia Esteban Martin
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC)Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg (UdS), 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Aline Meunier
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC)Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg (UdS), 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Christophe Orvain
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC)Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg (UdS), 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Gérard Gradwohl
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC)Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg (UdS), 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Niu G, McQuilling JP, Zhou Y, Opara EC, Orlando G, Soker S. In Vitro Proliferation of Porcine Pancreatic Islet Cells for β-Cell Therapy Applications. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:5807876. [PMID: 28050568 PMCID: PMC5168554 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5807876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Cell replacement through transplantation is the only curative treatment to establish a long-term stable euglycemia in diabetic patients. Owing to the shortage of donor tissue, attempts are being made to develop alternative sources of insulin-secreting cells. Stem cells differentiation and reprograming as well as isolating pancreatic progenitors from different sources are some examples; however, no approach has yet yielded a clinically relevant solution. Dissociated islet cells that are cultured in cell numbers by in vitro proliferation provide a promising platform for redifferentiation towards β-cells phenotype. In this study, we cultured islet-derived cells in vitro and examined the expression of β-cell genes during the proliferation. Islets were isolated from porcine pancreases and enzymatically digested to dissociate the component cells. The cells proliferated well in tissue culture plates and were subcultured for no more than 5 passages. Only 10% of insulin expression, as measured by PCR, was preserved in each passage. High glucose media enhanced insulin expression by about 4-18 fold, suggesting a glucose-dependent effect in the proliferated islet-derived cells. The islet-derived cells also expressed other pancreatic genes such as Pdx1, NeuroD, glucagon, and somatostatin. Taken together, these results indicate that pancreatic islet-derived cells, proliferated in vitro, retained the expression capacity for key pancreatic genes, thus suggesting that the cells may be redifferentiated into insulin-secreting β-like cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoguang Niu
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - John P. McQuilling
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Yu Zhou
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Emmanuel C. Opara
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Giuseppe Orlando
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Shay Soker
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Virginia Tech, Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, 320 ICTAS, Stanger St., Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
- *Shay Soker:
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Abdelalim EM, Emara MM. Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Pancreatic β Cells: From In Vitro Maturation to Clinical Application. RECENT ADVANCES IN STEM CELLS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33270-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
95
|
ActivinB Is Induced in Insulinoma To Promote Tumor Plasticity through a β-Cell-Induced Dedifferentiation. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 36:756-64. [PMID: 26711255 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00930-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of pancreatic β-cell maturity occurs in diabetes and insulinomas. Although both physiological and pathological stresses are known to promote β-cell dedifferentiation, little is known about the molecules involved in this process. Here we demonstrate that activinB, a transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-related ligand, is upregulated during tumorigenesis and drives the loss of insulin expression and β-cell maturity in a mouse insulinoma model. Our data further identify Pax4 as a previously unknown activinB target and potent contributor to the observed β-cell dedifferentiation. More importantly, using compound mutant mice, we found that deleting activinB expression abolishes tumor β-cell dedifferentiation and, surprisingly, increases survival without significantly affecting tumor growth. Hence, this work reveals an unexpected role for activinB in the loss of β-cell maturity, islet plasticity, and progression of insulinoma through its participation in β-cell dedifferentiation.
Collapse
|
96
|
Angptl4 links α-cell proliferation following glucagon receptor inhibition with adipose tissue triglyceride metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:15498-503. [PMID: 26621734 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1513872112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by a reduction in insulin function and an increase in glucagon activity that together result in hyperglycemia. Glucagon receptor antagonists have been developed as drugs for diabetes; however, they often increase glucagon plasma levels and induce the proliferation of glucagon-secreting α-cells. We find that the secreted protein Angiopoietin-like 4 (Angptl4) is up-regulated via Pparγ activation in white adipose tissue and plasma following an acute treatment with a glucagon receptor antagonist. Induction of adipose angptl4 and Angptl4 supplementation promote α-cell proliferation specifically. Finally, glucagon receptor antagonist improves glycemia in diet-induced obese angptl4 knockout mice without increasing glucagon levels or α-cell proliferation, underscoring the importance of this protein. Overall, we demonstrate that triglyceride metabolism in adipose tissue regulates α-cells in the endocrine pancreas.
Collapse
|
97
|
Abstract
Until recently, type 2 diabetes was seen as a disease caused by an impaired ability of insulin to promote the uptake and utilisation of glucose. Work on forkhead box protein O (FOXO) transcription factors revealed new aspects of insulin action that have led us to articulate a liver- and beta cell-centric narrative of diabetes pathophysiology and treatment. FOXO integrate a surprisingly diverse subset of biological functions to promote metabolic flexibility. In the liver, they controls the glucokinase/glucose-6-phosphatase switch and bile acid pool composition, directing carbons to glucose or lipid utilisation, thus providing a unifying mechanism for the two abnormalities of the diabetic liver: excessive glucose production and increased lipid synthesis and secretion. Moreover, FOXO are necessary to maintain beta cell differentiation, and diabetes development is associated with a gradual loss of FOXO function that brings about beta cell dedifferentiation. We proposed that dedifferentiation is the main cause of beta cell failure and conversion into non-beta endocrine cells, and that treatment should restore beta cell differentiation. Our studies investigating these proposals have revealed new dimensions to the pathophysiology of diabetes that can be leveraged to design new therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Utpal B Pajvani
- Department of Medicine and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, 1150 St Nicholas Av., New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Domenico Accili
- Department of Medicine and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, 1150 St Nicholas Av., New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
DeFronzo RA, Ferrannini E, Groop L, Henry RR, Herman WH, Holst JJ, Hu FB, Kahn CR, Raz I, Shulman GI, Simonson DC, Testa MA, Weiss R. Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2015; 1:15019. [PMID: 27189025 DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2015.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1049] [Impact Index Per Article: 116.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an expanding global health problem, closely linked to the epidemic of obesity. Individuals with T2DM are at high risk for both microvascular complications (including retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy) and macrovascular complications (such as cardiovascular comorbidities), owing to hyperglycaemia and individual components of the insulin resistance (metabolic) syndrome. Environmental factors (for example, obesity, an unhealthy diet and physical inactivity) and genetic factors contribute to the multiple pathophysiological disturbances that are responsible for impaired glucose homeostasis in T2DM. Insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion remain the core defects in T2DM, but at least six other pathophysiological abnormalities contribute to the dysregulation of glucose metabolism. The multiple pathogenetic disturbances present in T2DM dictate that multiple antidiabetic agents, used in combination, will be required to maintain normoglycaemia. The treatment must not only be effective and safe but also improve the quality of life. Several novel medications are in development, but the greatest need is for agents that enhance insulin sensitivity, halt the progressive pancreatic β-cell failure that is characteristic of T2DM and prevent or reverse the microvascular complications. For an illustrated summary of this Primer, visit: http://go.nature.com/V2eGfN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralph A DeFronzo
- Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System and Texas Diabetes Institute, 701 S. Zarzamoro, San Antonio, Texas 78207, USA
| | | | - Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Science Malmoe, Diabetes &Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund, Sweden
| | - Robert R Henry
- University of California, San Diego, Section of Diabetes, Endocrinology &Metabolism, Center for Metabolic Research, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | | | - Frank B Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Harvard Medical School and Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Itamar Raz
- Diabetes Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular &Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Donald C Simonson
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marcia A Testa
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ram Weiss
- Department of Human Metabolism and Nutrition, Braun School of Public Health, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Dhawan S, Tschen SI, Zeng C, Guo T, Hebrok M, Matveyenko A, Bhushan A. DNA methylation directs functional maturation of pancreatic β cells. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:2851-60. [PMID: 26098213 DOI: 10.1172/jci79956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β cells secrete insulin in response to postprandial increases in glucose levels to prevent hyperglycemia and inhibit insulin secretion under fasting conditions to protect against hypoglycemia. β cells lack this functional capability at birth and acquire glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) during neonatal life. Here, we have shown that during postnatal life, the de novo DNA methyltransferase DNMT3A initiates a metabolic program by repressing key genes, thereby enabling the coupling of insulin secretion to glucose levels. In a murine model, β cell-specific deletion of Dnmt3a prevented the metabolic switch, resulting in loss of GSIS. DNMT3A bound to the promoters of the genes encoding hexokinase 1 (HK1) and lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) - both of which regulate the metabolic switch - and knockdown of these two key DNMT3A targets restored the GSIS response in islets from animals with β cell-specific Dnmt3a deletion. Furthermore, DNA methylation-mediated repression of glucose-secretion decoupling genes to modulate GSIS was conserved in human β cells. Together, our results reveal a role for DNA methylation to direct the acquisition of pancreatic β cell function.
Collapse
|
100
|
Stewart AF, Hussain MA, García-Ocaña A, Vasavada RC, Bhushan A, Bernal-Mizrachi E, Kulkarni RN. Human β-cell proliferation and intracellular signaling: part 3. Diabetes 2015; 64:1872-85. [PMID: 25999530 PMCID: PMC4439562 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This is the third in a series of Perspectives on intracellular signaling pathways coupled to proliferation in pancreatic β-cells. We contrast the large knowledge base in rodent β-cells with the more limited human database. With the increasing incidence of type 1 diabetes and the recognition that type 2 diabetes is also due in part to a deficiency of functioning β-cells, there is great urgency to identify therapeutic approaches to expand human β-cell numbers. Therapeutic approaches might include stem cell differentiation, transdifferentiation, or expansion of cadaver islets or residual endogenous β-cells. In these Perspectives, we focus on β-cell proliferation. Past Perspectives reviewed fundamental cell cycle regulation and its upstream regulation by insulin/IGF signaling via phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling, glucose, glycogen synthase kinase-3 and liver kinase B1, protein kinase Cζ, calcium-calcineurin-nuclear factor of activated T cells, epidermal growth factor/platelet-derived growth factor family members, Wnt/β-catenin, leptin, and estrogen and progesterone. Here, we emphasize Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription, Ras/Raf/extracellular signal-related kinase, cadherins and integrins, G-protein-coupled receptors, and transforming growth factor β signaling. We hope these three Perspectives will serve to introduce these pathways to new researchers and will encourage additional investigators to focus on understanding how to harness key intracellular signaling pathways for therapeutic human β-cell regeneration for diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Stewart
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Mehboob A Hussain
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Adolfo García-Ocaña
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Rupangi C Vasavada
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Anil Bhushan
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ernesto Bernal-Mizrachi
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, and VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Rohit N Kulkarni
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|