The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Alzheimer's Disease: From Mechanism to Biomaterials Therapy

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic, insidious, and progressive neurodegenerative disease that remains a clinical challenge for society. The fully approved drug lecanemab exhibits the prospect of therapy against the pathological processes, while debatable adverse events conflict with the drug concentration required for the anticipated therapeutic effects. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the pathological progression of AD, as has been demonstrated in much research regarding oxidative stress (OS). The contradiction between anticipated dosage and adverse event may be resolved through targeted transport by biomaterials and get therapeutic effects through pathological progression via regulation of ROS. Besides, biomaterials fix delivery issues by promoting the penetration of drugs across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), protecting the drug from peripheral degradation, and elevating bioavailability. The goal is to comprehensively understand the mechanisms of ROS in the progression of AD disease and the potential of ROS-related biomaterials in the treatment of AD. This review focuses on OS and its connection with AD and novel biomaterials in recent years against AD via OS to inspire novel biomaterial development. Revisiting these biomaterials and mechanisms associated with OS in AD via thorough investigations presents a considerable potential and bright future for improving effective interventions for AD.

The beneficial effects of Akkermansia muciniphila and its derivatives on pulmonary fibrosis

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a progressive and debilitating respiratory condition characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins and scarring within the lung parenchyma. Despite extensive research, the pathogenesis of PF remains incompletely understood, and effective therapeutic options are limited. Emerging evidence suggests a potential link between gut microbiota dysbiosis and the development of PF, highlighting the gut-lung axis as a promising therapeutic target. Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila), a mucin-degrading bacterium residing in the gut mucosal layer, has garnered considerable interest due to its immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of live and pasteurized A. muciniphila, as well as its extracellular vesicles (EVs), in mitigating inflammation and fibrosis in a murine model of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced PF exacerbated by a high-fat diet (HFD). Male C57BL/6 mice were divided into groups receiving either a normal diet or an HFD, with or without CCl4 administration. The mice were then treated with live or pasteurized A. muciniphila, or its EVs. Lung tissue was analyzed for the expression of inflammatory markers and fibrosis markers using real-time PCR and ELISA. Administration of live and pasteurized A. muciniphila, as well as its EVs, significantly downregulated the expression of inflammatory and fibrosis markers in the lung tissue of CCl4-induced PF mice. Furthermore, these treatments ameliorated the increased production of IL-6 and reduced IL-10 levels observed in the HFD and CCl4-treated groups. These findings suggest that A. muciniphila and its derivatives exert protective effects against pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis, potentially through modulation of the gut-lung axis. The study highlights the therapeutic potential of A. muciniphila and its derivatives as novel interventions for the management of PF, warranting further preclinical and clinical investigations.

Surface nanocoating-based universal platform for programmed delivery of microorganisms in complicated digestive tract

Microbial therapies have promising applications in the treatment of a broad range of diseases. However, effective colonization of the target region by therapeutic microorganisms remains a significant challenge owing to the complexity of the intestinal system. Here, we developed surface nanocoating-based universal platform (SNUP), which enabled the manipulation of controlled release and targeted colonization of therapeutic microbes in the digestive tract without the utilization of any targeting molecules. The system controlled the decomposition time of SNUP in the gut by regulating different modification layers and modification sequences on the microorganism's surface, so that the microorganism was released at a predetermined time and space. With the SNUP nanomodification technology, we could effectively deliver therapeutic microorganisms to specific complex intestinal regions such as the small intestine and colon, and protect the bioactivity of therapeutic microorganisms from destruction by both strong acids and digestive enzymes. In this study, we found that two layers SNUP-encapsulated Liiliilactobacillus salivarius (LS@CCMC) could efficiently colonize the small intestine and significantly improve the symptoms of a mouse model of Parkinson's disease through sustained secretion of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). This surface nanocoating-based universal platform system does not require the design of specific targeting molecules, providing a simple and universal method for colonized microbial therapy, target theranostics, precision medicine, and personalized medicine.

Macrolide resistance outcomes after the Covid-19 pandemic: A one health approach investigation

During the Covid-19 pandemic period, the indiscriminate use of macrolide-class antibiotics was frequent among the Brazilian population due to the lack of knowledge and information with a scientific basis. Thus, the class of drugs that includes azithromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin, which alter metabolic reactions in the body and act on the immune system, was widely used without medical prescription. Samples of bacterial strains from hospital environments were obtained during the most extensive spread of Covid-19 and studied in the present article, emphasizing the investigation for macrolide resistance genes (erm and msr) and bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus isolated from urinary tract infections. In addition, the physiological, genetic, immunological, and socio-epidemiological aspects were highlighted with a focus on the One Health approach and implications on the gut-brain axis in this integrative research, revealing that the inappropriate use of antibiotics directly affects entire communities, representing a significant concern for public and environmental health.

Injectable and self-healable hydrogel based on pullulan polysaccharide loading platelet-rich plasma and metal-phenol network nanoparticles for infectious wound healing

Due to elevated glucose levels, oxidative stress, weakened immune function, and delayed angiogenesis, diabetic wounds are difficult to heal. However, current dressings often do not successfully achieve the desired therapeutic outcome for diabetic wounds. Platelet rich plasma (PRP) is widely used in the treatment of diabetic wounds. Even so, the sudden release of growth factors or proteins in PRP frequently hampers the therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, it is of considerable clinical value to achieve long-term release of active molecules in PRP and to create more effective diabetic wound dressings. Here, PRP was combined with pullulan polysaccharide derivatives (OPD) and polylysine derivatives (EPL-BA) to form a multifunctional hydrogel backbone. Tea polyphenols (TP), gallic acid (GA), and metal ions (Cu2+) were utilized to prepare metal-phenol network nanoparticles (TGMPN) which were encapsulated in the hydrogel system. The EPL-BA/OPD/PRP/TGMPN (EOPM) composite hydrogel showed injectable and self-healing properties. The hydrogel system could effectively remove reactive oxygen species (ROS) and showed excellent antibacterial properties against different bacteria. The results showed that EOPM hydrogel was effective in reducing the inflammatory response and promoting the regeneration of blood vessels and neoplastic tissues, thus greatly accelerating the repair of infected wounds.

Intestinal organ chips for disease modelling and personalized medicine

Alterations in intestinal structure, mechanics and physiology underlie acute and chronic intestinal conditions, many of which are influenced by dysregulation of microbiome, peristalsis, stroma or immune responses. Studying human intestinal physiology or pathophysiology is difficult in preclinical animal models because their microbiomes and immune systems differ from those of humans. Although advances in organoid culture partially overcome this challenge, intestinal organoids still lack crucial features that are necessary to study functions central to intestinal health and disease, such as digestion or fluid flow, as well as contributions from long-term effects of living microbiome, peristalsis and immune cells. Here, we review developments in organ-on-a-chip (organ chip) microfluidic culture models of the human intestine that are lined by epithelial cells and interfaced with other tissues (such as stroma or endothelium), which can experience both fluid flow and peristalsis-like motions. Organ chips offer powerful ways to model intestinal physiology and disease states for various human populations and individual patients, and can be used to gain new insight into underlying molecular and biophysical mechanisms of disease. They can also be used as preclinical tools to discover new drugs and then validate their therapeutic efficacy and safety in the same human-relevant model.

Controllable self-assembly of double polyphenol-metal-network: A universal gravel-like lignin catalysts for water purification

Lignin has attracted wide attention in sustainable environment remediation, especially the polyphenol-metal-network (PMN) based on lignin that shows unique applicability. In this work, by self-assembly of double PMN formed by lignin, plant tannins (TA) and Fe ions, a universal gravel-like lignin catalysts were reported for cost-efficient water purification. A controllable self-assembly technique dependent in pH was developed, achieving the controllable synthesis of materials with highly uniformity. Driven by strong multiple intermolecular interactions and PMN mediated TA-Fe Fenton system, this bio-based material exhibited efficient interfacial capture (65.70 mg·g-1) and in-situ degradation performance (95.40 %), and removed ubiquitous dye contaminants through static and flowing operation. Benefiting from this, effective flowing purify platform that continuously purify large-scale dye-containing wastewater through flowthrough strategy was profiled, confirming the potential in real industrial system. The theoretical calculations including molecular dynamics simulation contributed to providing insightful comprehension for co-assembly of system and their intermolecular interaction with dye molecules. Additionally, this material also showed magnetic response ability, stable reusability performance, and extended preparation advantages. This work provided a facile strategy to develop advanced lignin-based double PMN derived materials to support water purification by utilizing solid-waste to repair liquid-waste.

Microorganism microneedle micro-engine depth drug delivery

As a transdermal drug delivery method, microneedles offer minimal invasiveness, painlessness, and precise in-situ treatment. However, current microneedles rely on passive diffusion, leading to uncontrollable drug penetration. To overcome this, we developed a pneumatic microneedle patch that uses live Enterobacter aerogenes as microengines to actively control drug delivery. These microbes generate gas, driving drugs into deeper tissues, with adjustable glucose concentration allowing precise control over the process. Our results showed that this microorganism-powered system increases drug delivery depth by over 200%, reaching up to 1000 μm below the skin. In a psoriasis animal model, the technology effectively delivered calcitriol into subcutaneous tissues, offering rapid symptom relief. This innovation addresses the limitations of conventional microneedles, enhancing drug efficiency, transdermal permeability, and introducing a creative paradigm for on-demand controlled drug delivery.

Emerging microfluidic gut-on-a-chip systems for drug development

The gut is a vital organ that is central to the absorption and metabolic processing of orally administered drugs. While there have been many models developed with the goal of studying the absorption of drugs in the gut, these models fail to adequately recapitulate the diverse, complex gastrointestinal microenvironment. The recent emergence of microfluidic organ-on-a-chip technologies has provided a novel means of modeling the gut, yielding radical new insights into the structure of the gut and the mechanisms through which it shapes disease, with key implications for biomedical developmental efforts. Such organ-on-a-chip technologies have been demonstrated to exhibit greater cost-effectiveness, fewer ethical concerns, and a better ability to address inter-species differences in traditional animal models in the context of drug development. The present review offers an overview of recent developments in the reconstruction of gut structure and function in vitro using microfluidic gut-on-a-chip (GOC) systems, together with a discussion of the potential applications of these platforms in the context of drug development and the challenges and future prospects associated with this technology. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This paper outlines the characteristics of the different cell types most frequently used to construct microfluidic gut-on-a-chip models and the microfluidic devices employed for the study of drug absorption. And the applications of gut-related multichip coupling and disease modelling in the context of drug development is systematically reviewed. With the detailed summarization of microfluidic chip-based gut models and discussion of the prospective directions for practical application, this review will provide insights to the innovative design and application of microfluidic gut-on-a-chip for drug development.

Unlocking the potential of methionine: a dietary supplement for preventing colitis

The incidence rate of colitis and conversion of colitis into colorectal cancer is increasing. However, the results of drug treatments are inconsistent with variable side effects; therefore, it is necessary to find alternative ways of treating colitis, e.g. through dietary supplements. One such dietary supplement could be sulfur-containing amino acids, which are known to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and gut microbiota homeostasis effects. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to explore the effect of methionine supplementation in the diet of mice on experimental dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Here, 24 male C57BL/6J mice were split into three experimental treatment groups in such a way that each treatment group had four replicates and each replicate had two mice. The control group was colitis-free, while colitis was induced by the administration of DSS in the DSS groups. In the DSS and DSS plus methionine (DSS + Met) groups, DSS was provided in drinking water containing 3% DSS on days 1-5 and later provided with purified water on days 6-7. It was found that supplementing with methionine could activate pathways like Nrf2, and inhibit pathways like TLR4 and Nlrp3 to realize anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Moreover, methionine could alter the microbiota of the gut in the experimental mice, whereby exploration of the gut microbiota demonstrated that methionine supplementation in the diet increased the abundance of parabacteroides and the production of propionate and butyrate. The current study shows that the dietary prophylactic supplementation of methionine has a beneficial effect on resisting colitis, providing new insights for the prevention of colitis.

Current progress of protein-based dressing for wound healing applications - A review

Protein-based wound dressings have garnered increasing interest in recent years owing to their distinct physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. The intricate molecular composition of proteins gives rise to unique characteristics, such as exceptional biocompatibility, biodegradability, and responsiveness, which contribute to the promotion of wound healing. Wound healing is an intricate and ongoing process influenced by multiple causes, and it consists of four distinct phases. Various treatments have been developed to repair different types of skin wounds, thanks to advancements in medical technology and the recognition of the diverse nature of wounds. This review has literature reviewed within the last 3-5 years-the recent progress and development of protein in wound dressings and the fundamental properties of an ideal wound dressing. Herein, the recent strides in protein-based state-of-the-art wound dressing emphasize the significant challenges and summarize future perspectives for wound healing applications.

Single-cell encapsulation systems for probiotic delivery: Armor probiotics

Functional foods or drugs based on probiotics have gained unprecedented attention and development due to the increasingly clear relationship between probiotics and human health. Probiotics can regulate intestinal microbiota, dynamically participating in various physiological activities to directly affect human health. Some probiotic-based functional preparations have shown great potential in treating multiple refractory diseases. Currently, the survival and activity of probiotic cells in complex environments in vitro and in vivo have taken priority, and various encapsulation systems based on food-derived materials have been designed and constructed to protect and deliver probiotics. However, traditional encapsulation technology cannot achieve precise protection for a single probiotic, which makes it unable to have a significant effect after release. In this case, single-cell encapsulation systems can be assembled based on biological interfaces to protect and functionalize individual probiotic cells, maximizing their physiological activity. This review discussed the arduous challenges of probiotics in food processing, storage, human digestion, and the commonly used probiotic encapsulation system. Besides, a novel technology of probiotic encapsulation was introduced based on single-cell coating, namely, "armor probiotics". We focused on the classification, structural design, and functional characteristics of armor coatings, and emphasized the essential functional characteristics of armor probiotics in human health regulation, including regulating intestinal health and targeted bioimaging and treatment of diseased tissues. Subsequently, the benefits, limitations, potential challenges, as well as future direction of armor probiotics were put forward. We hope this review may provide new insights and ideas for developing a single-cell probiotics encapsulating system.

Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds Produced by the Intestinal Microbiota and Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of mortality in industrialized countries, with over 500 million people affected worldwide. In this work, the roles of low-molecular-weight metabolites originating from the gut microbiome, such as short-chain fatty acids, hydrogen sulfide, trimethylamine, phenylacetic acid, secondary bile acids, indoles, different gases, neurotransmitters, vitamins, and complex lipids, are discussed in relation to their CVD-promoting or preventing activities. Molecules of mixed microbial and human hepatic origin, such as trimethylamine N-oxide and phenylacetylglutamine, are also presented. Finally, dietary agents with cardioprotective effects, such as probiotics, prebiotics, mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acids, carotenoids, and polyphenols, are also discussed. A special emphasis is given to their gut microbiota-modulating properties.

Bioinspired Wet Adhesive Proanthocyanidins Microneedles for Ocular Wound Healing

Microneedles have shown considerable potential in treating ocular diseases, yet enhancing their architecture and functionality to improve therapeutic efficacy poses marked challenges. Here, inspired by the antioxidant strategy of blueberries and the wet adhesive mechanism of clingfish, we construct hierarchical and multifunctional microneedles. These microneedles possess both wet adhesive and antioxidant properties, making them highly effective for ocular wound healing. Constructed using polyacrylic acid-N-hydroxysuccinimide-based hydrogel with hexagonal structures, these generated microneedles ensure strong adhesion in wet environments. Furthermore, by incorporating proanthocyanidins (pAc) into the tips, the microneedle is imparted with excellent competence to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the rat model of ocular alkali burns, the designed microneedle not only exhibited robust adhesion and desirable antioxidant properties in the moist ocular environment but also facilitated sustained drug release and effective treatment. These results suggest that our bioinspired microneedles with multifunctional properties offer substantial advancement over conventional approaches, positioning them as promising candidates for versatile wound healing applications.

Evaluation of the anti-atherosclerotic effect for Allium macrostemon Bge. Polysaccharides and structural characterization of its a newly active fructan

Allium Macrostemon Bge. (AMB) is a well-known homology of herbal medicine and food that has been extensively used for thousands of years to alleviate cardiovascular diseases. It contains a significant amount of polysaccharides, yet limited research exists on whether these polysaccharides are responsible for its cardiovascular protective effects. In this study, the anti-atherosclerosis effect of the crude polysaccharides of AMB (AMBP) was evaluated using ApoE-/- mice fed a high-fat diet, along with ox-LDL-induced Thp-1 foam cells. Subsequently, guided by the inhibitory activity of foam cells formation, a major homogeneous polysaccharide named AMBP80-1a was isolated and purified, yielding 11.1 % from AMB. The molecular weight of AMBP80-1a was determined to be 10.01 kDa. AMBP80-1a was firstly characterized as an agavin-type fructan with main chains consisting of →1)-β-d-Fruf-(2→ and →1,6)-β-d-Fruf-(2→ linked to an internal glucose moiety, with →6)-β-d-Fruf-(2→ and β-d-Fruf-(2→ serving as side chains. Furthermore, the bio-activity results indicated that AMBP80-1a reduced lipid accumulation and cholesterol contents in ox-LDL-induced Thp-1 foam cell. These findings supported the role of AMBP in alleviating atherosclerosis in vivo/vitro. AMBP80-1a, as the predominant homogeneous polysaccharide in AMB, was expected to be developed as a functional agent to prevent atherosclerosis.

Manufacturing processes, additional nutritional value and versatile food applications of fresh microalgae Spirulina

Spirulina is capable of using light energy and fixing carbon dioxide to synthesize a spectrum of organic substances, including proteins, polysaccharides, and unsaturated fatty acids, making it one of the most coveted food resources for humanity. Conventionally, Spirulina products are formulated into algal powder tablets or capsules. However, the processing and preparation of these products, involving screw pump feeding, extrusion, high-speed automation, and high-temperature dewatering, often result in the rupture of cell filaments, cell fragmentation, and the unfortunate loss of vital nutrients. In contrast, fresh Spirulina, cultivated within a closed photobioreactor and transformed into an edible delight through harvesting, washing, filtering, and sterilizing, presents a refreshing taste and odor. It is gradually earning acceptance as a novel health food among the general public. This review delves into the manufacturing processes of fresh Spirulina, analyzes its nutritional advantages over conventional algal powder, and ultimately prospects the avenues for fresh Spirulina's application in modern food processing. The aim is to provide valuable references for the research and development of new microalgal products and to propel the food applications of microalgae forward.

Towards Sustainable Materials: A Review of Acylhydrazone Chemistry for Reversible Polymers

Transitioning towards a circular economy, extensive research has focused on dynamic covalent bonds (DCBs) to pave the way for more sustainable materials. These bonds enable debonding and rebonding on demand, as well as facilitating end-of-life recycling. Acylhydrazone/hydrazone chemistry offers a material with high stability under neutral and basic conditions making it a promising candidate for materials research, though the material is susceptible to acid degradation. However, this degradation under acidic conditions can be exploited, making it widely applicable in self-healing and biomedical fields, with potential for reprocessing and recycling. This review highlights studies exploring the reversibility of acylhydrazone/hydrazone bonds in various polymers, altering their properties, and utilizing them in applications such as self-healing, reprocessing, and recycling. The review also focuses on how the mechanical properties are affected by the presence of dynamic linkages, and methods to improve the mechanical performance.

Unlocking the Potential: PEGylation and Molecular Weight Reduction of Ionenes for Enhanced Antifungal Activity and Biocompatibility

Numerous synthetic polymers, imitating natural antimicrobial peptides, have demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity, positioning them as potential candidates for new antimicrobial drugs. However, the high activity of these molecules often comes at the cost of elevated toxicity against eukaryotic organisms. In this study, a series of cationic ionenes with varying molecular weights to assess the influence of polymer chain length on ionene activity is investigated. To enhance polymer antimicrobial activity and limit toxicity a PEG side chain is introduced into the repeating unit. The resulting molecules consistently exhibited high activity against three model organisms: E. coli, S. aureus and C. albicans. The incorporation of side PEG chain improves antifungal properties and biocompatibility, regardless of molecular weight. The most important finding of this work is that the reduction of polymer molecular mass led to increased antifungal activity and reduced cytotoxicity against HMF and MRC-5 cell lines simultaneously. As a result, the best-performing molecules reported herein displayed minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) as low as 2 and 0.0625 µg mL1 for C. albicans and C. tropicalis respectively, demonstrating exceptional selectivity. It is plausible that some of described herein molecules can serve as potential lead candidates for new antifungal drugs.

Mechanisms and Intervention of Prebiotic Foods in Musculoskeletal Health

The review focuses primarily on collating and analyzing the mechanistic research data that discusses the function of prebiotics to halt the frailty of musculoskeletal system. Musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) are frequently reported to co-occur within their own categories of conditions, such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gouty arthritis, and psoriatic arthritis owing to their overlapping pathogenesis. Consequently, the same drugs are often used to manage the complications of most types. A few recent studies have addressed the therapeutic functions of gut microbes toward those commonly shared MSD pathway targets. Improving microbial diversity and enriching their population in the gut would promote the regeneration and recovery of the musculoskeletal system. Prebiotics are usually nondigestible substrates that are selectively used or digested by the gut microbes conferring health promotion. The microbial fermentation of prebiotics generates numerous host-beneficial therapeutic molecules. This study inspects the presumptive functions of plant-derived prebiotics for the growth and restoration of intestinal microbiota and the consequent improvement of skeletal health. The review also highlights the discrete functions of prebiotics against inflammation, autoimmunity, infection, physiologic overloading mechanism, and aging-associated loss of metabolism in MSD.

The impact of high polymerization inulin on body weight reduction in high-fat diet-induced obese mice: correlation with cecal Akkermansia

Obesity presents a significant public health challenge, demanding effective dietary interventions. This study employed a high-fat diet-induced obesity mouse model to explore the impacts of inulin with different polymerization degrees on obesity management. Our analysis reveals that high-degree polymerization inulin (HDI) exhibited a significantly higher oil binding capacity and smaller particle size compared to low-degree polymerization inulin (LDI) (p < 0.05). HDI was more effective than LDI in mitigating body weight gain in high-diet induced obese mice, although neither LDI nor HDI affected blood sugar levels when compared to the high-fat diet control group (p < 0.05). Both HDI and LDI administrations reduced liver weight and enhanced brown adipose tissue thermogenesis compared to the high-fat diet induced control group (p < 0.05). Additionally, HDI suppressed hepatic lipogenesis, resulting in a further reduction in liver triglycerides compared to the high-fat diet-induced obese mice (p < 0.05). Notably, HDI improved gut health by enhancing intestinal morphology and modulating gut microbiota structure. HDI administration notably increased the relative abundance of cecal Akkermansia, a gut microbe associated with improved metabolic health, while LDI showed limited efficacy (p < 0.05 and p > 0.05, respectively). These findings underscore the importance of the structural properties of inulin in its potential to combat obesity and highlight the strategic use of inulin with varying polymerization degrees as a promising dietary approach for obesity management, particularly in its influence on gut microbiota composition and hepatic lipid metabolism regulation.

Gut Microbiota and Cytokine Profile in Cirrhosis

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Gut dysbiosis and abnormal cytokine profiles are common in cirrhosis. This study aimed to evaluate the correlations between them.

METHODS

In the blood plasma of cirrhosis patients and controls, 27 cytokines were examined using a multiplex assay. The plasma levels of nitrites (stable metabolites of the endothelial dysfunction biomarker nitric oxide) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were examined. The fecal microbiota was assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing.

RESULTS

Levels of IL-1b, IL-2, IL-6, IL-13, IP-10, IFN-g, TNF-a, LPS, and nitrites were higher in cirrhosis patients than in controls, while levels of IL-4, IL-7, and PDGF-BB were lower. The LPS level was directly correlated with the levels of IL-1b, IL1-Ra, IL-9, IL-17, PDGF-BB, IL-6, TNF-a, and nitrites. The nitrite level was significantly directly correlated with the levels of TNF-a, GM-CSF, IL-17, and IL-12, and inversely correlated with the IL-7 level. TNF-a levels were directly correlated with ascites severity and the abundance of Negativicutes, Enterobacteriaceae, Veillonellaceae, and Klebsiella, while inversely correlated with the abundance of Firmicutes, Clostridia, and Subdoligranulum. IFN-g levels were directly correlated with the abundance of Bacteroidaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Bacteroides, and Megasphaera, and inversely correlated with the abundance of Verrucomicrobiota, Akkermansiaceae, Coriobacteriaceae, Akkermansia, Collinsella, and Gemella. IL-1b levels were directly correlated with the abundance of Comamonadaceae and Enterobacteriaceae and inversely correlated with the abundance of Marinifilaceae and Dialister. IL-6 levels were directly correlated with the abundance of Enterobacteriaceae, hepatic encephalopathy, and ascites severity, and inversely correlated with the abundance of Peptostreptococcaceae, Streptococcaceae, and Streptococcus.

CONCLUSIONS

The abundance of harmful gut microbiota taxa and endotoxinemia directly correlates with the levels of proinflammatory cytokines.

Enhanced anti-inflammatory activity of chlorogenic acid via folic acid-TPGS-modified liposomes encapsulation: characterization and In vivo evaluation on colitis mice

Introduction

Chlorogenic acid (CGA) has been identified to possess salient anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer attributes. However, its application is limited by its instability and low bioavailability. Liposomes have been considered effective pharmaceutical delivery vehicles due to their ability to continuously release loaded drugs, improve drug stability, and display good biocompatibility. They can be easily modified by other small molecules to acquire additional biological functions. In this study, we developed and characterized folic acid-TPGS-modified chlorogenic acid liposome (FTCLP) and evaluated its anti-inflammatory activity.

Methods

The successful encapsulation of CGA within FTCLP was confirmed through examination using electron microscopy, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The in vitro release characteristics of FTCLP were evaluated using the dialysis bag membrane method. Meanwhile, a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) -induced colitis model was employed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of FTCLP and its mechanism.

Results

The FTCLP exhibited an encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 84.85 ± 1.20% and a drug loading (DL) of 11.67 ± 0.04%. The particle size of FTCLP was determined to be 150.63 ± 0.71 nm, with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.198 ± 0.02 and a zeta potential of 2.61 ± 0.38 mV. The in vitro release profile followed the Higuchi model, indicating sustained-release characteristics. The in vivo study demonstrated that FTCLP treatment was effective in improving the symptoms of DSS-induced inflammatory response, as evidenced by mitigation of weight loss, reduction in the disease activity index (DAI) score, restoration of colon length, and attenuation of colon tissue damage. Furthermore, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interferon-gamma (INF-γ), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), were markedly diminished in both the serum and colon tissue. FTCLP was also observed to suppress the expression of INF-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65, while concomitantly upregulating the expression of Janus kinase (JAK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Besides, the administration of FTCLP was found to result in an increase in the abundance of Lactobacillaceae and Peptostreptococcaceae, while decreasing the abundance of Bacteroidaceae, Rikenellaceae, and Helicobacteraceae.

Conclusion

Following encapsulation of CGA within liposomes, FTCLP revealed favorable stability and sustained release properties, and enhanced the anti-inflammatory effects by modulating multiple inflammation-related biomarkers. FTCLP has the potential to be a safe and effective drug for targeted therapy of colitis.

Advanced Bioinspired Multifunctional Platforms Focusing on Gut Microbiota Regulation

Gut microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining host homeostasis, impacting the progression and therapeutic outcomes of diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, hepatic conditions, obesity, cardiovascular pathologies, and neurologic disorders, via immune, neural, and metabolic mechanisms. Hence, the gut microbiota is a promising target for disease therapy. The safety and precision of traditional microbiota regulation methods remain a challenge, which limits their widespread clinical application. This limitation has catalyzed a shift toward the development of multifunctional delivery systems that are predicated on microbiota modulation. Guided by bioinspired strategies, an extensive variety of naturally occurring materials and mechanisms have been emulated and harnessed for the construction of platforms aimed at the monitoring and modulation of gut microbiota. This review outlines the strategies and advantages of utilizing bioinspired principles in the design of gut microbiota intervention systems based on traditional regulation methods. Representative studies on the development of bioinspired therapeutic platforms are summarized, which are based on gut microbiota modulation to confer multiple pharmacological benefits for the synergistic management of diseases. The prospective avenues and inherent challenges associated with the adoption of bioinspired strategies in the refinement of gut microbiota modulation platforms are proposed to augment the efficacy of disease treatment.

3D Printing of Naturally Derived Adhesive Hemostatic Sponge

Hydrogel hemostatic sponges have been recognized for its effectiveness in wound treatment due to its excellent biocompatibility, degradability, as well as multi-facet functionalities. Current research focuses on optimizing the composition and structure of the sponge to enhance its therapeutic effectiveness. Here, we propose an adhesive hydrogel made from purely natural substances extracted from okra and Panax notoginseng. We utilize 3-dimensional (3D) printing technology to fabricate the hemostatic hydrogel scaffold, incorporating gelatin into the hydrogel and refining the mixing ratio. The interaction between gelatin and okra polyphenols contributes to successful injectability as well as stability of the printed scaffold. The okra in the scaffold exhibits favorable adhesion and hemostatic effects, and the total saponins of Panax notoginseng facilitate angiogenesis. Through in vitro experiments, we have substantiated the scaffold's excellent stability, adhesion, biocompatibility, and angiogenesis-promoting ability. Furthermore, in vivo experiments have demonstrated its dual functionality in rapid hemostasis and wound repair. These features suggest that the 3D-printed, natural substance-derived hydrogel scaffolds have valuable potential in wound healing and related applications.

Sustained release of 5-aminosalicylic acid from azoreductase-responsive polymeric prodrugs for prolonged colon-targeted colitis therapy

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a challenging inflammatory gastrointestinal disorder, whose therapies encounter limitations in overcoming insufficient colonic retention and rapid systemic clearance. In this study, we report an innovative polymeric prodrug nanoformulation for targeted UC treatment through sustained 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) delivery. Amphiphilic polymer-based 13.5 nm micelles were engineered to incorporate azo-linked 5-ASA prodrug motifs, enabling cleavage via colonic azoreductases. In vitro, micelles exhibited excellent stability under gastric/intestinal conditions while demonstrating controlled 5-ASA release over 24 h in colonic fluids. Orally administered micelles revealed prolonged 24-h retention and a high accumulation within inflamed murine colonic tissue. At an approximately 60% dose reduction from those most advanced recent studies, the platform halted DSS colitis progression and outperformed standard 5-ASA therapy through a 77-97% suppression of inflammatory markers. Histological analysis confirmed intact colon morphology and restored barrier protein expression. This integrated prodrug nanoformulation addresses limitations in colon-targeted UC therapy through localized bioactivation and tailored pharmacokinetics, suggesting the potential of nanotechnology-guided precision delivery to transform disease management.

Chitosan-Coated Liposome Formulations for Encapsulation of Ciprofloxacin and Etoposide

Cancer and bacterial infections rank among the most significant global health threats. accounting for roughly 25 million fatalities each year. This statistic underscores the urgent necessity for developing novel drugs, enhancing current treatments, and implementing systems that boost their bioavailability to achieve superior therapeutic outcomes. Liposomes have been recognised as effective carriers; nonetheless, they encounter issues with long-term stability and structural integrity, which limit their pharmaceutical applicability. Chitosomes (chitosan-coated liposomes) are generally a good alternative to solve these issues. This research aims to demonstrate the effective individual encapsulation of ciprofloxacin (antibacterial, hydrophilic) and etoposide (anticancer, hydrophobic), within chitosomes to create more effective drug delivery systems (oral administration for ciprofloxacin, parenteral administration for etoposide). Thus, liposomes and chitosomes were prepared using the thin-film hydration technique and were characterised through ATR-FTIR, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), zeta potential, and release profiling. In both cases, the application of chitosomes enhanced long-term stability in size and surface charge. Chitosome-encapsulated ciprofloxacin formulations exhibited a slower and sustained release profile, while the combined effect of etoposide and chitosan showed heightened efficacy against the glioblastoma cell line U373. Therefore, coating liposomes with chitosan improved the encapsulation system's properties, resulting in a promising method for drug delivery.

Enhanced Ocular Delivery of Beva via Ultra-Small Polymeric Micelles for Noninvasive Anti-VEGF Therapy

Pathological ocular neovascularization resulting from retinal ischemia constitutes a major cause of vision loss. Current anti-VEGF therapies rely on burdensome intravitreal injections of Bevacizumab (Beva). Herein ultrasmall polymeric micelles encapsulating Beva (P@Beva) are developed for noninvasive topical delivery to posterior eye tissues. Beva is efficiently loaded into 11 nm micelles fabricated via self-assembly of hyperbranched amphiphilic copolymers. The neutral, brush-like micelles demonstrate excellent drug encapsulation and colloidal stability. In vitro, P@Beva enhances intracellular delivery of Beva in ocular cells versus free drug. Ex vivo corneal and conjunctival-sclera-choroidal tissues transport after eye drops are improved 23-fold and 7.9-fold, respectively. Anti-angiogenic bioactivity is retained with P@Beva eliciting greater inhibition of endothelial tube formation and choroid sprouting over Beva alone. Remarkably, in an oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model, topical P@Beva matching efficacy of intravitreal Beva injection, is the clinical standard. Comprehensive biocompatibility verifies safety. Overall, this pioneering protein delivery platform holds promise to shift paradigms from invasive intravitreal injections toward simplified, noninvasive administration of biotherapeutics targeting posterior eye diseases.

Sodium butyrate improves renal injury in diabetic nephropathy through AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathway

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a prototypical chronic energy metabolism imbalance disease. The AMPK/Sirt1/PGC-1α signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in regulating energy metabolism throughout the body. Gut microbiota ferment indigestible carbohydrates to produce a variety of metabolites, particularly short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which exert positive effects on energy metabolism. However, the potential for SCFAs to ameliorate DN-associated renal injury via the AMPK/Sirt1/PGC-1α pathway remains a matter of debate. In this study, we investigated the effects of sodium butyrate (NaB), a SCFA, on energy metabolism in mice with spontaneous DN at two different doses. Body weight, blood glucose and lipid levels, urinary protein excretion, liver and kidney function, interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, and the expressions of AMPK, phosphorylated AMPK (p-AMPK), mitofusin 2 (MFN2), optic atrophy 1 (OPA1), and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) were monitored in mice. Additionally, butyrate levels, gut microbiota composition, and diversity in colonic stool were also assessed. Our findings demonstrate that exogenous NaB supplementation can improve hyperglycemia and albuminuria, reduce renal tissue inflammation, inhibit extracellular matrix accumulation and glomerular hypertrophy, and could alter the gut microbiota composition in DN. Furthermore, NaB was found to upregulate the expressions of MFN2, OPA1, p-AMPK, and GLP-1R in DN renal tissue. These results suggest that NaB could improve the composition of gut microbiota in DN, activate the AMPK/Sirt1/PGC-1α signaling pathway, and enhance mitochondrial function to regulate energy metabolism throughout the body. Collectively, our findings indicate that NaB may be a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of DN.

Comparison of the protective effects of chitosan oligosaccharides and chitin oligosaccharide on apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress

Chitin degradation products, especially chitosan oligosaccharides (COSs), are highly valued in various industrial fields, such as food, medicine, cosmetics and agriculture, for their rich resources and high cost-effectiveness. However, little is known about the impact of acetylation on COS cellular bioactivity. The present study aimed to compare the differential effects of COS and highly N-acetylated COS (NACOS), known as chitin oligosaccharide, on H2O2-induced cell stress. MTT assay showed that pretreatment with NACOS and COS markedly inhibited H2O2-induced RAW264.7 cell death in a concentration-dependent manner. Flow cytometry indicated that NACOS and COS exerted an anti-apoptosis effect on H2O2-induced oxidative damage in RAW264.7 cells. NACOS and COS treatment ameliorated H2O2-induced RAW264.7 cell cycle arrest. Western blotting revealed that the anti-oxidation effects of NACOS and COS were mediated by suppressing expression of proteins involved in H2O2-induced apoptosis, including Bax, Bcl-2 and cleaved PARP. Furthermore, the antagonist effects of NACOS were greater than those of COS, suggesting that acetylation was essential for the protective effects of COS.

Changes in PI3K/AKT and NRF2/HO-1 signaling expression and intestinal microbiota in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis

Pulmonary fibrosis is the outcome of the prolonged interstitial pneumonia, characterized by excessive accumulation of fibroblasts and collagen deposition, leading to its development. This study aimed to study the changes in PI3K/AKT and NRF2/HO-1 signaling expression and intestinal microbiota in a rat model of a novel bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. The findings of our study showed the model was successfully established. The results showed that the alveolar septum in the model was significantly widened and infiltrated by severe inflammatory cells. Alveolar atrophy occurred due to the formation of multiple inflammatory foci. During this period, fibrous tissue was distributed in strips and patches, primarily around the pulmonary interstitium and bronchus. Moreover, lung damage and fibrosis progressively worsened over time. The mRNA expression of HO-1 and NRF2 in the model decreased while the mRNA expression of HIF-1α, VEGF, PI3K and AKT increased. Furthermore, it was observed to decrease the protein expression of E-cad, HO-1 and NRF2, and increase the protein expression of α-SMA and p-AKT. Additionally, this model leaded to an imbalance in the intestinal microbiota. This study demonstrate that the novel pulmonary fibrosis model activates the NRF2/HO-1 pathway and the PI3K/AKT pathway in rat lung tissues, and leading to intestinal barrier disorder.

Glucose-responsive, self-healing, wet adhesive and multi-biofunctional hydrogels for diabetic wound healing

Diabetic wounds are serious clinical complications which manifest wet condition due to the mass exudate, along with disturbed regulation of inflammation, severe oxidative stress and repetitive bacterial infection. Existing treatments for diabetic wounds remain unsatisfactory due to the lack of ideal dressings that encompass mechanical performance, adherence to moist tissue surfaces, quick repair, and diverse therapeutic benefits. Herein, we fabricated a wet adhesive, self-healing, glucose-responsive drug releasing hydrogel with efficient antimicrobial and pro-healing properties for diabetic wound treatment. PAE hydrogel was constructed with poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) (AA-Am) integrated with a dynamic E-F crosslinker, which consisted of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and 4-(2-acrylamidoethylcarbamoyl)-3-fluorophenylboronic acid (AFPBA). Due to the dynamic crosslinking nature of boronate esters, abundant catechol groups and hydrogen bonding, PAE hydrogel demonstrated excellent mechanical properties with about 1000 % elongation, robust adhesion to moist tissues, fast self-healing, and absorption of biofluids of 10 times of its own weight. Importantly, PAE hydrogel exhibited sustained and glucose-responsive release of EGCG. Together, the bioactive PAE hydrogel had effective antibacterial, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory properties in vitro, and accelerated diabetic wound healing in rats via reducing tissue-inflammatory response, enhancing angiogenesis, and reprogramming of macrophages. Overall, this versatile hydrogel provides a straightforward solution for the treatment of diabetic wound, and shows potential for other wound-related application scenarios.

Exploring the gut microbiota's crucial role in acute pancreatitis and the novel therapeutic potential of derived extracellular vesicles

During acute pancreatitis, intestinal permeability increases due to intestinal motility dysfunction, microcirculatory disorders, and ischemia-reperfusion injury, and disturbances in the intestinal flora make bacterial translocation easier, which consequently leads to local or systemic complications such as pancreatic and peripancreatic necrotic infections, acute lung injury, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Therefore, adjusting intestinal ecosystem balance may be a promising approach to control local and systemic complications of acute pancreatitis. In this paper, we reviewed the causes and manifestations of intestinal flora disorders during acute pancreatitis and their complications, focused on the reduction of acute pancreatitis and its complications by adjusting the intestinal microbial balance, and innovatively proposed the treatment of acute pancreatitis and its complications by gut microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles.

Alteration of Fecal Microbiota, Fecal Metabolites, and Serum Metabolites in Dairy Cows with Pre-Retained Placenta

Retained placenta (RP) affects lactation and fertility in dairy cows and causes economic losses to the dairy industry. Therefore, screening for early warning of this disease is important. This study used multi omics techniques to reveal the metabolic differences of dairy cows before RP onset and to find potential warning markers. Fecal samples and serum samples of 90 healthy Holstein cows were collected 7 days pre-calving; 10 healthy and 10 RP cows were enrolled according to normal expulsion of fetal membranes after calving. Fecal samples were subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing and untargeted metabolomics analysis, while plasma was analyzed using targeted metabolomics. Pathogenic bacteria levels increased in the intestines of cows with RP compared to those in healthy cows. Lipid metabolites constituted the largest proportion of differential metabolites between feces and plasma. Six potential warning markers for RP in cows were identified, including two fecal microbiomics markers (Oscillospiraceae UCG-005 and Escherichia-Shigella), one fecal untargeted metabolomics marker (N-acetylmuramic acid), and three plasma targeted metabolomics markers (glycylcholic acid-3 sulfate, 7-ketolithocholic acid, and 12-ketolithocholic acid). These biomarkers can predict RP occurrence in the early perinatal period. These results lay a theoretical foundation for early nutritional intervention and pathogenesis research in dairy cows.

Poly(ionic liquid)-Flocculated Chlorella Loading Bactericidal and Antioxidant Hydrogel as a Biological Hydrogen Therapy for Diabetic Wound Dressing

Infection and oxidative stress seriously hinder the healing of diabetic wounds, resulting in various serious health and clinical problems. Herein, a sustainable biological hydrogen (H2)-producing hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel patch (HAP-Chl) was constructed by loading an imidazolium-based poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) flocculated live Chlorella as a diabetic wound dressing. The PIL can flocculate Chlorella through electrostatic interactions between PIL and Chlorella to form Chlorella agglomerates, endowing the Chlorella in the central agglomerates with the ability to continuously produce H2 for 24 h under mild conditions. Combining the membrane disruption-related bactericidal mechanism of PIL and the antioxidant properties of the produced H2, HAP-Chl was determined to be antibacterial and antioxidant. In addition to exhibiting biocompatible and nontoxic activities, subsequent Staphylococcus aureus-infected chronic wound studies revealed that HAP-Chl is capable of promoting the healing of chronic wounds by effectively killing bacteria, reducing extensive ROS, relieving inflammation, and promoting the deposition of mature collagen and angiogenesis. This study provides a new strategy for constructing an in situ sustainable H2-producing hydrogel, enabling the formation of novel antibacterial and antioxidant material platforms with potential for wound dressing applications.

A synbiotic of Anaerostipes caccae and lactulose prevents and treats food allergy in mice

Depletion of beneficial microbes by modern lifestyle factors correlates with the rising prevalence of food allergies. Re-introduction of allergy-protective bacteria may be an effective treatment strategy. We characterized the fecal microbiota of healthy and food-allergic infants and found that the anaerobe Anaerostipes caccae (A. caccae) was representative of the protective capacity of the healthy microbiota. We isolated a strain of A. caccae from the feces of a healthy infant and identified lactulose as a prebiotic to optimize butyrate production by A. caccae in vitro. Administration of a synbiotic composed of our isolated A. caccae strain and lactulose increased luminal butyrate in gnotobiotic mice colonized with feces from an allergic infant and in antibiotic-treated specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice, and prevented or treated an anaphylactic response to allergen challenge. The synbiotic's efficacy in two models and microbial contexts suggests that it may be a promising approach for the treatment of food allergy.

Colorectal cancer and inulin supplementation: the good, the bad, and the unhelpful

The prebiotic inulin has been vaunted for its potential to reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. Inulin fermentation resulting in the production of short-chain fatty acids, primarily butyrate, has been reported to be associated with properties that are beneficial for gut health and has led to an increased consumption of inulin in the Western population through processed food and over-the-counter dietary supplements. However, in clinical trials, there is limited evidence of the efficacy of inulin in preventing colorectal cancer. Moreover, recent data suggest that improper inulin consumption may even be harmful for gastro-intestinal health under certain circumstances. The main objective of this review is to provide insight into the beneficial and potentially detrimental effects of inulin supplementation in the context of colorectal cancer prevention and enhancement of treatment efficacy.

Optimization of boronic ester-based amphiphilic copolymers for ROS-responsive drug delivery

This study introduces boronic ester-based ROS-responsive amphiphilic copolymers for antioxidant drug delivery. Tuning the hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance optimized the size, curcumin encapsulation, ROS-triggered release, cellular uptake, and intracellular ROS scavenging. The lead P1b formulation self-assembled into stable 10 nm micelles enabling rapid ROS-triggered curcumin release and preferential cellular internalization. P1b eliminated over 90% of pathogenic intracellular ROS within 10 minutes, demonstrating a rapid antioxidant therapy.

Effects of the commensal microbiota on spleen and mesenteric lymph node immune function: investigation in a germ-free piglet model

Commensal microbial-host interaction is crucial for host metabolism, growth, development, and immunity. However, research on microbial-host immunity in large animal models has been limited. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the commensal microbiota on immune function in two model groups: germ-free (GF) and specific-pathogen-free (SPF) piglets. The weight and organ index of the spleen of the GF piglet were larger than those in the SPF piglet (P < 0.05). The histological structure of the red pulp area and mean area of germinal centers were larger in the SPF piglet than in the GF piglet (P < 0.05), whereas the areas of staining of B cells and T cells in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) were lower in the GF piglet (P < 0.05). We identified immune-related genes in the spleen and MLNs using RNA sequencing, and used real-time quantitative PCR to analyze the expression of core genes identified in gene set enrichment analysis. The expression levels of genes in the transforming growth factor-β/SMAD3 signaling pathway, Toll-like receptor 2/MyD88/nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway, and pro-inflammatory factor genes IL-6 and TNF-α in the spleen and MLNs were higher in the SPF piglet and in splenic lymphocytes compared with those in the GF and control group, respectively, under treatment with acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or concanavalin A (ConA). The abundances of plasma cells, CD8++ T cells, follicular helper T cells, and resting natural killer cells in the spleen and MLNs were significantly greater in the SPF piglet than in the GF piglet (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the commensal microbiota influenced the immune tissue structure, abundances of immune cells, and expression of immune-related pathways, indicating the importance of the commensal microbiota for spleen and MLNs development and function. In our study, GF piglet was used as the research model, eliminating the interference of microbiota in the experiment, and providing a suitable and efficient large animal research model for exploring the mechanism of "microbial-host" interactions.

Modulating the Gut Microbiota and Metabolites with Traditional Chinese Medicines: An Emerging Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications

Currently, an estimated 537 million individuals are affected by type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the occurrence of which is invariably associated with complications. Glucose-lowering therapy remains the main treatment for alleviating T2DM. However, conventional antidiabetic agents are fraught with numerous adverse effects, notably elevations in blood pressure and lipid levels. Recently, the use of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) and their constituents has emerged as a preferred management strategy aimed at curtailing the progression of diabetes and its associated complications with fewer adverse effects. Increasing evidence indicates that gut microbiome disturbances are involved in the development of T2DM and its complications. This regulation depends on various metabolites produced by gut microbes and their interactions with host organs. TCMs' interventions have demonstrated the ability to modulate the intestinal bacterial microbiota, thereby restoring host homeostasis and ameliorating metabolic disorders. This review delves into the alterations in the gut microbiota and metabolites in T2DM patients and how TCMs treatment regulates the gut microbiota, facilitating the management of T2DM and its complications. Additionally, we also discuss prospective avenues for research on natural products to advance diabetes therapy.

Zeolite and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), characterized by progressive degeneration and death of neurons, are strongly related to aging, and the number of people with NDs will continue to rise. Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most common NDs, and the current treatments offer no cure. A growing body of research shows that AD and especially PD are intricately related to intestinal health and the gut microbiome and that both diseases can spread retrogradely from the gut to the brain. Zeolites are a large family of minerals built by [SiO4]4- and [AlO4]5- tetrahedrons joined by shared oxygen atoms and forming a three-dimensional microporous structure holding water molecules and ions. The most widespread and used zeolite is clinoptilolite, and additionally, mechanically activated clinoptilolites offer further improved beneficial effects. The current review describes and discusses the numerous positive effects of clinoptilolite and its forms on gut health and the gut microbiome, as well as their detoxifying, antioxidative, immunostimulatory, and anti-inflammatory effects, relevant to the treatment of NDs and especially AD and PD. The direct effects of clinoptilolite and its activated forms on AD pathology in vitro and in vivo are also reviewed, as well as the use of zeolites as biosensors and delivery systems related to PD.

Hyaluronan-Sphingosine Polymersomes for Treatment of Ocular Neovascularization: Synthesis and Evaluation

Ocular neovascularization is a hallmark of several sight-threatening diseases, including diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. Currently, available treatments are limited and often associated with side effects. Therefore, a novel approach to ocular neovascularization treatment through utilization of polymersomes from self-assembled sphingosine-grafted hyaluronic acid (HA-Sph) amphiphilic polymers is presented. The polymersomes are generated in spherical morphologies and sizes between 97.95 - 161.9 nm with homogenous size distributions. Experiments reveal that HA-Sph polymersomes, with concentrations ≥150 µg mL-1, significantly inhibit the proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), while concurrently promoting the proliferation of retinal pigment epithelial cells. The polymersomes demonstrate gradual disintegration in vitro, leading to sustained release of sphingosine, which prolongs the inhibition of HUVEC proliferation (from 87.5% at 24 h to 35.2% viability at 96 h). The efficacy of polymersomes in inhibiting angiogenesis is confirmed through tube formation assay, revealing a substantial reduction in tube length compared to the control group. The findings also validate the ocular penetration capability of polymersomes through ex vivo whole porcine eye ocular penetration study, indicating their suitability for topical administration. Potentially, HA-Sph polymersomes can be harnessed to develop intricate drug delivery systems that protect the retina and effectively treat ocular diseases.

Phycocyanin alleviates alcohol-induced testicular injury in male Wistar rats

OBJECTIVE

Given the noteworthy implications of alcohol consumption and its association with male infertility, there has been a notable focus on investigating natural alternatives to mitigate its adverse effects. Thus, this study was conducted to assess the potential protective effect of phycocyanin extract derived from the blue algae Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis against ethanol-induced oxidative stress, disturbances in testicular morphology, and alterations in sperm production.

METHODS

Male rats were divided into four groups (five rats each): the control group received a saline solution, the ethanol exposed group (EtOH) was subjected to intraperitoneal injections of 10 mL/kg of ethanol solution at a concentration of 38% (v/v), the phycocyanin alone treated group (P) received oral administration of phycocyanin at a dosage of 50 mg/kg, and the phycocyanin-cotreated group (PE) was given oral phycocyanin followed by ethanol injections. All treatments were administered over a period of 14 days.

RESULTS

Our findings demonstrated that ethanol exposure induced reproductive toxicity, characterized by reduced sperm production and viability, alterations in testicular weight and morphology, increased lipid peroxidation levels, and elevated oxidative enzyme activity. In addition, the ethanol-intoxicated group showed perturbations in serum biochemical parameters. However, the simultaneous exposure to ethanol and phycocyanin exhibited a counteractive effect against ethanol toxicity.

CONCLUSION

The results showed that supplementation of phycocyanin prevented oxidative and testicular morphological damage-induced by ethanol and maintained normal sperm production, and viability.

The effects of inulin on solubilizing and improving anti-obesity activity of high polymerization persimmon tannin

High polymerization persimmon tannin has been reported to have lipid-lowering effects. Unfortunately, the poor solubility restricts its application. This research aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of inulin on solubilizing of persimmon tannin. Furthermore, we examined whether the addition of inulin would affect the attenuated obesity effect of persimmon tannin. Transmission electron microscope (TEM), Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) results demonstrated that inulin formed a gel-like network structure, which enabled the encapsulation of persimmon tannin through hydrophobic and hydrogen bond interactions, thereby inhibiting the self-aggregation of persimmon tannin. The turbidity of the persimmon tannin solution decreased by 56.2 %, while the polyphenol content in the supernatant increased by 60.0 %. Furthermore, biochemical analysis and 16s rRNA gene sequencing technology demonstrated that persimmon tannin had a significant anti-obesity effect and improved intestinal health in HFD-fed mice. Moreover, inulin was found to have a positive effect on enhancing the health benefits of persimmon tannin, including improving hepatic steatosis and gut microbiota dysbiosis. it enhanced the abundance of beneficial core microbes while decreasing the abundance of harmful bacteria. Our findings expand the applications of persimmon tannin in the food and medical sectors.

Unveiling the inverse antimicrobial impact of a hetero-chitooligosaccharide on Candida tropicalis growth and biofilm formation

Chitosan and chitooligosaccharide (COS) are renowned for their potent antimicrobial prowess, yet the precise antimicrobial efficacy of COS remains elusive due to scant structural information about the utilized saccharides. This study delves into the antimicrobial potential of COS, spotlighting a distinct hetero-chitooligosaccharide dubbed DACOS. In contrast to other COS, DACOS remarkably fosters the growth of Candida tropicalis planktonic cells and fungal biofilms. Employing gradient alcohol precipitation, DACOS was fractionated, unveiling diverse structural characteristics and differential impacts on C. tropicalis. Notably, in a murine model of systemic candidiasis, DACOS, particularly its 70 % alcohol precipitates, manifests a promotive effect on Candida infection. This research unveils a new pathway for exploring the intricate nexus between the structural attributes of chitosan oligosaccharides and their physiological repercussions, underscoring the imperative of crafting chitosan and COS with meticulously defined structural configurations.

Algae: A promising and sustainable protein-rich food ingredient for bakery and dairy products

The consumer demand for protein rich foods urges the exploration for novel products of natural origin. Algae can be considered as a gold mine of different bioactive compounds, among which protein is distributed in significant amounts i.e., around 30% and can even reach to 55-60% in some cyanobacteria. Bakery and dairy products are extensively consumed worldwide due to product diversification and innovation. However, incorporation of algae biomass can lead to the development of green colour and fishy flavour that usually is not accepted in such products. Therefore, isolation and application of algae-derived proteins opens a new door for food industry. The present review provides a comprehensive understanding of incorporation of algae as a protein-rich ingredient in bakery and dairy products. The paper provides a deep insight for all the possible recent trends related to production and extraction of algae proteins accompanied by their incorporation in bakery and dairy foods.

In vitro immunity: an overview of immunocompetent organ-on-chip models

Impressive advances have been made to replicate human physiology in vitro over the last few years due to the growth of the organ-on-chip (OoC) field in both industrial and academic settings. OoCs are a type of microphysiological system (MPS) that imitates functional and dynamic aspects of native human organ biology on a microfluidic device. Organoids and organotypic models, ranging in their complexity from simple single-cell to complex multi-cell type constructs, are being incorporated into OoC microfluidic devices to better mimic human physiology. OoC technology has now progressed to the stage at which it has received official recognition by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use as an alternative to standard procedures in drug development, such as animal studies and traditional in vitro assays. However, an area that is still lagging behind is the incorporation of the immune system, which is a critical element required to investigate human health and disease. In this review, we summarise the progress made to integrate human immunology into various OoC systems, specifically focusing on models related to organ barriers and lymphoid organs. These models utilise microfluidic devices that are either commercially available or custom-made. This review explores the difference between the use of innate and adaptive immune cells and their role for modelling organ-specific diseases in OoCs. Immunocompetent multi-OoC models are also highlighted and the extent to which they recapitulate systemic physiology is discussed. Together, the aim of this review is to describe the current state of immune-OoCs, the limitations and the future perspectives needed to improve the field.

Critical role of the gut microbiota in immune responses and cancer immunotherapy

The gut microbiota plays a critical role in the progression of human diseases, especially cancer. In recent decades, there has been accumulating evidence of the connections between the gut microbiota and cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, understanding the functional role of the gut microbiota in regulating immune responses to cancer immunotherapy is crucial for developing precision medicine. In this review, we extract insights from state-of-the-art research to decipher the complicated crosstalk among the gut microbiota, the systemic immune system, and immunotherapy in the context of cancer. Additionally, as the gut microbiota can account for immune-related adverse events, we discuss potential interventions to minimize these adverse effects and discuss the clinical application of five microbiota-targeted strategies that precisely increase the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Finally, as the gut microbiota holds promising potential as a target for precision cancer immunotherapeutics, we summarize current challenges and provide a general outlook on future directions in this field.

Research on the mechanism of regulating spleen-deficient obesity in rats by bawei guben huashi jiangzhi decoction based on multi-omics analysis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE

Bawei Guben Huashi Jiangzhi Decoction (BGHJ), a traditional Chinese compound formula, comprises eight Chinese medicinal herbs: Codonopsis Radix, Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma, Cassiae Semen, Lysimachiae Herba, Edgeworthiae Gardner Flos, Oryzae Semen cum Monasco, Nelumbinis Folium, and Alismatis Rhizoma. It has the therapeutic effects of improving digestive and absorptive functions of the gastrointestinal tract, reducing cholesterol levels, and helping to lose weight. Therefore, BGHJ is mainly used to treat spleen-deficient obesity (SDO) clinically.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aims to examine the efficacy and mechanism of BGHJ in a model of SDO in rats, as well as the potentially involved constituents entering the blood and differential metabolites.

METHODS

The SDO rat model was replicated utilizing a high-fat and high-sugar diet in conjunction with exhaustive swimming. Subsequently, the rats were subjected to a six-week intervention comprising varying dosages of BGHJ and a positive control, orlistat. To evaluate the efficacy of BGHJ on SDO model rats, we first measured the rats' body weight, body surface temperature, spleen index, as well as biochemical indicators in the serum and colon, and then assessed the pathological state of the colon and liver. Afterward, we analyzed the 16S rDNA gut microbiota, non-targeted serum metabolomics, and serum pharmacology to study the main active components of BGHJ and its action mechanism against SDO model rats. In addition, we constructed a network diagram for overall visualization and analysis, and experimentally verified the predicted results. Finally, we used quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to detect the gene expression of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) indicators in rat hypothalamic neurons. We quantitatively targeted the detection of neurotransmitters dopamine (DA), acetylcholine (Ach), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and noradrenaline (NA) in rat hypothalamus.

RESULTS

The results demonstrated that all dosage regimens of BGHJ exhibited the capacity to moderately modulate parameters including body weight, surface temperature, spleen index, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), cholecystokinin (CCK), 5-HT, interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 17 (IL-17), while concurrently reducing hepatic lipid droplet deposition and restoring intestinal integrity. Subsequent experimental results showed that we successfully identified 27 blood components of BGHJ and identified 52 differential metabolites in SDO model rats. At the same time, the experiment proved that BGHJ could effectively inhibit the metabolic pathway of arachidonic acid. In addition, BGHJ can also restore the intestinal microbiota composition of SDO model rats. Finally, we also found that BGHJ could regulate the expression of hypothalamic neurons and neurotransmitters.

CONCLUSIONS

The research revealed the main active ingredients of BGHJ and its mechanism against SDO model rats through gut microbiota, non-target serum metabolomics, and serum drug chemistry.

Expression and Characterization of an Efficient Alginate Lyase from Psychromonas sp. SP041 through Metagenomics Analysis of Rotten Kelp

Alginate is derived from brown algae, which can be cultivated in large quantities. It can be broken down by alginate lyase into alginate oligosaccharides (AOSs), which exhibit a higher added value and better bioactivity than alginate. In this study, metagenomic technology was used to screen for genes that code for high-efficiency alginate lyases. The candidate alginate lyase gene alg169 was detected from Psychromonas sp. SP041, the most abundant species among alginate lyase bacteria on selected rotten kelps. The alginate lyase Alg169 was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), Ni-IDA-purified, and characterized. The optimum temperature and pH of Alg169 were 25 °C and 7.0, respectively. Metal ions including Mn2+, Co2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Ni2+, and Ba2+ led to significantly increased enzyme activity. Alg169 exhibited a pronounced dependence on Na+, and upon treatment with Mn2+, its activity surged by 687.57%, resulting in the highest observed enzyme activity of 117,081 U/mg. Bioinformatic analysis predicted that Alg169 would be a double-domain lyase with a molecular weight of 65.58 kDa. It is a bifunctional enzyme with substrate specificity to polyguluronic acid (polyG) and polymannuronic acid (polyM). These results suggest that Alg169 is a promising candidate for the efficient manufacturing of AOSs from brown seaweed.