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Abedi Z, Khaza'ai H, Vidyadaran S, Mutalib MSA. The Modulation of NMDA and AMPA/Kainate Receptors by Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction and Α-Tocopherol in Glutamate-Induced Injury of Primary Astrocytes. Biomedicines 2017; 5:biomedicines5040068. [PMID: 29194360 PMCID: PMC5744092 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5040068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are known as structural and supporting cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Glutamate, as a main excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system, can be excitotoxic, playing a key role in many chronic neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of the current study was to elucidate the potential of vitamin E in protecting glutamate-injured primary astrocytes. Hence, primary astrocytes were isolated from mixed glial cells of C57BL/6 mice by applying the EasySep® Mouse CD11b Positive Selection Kit, cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) and supplemented with special nutrients. The IC20 and IC50 values of glutamate, as well as the cell viability of primary astrocytes, were assessed with 100 ng/mL, 200 ng/mL, and 300 ng/mL of tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) and alpha-tocopherol (α-TCP), as determined by an 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) detected in primary astrocytes was assessed with the same concentrations of TRF and α-TCP. The expression levels of the ionotropic glutamate receptor genes (Gria2, Grin2A, GRIK1) were independently determined using RT-PCR. The purification rate of astrocytes was measured by a flow-cytometer as circa 79.4%. The IC20 and IC50 values of glutamate were determined as 10 mM and 100 mM, respectively. Exposure to 100 mM of glutamate in primary astrocytes caused the inhibition of cell viability of approximately 64.75% and 61.10% in pre- and post-study, respectively (p < 0.05). Both TRF and α-TCP (at the lowest and highest concentrations, respectively) were able to increase the MMP to 88.46% and 93.31% pre-treatment, and 78.43% and 81.22% post-treatment, respectively. Additionally, the findings showed a similar pattern for the expression level of the ionotropic glutamate receptor genes. Increased extracellular calcium concentrations were also observed, indicating that the presence of vitamin E altered the polarization of astrocytes. In conclusion, α-TCP showed better recovery and prophylactic effects as compared to TRF in the pre-treatment of glutamate-injured primary astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Abedi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University Putra Malaysia, Jalan Upm, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - Huzwah Khaza'ai
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University Putra Malaysia, Jalan Upm, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - Sharmili Vidyadaran
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University Putra Malaysia, Jalan Upm, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Sokhini Abd Mutalib
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University Putra Malaysia, Jalan Upm, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia.
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102
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Chang L, Lim A, Lau E, Alicata D. Chronic Tobacco-Smoking on Psychopathological Symptoms, Impulsivity and Cognitive Deficits in HIV-Infected Individuals. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2017; 12:389-401. [PMID: 28303534 PMCID: PMC5529218 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-017-9728-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
HIV-infected individuals (HIV+) has 2-3 times the rate of tobacco smoking than the general population, and whether smoking may lead to greater psychiatric symptoms or cognitive deficits remains unclear. We evaluated the independent and combined effects of being HIV+ and chronic tobacco-smoking on impulsivity, psychopathological symptoms and cognition. 104 participants [27 seronegative (SN)-non-Smokers, 26 SN-Smokers, 29 HIV+ non-Smokers, 22 HIV+ Smokers] were assessed for psychopathology symptoms (Symptom Checklist-90, SCL-90), depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale, CES-D), impulsivity (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, BIS), decision-making (The Iowa Gambling Task, IGT, and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, WCST), and cognition (seven neurocognitive domains). Both HIV+ and Smoker groups had higher SCL-90 and CES-D scores, with highest scores in HIV+ Smokers. On BIS, both HIV+ and Smokers had higher Total Impulsiveness scores, with higher behavioral impulsivity in Smokers, highest in HIV+ Smokers. Furthermore, across the four groups, HIV+ Smokers lost most money and made fewest advantageous choices on the IGT, and had highest percent errors on WCST. Lastly, HIV+ had lower z-scores on all cognitive domains, with the lowest scores in HIV+ Smokers. These findings suggest that HIV-infection and chronic tobacco smoking may lead to additive deleterious effects on impulsivity, psychopathological (especially depressive) symptoms and cognitive dysfunction. Although greater impulsivity may be premorbid in HIV+ and Smokers, the lack of benefits of nicotine in chronic Smokers on attention and psychopathology, especially those with HIV-infection, may be due to the negative effects of chronic smoking on dopaminergic and cardio-neurovascular systems. Tobacco smoking may contribute to psychopathology and neurocognitive disorders in HIV+ individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Chang
- Neuroscience & MR Research Program, Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and Queen's Medical Center, 1356 Lusitana Street, 7th Floor, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA.
| | - Ahnate Lim
- Neuroscience & MR Research Program, Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and Queen's Medical Center, 1356 Lusitana Street, 7th Floor, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Eric Lau
- Neuroscience & MR Research Program, Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and Queen's Medical Center, 1356 Lusitana Street, 7th Floor, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Daniel Alicata
- Neuroscience & MR Research Program, Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and Queen's Medical Center, 1356 Lusitana Street, 7th Floor, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
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103
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Hendriksen E, van Bergeijk D, Oosting RS, Redegeld FA. Mast cells in neuroinflammation and brain disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 79:119-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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104
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Acute treatment with doxorubicin affects glutamate neurotransmission in the mouse frontal cortex and hippocampus. Brain Res 2017; 1672:10-17. [PMID: 28705715 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a potent chemotherapeutic agent known to cause acute and long-term cognitive impairments in cancer patients. Cognitive function is presumed to be primarily mediated by neuronal circuitry in the frontal cortex (FC) and hippocampus, where glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter. Mice treated with DOX (25mg/kg i.p.) were subjected to in vivo recordings under urethane anesthesia at 24h post-DOX injection or 5 consecutive days of cognitive testing (Morris Water Maze; MWM). Using novel glutamate-selective microelectrode arrays, amperometric recordings measured parameters of extracellular glutamate clearance and potassium-evoked release of glutamate within the medial FC and dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus. By 24h post-DOX injection, glutamate uptake was 45% slower in the FC in comparison to saline-treated mice. In the DG, glutamate took 48% longer to clear than saline-treated mice. Glutamate overflow in the FC was similar between treatment groups, however, it was significantly increased in the DG of DOX treated mice. MWM data indicated that a single dose of DOX impaired swim speed without impacting total length traveled. These data indicate that systemic DOX treatment changes glutamate neurotransmission in key nuclei associated with cognitive function within 24h, without a lasting impact on spatial learning and memory. Understanding the functional effects of DOX on glutamate neurotransmission may help us understand and prevent some of the debilitating side effects of chemotherapeutic treatment in cancer survivors.
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105
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Gabbi P, Ribeiro LR, Jessié Martins G, Cardoso AS, Haupental F, Rodrigues FS, Machado AK, Sperotto Brum J, Medeiros Frescura Duarte MM, Schetinger MRC, da Cruz IBM, Flávia Furian A, Oliveira MS, Dos Santos ARS, Royes LFF, Fighera MR, de Freitas ML. Methylmalonate Induces Inflammatory and Apoptotic Potential: A Link to Glial Activation and Neurological Dysfunction. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2017; 76:160-178. [PMID: 28395089 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlw121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylmalonic acid (MMA) accumulates in tissues in methylmalonic acidemia, a heterogeneous group of inherited childhood diseases characterized by neurological dysfunction, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation; it is associated with degeneration of striatal neurons and cerebral cortical atrophy. It is presently unknown, however, whether transient exposure to MMA in the neonatal period is sufficient to trigger inflammatory and apoptotic processes that lead to brain structural damage. Here, newborn mice were given a single intracerebroventricular dose of MMA at 12 hours after birth. Maze testing of 21- and 40-day-old mice showed that MMA-injected animals exhibited deficit in the working memory test but not in the reference test. MMA-injected mice showed increased levels of the reactive oxygen species marker 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate, tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1β, caspases 1, 3, and 8, and increased acetylcholinesterase activity in the cortex, hippocampus and striatum. This was associated with increased astrocyte and microglial immunoreactivity in all brain regions. These findings suggest that transient exposure to MMA may alter the redox state and cause neuroinflammatory/apoptotic processes and glial activation during critical periods of brain development. Similar processes may underlie brain dysfunction and cognitive impairment in patients with methylmalonic acidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Gabbi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro, de, Departamento Fisiologia e Farmacologia, de Ciências da Saúde.,Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Centro, de, Departamento Métodos e Técnicas Desportivas, de Educação Física e Desportos, UFSM.,Centro, de Departamento Neuropsiquiatria; de Ciências da Saúde, UFSM
| | - Leandro Rodrigo Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro, de, Departamento Fisiologia e Farmacologia, de Ciências da Saúde.,Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Centro, de, Departamento Métodos e Técnicas Desportivas, de Educação Física e Desportos, UFSM
| | | | - Alexandra Seide Cardoso
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro, de, Departamento Fisiologia e Farmacologia, de Ciências da Saúde.,Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Centro, de, Departamento Métodos e Técnicas Desportivas, de Educação Física e Desportos, UFSM.,Centro, de Departamento Neuropsiquiatria; de Ciências da Saúde, UFSM
| | - Fernanda Haupental
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro, de, Departamento Fisiologia e Farmacologia, de Ciências da Saúde.,Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Centro, de, Departamento Métodos e Técnicas Desportivas, de Educação Física e Desportos, UFSM.,Centro, de Departamento Neuropsiquiatria; de Ciências da Saúde, UFSM
| | - Fernanda Silva Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Centro, de, Departamento Métodos e Técnicas Desportivas, de Educação Física e Desportos, UFSM.,Centro, de Departamento Neuropsiquiatria; de Ciências da Saúde, UFSM.,de Programa Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica
| | - Alencar Kolinski Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro, de, Departamento Fisiologia e Farmacologia, de Ciências da Saúde
| | | | | | | | | | - Ana Flávia Furian
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro, de, Departamento Fisiologia e Farmacologia, de Ciências da Saúde
| | - Mauro Schneider Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro, de, Departamento Fisiologia e Farmacologia, de Ciências da Saúde
| | - Adair Roberto Soares Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro, de, Departamento Fisiologia e Farmacologia, de Ciências da Saúde.,de Programa Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica.,Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro, de Programa Pós-graduação em Neurociências, de Ciências Biológicas
| | - Luiz Fernando Freire Royes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro, de, Departamento Fisiologia e Farmacologia, de Ciências da Saúde.,Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Centro, de, Departamento Métodos e Técnicas Desportivas, de Educação Física e Desportos, UFSM.,de Programa Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica
| | - Michele Rechia Fighera
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro, de, Departamento Fisiologia e Farmacologia, de Ciências da Saúde.,Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Centro, de, Departamento Métodos e Técnicas Desportivas, de Educação Física e Desportos, UFSM.,Centro, de Departamento Neuropsiquiatria; de Ciências da Saúde, UFSM.,de Programa Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica
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106
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Ye X, Yu L, Zuo D, Zhang L, Zu J, Hu J, Tang J, Bao L, Cui C, Zhang R, Jin G, Zan K, Zhang Z, Yang X, Shi H, Zhang Z, Xiao Q, Liu Y, Xiang J, Zhang X, Cui G. Activated mGluR5 protects BV2 cells against OGD/R induced cytotoxicity by modulating BDNF-TrkB pathway. Neurosci Lett 2017. [PMID: 28642149 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Activated Metabotropic glutamate receptors 5(mGluR5) exhibits protective effects against ischemic brain damage, but the underlying mechanisms are not clearly known. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), as a valuable member of neurotrophic factor family, exerts its protection by combining with its high-affinity receptor tyrosine protein kinase B (TrkB). To investigate the role of activated mGluR5 against oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)/reoxygenation (R)-mediated cytotoxicity, the cell viability, apoptosis, the release of inflammatory cytokines and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were evaluated in BV2 cells (Microglia cell line) with or without OGD/R exposure. Our data show that CHPG (the selective mGluR5 agonist) pretreatment, as an mGluR5 agonist, protected BV2 cells against OGD/R-induced cytotoxicity, apoptosis, the release of inflammatory cytokines, and the accumulation of ROS. However, these effects were significantly reversed by the mGluR5 antagonist MPEP pretreatment. Our data also show that the expressions of BDNF and TrkB were significantly decreased in BV2 cells with OGD/R exposure. CHPG pretreatment significantly enhanced the expressions of BDNF and TrkB in BV2 cells with OGD/R exposure. However, the increased expressions were significantly abrogated by MPEP pretreatment. In addition, inhibition of BDNF/TrKB pathway by K252a also attenuated the protective effects of activated mGluR5 against OGD/R-induced cytotoxicity, apoptosis and the release of inflammatory cytokines. Morever, pretreatment with exogenous BDNF protected BV2 cells against OGD/R induced apoptosis and release of inflammatory cytokines. These data suggested that BDNF/TrKB pathway may be involved in regulating activated mGluR5' protective effects against OGD/R induced cytotoxicity in BV2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchun Ye
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221004, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221004, China
| | - Dandan Zuo
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221004, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221004, China
| | - Jie Zu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221004, China
| | - Jinxia Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221004, China
| | - Jiao Tang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221004, China
| | - Lei Bao
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221004, China
| | - Chengcheng Cui
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221004, China
| | - Ruixue Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221004, China
| | - Guoliang Jin
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221004, China
| | - Kun Zan
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221004, China
| | - Zuohui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221004, China
| | - Xinxin Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221004, China
| | - Hongjuan Shi
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221004, China
| | - Zunsheng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221004, China
| | - Qihua Xiao
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221004, China
| | - Yonghai Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221004, China
| | - Jie Xiang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221004, China
| | - Xueling Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Suqian People's Hospital, Suqian, Jiangsu Province, 223800, China
| | - Guiyun Cui
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221004, China.
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107
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Abstract
Brain inflammaging is increasingly considered as contributing to age-related cognitive loss and neurodegeneration. Despite intensive research in multiple models, no clinically effective pharmacological treatment has been found yet. Here, in the mouse model of brain senescence SAMP8, we tested the effects of proinsulin, a promising neuroprotective agent that was previously proven to be effective in mouse models of retinal neurodegeneration. Proinsulin is the precursor of the hormone insulin but also upholds developmental physiological effects, particularly as a survival factor for neural cells. Adeno-associated viral vectors of serotype 1 bearing the human proinsulin gene were administered intramuscularly to obtain a sustained release of proinsulin into the blood stream, which was able to reach the target area of the hippocampus. SAMP8 mice and the control strain SAMR1 were treated at 1 month of age. At 6 months, behavioral testing exhibited cognitive loss in SAMP8 mice treated with the null vector. Remarkably, the cognitive performance achieved in spatial and recognition tasks by SAMP8 mice treated with proinsulin was similar to that of SAMR1 mice. In the hippocampus, proinsulin induced the activation of neuroprotective pathways and the downstream signaling cascade, leading to the decrease of neuroinflammatory markers. Furthermore, the decrease of astrocyte reactivity was a central effect, as demonstrated in the connectome network of changes induced by proinsulin. Therefore, the neuroprotective effects of human proinsulin unveil a new pharmacological potential therapy in the fight against cognitive loss in the elderly.
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108
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Hooper AWM, Alamilla JF, Venier RE, Gillespie DC, Igdoura SA. Neuronal pentraxin 1 depletion delays neurodegeneration and extends life in Sandhoff disease mice. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:661-673. [PMID: 28007910 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
GM2 gangliosidoses are a group of lysosomal storage disorders which include Sandhoff disease and Tay-Sachs disease. Dysregulation of glutamate receptors has been recently postulated in the pathology of Sandhoff disease. Glutamate receptor association with neuronal pentraxins 1 and 2, and the neuronal pentraxin receptor facilitates receptor potentiation and synaptic shaping. In this study, we have observed an upregulation of a novel form of neuronal pentraxin 1 (NP1-38) in the brains of a mouse model of Sandhoff disease and Tay-Sachs disease. In order to determine the impact of NP1 on the pathophysiology of Sandhoff disease mouse models, we have generated an Np1-/-Hexb-/- double knockout mouse, and observed extended lifespan, improved righting reflex and enhanced body condition relative to Hexb-/- mice, with no effect on gliosis or apoptotic markers in the CNS. Sandhoff mouse brain slices reveals a reduction in AMPA receptor-mediated currents, and increased variability in total glutamate currents in the CA1 region of the hippocampus; Np1-/-Hexb-/- mice show a correction of this phenotype, suggesting NP1-38 may be interfering with glutamate receptor function. Indeed, some of the psychiatric aspects of Sandhoff and Tay-Sachs disease (particularly late onset) may be attributed to a dysfunctional hippocampal glutamatergic system. Our work highlights a potential role for synaptic proteins, such as NP1 and glutamate receptors in lysosomal storage diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Suleiman A Igdoura
- Department of Biology.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
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109
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Tapia-Rojas C, Carvajal FJ, Mira RG, Arce C, Lerma-Cabrera JM, Orellana JA, Cerpa W, Quintanilla RA. Adolescent Binge Alcohol Exposure Affects the Brain Function Through Mitochondrial Impairment. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:4473-4491. [PMID: 28674997 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0613-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the young population, binge drinking is a pattern of problematic alcohol consumption, characterized by a short period of heavy drinking followed by abstinence which is frequently repeated over time. This drinking pattern is associated with mental problems, use of other drugs, and an increased risk of excessive alcohol intake during adulthood. However, little is known about the effects of binge drinking on brain function in adolescents and its neurobiological impact during the adulthood. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of alcohol on hippocampal memory, synaptic plasticity, and mitochondrial function in adolescent rats after a binge drinking episode in vivo. These effects were analyzed at 1, 3, or 7 weeks post alcohol exposure. Our results showed that binge-like ethanol pre-treated (BEP) rats exhibited early alterations in learning and memory tests accompanied by an impairment of synaptic plasticity that was total and partially compensated, respectively. These changes could be attributed to a rapid increase in oxidative damage and a late inflammatory response induced by post ethanol exposure. Additionally, BEP alters the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics and modifies the expression of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) components, such as cyclophilin D (Cyp-D) and the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC). These mitochondrial structural changes result in the impairment of mitochondrial bioenergetics, decreasing ATP production progressively until adulthood. These results strongly suggest that teenage alcohol binge drinking impairs the function of the adult hippocampus including memory and synaptic plasticity as a consequence of the mitochondrial damage induced by alcohol and that the recovery of hippocampal function could implicate the activation of alternative pathways that fail to reestablish mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheril Tapia-Rojas
- Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA), Santiago, Chile
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, CIB, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, El llano Subercaseaux 2801, 5to Piso, San Miguel, 8910000, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco J Carvajal
- Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA), Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio de Función y Patología Neuronal, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo G Mira
- Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA), Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio de Función y Patología Neuronal, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila Arce
- Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA), Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio de Función y Patología Neuronal, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Juan A Orellana
- Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA), Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Santiago, Chile
| | - Waldo Cerpa
- Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA), Santiago, Chile.
- Laboratorio de Función y Patología Neuronal, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8331150, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Rodrigo A Quintanilla
- Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA), Santiago, Chile.
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, CIB, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, El llano Subercaseaux 2801, 5to Piso, San Miguel, 8910000, Santiago, Chile.
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110
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Min JO, Yoon BE. Glia and gliotransmitters on carbon nanotubes. NANO REVIEWS & EXPERIMENTS 2017; 8:1323853. [PMID: 30410703 PMCID: PMC6167025 DOI: 10.1080/20022727.2017.1323853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Functionalised carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been shown to be promising biomaterials in neural systems, such as CNT -based nerve scaffolds to drive nerve regeneration. CNTs have been shown to modulate neuronal growth and improve electrical conductivity of neurons. Methods: Cultured astrocytes on the functionalized CNTs (PEG, caroboxyl group) were assessed for distribution of GABA, glutamate uptake assay using isotope and change of conductance of CNTs by ATP. Immunostaining of GABA using anti-GABA (red), anti-GFAP (green) antibody in primary cortical astrocytes on MW-CNT and PDL coverslips. Results: The functionalization of CNTs has improved their solubility and biocompatibility and alters their cellular interaction pathways. Recently, CNTs have been shown to modulate morphofunctional characteristics of glia as well as neurons. Among the various types of glia, astrocytes express diverse receptors for corresponding neurotransmitters and release gliotransmitters, including glutamate, adenosine triphosphate, and γ-amino butyric acid. Gliotransmitters are primarily released from astrocytes and play important roles in glia–neuron crosstalk. Conclusion: This review focuses on the effects of CNTs on glial cells and discusses how functionalized CNTs can modulate morphology and gliotransmitters of glial cells. Based on exciting new findings, they look to be a promising material for use in brain disease therapy or neuroprosthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Ok Min
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Eun Yoon
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, Chungnam, Republic of Korea.,Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
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111
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Crews FT, Walter TJ, Coleman LG, Vetreno RP. Toll-like receptor signaling and stages of addiction. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1483-1498. [PMID: 28210782 PMCID: PMC5420377 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4560-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Athina Markou and her colleagues discovered persistent changes in adult behavior following adolescent exposure to ethanol or nicotine consistent with increased risk for developing addiction. Building on Dr. Markou's important work and that of others in the field, researchers at the Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies have found that persistent changes in behavior following adolescent stress or alcohol exposure may be linked to induction of immune signaling in brain. AIM This study aims to illuminate the critical interrelationship of the innate immune system (e.g., toll-like receptors [TLRs], high-mobility group box 1 [HMGB1]) in the neurobiology of addiction. METHOD This study reviews the relevant research regarding the relationship between the innate immune system and addiction. CONCLUSION Emerging evidence indicates that TLRs in brain, particularly those on microglia, respond to endogenous innate immune agonists such as HMGB1 and microRNAs (miRNAs). Multiple TLRs, HMGB1, and miRNAs are induced in the brain by stress, alcohol, and other drugs of abuse and are increased in the postmortem human alcoholic brain. Enhanced TLR-innate immune signaling in brain leads to epigenetic modifications, alterations in synaptic plasticity, and loss of neuronal cell populations, which contribute to cognitive and emotive dysfunctions. Addiction involves progressive stages of drug binges and intoxication, withdrawal-negative affect, and ultimately compulsive drug use and abuse. Toll-like receptor signaling within cortical-limbic circuits is modified by alcohol and stress in a manner consistent with promoting progression through the stages of addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulton T Crews
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - T Jordan Walter
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Leon G Coleman
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Ryan P Vetreno
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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112
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Therapeutic Strategies Under Development Targeting Inflammatory Mechanisms in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:2789-2813. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0532-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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113
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Blaylock RL. Parkinson's disease: Microglial/macrophage-induced immunoexcitotoxicity as a central mechanism of neurodegeneration. Surg Neurol Int 2017; 8:65. [PMID: 28540131 PMCID: PMC5421223 DOI: 10.4103/sni.sni_441_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is one of the several neurodegenerative disorders that affects aging individuals, with approximately 1% of those over the age of 60 years developing the disorder in their lifetime. The disease has the characteristics of a progressive disorder in most people, with a common pattern of pathological change occurring in the nervous system that extends beyond the classical striatal degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Earlier studies concluded that the disease was a disorder of alpha-synuclein, with the formation of aggregates of abnormal alpha-synuclein being characteristic. More recent studies have concluded that inflammation plays a central role in the disorder and that the characteristic findings can be accounted for by either mutation or oxidative damage to alpha-synuclein, with resulting immune reactions from surrounding microglia, astrocytes, and macrophages. What has been all but ignored in most of these studies is the role played by excitotoxicity and that the two processes are intimately linked, with inflammation triggered cell signaling enhancing the excitotoxic cascade. Further, there is growing evidence that it is the excitotoxic reactions that actually cause the neurodegeneration. I have coined the name immunoexcitotoxicity to describe this link between inflammation and excitotoxicity. It appears that the two processes are rarely, if ever, separated in neurodegenerative diseases.
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114
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Stress-Induced Alterations of Immune Profile in Animals Suffering by Tau Protein-Driven Neurodegeneration. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017; 38:243-259. [PMID: 28405903 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0491-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial disorder; neurofibrillary pathology composed of tau protein is found side by side with amyloid-β deposits and extensive neuroinflammation. The immune system of the brain is considered as one of the factors that could influence the speed of the progression of AD neuropathology as a potential mediator of the damage induced by AD protein deposits. Alzheimer's disease pathology can be impacted by psychological stress; however, signalling pathways in background are not well known. We have explored possible avenues of how stress could influence the brain's immune system in a rat model of AD. Animals were subjected either to a single or multiple instances of immobilization stress. The analysis of a panel of immunity-related genes was used to evaluate the impact of stress on the immune response in the brain. We have identified 19 stress-responsive genes that are involved in neuroinflammation accompanying tau pathology: Nos2, Ptgs2, IL-8rb, C5, Mmp9, Cx3cr1, CD40lg, Adrb2, IL-6, IL-6r, IL-1r2, Ccl2, Ccl3, Ccl4, Ccl12, TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-10. Most of them are deregulated under the stress conditions also in control animals; however, the magnitude of the response to either acute or chronic stress differs. This can lead to serious influence, most probably to acceleration of neurodegenerative phenotype in diseased animals. Several of the genes (IL-1β, Casp1, Cx3cr1 and C5) are deregulated solely in tauopathic animals. The stress-induced changes in the inflammatory picture of the brain highlight the fact that the brain's immune response is highly responsive to environmental stimuli. The pattern of changes is indicative of an attempt to protect the brain in the short term, while being potentially detrimental to the response against a long-term pathological process such as neurofibrillary degeneration.
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115
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Madayag AC, Stringfield SJ, Reissner KJ, Boettiger CA, Robinson DL. Sex and Adolescent Ethanol Exposure Influence Pavlovian Conditioned Approach. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:846-856. [PMID: 28196273 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use among adolescents is widespread and a growing concern due to long-term behavioral deficits, including altered Pavlovian behavior, that potentially contribute to addiction vulnerability. We tested the hypothesis that adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE) exposure alters Pavlovian behavior in males and females as measured by a shift from goal-tracking to sign-tracking. Additionally, we investigated GLT-1, an astrocytic glutamate transporter, as a potential contributor to a sign-tracking phenotype. METHODS Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to AIE (5 g/kg, intragastric) or water intermittently 2 days on and 2 days off from postnatal day (P) 25 to 54. Around P70, animals began 20 daily sessions of Pavlovian conditioned approach (PCA), where they learned that a cue predicted noncontingent reward delivery. Lever pressing indicated interaction with the cue, or sign-tracking, and receptacle entries indicated approach to the reward delivery location, or goal-tracking. To test for effects of AIE on nucleus accumbens (NAcc) excitatory signaling, we isolated membrane subfractions and measured protein levels of the glutamate transporter GLT-1 after animals completed behavior as a measure of glutamate homeostasis. RESULTS Females exhibited elevated sign-tracking compared to males with significantly more lever presses, faster latency to first lever press, and greater probability to lever press in a trial. AIE significantly increased lever pressing while blunting goal-tracking, as indicated by fewer cue-evoked receptacle entries, slower latency to receptacle entry, and lower probability to enter the receptacle in a trial. No significant sex-by-exposure interactions were observed in sign- or goal-tracking metrics. Moreover, we found no significant effects of sex or exposure on membrane GLT-1 expression in the NAcc. CONCLUSIONS Females exhibited enhanced sign-tracking compared to males, while AIE decreased goal-tracking compared to control exposure. Our findings support the hypothesis that adolescent binge ethanol can shift conditioned behavior from goal- to cue-directed in PCA, especially in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aric C Madayag
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sierra J Stringfield
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kathryn J Reissner
- Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Charlotte A Boettiger
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Donita L Robinson
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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116
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The role of neuroimmune signaling in alcoholism. Neuropharmacology 2017; 122:56-73. [PMID: 28159648 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption and stress increase brain levels of known innate immune signaling molecules. Microglia, the innate immune cells of the brain, and neurons respond to alcohol, signaling through Toll-like receptors (TLRs), high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), miRNAs, pro-inflammatory cytokines and their associated receptors involved in signaling between microglia, other glia and neurons. Repeated cycles of alcohol and stress cause a progressive, persistent induction of HMGB1, miRNA and TLR receptors in brain that appear to underlie the progressive and persistent loss of behavioral control, increased impulsivity and anxiety, as well as craving, coupled with increasing ventral striatal responses that promote reward seeking behavior and increase risk of developing alcohol use disorders. Studies employing anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-depressant, and innate immune antagonists further link innate immune gene expression to addiction-like behaviors. Innate immune molecules are novel targets for addiction and affective disorders therapies. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Alcoholism".
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117
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The link between inflammation, bugs, the intestine and the brain in alcohol dependence. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1048. [PMID: 28244981 PMCID: PMC5545644 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, some new processes have been proposed to explain how alcohol may influence behavior, psychological symptoms and alcohol seeking in alcohol-dependent subjects. In addition to its important effect on brain and neurotransmitters equilibrium, alcohol abuse also affects peripheral organs including the gut. By yet incompletely understood mechanisms, chronic alcohol abuse increases intestinal permeability and alters the composition of the gut microbiota, allowing bacterial components from the gut lumen to reach the systemic circulation. These gut-derived bacterial products are recognized by immune cells circulating in the blood or residing in target organs, which consequently synthesize and release pro-inflammatory cytokines. Circulating cytokines are considered important mediators of the gut-brain communication, as they can reach the central nervous system and induce neuroinflammation that is associated with change in mood, cognition and drinking behavior. These observations support the possibility that targeting the gut microbiota, by the use of probiotics or prebiotics, could restore the gut barrier function, reduce systemic inflammation and may have beneficial effect in treating alcohol dependence and in reducing alcohol relapse.
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118
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Coleman LG, Zou J, Crews FT. Microglial-derived miRNA let-7 and HMGB1 contribute to ethanol-induced neurotoxicity via TLR7. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:22. [PMID: 28118842 PMCID: PMC5264311 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0799-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is emerging as an important component of neurodegeneration. TLR7 senses viral RNA and certain endogenous miRNAs to initiate innate immune responses leading to neurodegeneration. Alcoholism is associated with hippocampal degeneration, with preclinical studies linking ethanol-induced neurodegeneration with central innate immune induction and TLR activation. The endogenous miRNA let-7b binds TLR7 to cause neurodegeneration. METHODS TLR7 and other immune markers were assessed in postmortem human hippocampal tissue that was obtained from the New South Wales Tissue Bank. Rat hippocampal-entorhinal cortex (HEC) slice culture was used to assess specific effects of ethanol on TLR7, let-7b, and microvesicles. RESULTS We report here that hippocampal tissue from postmortem human alcoholic brains shows increased expression of TLR7 and increased microglial activation. Using HEC slice culture, we found that ethanol induces TLR7 and let-7b expression. Ethanol caused TLR7-associated neuroimmune gene induction and initiated the release let-7b in microvesicles (MVs), enhancing TLR7-mediated neurotoxicity. Further, ethanol increased let-7b binding to the danger signaling molecule high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) in MVs, while reducing let-7 binding to classical chaperone protein argonaute (Ago2). Flow cytometric analysis of MVs from HEC media and analysis of MVs from brain cell culture lines found that microglia were the primary source of let-7b and HMGB1-containing MVs. CONCLUSIONS Our results identify that ethanol induces neuroimmune pathology involving the release of let-7b/HMGB1 complexes in microglia-derived microvesicles. This contributes to hippocampal neurodegeneration and may play a role in the pathology of alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon G Coleman
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 104 Manning Drive, 1007 Thurston-Bowles Building, CB# 7178 UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA. .,Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 104 Manning Drive, CB#7178, Thurston-Bowles Building Room 1007, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Jian Zou
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 104 Manning Drive, CB#7178, Thurston-Bowles Building Room 1007, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Fulton T Crews
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 104 Manning Drive, CB#7178, Thurston-Bowles Building Room 1007, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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119
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Haroon E, Miller AH, Sanacora G. Inflammation, Glutamate, and Glia: A Trio of Trouble in Mood Disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:193-215. [PMID: 27629368 PMCID: PMC5143501 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing data indicate that inflammation and alterations in glutamate neurotransmission are two novel pathways to pathophysiology in mood disorders. The primary goal of this review is to illustrate how these two pathways may converge at the level of the glia to contribute to neuropsychiatric disease. We propose that a combination of failed clearance and exaggerated release of glutamate by glial cells during immune activation leads to glutamate increases and promotes aberrant extrasynaptic signaling through ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors, ultimately resulting in synaptic dysfunction and loss. Furthermore, glutamate diffusion outside the synapse can lead to the loss of synaptic fidelity and specificity of neurotransmission, contributing to circuit dysfunction and behavioral pathology. This review examines the fundamental role of glia in the regulation of glutamate, followed by a description of the impact of inflammation on glial glutamate regulation at the cellular, molecular, and metabolic level. In addition, the role of these effects of inflammation on glia and glutamate in mood disorders will be discussed along with their translational implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Haroon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew H Miller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gerard Sanacora
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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120
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Wu X, Walker CL, Lu Q, Wu W, Eddelman DB, Parish JM, Xu XM. RhoA/Rho Kinase Mediates Neuronal Death Through Regulating cPLA 2 Activation. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6885-6895. [PMID: 27771900 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0187-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Activation of RhoA/Rho kinase leads to growth cone collapse and neurite retraction. Although RhoA/Rho kinase inhibition has been shown to improve axon regeneration, remyelination and functional recovery, its role in neuronal cell death remains unclear. To determine whether RhoA/Rho kinase played a role in neuronal death after injury, we investigated the relationship between RhoA/Rho kinase and cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), a lipase that mediates inflammation and cell death, using an in vitro neuronal death model and an in vivo contusive spinal cord injury model performed at the 10th thoracic (T10) vertebral level. We found that co-administration of TNF-α and glutamate induced spinal neuron death, and activation of RhoA, Rho kinase and cPLA2. Inhibition of RhoA, Rho kinase and cPLA2 significantly reduced TNF-α/glutamate-induced cell death by 33, 52 and 43 %, respectively (p < 0.001). Inhibition of RhoA and Rho kinase also significantly downregulated cPLA2 activation by 66 and 60 %, respectively (p < 0.01). Furthermore, inhibition of RhoA and Rho kinase reduced the release of arachidonic acid, a downstream substrate of cPLA2. The immunofluorescence staining showed that ROCK1 or ROCK2, two isoforms of Rho kinase, was co-localized with cPLA2 in neuronal cytoplasm. Interestingly, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay showed that ROCK1 or ROCK2 bonded directly with cPLA2 and phospho-cPLA2. When the Rho kinase inhibitor Y27632 was applied in mice with T10 contusion injury, it significantly decreased cPLA2 activation and expression and reduced injury-induced apoptosis at and close to the lesion site. Taken together, our results reveal a novel mechanism of RhoA/Rho kinase-mediated neuronal death through regulating cPLA2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbing Wu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 W. 15th Street, NB 500E, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Chandler L Walker
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 W. 15th Street, NB 500E, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Qingbo Lu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 W. 15th Street, NB 500E, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Wei Wu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 W. 15th Street, NB 500E, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Daniel B Eddelman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Jonathan M Parish
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 W. 15th Street, NB 500E, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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121
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Crews FT, Vetreno RP, Broadwater MA, Robinson DL. Adolescent Alcohol Exposure Persistently Impacts Adult Neurobiology and Behavior. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:1074-1109. [PMID: 27677720 PMCID: PMC5050442 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.012138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a developmental period when physical and cognitive abilities are optimized, when social skills are consolidated, and when sexuality, adolescent behaviors, and frontal cortical functions mature to adult levels. Adolescents also have unique responses to alcohol compared with adults, being less sensitive to ethanol sedative-motor responses that most likely contribute to binge drinking and blackouts. Population studies find that an early age of drinking onset correlates with increased lifetime risks for the development of alcohol dependence, violence, and injuries. Brain synapses, myelination, and neural circuits mature in adolescence to adult levels in parallel with increased reflection on the consequence of actions and reduced impulsivity and thrill seeking. Alcohol binge drinking could alter human development, but variations in genetics, peer groups, family structure, early life experiences, and the emergence of psychopathology in humans confound studies. As adolescence is common to mammalian species, preclinical models of binge drinking provide insight into the direct impact of alcohol on adolescent development. This review relates human findings to basic science studies, particularly the preclinical studies of the Neurobiology of Adolescent Drinking in Adulthood (NADIA) Consortium. These studies focus on persistent adult changes in neurobiology and behavior following adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE), a model of underage drinking. NADIA studies and others find that AIE results in the following: increases in adult alcohol drinking, disinhibition, and social anxiety; altered adult synapses, cognition, and sleep; reduced adult neurogenesis, cholinergic, and serotonergic neurons; and increased neuroimmune gene expression and epigenetic modifiers of gene expression. Many of these effects are specific to adolescents and not found in parallel adult studies. AIE can cause a persistence of adolescent-like synaptic physiology, behavior, and sensitivity to alcohol into adulthood. Together, these findings support the hypothesis that adolescent binge drinking leads to long-lasting changes in the adult brain that increase risks of adult psychopathology, particularly for alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulton T Crews
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies (F.T.C., R.P.V., M.A.B., D.L.R.), Department of Psychiatry (F.T.C., D.L.R.), and Department of Pharmacology (F.T.C.), School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ryan P Vetreno
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies (F.T.C., R.P.V., M.A.B., D.L.R.), Department of Psychiatry (F.T.C., D.L.R.), and Department of Pharmacology (F.T.C.), School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Margaret A Broadwater
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies (F.T.C., R.P.V., M.A.B., D.L.R.), Department of Psychiatry (F.T.C., D.L.R.), and Department of Pharmacology (F.T.C.), School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Donita L Robinson
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies (F.T.C., R.P.V., M.A.B., D.L.R.), Department of Psychiatry (F.T.C., D.L.R.), and Department of Pharmacology (F.T.C.), School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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122
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Bustamante A, Simats A, Vilar-Bergua A, García-Berrocoso T, Montaner J. Blood/Brain Biomarkers of Inflammation After Stroke and Their Association With Outcome: From C-Reactive Protein to Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns. Neurotherapeutics 2016; 13:671-684. [PMID: 27538777 PMCID: PMC5081112 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-016-0470-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke represents one of the most important causes of disability and death in developed countries. However, there is a lack of prognostic tools in clinical practice to monitor the neurological condition and predict the final outcome. Blood biomarkers have been proposed and studied in this indication; however, no biomarker is currently used in clinical practice. The stroke-related neuroinflammatory processes have been associated with a poor outcome in stroke, as well as with poststroke complications. In this review, we focus on the most studied blood biomarkers of this inflammatory processes, cytokines, and C-reactive protein, evaluating its association with outcome and complications in stroke through the literature, and performing a systematic review on the association of C-reactive protein and functional outcome after stroke. Globally, we identified uncertainty with regard to the association of the evaluated biomarkers with stroke outcome, with little added value on top of clinical predictors such as age or stroke severity, which makes its implementation unlikely in clinical practice for global outcome prediction. Regarding poststroke complications, despite being more practical scenarios in which to make medical decisions following a biomarker prediction, not many studies have been performed, although there are now some candidates for prediction of poststroke infections. Finally, as potential new candidates, we reviewed the pathophysiological actions of damage-associated molecular patterns as triggers of the neuroinflammatory cascade of stroke, and their possible use as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Bustamante
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Simats
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Vilar-Bergua
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa García-Berrocoso
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Montaner
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Elgueta D, Aymerich MS, Contreras F, Montoya A, Celorrio M, Rojo-Bustamante E, Riquelme E, González H, Vásquez M, Franco R, Pacheco R. Pharmacologic antagonism of dopamine receptor D3 attenuates neurodegeneration and motor impairment in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Neuropharmacology 2016; 113:110-123. [PMID: 27693549 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation involves the activation of glial cells, which is associated to the progression of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. Recently, we and other researchers demonstrated that dopamine receptor D3 (D3R)-deficient mice are completely refractory to neuroinflammation and consequent neurodegeneration associated to the acute intoxication with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). In this study we examined the therapeutic potential and underlying mechanism of a D3R-selective antagonist, PG01037, in mice intoxicated with a chronic regime of administration of MPTP and probenecid (MPTPp). Biodistribution analysis indicated that intraperitoneally administered PG01037 crosses the blood-brain barrier and reaches the highest concentration in the brain 40 min after the injection. Furthermore, the drug was preferentially distributed to the brain in comparison to the plasma. Treatment of MPTPp-intoxicated mice with PG01037 (30 mg/kg, administrated twice a week for five weeks) attenuated the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, as evaluated by stereological analysis, and the loss of striatal dopaminergic terminals, as determined by densitometric analyses of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter immunoreactivities. Accordingly, the treatment resulted in significant improvement of motor performance of injured animals. Interestingly, the therapeutic dose of PG01037 exacerbated astrogliosis and resulted in increased ramification density of microglial cells in the striatum of MPTPp-intoxicated mice. Further analyses suggested that D3R expressed in astrocytes favours a beneficial astrogliosis with anti-inflammatory consequences on microglia. Our findings indicate that D3R-antagonism exerts a therapeutic effect in parkinsonian animals by reducing the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway, alleviating motor impairments and modifying the pro-inflammatory phenotype of glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Elgueta
- Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7780272, Chile; Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - María S Aymerich
- Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Science, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, 31008, Spain
| | | | - Andro Montoya
- Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7780272, Chile
| | - Marta Celorrio
- Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Estefanía Rojo-Bustamante
- Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Science, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | | | - Hugo González
- Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7780272, Chile
| | - Mónica Vásquez
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rafael Franco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain; CIBERNED. Centro de Investigación en Red. Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Pacheco
- Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7780272, Chile; Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile.
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Clark IA, Vissel B. Excess cerebral TNF causing glutamate excitotoxicity rationalizes treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and neurogenic pain by anti-TNF agents. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:236. [PMID: 27596607 PMCID: PMC5011997 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0708-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The basic mechanism of the major neurodegenerative diseases, including neurogenic pain, needs to be agreed upon before rational treatments can be determined, but this knowledge is still in a state of flux. Most have agreed for decades that these disease states, both infectious and non-infectious, share arguments incriminating excitotoxicity induced by excessive extracellular cerebral glutamate. Excess cerebral levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are also documented in the same group of disease states. However, no agreement exists on overarching mechanism for the harmful effects of excess TNF, nor, indeed how extracellular cerebral glutamate reaches toxic levels in these conditions. Here, we link the two, collecting and arguing the evidence that, across the range of neurodegenerative diseases, excessive TNF harms the central nervous system largely through causing extracellular glutamate to accumulate to levels high enough to inhibit synaptic activity or kill neurons and therefore their associated synapses as well. TNF can be predicted from the broader literature to cause this glutamate accumulation not only by increasing glutamate production by enhancing glutaminase, but in addition simultaneously reducing glutamate clearance by inhibiting re-uptake proteins. We also discuss the effects of a TNF receptor biological fusion protein (etanercept) and the indirect anti-TNF agents dithio-thalidomides, nilotinab, and cannabinoids on these neurological conditions. The therapeutic effects of 6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine, ceptriaxone, and riluzole, agents unrelated to TNF but which either inhibit glutaminase or enhance re-uptake proteins, but do not do both, as would anti-TNF agents, are also discussed in this context. By pointing to excess extracellular glutamate as the target, these arguments greatly strengthen the case, put now for many years, to test appropriately delivered ant-TNF agents to treat neurodegenerative diseases in randomly controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Clark
- Biomedical Sciences and Biochemistry, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 0200, Australia.
| | - Bryce Vissel
- Neurodegeneration Research Group, Garvan Institute, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, New South Wales, 2010, Australia
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Chen CH, Chen NF, Feng CW, Cheng SY, Hung HC, Tsui KH, Hsu CH, Sung PJ, Chen WF, Wen ZH. A Coral-Derived Compound Improves Functional Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury through Its Antiapoptotic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14090160. [PMID: 27598175 PMCID: PMC5039531 DOI: 10.3390/md14090160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Our previous in vitro results demonstrated that 11-dehydrosinulariolide significantly reduced 6-hydroxydopamine-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in a human neuroblastoma cell line, SH-SY5Y, and suppressed the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase 2 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophage cells. The neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of 11-dehydrosinulariolide may be suitable for treating spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods: In the present study, Wistar rats were pretreated with 11-dehydrosinulariolide or saline through intrathecal injection after a thoracic spinal cord contusion injury induced using a New York University (NYU) impactor. The apoptotic cells were assessed using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. The expression and localization of proinflammatory, apoptosis-associated and cell survival-related pathway proteins were examined through immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. Results: 11-Dehydrosinulariolide attenuated SCI-induced cell apoptosis by upregulating the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and cell survival-related pathway proteins p-Akt and p-ERK, 8 h after SCI. Furthermore, the transcription factor p-CREB, which regulates Bcl-2 expression, was upregulated after 11-dehydrosinulariolide treatment. On day 7 after SCI, 11-dehydrosinulariolide exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect, attenuating SCI-induced upregulation of the inflammatory proteins iNOS and tumor necrosis factor-α. 11-Dehydrosinulariolide also induced an increase in the expression of arginase-1 and CD206, markers of M2 microglia, in the injured spinal cord on day 7 after SCI. Thus, the anti-inflammatory effect of 11-dehydrosinulariolide may be related to the promotion of an alternative pathway of microglia activation. Conclusion: The results show that 11-dehydrosinulariolide exerts antiapoptotic effects at 8 h after SCI and anti-inflammatory effects at 7 days after SCI. We consider that this compound may be a promising therapeutic agent for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hong Chen
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Nan-Fu Chen
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung 80284, Taiwan.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Wei Feng
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Yu Cheng
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Han-Chun Hung
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Kuan-Hao Tsui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
- Department of Pharmacy and Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Tajen University, Pingtung County 90741, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Hsin Hsu
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
| | - Ping-Jyun Sung
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan.
| | - Wu-Fu Chen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan.
| | - Zhi-Hong Wen
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
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Slusarczyk J, Trojan E, Glombik K, Piotrowska A, Budziszewska B, Kubera M, Popiolek-Barczyk K, Lason W, Mika J, Basta-Kaim A. Anti-inflammatory properties of tianeptine on lipopolysaccharide-induced changes in microglial cells involve toll-like receptor-related pathways. J Neurochem 2016; 136:958-70. [PMID: 26640965 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that activation of microglia plays a key role in the pathogenesis of depression. Activated microglia produce a wide range of factors whose prolonged or excessive release may lead to brain disorders. Thus, the inhibition of microglial cells may be beneficial in the treatment of depressive diseases. Tianeptine is an atypical antidepressant drug with proven clinical efficacy, but its mechanism of action remains still not fully understood. In the present study, using microglial cultures we investigated whether tianeptine modifies microglial activation after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation and which intracellular pathways are involved in the activity of this antidepressant. Our study shows that tianeptine attenuated the LPS-evoked inflammatory activation of microglia by decreasing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), the release of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Analyses of signaling pathways demonstrate that tianeptine led to the suppression of LPS-induced TLR4 expression and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Furthermore, our study reveals the inhibitory impact of tianeptine on caspase-3-induced PKCδ degradation and consequently on the activation of NF-κB factor in microglial cells. Taken together, present results show anti-inflammatory properties of tianeptine in microglial cultures stimulated by LPS. This study provides evidence that the inhibition of microglial activation may underlie the therapeutic activity of tianeptine. Our findings show the anti-inflammatory effect of tianeptine (TIA) in lipopolisaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglial cells. The beneficial tianeptine action is mediated through the inhibition of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression as well as the TLR4-related pathways: extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), caspase-3-dependent protein kinase δ (PKCδ) cleavage and the expression of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). These findings may provide a new therapeutic strategy for treatment of disorders based on neuroinflammation, including depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Slusarczyk
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Trojan
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Glombik
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Piotrowska
- Department of Pharmacology of Pain, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Boguslawa Budziszewska
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Kubera
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Popiolek-Barczyk
- Department of Pharmacology of Pain, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wladyslaw Lason
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Mika
- Department of Pharmacology of Pain, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Basta-Kaim
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
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Braegelmann KM, Streeter KA, Fields DP, Baker TL. Plasticity in respiratory motor neurons in response to reduced synaptic inputs: A form of homeostatic plasticity in respiratory control? Exp Neurol 2016; 287:225-234. [PMID: 27456270 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
For most individuals, the respiratory control system produces a remarkably stable and coordinated motor output-recognizable as a breath-from birth until death. Very little is understood regarding the processes by which the respiratory control system maintains network stability in the presence of changing physiological demands and network properties that occur throughout life. An emerging principle of neuroscience is that neural activity is sensed and adjusted locally to assure that neurons continue to operate in an optimal range, yet to date, it is unknown whether such homeostatic plasticity is a feature of the neurons controlling breathing. Here, we review the evidence that local mechanisms sense and respond to perturbations in respiratory neural activity, with a focus on plasticity in respiratory motor neurons. We discuss whether these forms of plasticity represent homeostatic plasticity in respiratory control. We present new analyses demonstrating that reductions in synaptic inputs to phrenic motor neurons elicit a compensatory enhancement of phrenic inspiratory motor output, a form of plasticity termed inactivity-induced phrenic motor facilitation (iPMF), that is proportional to the magnitude of activity deprivation. Although the physiological role of iPMF is not understood, we hypothesize that it has an important role in protecting the drive to breathe during conditions of prolonged or intermittent reductions in respiratory neural activity, such as following spinal cord injury or during central sleep apnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Braegelmann
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - K A Streeter
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - D P Fields
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - T L Baker
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
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128
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A new pharmacological role for thalidomide: Attenuation of morphine-induced tolerance in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 54:65-9. [PMID: 27440278 DOI: 10.1016/j.aat.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tolerance to the analgesic effect is the main side effect of chronic administration of opioids. Several drugs have been studied to try to find agents to prevent the development of this phenomenon. In the present study we aimed to evaluate the effect of thalidomide on morphine-induced tolerance to the analgesic effect. METHODS Groups of male rats were randomly rendered and received daily morphine in combination with thalidomide vehicle or thalidomide (2.5 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, or 10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). Nociception was measured using the plantar test apparatus. Latency time was recorded when the animal reacted to the light stimulus; licking or raising its hind paw. Treatments and evaluations continued until completion of tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine. RESULTS Our findings indicated that tolerance was achieved following 11 days of morphine administration, while thalidomide postponed the day of tolerance completion for 4 days (2.5 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg thalidomide) or 10 days (10 mg/kg thalidomide). Moreover, thalidomide prevented the morphine-induced shift to the right of the ED50 in the dose-response curve. CONCLUSION It was concluded that thalidomide attenuated the morphine-induced tolerance to the analgesic effect.
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129
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Sweda R, Phillips AW, Marx J, Johnston MV, Wilson MA, Fatemi A. Glial-Restricted Precursors Protect Neonatal Brain Slices from Hypoxic-Ischemic Cell Death Without Direct Tissue Contact. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:975-85. [PMID: 27149035 PMCID: PMC4931309 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial-Restricted Precursors (GRPs) are tripotential progenitors that have been shown to exhibit beneficial effects in several preclinical models of neurological disorders, including neonatal brain injury. The mechanisms of action of these cells, however, require further study, as do clinically relevant questions such as timing and route of cell administration. Here, we explored the effects of GRPs on neonatal hypoxia-ischemia during acute and subacute stages, using an in vitro transwell co-culture system with organotypic brain slices exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). OGD-exposed slices that were then co-cultured with GRPs without direct cell contact had decreased tissue injury and cortical cell death, as evaluated by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and propidium iodide (PI) staining. This effect was more pronounced when cells were added during the subacute phase of the injury. Furthermore, GRPs reduced the amount of glutamate in the slice supernatant and changed the proliferation pattern of endogenous progenitor cells in brain slices. In summary, we show that GRPs exert a neuroprotective effect on neonatal hypoxia-ischemia without the need for direct cell-cell contact, thus confirming the rising view that beneficial actions of stem cells are more likely attributable to trophic or immunomodulatory support rather than to long-term integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy Sweda
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Andre W. Phillips
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
- The Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joel Marx
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael V. Johnston
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mary Ann Wilson
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ali Fatemi
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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Al Salihi MO, Kobayashi M, Tamari K, Miyamura T, Takeuchi K. Tumor necrosis factor-α antagonist suppresses local inflammatory reaction and facilitates olfactory nerve recovery following injury. Auris Nasus Larynx 2016; 44:70-78. [PMID: 27297522 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Olfactory dysfunction is a common finding in head trauma due to injury to the olfactory nerve. We previously reported that anti-inflammatory treatment with steroids improves recovery outcome in olfactory nerve injury models. Clinically, however, steroid administration is not recommended in the acute phase of head injury cases because of concerns regarding its side effects. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) is known to play a key role in inflammatory response to injury. The present study examines if the inhibition of TNF-α can facilitate functional recovery in the olfactory system following injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS Olfactory nerve transection (NTx) was performed in olfactory marker protein (OMP-tau-lacZ) mice to establish injury models. We measured TNF-α gene expression in the olfactory bulb using semi-quantitative and real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and found that they increase within hours after NTx injury. A TNF-α antagonist (etanercept) was intraperitoneally injected immediately after the NTx and histological assessment of recovery within the olfactory bulb was performed at 5-70 days. X-gal staining labeled OMP in the degenerating and regenerating olfactory nerve fibers, and immunohistochemical staining detected the presence of reactive astrocytes and macrophages/microglia. RESULTS Etanercept-injected mice showed significantly smaller areas of injury-associated tissue, fewer astrocytes and macrophages/microglia, and an increase in regenerating nerve fibers. Olfactory function assessments using both an olfactory avoidance behavioral test and evoked potential recordings showed improved functional recovery in etanercept-injected animals. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that inhibition of TNF-α could provide a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of olfactory dysfunction following head injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Omar Al Salihi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kobayashi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Kengo Tamari
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Miyamura
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Takeuchi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
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Moidunny S, Matos M, Wesseling E, Banerjee S, Volsky DJ, Cunha RA, Agostinho P, Boddeke HW, Roy S. Oncostatin M promotes excitotoxicity by inhibiting glutamate uptake in astrocytes: implications in HIV-associated neurotoxicity. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:144. [PMID: 27287400 PMCID: PMC4903004 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0613-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated levels of oncostatin M (OSM), an interleukin-6 cytokine family member, have been observed in HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) and Alzheimer's disease. However, the function of OSM in these disease conditions is unclear. Since deficient glutamate uptake by astrocytes is instrumental in HAND-associated neurotoxicity, we hypothesized that OSM impairs glutamate uptake in astrocytes and thereby promotes neuronal excitotoxicity. METHODS Primary cultures of mouse cortical astrocytes, neurons, microglia, and BV2 cell line were used. The expression of glutamate transporters (GLAST/EAAT1 and GLT-1/EAAT2) was investigated using real-time PCR and Western blot, and their activity was assessed by measuring (3)H-D-aspartate uptake. Neuronal toxicity was measured using the colorimetric MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl-) 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay and immunocytochemistry. A chimeric HIV-1 that infects murine cells (EcoHIV/NL4-3-GFP virus (EcoHIV)) was used to investigate whether the virus induces OSM, OSM receptor (OSMR)-β, glycoprotein 130 (gp130), GLT-1, GLAST (mRNA and protein), and OSM release (ELISA) in cultured BV2 cells, primary microglia, or astrocytes. Statistical analyses of the data were performed using one-way ANOVA (to allow multiple comparisons) and two-tailed Student's t test. RESULTS OSM treatment (10 ng/mL) time-dependently reduced GLAST and GLT-1 expression and inhibited (3)H-D-aspartate uptake in cultured astrocytes in a concentration-dependent manner, an effect prevented by the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT)3 inhibitor AG490. Down-regulation of astrocytic glutamate transport by OSM resulted in NMDA receptor-dependent excitotoxicity in cortical neurons. Infection with EcoHIV induced OSM gene expression and protein release in BV2 cells and microglia, but not in astrocytes. Conversely, EcoHIV caused a fivefold increase in OSMR-β mRNA (but not gp130) and protein in astrocytes, but not in microglia, which did not express OSMR-β protein. Finally, astrocytic expression of GLAST gene was unaffected by EcoHIV, whereas GLT-1 mRNA was increased by twofold. CONCLUSIONS We provide first evidence that activation of JAK/STAT3 signaling by OSM inhibits glutamate uptake in astrocytes, which results in neuronal excitotoxicity. Our findings with EcoHIV suggest that targeting OSMR-β signaling in astrocytes might alleviate HIV-1-associated excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamsudheen Moidunny
- Department of Surgery, Division of Basic and Translational Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Marco Matos
- Center for Neuroscience of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Evelyn Wesseling
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Santanu Banerjee
- Department of Surgery, Division of Basic and Translational Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - David J Volsky
- Molecular Virology Division, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, USA
| | - Rodrigo A Cunha
- Center for Neuroscience of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula Agostinho
- Center for Neuroscience of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Hendrikus W Boddeke
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sabita Roy
- Department of Surgery, Division of Basic and Translational Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Abstract
RATIONALE Alcoholism is a primary, chronic relapsing disease of brain reward, motivation, memory, and related circuitry. It is characterized by an individual's continued drinking despite negative consequences related to alcohol use, which is exemplified by alcohol use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress. Chronic alcohol consumption increases the expression of innate immune signaling molecules (ISMs) in the brain that alter cognitive processes and promote alcohol drinking. OBJECTIVES Unraveling the mechanisms of alcohol-induced neuroimmune gene induction is complicated by positive loops of multiple cytokines and other signaling molecules that converge on nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells and activator protein-1 leading to induction of additional neuroimmune signaling molecules that amplify and expand the expression of ISMs. RESULTS Studies from our laboratory employing reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to assess mRNA, immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis to assess protein expression, and others suggest that ethanol increases brain neuroimmune gene and protein expression through two distinct mechanisms involving (1) systemic induction of innate immune molecules that are transported from blood to the brain and (2) the direct release of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) from neurons in the brain. Released HMGB1 signals through multiple receptors, particularly Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, that potentiate cytokine receptor responses leading to a hyperexcitable state that disrupts neuronal networks and increases excitotoxic neuronal death. Innate immune gene activation in brain is persistent, consistent with the chronic relapsing disease that is alcoholism. Expression of HMGB1, TLRs, and other ISMs is increased several-fold in the human orbital frontal cortex, and expression of these molecules is highly correlated with each other as well as lifetime alcohol consumption and age of drinking onset. CONCLUSIONS The persistent and cumulative nature of alcohol on HMGB1 and TLR gene induction support their involvement in alcohol-induced long-term changes in brain function and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulton T Crews
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, CB# 7178, 1021 Thurston-Bowles Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7178, USA.
| | - Ryan P Vetreno
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, CB# 7178, 1021 Thurston-Bowles Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7178, USA
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133
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Co-administration of 3-Acetyl-11-Keto-Beta-Boswellic Acid Potentiates the Protective Effect of Celecoxib in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cognitive Impairment in Mice: Possible Implication of Anti-inflammatory and Antiglutamatergic Pathways. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 59:58-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0734-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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134
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Osborne DM, Fitzgerald DP, O'Leary KE, Anderson BM, Lee CC, Tessier PM, McNay EC. Intrahippocampal administration of a domain antibody that binds aggregated amyloid-β reverses cognitive deficits produced by diet-induced obesity. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1291-8. [PMID: 26970498 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of high fat diets (HFD), diet-induced obesity (DIO) and Type 2 diabetes continues to increase, associated with cognitive impairment in both humans and rodent models. Mechanisms transducing these impairments remain largely unknown: one possibility is that a common mechanism may be involved in the cognitive impairment seen in obese and/or diabetic states and in dementia, specifically Alzheimer's disease (AD). DIO is well established as a risk factor for development of AD. Oligomeric amyloid-β (Aβ) is neurotoxic, and we showed that intrahippocampal oligomeric Aβ produces cognitive and metabolic dysfunction similar to that seen in DIO or diabetes. Moreover, animal models of DIO show elevated brain Aβ, a hallmark of AD, suggesting that this may be one source of cognitive impairment in both conditions. METHODS Intrahippocampal administration of a novel anti-Aβ domain antibody for aggregated Aβ, or a control domain antibody, to control or HFD-induced DIO rats. Spatial learning measured in a conditioned contextual fear (CCF) task after domain antibody treatment; postmortem, hippocampal NMDAR and AMPAR were measured. RESULTS DIO caused impairment in CCF, and this impairment was eliminated by intrahippocampal administration of the active domain antibody. Measurement of hippocampal proteins suggests that DIO causes dysregulation of hippocampal AMPA receptors, which is also reversed by acute domain antibody administration. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the concept that oligomeric Aβ within the hippocampus of DIO animals may not only be a risk factor for development of AD but may also cause cognitive impairment before the development of dementia. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE AND INTEREST Our work integrates the engineering of domain antibodies with conformational- and sequence-specificity for oligomeric amyloid beta with a clinically relevant model of diet-induced obesity in order to demonstrate not only the pervasive effects of obesity on several aspects of brain biochemistry and behavior, but also the bioengineering of a successful treatment against the long-term detrimental effects of a pre-diabetic state on the brain. We show for the first time that cognitive impairment linked to obesity and/or insulin resistance may be due to early accumulation of oligomeric beta-amyloid in the brain, and hence may represent a pre-Alzheimer's state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Osborne
- Behavioral Neuroscience, University at Albany, Albany, NY, United States; Center for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Dennis P Fitzgerald
- Hofstra North Shore-Long Island School of Medicine, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Kelsey E O'Leary
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Brian M Anderson
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Christine C Lee
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Peter M Tessier
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Ewan C McNay
- Behavioral Neuroscience, University at Albany, Albany, NY, United States; Center for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany, Albany, NY, United States; Biological Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY, United States.
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135
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Association of Hippocampal Magnetic Resonance Imaging With Learning and Memory Deficits in HIV-1-Seropositive Patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2016; 70:436-43. [PMID: 26258566 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between cognitive impairment and hippocampal morphological and functional changes in HIV-seropositive patients. METHODS Thirty HIV+ patients who complain of memory decrease and 15 healthy volunteers were recruited. Performances of learning and memory were assessed using Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R) and Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R). Bilateral hippocampal volume, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value, fractional anisotropy value, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy variables of bilateral hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus were detected by 3.0 T magnetic resonance scanner. RESULTS We found significant differences in all cognitive outcomes but one between HIV+ and HIV- patients. There was a difference in the ADC value of left parahippocampal gyrus between mild-impairment group and severe-impairment group (P = 0.018). We found differences in the choline (Cho), Cho/creatinine (Cr), and N-acetylaspartate/Cr of left hippocampus (P = 0.002, P = 0.008, P = 0.002) and the Cho/Cr of right parahippocampal gyrus (P = 0.023) between HIV+ and HIV- patients and in the myoinositol of left hippocampus (P = 0.003) and the glutamate and glutamine of right hippocampus (P < 0.001) between mild-impairment group and severe-impairment group. We found significant positive correlations between N-acetylaspartate/Cr of left hippocampus and outcomes of HVLT-R and BVMT-R. There were significant negative correlations between ADC values of hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus and outcomes of HVLT-R and BVMT-R and between Cho and Cho/Cr of hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus and outcomes of HVLT-R and BVMT-R. CONCLUSIONS The performance of verbal learning and visual memory was significantly decreased in HIV-1-seropositive patients. The cognitive impairment of HIV infection was associated with conductive function and metabolic changes of hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus in this study.
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136
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Are Anxiety Disorders Associated with Accelerated Aging? A Focus on Neuroprogression. Neural Plast 2015; 2016:8457612. [PMID: 26881136 PMCID: PMC4736204 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8457612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorders (AnxDs) are highly prevalent throughout the lifespan, with detrimental effects on daily-life functioning, somatic health, and quality of life. An emerging perspective suggested that AnxDs may be associated with accelerated aging. In this paper, we explored the association between AnxDs and hallmarks of accelerated aging, with a specific focus on neuroprogression. We reviewed animal and human findings that suggest an overlap between processes of impaired neurogenesis, neurodegeneration, structural, functional, molecular, and cellular modifications in AnxDs, and aging. Although this research is at an early stage, our review suggests a link between anxiety and accelerated aging across multiple processes involved in neuroprogression. Brain structural and functional changes that accompany normal aging were more pronounced in subjects with AnxDs than in coevals without AnxDs, including reduced grey matter density, white matter alterations, impaired functional connectivity of large-scale brain networks, and poorer cognitive performance. Similarly, molecular correlates of brain aging, including telomere shortening, Aβ accumulation, and immune-inflammatory and oxidative/nitrosative stress, were overrepresented in anxious subjects. No conclusions about causality or directionality between anxiety and accelerated aging can be drawn. Potential mechanisms of this association, limitations of the current research, and implications for treatments and future studies are discussed.
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137
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Michels M, Steckert AV, Quevedo J, Barichello T, Dal-Pizzol F. Mechanisms of long-term cognitive dysfunction of sepsis: from blood-borne leukocytes to glial cells. Intensive Care Med Exp 2015; 3:30. [PMID: 26515197 PMCID: PMC4626467 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-015-0066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several mechanisms are associated with brain dysfunction during sepsis; one of the most important are activation of microglia and astrocytes. Activation of glial cells induces changes in permeability of the blood-brain barrier, secretion of inflammatory cytokines, and these alterations could induce neuronal dysfunction. Furthermore, blood-borne leukocytes can also reach the brain and participate in inflammatory response. Mechanisms involved in sepsis-associated brain dysfunction were revised here, focusing in neuroinflammation and involvement of blood-borne leukocytes and glial cells in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Michels
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil.
| | - Amanda V Steckert
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
| | - João Quevedo
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
- Center for Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, The University of Texas at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
- Center for Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, The University of Texas at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil.
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138
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Pozniak PD, Darbinyan A, Khalili K. TNF-α/TNFR2 Regulatory Axis Stimulates EphB2-Mediated Neuroregeneration Via Activation of NF-κB. J Cell Physiol 2015; 231:1237-48. [PMID: 26492598 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 infected individuals are at high risk of developing HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) as HIV infection leads to neuronal injury and synaptic loss in the central nervous system (CNS). The neurotoxic effects of HIV-1 are primarily a result of viral replication leading to the production of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, including TNF-α. Given an important role of TNF-α in regulating synaptic plasticity, we investigated the effects of TNF-α on the development of neuronal processes after mechanical injury, and we showed that TNF-α treatment stimulates the regrowth of neuronal processes. To investigate transcriptional effects of TNF-α on synaptic plasticity, we analyzed both human neurosphere and isolated neuronal cultures for the regulation of genes central to synaptic alterations during learning and memory. TNF-α treatment upregulated Ephrin receptor B2 (EphB2), which is strongly involved in dendritic arborization and synaptic integrity. TNF-α strongly activates the NF-κB pathway, therefore, we propose that TNF-α-induced neurite regrowth occurs primarily through EphB2 signaling via stimulation of NF-κB. EphB2 promoter activity increased with TNF-α treatment and overexpression of NF-κB. Direct binding of NF-κB to the EphB2 promoter occurred in the ChIP assay, and site-directed mutagenesis identified binding sites involved in TNF-α-induced EphB2 activation. TNF-α induction of EphB2 was determined to occur specifically through TNF-α receptor 2 (TNFR2) activation in human primary fetal neurons. Our observations provide a new avenue for the investigation on the impact of TNF-α in the context of HIV-1 neuronal cell damage as well as providing a potential therapeutic target in TNFR2 activation of EphB2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Pozniak
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Armine Darbinyan
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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139
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Schunck RVA, Torres IL, Laste G, de Souza A, Macedo IC, Valle MTC, Salomón JL, Moreira S, Kuo J, Arbo MD, Dallegrave E, Leal MB. Protracted alcohol abstinence induces analgesia in rats: Possible relationships with BDNF and interleukin-10. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 135:64-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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140
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Gharedaghi MH, Rahimian R, Dehpour AR, Yousefzadeh-Fard Y, Mohammadi-Farani A. Dinitrobenzene sulphonic acid-induced colitis impairs spatial recognition memory in mice: roles of N-methyl D-aspartate receptors and nitric oxide. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:3081-90. [PMID: 25971874 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-3950-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Many peripheral diseases are associated with a decline in cognitive function. In this regard, there have been reports of patients with inflammatory bowel disease and an otherwise unexplained memory impairment. OBJECTIVES We sought to assess the memory performance of mice with colitis. We also investigated the roles of N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and nitric oxide (NO) as possible mediators of colitis-induced amnesia. METHODS To induce colitis, male NMRI mice were intrarectally injected with a solution containing dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS; 4 mg in 100 μl) under anesthesia. Three days after intrarectal DNBS instillation, spatial recognition and associative memories were assessed by the Y-maze and passive avoidance tasks, respectively. The NMDA antagonists, MK-801 and memantine, and the inducible NO synthase (iNOS) inhibitor, aminoguanidine, were injected intraperitoneally 45 min before the Y-maze task. RESULTS Induction of colitis by DNBS impaired spatial recognition memory in the Y-maze task but had no effect on step through latencies in the passive avoidance test. Colitis-induced amnesia was reversed by administering specific doses of MK-801 and memantine (30 μg/kg and 1 mg/kg, respectively) suggesting dysregulated NMDA receptor activation as an underlying mechanism. No effect was seen with lower and higher doses of these drugs, resulting in a bell-shaped dose response curve. Colitis-induced amnesia was also inhibited by aminoguanidine (50 mg/kg), implicating a role for iNOS activation and neuroinflammation in this phenomenon. CONCLUSION DNBS-induced colitis impairs memory through NMDA receptor overstimulation and NO overproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hadi Gharedaghi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
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141
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13N-ammonia combined with 18F-FDG could discriminate between necrotic high-grade gliomas and brain abscess. Clin Nucl Med 2015; 40:195-9. [PMID: 25546194 DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0000000000000649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Accurate prediction of brain abscess is beneficial for timely management. In this study, we investigated the utility of 13N-ammonia and its combination with 18F-FDG in differentiating brain abscess from necrotic high-grade gliomas. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirteen patients with ring-like enhancement high-grade gliomas and 11 patients with brain abscess were recruited in our study. All of them underwent both 18F-FDG and 13N-ammonia PET imaging. Lesion uptake was evaluated by lesion to normal gray matter ratio (L/N). Histopathology diagnosis was obtained for all the patients after PET imaging. RESULTS The L/N values of 18F-FDG were not significantly different between brain abscess and necrotic high-grade gliomas (P = 0.35). The uptake of 13N-ammonia in gliomas was higher than that in abscess lesions (L/N: 1.38 ± 0.31 vs 0.84 ± 0.18, P < 0.001). The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis determined the optimal L/N cutoff value (13N-ammonia) of 1.0 with the area under the curve of 0.94 and the overall accuracy of 87.5%. Discriminant analysis demonstrated that the combination of 18F-FDG and 13N-ammonia could distinguish the 2 clinical entities with higher accuracy of 95%, and only 1 necrotic glioma lesion was misclassified into the abscess group. CONCLUSIONS 13N-ammonia is effective in distinguishing brain abscess from necrotic high-grade gliomas, and its combination with 18F-FDG could further elevate the diagnostic accuracy.
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142
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Wilhelm CJ, Hashimoto JG, Roberts ML, Bloom SH, Andrew MR, Wiren KM. Astrocyte Dysfunction Induced by Alcohol in Females but Not Males. Brain Pathol 2015; 26:433-51. [PMID: 26088166 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol abuse is associated with brain damage in a sex-specific fashion, but the mechanisms involved are poorly described and remain controversial. Previous results have suggested that astrocyte gene expression is influenced by ethanol intoxication and during abstinence in vivo. Here, bioinformatic analysis of astrocyte-enriched ethanol-regulated genes in vivo revealed ubiquitin pathways as an ethanol target, but with sexually dimorphic cytokine signaling and changes associated with brain aging in females and not males. Consistent with this result, astrocyte activation was observed after exposure in female but not male animals, with reduced S100β levels in the anterior cingulate cortex and increased GFAP(+) cells in the hippocampus. In primary culture, the direct effects of chronic ethanol exposure followed by recovery on sex-specific astrocyte function were examined. Male astrocyte responses were consistent with astrocyte deactivation with reduced GFAP expression during ethanol exposure. In contrast, female astrocytes exhibited increased expression of Tnf, reduced expression of the neuroprotective cytokine Tgfb1, disrupted bioenergetics and reduced excitatory amino acid uptake following exposure or recovery. These results indicate widespread astrocyte dysfunction in ethanol-exposed females and suggest a mechanism that may underlie increased vulnerability to ethanol-induced neurotoxicity in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare J Wilhelm
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR.,Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Joel G Hashimoto
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR.,Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | | | | | - Melissa R Andrew
- Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Kristine M Wiren
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR.,Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
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143
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Chen W, Sheng J, Guo J, Gao F, Zhao X, Dai J, Wang G, Li K. Tumor necrosis factor-α enhances voltage-gated Na⁺ currents in primary culture of mouse cortical neurons. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:126. [PMID: 26112872 PMCID: PMC4510892 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0349-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies showed that TNF-α could activate voltage-gated Na(+) channels (VGSCs) in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Since TNF-α is implicated in many central nervous system (CNS) diseases, we examined potential effects of TNF-α on VGSCs in the CNS. METHODS Effects of TNF-α (1-1000 pg/mL, for 4-48 h) on VGSC currents were examined using whole-cell voltage clamp and current clamp techniques in primary culture of mouse cortical neurons. Expression of Nav1.1, Nav1.2, Nav1.3, and Nav1.6 were examined at both the mRNA and protein levels, prior to and after TNF-α exposure. RESULTS TNF-α increased Na(+) currents by accelerating the activation of VGSCs. The threshold for action potential (AP) was decreased and firing rate were increased. VGSCs were up-regulated at both the mRNA and protein levels. The observed effects of TNF-α on Na(+) currents were inhibited by pre-incubation with the NF-κB inhibitor BAY 11-7082 (1 μM) or the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) inhibitor SB203580 (1 μM). CONCLUSIONS TNF-α increases Na(+) currents by accelerating the channel activation as well as increasing the expression of VGSCs in a mechanism dependent upon NF-κB and p38 MAPK signal pathways in CNS neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Key Immunopathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, , Guangdong, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, , Guangdong, China.
| | - Jiangtao Sheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Key Immunopathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, , Guangdong, China.
| | - Jingfang Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, 57 Changping Road, Shantou, 515041, , Guangdong, China.
| | - Fenfei Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, , Guangdong, China.
| | - Xiangfeng Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Key Immunopathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, , Guangdong, China.
| | - Jianping Dai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Key Immunopathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, , Guangdong, China.
| | - Gefei Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Key Immunopathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, , Guangdong, China.
| | - Kangsheng Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Key Immunopathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, , Guangdong, China.
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144
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Regulation of the Neurodegenerative Process Associated to Parkinson's Disease by CD4+ T-cells. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2015; 10:561-75. [PMID: 26018603 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-015-9618-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation constitutes a fundamental process involved in the physiopathology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Microglial cells play a central role in the outcome of neuroinflammation and consequent neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Current evidence indicates that CD4+ T-cells infiltrate the central nervous system (CNS) in PD, where they play a critical role determining the functional phenotype of microglia, thus regulating the progression of the neurodegenerative process. Here, we first analysed the pathogenic role of inflammatory phenotypes and the beneficial role of anti-inflammatory phenotypes of encephalitogenic CD4+ T-cells involved in the physiopathology of PD. Next, we discussed how alterations of neurotransmitter levels observed in the basal ganglia throughout the time course of PD progression could be strongly affecting the behaviour of encephalitogenic CD4+ T-cells and thereby the outcome of the neuroinflammatory process and the consequent neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Afterward, we integrated the evidence indicating the involvement of an antigen-specific immune response mediated by T-cells and B-cells against CNS-derived self-constituents in PD. Consistent with the involvement of a relevant autoimmune component in PD, we also reviewed the polymorphisms of both, class I and class II major histocompatibility complexes, associated to the risk of PD. Overall, this study gives an overview of how an autoimmune component involved in PD plays a fundamental role in the progression of the neurodegenerative process.
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145
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Abstract
The understanding of manganese (Mn) biology, in particular its cellular regulation and role in neurological disease, is an area of expanding interest. Mn is an essential micronutrient that is required for the activity of a diverse set of enzymatic proteins (e.g., arginase and glutamine synthase). Although necessary for life, Mn is toxic in excess. Thus, maintaining appropriate levels of intracellular Mn is critical. Unlike other essential metals, cell-level homeostatic mechanisms of Mn have not been identified. In this review, we discuss common forms of Mn exposure, absorption, and transport via regulated uptake/exchange at the gut and blood-brain barrier and via biliary excretion. We present the current understanding of cellular uptake and efflux as well as subcellular storage and transport of Mn. In addition, we highlight the Mn-dependent and Mn-responsive pathways implicated in the growing evidence of its role in Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. We conclude with suggestions for future focuses of Mn health-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Horning
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232; , ,
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146
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Woodward N, Finch CE, Morgan TE. Traffic-related air pollution and brain development. AIMS ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2015; 2:353-373. [PMID: 27099868 PMCID: PMC4835031 DOI: 10.3934/environsci.2015.2.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Automotive traffic-related air pollution (TRP) imposes an increasing health burden with global urbanization. Gestational and early child exposure to urban TRP is associated with higher risk of autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia, as well as low birth weight. While cardio-respiratory effects from exposure are well documented, cognitive effects are only recently becoming widely recognized. This review discusses effects of TRP on brain and cognition in human and animal studies. The mechanisms underlying these epidemiological associations are studied with rodent models of pre- and neonatal exposure to TRP, which show persisting inflammatory changes and altered adult behaviors and cognition. Some behavioral and inflammatory changes show male bias. Rodent models may identify dietary and other interventions for neuroprotection to TRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Woodward
- Davis School of Gerontology and the Dornsife College, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Ave, Los Angeles CA 9009-0191, USA
| | - Caleb E. Finch
- Davis School of Gerontology and the Dornsife College, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Ave, Los Angeles CA 9009-0191, USA
| | - Todd E. Morgan
- Davis School of Gerontology and the Dornsife College, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Ave, Los Angeles CA 9009-0191, USA
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147
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Singh JCH, Kakalij RM, Kshirsagar RP, Kumar BH, Komakula SSB, Diwan PV. Cognitive effects of vanillic acid against streptozotocin-induced neurodegeneration in mice. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 53:630-6. [PMID: 25472801 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.935866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Vanillic acid (VA), a flavoring agent used in food and drug products, obtained naturally from the plant Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels (Apiaceae), used in the traditional Chinese medicine. It is reported to possess strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. However, the pharmacological effects on oxidative stress-induced neurodegeneration are not well investigated. OBJECTIVE This study investigates the neuroprotective effect of VA on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced neurodegeneration in mice through behavioral and biochemical parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS The behavioral effects were determined using the Y-maze and open-field habituation memory. In biochemical parameters, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), corticosterone, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and antioxidants (superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase) were measured. Five groups of animals used were of control, negative control, and three separate groups treated with 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg of VA, respectively, for 28 d. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of STZ were performed for all groups except control on 14th and 16th of 28 d of VA treatment. RESULTS VA improved spatial learning and memory retention by preventing oxidative stress compared with control animals. VA at 50 and 100 mg/kg dose significantly (p < 0.001) improved the habituation memory, decreased the AChE, corticosterone, TNF-α, and increased the antioxidants (p < 0.001). VA (100 mg/kg) exhibited dose-dependent effect in all parameters with p < 0.001 except antioxidants in which VA showed the significance of p < 0.01. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION VA exhibited reduction in AChE, TNF-α, and corticosterone with improved antioxidants to contribute neuroprotection and could be an effective therapeutic agent for treating neurodegenerative disorders.
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148
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Lutz JA, Carter M, Fields L, Barron S, Littleton JM. Altered relation between lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response and excitotoxicity in rat organotypic hippocampal slice cultures during ethanol withdrawal. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:827-35. [PMID: 25845566 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethanol (EtOH) causes neurotoxicity by several mechanisms including excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation, but little is known about the interaction between these mechanisms. Because neuroinflammation is known to enhance excitotoxicity, we hypothesized that neuroinflammation contributes to the enhanced excitotoxicity, which is associated with EtOH withdrawal (EWD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response of cultured hippocampal tissue during EWD and its effects on the enhanced N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated excitotoxicity, which occurs at this time. METHODS Using a neonatal organotypic hippocampal slice culture (OHSC) model, we assessed the effects of NMDA and LPS (separately or combined) during EWD after 10 days of EtOH exposure. Neurotoxicity was assessed using propidium iodide uptake, and the inflammatory response was evaluated by measuring the release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha (quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and nitric oxide (NO; quantified by the Griess reaction) into culture media. Furthermore, we explored the potential role of the microglial cell type using immortalized BV2 microglia treated with EtOH for 10 days and challenged with LPS during EWD. RESULTS As predicted, NMDA-induced toxicity was potentiated by LPS under control conditions. However, during EWD, the reverse was observed and LPS inhibited peak NMDA-induced toxicity. Additionally, LPS-induced release of TNF-alpha and NO during EWD was reduced compared to control conditions. In BV2 microglia, following EtOH exposure, LPS-induced release of NO was reduced, whereas TNF-alpha release was potentiated. CONCLUSIONS During EWD following chronic EtOH exposure, OHSC exhibited a desensitized inflammatory response to LPS and the effects of LPS on NMDA toxicity were reversed. This might be explained by a change in microglia to an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective phenotype. In support, studies on BV2 microglia indicate that EtOH exposure and EWD do alter the response of these cells to LPS, but this cannot fully explain the changes observed in the OHSC. The data suggest that neuroinflammation and excitotoxicity do interact during EWD. However, the interaction is not as simple as we originally proposed. This in turn illustrates the need to assess the extent, importance, and relation of these mechanisms in models of EtOH exposure producing neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Lutz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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149
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Hou X, Liang X, Chen JF, Zheng J. Ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) is involved in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion-induced white matter lesions and cognitive impairment by regulating glial cell activation and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Neuroscience 2015; 297:118-26. [PMID: 25805696 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that inflammatory and immune mechanisms play important roles in the progression of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH)-induced white matter lesions (WMLs). As an endogenous neuromodulator in the brain, the extracellular levels of adenosine represent a critical endogenous mechanism for the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. Ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73), which dephosphorylates AMP to adenosine, is considered to catalyze the rate-limiting step in the generation of extracellular adenosine. However, the role of CD73 in the development of CCH-induced WMLs remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the expression and activity of CD73 using immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis and measurements of the rate of AMP hydrolysis in a mouse model of CCH via bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) surgery. Moreover, C57BL/6-CD73 knockout (KO) and their wild-type littermates were subjected to BCAS surgery to further investigate the functional roles of CD73 in the WMLs. White matter (WM) changes, astrocyte and microglia proliferation, proinflammatory cytokine levels in the corpus callosum and cognitive function were assessed on the 30th day after BCAS. The results indicated that CD73 expression and activities significantly increased in the corpus callosum on the 30th day after BCAS. Moreover, CD73 deficiency exacerbated CCH-induced WMLs and cognitive impairment. More reactive astrocytes and microglia were observed in the corpus callosum in CD73-KO mice. CD73 deficiency significantly increased the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the BCAS model of CCH. These findings suggest that CD73 plays a protective role in the development of CCH-induced WMLs and cognitive impairment via the regulation of glial cell activation and proinflammatory cytokine expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Hou
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - X Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Yunnan, China
| | - J-F Chen
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, C329, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - J Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
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150
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Barrientos RM, Kitt MM, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Neuroinflammation in the normal aging hippocampus. Neuroscience 2015; 309:84-99. [PMID: 25772789 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A consequence of normal aging is a greater susceptibility to memory impairments following an immune challenge such as infection, surgery, or traumatic brain injury. The neuroinflammatory response, produced by these challenges results in increased and prolonged production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the otherwise healthy aged brain. Here we discuss the mechanisms by which long-lasting elevations in pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus produce memory impairments. Sensitized microglia are a primary source of this exaggerated neuroinflammatory response and appear to be a hallmark of the normal aging brain. We review the current understanding of the causes and effects of normal aging-induced microglial sensitization, including dysregulations of the neuroendocrine system, potentiation of neuroinflammatory responses following an immune challenge, and the impairment of memories. We end with a discussion of therapeutic approaches to prevent these deleterious effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Barrientos
- Dept. of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - M M Kitt
- Dept. of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - L R Watkins
- Dept. of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - S F Maier
- Dept. of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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