101
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Coffin S, Gan J, Schlenk D. Comparisons of field and laboratory estimates of risk of DDTs from contaminated sediments to humans that consume fish in Palos Verdes, California, USA. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 601-602:1139-1146. [PMID: 28599370 PMCID: PMC5540759 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Calculating risk from seafood exposure to persistent organic pollutants continues to be problematic as estimates of exposure from diet require extensive monitoring of fish species and limited assessments of bioavailability from sediments where the contaminants tend to reside. Previous studies in our laboratory utilized a laboratory-based isotope dilution method (IDM) to estimate the bioavailability of DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2, 2-bis(p-chloro-phenyl)ethane] and its metabolites from sediment to biota from a superfund site on the shelf of the Palos Verdes (PVS) Peninsula in California (USA). Using a biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) derived from IDM and biomagnification factors (BMF) calculated from previous studies as well as seafood-consumption data specific to anglers in the PVS area, we estimated cancer and non-cancer risks for anglers and nursing infants representing sensitive groups. Predicted cancer risks from consumption of White croaker (Genyonemus lineatus) to the 50th and 95th percentile to all shore mode anglers were, respectively, 2×10-7 and 7×10-7, which were similar to field studies using fish concentrations of all DDT isomers and their environmental degradates (ΣDDT) from collected animals. The calculated non-cancer hazard quotient values for the 50th and 95th percentile shore mode anglers consuming White croaker from this study (0.008 and 0.023, respectively) were also of similar magnitude as those obtained from studies based on samples obtained solely from fish. For nursing infants, similar results were also observed. These results indicate that estimates of bioavailability using IDM from sediment could be used accurately to determine risk to ΣDDT in humans from fish consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Coffin
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, USA.
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, USA
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, USA
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102
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Ismail NAH, Wee SY, Aris AZ. Multi-class of endocrine disrupting compounds in aquaculture ecosystems and health impacts in exposed biota. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 188:375-388. [PMID: 28892772 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fishes are a major protein food source for humans, with a high economic value in the aquaculture industry. Because endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) have been introduced into aquatic ecosystems, the exposure of humans and animals that depend on aquatic foods, especially fishes, should be seriously considered. EDCs are emerging pollutants causing global concern because they can disrupt the endocrine system in aquatic organisms, mammals, and humans. These pollutants have been released into the environment through many sources, e.g., wastewater treatment plants, terrestrial run-off (industrial activities, pharmaceuticals, and household waste), and precipitation. The use of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and fertilizers for maintaining and increasing fish health and growth also contributes to EDC pollution in the water body. Human and animal exposure to EDCs occurs via ingestion of contaminated matrices, especially aquatic foodstuffs. This paper aims to review human EDC exposure via fish consumption. In respect to the trace concentration of EDCs in fish, types of instrument and clean-up method are of great concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Afifah Hanun Ismail
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sze Yee Wee
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Zaharin Aris
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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103
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Luo S, Li L, Chen A, Zeng Q, Xia H, Gu JD. Biosorption of diethyl phthalate ester by living and nonliving Burkholderia cepacia and the role of its cell surface components. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 178:187-196. [PMID: 28324840 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the dibutyl phthalate (DBP) binding properties of a DBP-tolerant bacterium (B. cepacia) were characterized in terms of adsorption kinetics and isotherm. Living and nonliving cells both exhibited rapid removal of DBP, achieving more than 80% of maximum sorption within 30 min of contact and reached the equilibrium after 3 h. The adsorption isotherms were well fitted with the Sips model and the nonliving cells have greater biosorption capacity and affinity for DBP than the living cells. Furthermore, the absence of an active mechanism dependent on metabolism implied that the DBP bioaccumulation by living cells was mainly attribute to passive surface binding. The optimum pH for DBP adsorption by living and nonliving cells were both observed to be 6.0. The biosorptive mechanism of DBP binding by B. cepacia was further confirmed by FTIR analysis and various chemical treatments. FTIR results indicated that the phosphate and CH2 groups on B. cepacia were the main bounding sites for DBP. Furthermore, 2.28, 2.15, 1.93 and 0.87 g of pretreated cells were obtained from 2.40 g of native cells via extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), superficial layer-capsule, lipids components and cell membrane removal treatments, respectively. Total binding amount of DBP on the native cells, EPS-removed cells, capsule-removed cells, lipids-extracted cells and membrane-removed cells were 26.69, 24.84, 24.93, 16.11 and 10.80 mg, respectively, suggesting that the cell wall lipids, proteins or peptidoglycan might play important roles in the sorption of DBP by B. cepacia. The information could be applied in understanding on the mobility, transport and ultimate fate of PAEs in soil and related environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Luo
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Langlang Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Anwei Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Qingru Zeng
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Hao Xia
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Ji-Dong Gu
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China; Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Toxicology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China.
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104
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Olkowska E, Ratajczyk J, Wolska L. Determination of phthalate esters in air with thermal desorption technique – Advantages and disadvantages. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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105
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Nugegoda D, Kibria G. Effects of environmental chemicals on fish thyroid function: Implications for fisheries and aquaculture in Australia. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 244:40-53. [PMID: 26921447 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Numerous environmental stressors exert acute or chronic effects on the fish thyroid cascade. Such effects could be mediated via thyroidal alterations, imbalance of plasma T4 and T3 levels or damage to the structure of the thyroidal tissues (thyroid hypertrophy, hyperplasia). The thyroidal system is intricately linked to other endocrine systems in vertebrates including the control of reproduction. Disruption of fish thyroid function by environmental stressors has the potential to result in deleterious effects including the inhibition of sperm production, reduction in egg production, gonad development, ovarian growth, swimming activity, fertilisation and increase in larval mortality. Thyroid hormones play a major role in the development and growth of fish, particularly during their early life stages, thus, thyroid disruption by environmental stressors could inhibit the growth of fish larvae and juveniles in wild fish and cultured species, limit fish seed production and result in a decline in wild fisheries. This review highlights the effects of several environmental toxicants including PBDE, PCBs, PCDD and PCDF, PAH/oil, phthalates, metals, pesticides, mixed pollutants/chemicals, cyanide; and other stressors including acid (low pH) and ammonia, on fish thyroid function. Environmental sources of chemical stressors and appropriate water quality guidelines to protect the freshwater and marine species for the relevant pollutants are also discussed including (when available) the Australian guidelines (2000) and Canadian water quality guidelines (where Australian guidelines are not available). To date there has been no published research on the effects of anthropogenic environmental pollutants on the thyroid system of any native Australian fish species. However, the detection of high risk chemicals (notably PBDEs, PCBs, PAHs, metals and pesticides) in Australian waterways and Australian fish and shellfish implies that thyroid disruption of Australian wild fish and aquacultured species could occur. It is therefore imperative that the effects of such pollutants on the thyroid system of Australian native fish be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayanthi Nugegoda
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, Plenty Road, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Golam Kibria
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, Plenty Road, Melbourne, Australia.
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106
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Fernández-González V, Moscoso-Pérez C, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, López-Mahía P, Prada-Rodríguez D. Reliable, rapid and simple method for the analysis of phthalates in sediments by ultrasonic solvent extraction followed by head space-solid phase microextraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry determination. Talanta 2017; 162:648-653. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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107
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Biodegradation of Dimethyl Phthalate by Freshwater Unicellular Cyanobacteria. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:5178697. [PMID: 28078293 PMCID: PMC5204096 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5178697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The biodegradation characteristics of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) by three freshwater unicellular organisms were investigated in this study. The findings revealed that all the organisms were capable of metabolizing DMP; among them, Cyanothece sp. PCC7822 achieved the highest degradation efficiency. Lower concentration of DMP supported the growth of the Cyanobacteria; however, with the increase of DMP concentration growth of Cyanobacteria was inhibited remarkably. Phthalic acid (PA) was detected to be an intermediate degradation product of DMP and accumulated in the culture solution. The optimal initial pH value for the degradation was detected to be 9.0, which mitigated the decrease of pH resulting from the production of PA. The optimum temperature for DMP degradation of the three species of organisms is 30°C. After 72 hours' incubation, no more than 11.8% of the residual of DMP aggregated in Cyanobacteria cells while majority of DMP remained in the medium. Moreover, esterase was induced by DMP and the activity kept increasing during the degradation process. This suggested that esterase could assist in the degradation of DMP.
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108
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Bakir A, O'Connor IA, Rowland SJ, Hendriks AJ, Thompson RC. Relative importance of microplastics as a pathway for the transfer of hydrophobic organic chemicals to marine life. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 219:56-65. [PMID: 27661728 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
It has been hypothesised that, if ingested, plastic debris could act as vector for the transfer of chemical contaminants from seawater to organisms, yet modelling suggest that, in the natural environment, chemical transfer would be negligible compared to other routes of uptake. However, to date, the models have not incorporated consideration of the role of gut surfactants, or the influence of pH or temperature on desorption, whilst experimental work has shown that these factors can enhance desorption of sorbed contaminants several fold. Here, we modelled the transfer of sorbed organic contaminants dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), phenanthrene (Phe) and bis-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) from microscopic particles of polyvinylchloride (PVC) and polyethylene (PE) to a benthic invertebrate, a fish and a seabird using a one-compartment model OMEGA (Optimal Modelling for EcotoxicoloGical Applications) with different conditions of pH, temperature and gut surfactants. Environmental concentrations of contaminants at the bottom and the top of published ranges were considered, in combination with ingestion of either 1 or 5% by weight of plastic. For all organisms, the combined intake from food and water was the main route of exposure for Phe, DEHP and DDT with a negligible input from plastic. For the benthic invertebrate, predictions including the presence of contaminated plastic resulted in very small increases in the internal concentrations of DDT and DEHP, while the net change in the transfer of Phe was negligible. While there may be scenarios in which the presence of plastic makes a more important contribution, our modelling study suggests that ingestion of microplastic does not provide a quantitatively important additional pathway for the transfer of adsorbed chemicals from seawater to biota via the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Bakir
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre (MBERC) School of Marine Science and Engineering, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, United Kingdom; Petroleum and Environmental Geochemistry Group (PEGG) School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, United Kingdom; School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth, PO1 3QL, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel A O'Connor
- Radbound University Nijmegen, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 9010, NL-6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Steven J Rowland
- Petroleum and Environmental Geochemistry Group (PEGG) School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
| | - A Jan Hendriks
- Radbound University Nijmegen, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 9010, NL-6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard C Thompson
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre (MBERC) School of Marine Science and Engineering, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, United Kingdom.
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109
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Kumar V, Maitra SS. Biodegradation of endocrine disruptor dibutyl phthalate (DBP) by a newly isolated Methylobacillus sp. V29b and the DBP degradation pathway. 3 Biotech 2016; 6:200. [PMID: 28330272 PMCID: PMC5031561 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0524-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Methylobacillus are methanotrophs, a metabolic feature that is widespread in the phylum Proteobacteria. The study demonstrates the isolation and characterization of a newly isolated Methylobacillus sp. V29b. which grows on methanol, protocatechuate, monobutyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, benzyl butyl phthalate, dioctyl phthalate and diisodecyl phthalate. Methylobacillus sp. V29b was characterized with scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Gram staining, antibiotics sensitivity tests and biochemical characterization. It degrades 70 % of the initial DBP in minimal salt medium and 65 % of the initial DBP in samples contaminated with DBP. DBP biodegradation kinetics was explained by the Monod growth inhibition model. Values for maximum specific growth rate (µmax) and half-velocity constant (Ks) are 0.07 h−1 and 998.2 mg/l, respectively. Stoichiometry for DBP degradation was calculated for Methylobacillus sp. V29b. Four metabolic intermediates, dibutyl phthalate (DBP), monobutyl phthalate, phthalic acid and pyrocatechol, were identified. Based on the metabolic intermediates identified, a chemical pathway for DBP degradation was proposed. Six genes for phthalic acid degradation were identified from the genome of Methylobacillus sp. V29b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kumar
- Lab No. 117, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - S S Maitra
- Lab No. 117, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
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110
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Hu X, Gu Y, Huang W, Yin D. Phthalate monoesters as markers of phthalate contamination in wild marine organisms. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:410-418. [PMID: 27435611 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The level of phthalate esters (PAEs) alone is not considered to be a sufficient indicator of PAE pollution due to the quick metabolism of PAEs in the biota. The primary metabolites of PAEs, monoalkyl phthalate esters (MPEs), may also be an important indicator. However, PAE metabolism has scarcely been documented in wild marine organisms. We analysed five PAEs [dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP)] and their corresponding MPEs [mono-methyl phthalate (MMP), mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP), mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), and mono-n-octyl phthalate (MNOP)] in 95 wild aquatic marine samples (including fish, prawns and molluscs) collected from the Yangtze River Delta area of the East China Sea. The species-dependent distribution of these compounds was associated with the food habits, living patterns and trophic levels of the biota. Slightly higher levels of hydrophobic PAEs (DBP and DEHP, logKOW 4.27 and 7.33, respectively) were observed in fish species consuming benthic organisms or in demersal fish species, suggesting the importance of benthic organisms and sediment. Trophic dilution of both PAEs and MPEs implies further metabolic transformation at higher trophic levels. MPE tissue distributions in fish demonstrate that the highest concentrations were always observed in bile. Metabolism via the kidney and gill is a probable main way for the relatively less hydrophobic MPEs (logKOW = <4.73, from MMP to MEHP), whereas metabolism via the liver is likely the main way for the most hydrophobic MNOP (logKOW 5.22). Generally, higher detection frequencies of MPEs were observed than those of parent PAEs. Significant liner correlations were observed between the levels of short-branched (carbon atom per chain = <4) MPEs and the sum of PAEs and MPEs (n = 95, p < 0.01), demonstrating that short-branched MPEs can be used as biomarkers of exposure to quantitatively reflect parent PAE contamination in wild marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xialin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yunyun Gu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Wenping Huang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Daqiang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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111
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Giulivo M, Lopez de Alda M, Capri E, Barceló D. Human exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds: Their role in reproductive systems, metabolic syndrome and breast cancer. A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 151:251-264. [PMID: 27504873 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are released into the environment from different sources. They are mainly used in packaging industries, pesticides and food constituents. Clinical evidence, experimental models, and epidemiological studies suggest that EDCs have major risks for humans by targeting different organs and systems in the body (e.g. reproductive system, breast tissue, adipose tissue, pancreas, etc.). Due to the ubiquity of human exposure to these compounds the aim of this review is to describe the most recent data on the effects induced by phthalates, bisphenol A and parabens in a critical window of exposure: in utero, during pregnancy, infants, and children. The interactions and mechanisms of toxicity of EDCs in relation to human general health problems, especially those broadening the term of endocrine disruption to 'metabolic disruption', should be deeply investigated. These include endocrine disturbances, with particular reference to reproductive problems and breast, testicular and ovarian cancers, and metabolic diseases such as obesity or diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Giulivo
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Piacenza, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Miren Lopez de Alda
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ettore Capri
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Piacenza, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Damià Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, Emili Grahit 101, Edifici H2O, 17003 Girona, Spain.
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112
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Tiwari M, Sahu SK, Pandit GG. Distribution and estrogenic potential of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in estuarine sediments from Mumbai, India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:18789-18799. [PMID: 27316650 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are responsible for inappropriate development and they alter the hormonal and homeostatic systems of organism. Phthalates (PAEs), bisphenol A (BPA) and other EDCs were monitored in surface sediments at different stations across Thane Creek, India. Analysis of PAEs was carried out using GC-MS technique, while BPA and other EDCs were analyzing on UPLC-PDA instrument. Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) had the highest concentration among all fourteen analyzed phthalates ranges between 0.13 and 0.4 mg kg(-1); and was detectable in all sediment samples. Strong correlation (r = 0.95, p < 0.01) was observed between total organic carbon (TOC, %) and total PAEs. BPA was also detected in all samples; average BPA concentration varies from 16.3 to 35.79 μg kg(-1) with mean value 25.15 μg kg(-1) dry weight of sediment. Synthetic EDCs such as 4-para-nonylphenol (NP) and 4-tert-octylphenol (OP) were also analyzed; and their average concentrations were founds to be 356.5 and 176 μg kg(-1), respectively. Estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) were the main contributors to the overall estradiol equivalent concentration (EEQs) in sediment, their average total percentage contributions is more than 90 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tiwari
- Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Section, Health Safety and Environment Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - S K Sahu
- Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Section, Health Safety and Environment Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - G G Pandit
- Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Section, Health Safety and Environment Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India.
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113
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Martins K, Hagedorn B, Ali S, Kennish J, Applegate B, Leu M, Epp L, Pallister C, Zwollo P. Tissue Phthalate Levels Correlate With Changes in Immune Gene Expression in a Population of Juvenile Wild Salmon. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 71:35-47. [PMID: 27177745 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-016-0283-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates have detrimental effects on health and have been shown to dysregulate the immune system of mammals, birds, and fish. We recently reported that di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure reduces the abundance and inhibits the proliferation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) IgM(+) B lymphocytes and expression of secreted immunoglobulin heavy-chain mu transcripts in an in vitro culture system. We proposed that phthalates act as immunomodulators by modifying the normal B cell-activation pathways by accelerating B cell differentiation while suppressing plasmablast expansion, thus resulting in fewer IgM-secreting plasma cells. This hypothesis was tested here in an in vivo field study of juvenile Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) from a plastic-polluted lake in the Gulf of Alaska. Fish tissues were analyzed for both phthalate levels using liquid chromatography-coupled tandem mass spectrometry and for changes in immune gene expression using reverse transcriptase-real time polymerase chain reaction. Results showed that fish with higher tissue levels of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, di(n-butyl) phthalate, and/or dimethyl phthalate expressed significantly fewer secreted and membrane-bound immunoglobulin heavy-chain mu and Blimp1 transcripts in their hematopoietic tissue. This suggests that in vivo uptake of phthalates in fish changes the expression of B cell-specific genes. Chronic exposure to phthalates likely dysregulates normal B-lymphoid development and antibody responses in salmonids and may increase susceptibility to infection. Given the conserved nature of B-lineage cells in vertebrate animals, other marine species may be similarly affected by chronic phthalate exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Martins
- Department of Biology, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, 23185, USA
| | - Birgit Hagedorn
- Environment and Natural Resources Institute, The University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA
| | - Shareen Ali
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA
| | - John Kennish
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA
| | - Ben Applegate
- Environment and Natural Resources Institute, The University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA
| | - Matthias Leu
- Department of Biology, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, 23185, USA
| | - Lidia Epp
- Department of Biology, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, 23185, USA
| | | | - Patty Zwollo
- Department of Biology, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, 23185, USA.
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114
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Tang WJ, Zhang LS, Fang Y, Zhou Y, Ye BC. Biodegradation of phthalate esters by newly isolated Rhizobium
sp. LMB-1 and its biochemical pathway of di-n
-butyl phthalate. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 121:177-86. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W.-J. Tang
- Lab of Biosystems and Microanalysis; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai China
| | - L.-S. Zhang
- Lab of Biosystems and Microanalysis; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai China
| | - Y. Fang
- Lab of Biosystems and Microanalysis; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai China
| | - Y. Zhou
- Lab of Biosystems and Microanalysis; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai China
| | - B.-C. Ye
- Lab of Biosystems and Microanalysis; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai China
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115
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Yang GCC, Huang SC, Jen YS, Tsai PS. Remediation of phthalates in river sediment by integrated enhanced bioremediation and electrokinetic process. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 150:576-585. [PMID: 26733014 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of enhanced bioremediation coupling with electrokinetic process for promoting the growth of intrinsic microorganisms and removing phthalate esters (PAEs) from river sediment by adding an oxygen releasing compound (ORC). Test results are given as follows: Enhanced removal of PAEs was obtained by electrokinetics, through which the electroosmotic flow would render desorption of organic pollutants from sediment particles yielding an increased bioavailability. It was also found that the ORC injected into the sediment compartment not only would alleviate the pH value variation due to acid front and base front, but would be directly utilized as the carbon source and oxygen source for microbial growth resulting in an enhanced degradation of organic pollutants. However, injection of the ORC into the anode compartment could yield a lower degree of microbial growth due to the loss of ORC during the transport by EK. Through the analysis of molecular biotechnology it was found that both addition of an ORC and application of an external electric field can be beneficial to the growth of intrinsic microbial and abundance of microflora. In addition, the sequencing result showed that PAEs could be degraded by the following four strains: Flavobacterium sp., Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., and Rhodococcus sp. The above findings confirm that coupling of enhanced bioremediation and electrokinetic process could be a viable remediation technology to treat PAEs-contaminated river sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon C C Yang
- Center for Emerging Contaminants Research, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sheng-Chih Huang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Yu-Sheng Jen
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Shin Tsai
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, ROC
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116
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Chi Y, Huang Q, Zhang H, Chen Y, Dong S. In situ combined chemical and biological assessment of estrogenic pollution in a water recycling system. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 43:216-223. [PMID: 27155427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Estrogenic pollution and its control in aquatic systems have drawn substantial attention around the world. The chemical and biological assessment approaches currently utilized in the laboratory or field cannot give an integrated assessment of the pollution when used separately. In this study, in situ chemical and biological methods were combined to detect pollution in a water recycling system. Data for the water quality index (WQI) demonstrated that the water treatment resulted in the decline of pollution from upstream to downstream. Wild male Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, was sampled in June and September. The concentrations of four common endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) were determined in the tilapia liver by chromatographic analysis methods. The level of 17β-estradiol (E2) declined from upstream to downstream in both months. In contrast, the levels of bisphenol A (BPA), di-(2-ethylhcxyl) phthalate (DEHP), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) did not display this declining tendency. The highest relative expression of vitellogenin 1 (VTG1) was observed in tilapia from upstream, then the level significantly decreased along the water system. The relative expression levels of CYP1A1 in the water system were also significantly higher than that of the control. However, no declining trend could be observed along the water system. The change of VTG1 expression corresponded well with that of E2 levels in the tilapia liver. Overall, our study assessed the pollution by endocrine disruptors using chemical and biological data with good correspondence. This study also demonstrated the effectiveness of the water recycling system in eliminating estrogen pollution in municipal sewage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulang Chi
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Qiansheng Huang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Huanteng Zhang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yajie Chen
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Sijun Dong
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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117
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Gao DW, Wen ZD. Phthalate esters in the environment: A critical review of their occurrence, biodegradation, and removal during wastewater treatment processes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 541:986-1001. [PMID: 26473701 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters are one of the most frequently detected persistent organic pollutants in the environment. A better understanding of their occurrence and degradation in the environment and during wastewater treatment processes will facilitate the development of strategies to reduce these pollutants and to bioremediate contaminated freshwater and soil. Phthalate esters occur at measurable levels in different environments worldwide. For example, the concentrations of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) in atmospheric particulate matter, fresh water and sediments, soil, and landfills are N.D.-10.4 ng/m(3), N.D.-31.7 μg/L, N.D.-316 μg/kg dry weight, and N.D.-200 μg/kg dry weight, N.D.-43.27 μg/L, respectively. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) are primary phthalate ester pollutants. Urbanization has increased the discharge of phthalate esters to atmospheric and aquatic environments, and the use of agricultural plastics has exacerbated soil contamination by phthalate esters in rural areas. Aerobic biodegradation is the primary manner of phthalate ester mineralization in the environment, and this process has been widely studied. Phthalate esters can be removed during wastewater treatment processes. The combination of different wastewater treatment technologies showed greater efficiency in the removal of phthalate esters than individual treatment steps, such as the combination of anaerobic wastewater treatment with a membrane bioreactor would increase the efficiency of phthalate ester removal from 65%-71% to 95%-97%. This review provides a useful framework to identify future research objectives to achieve the mineralization and elimination of phthalate esters in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Wen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Zhi-Dan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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118
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Chou PH, Lin YL, Liu TC, Chen KY. Exploring potential contributors to endocrine disrupting activities in Taiwan's surface waters using yeast assays and chemical analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 138:814-820. [PMID: 26295540 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Surface waters serve as sinks for anthropogenic contaminants, including naturally occurring hormones and a variety of synthetic endocrine active substances. To investigate the presence of endocrine active contaminants in the aquatic environment in Taiwan, river water and suspended solids were analyzed by yeast assays to examine the distribution of estrogenic, androgenic, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist activities. The results showed that dry-season river samples exhibited strong estrogenic and aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist activities, but no androgenic activity was detected. Owing to the ubiquitous detection of estrogenic activities in Taiwan's surface waters, samples were further subjected to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis for quantification of selected estrogenic compounds. LC-MS/MS results indicated that natural estrogens, such as estrone and 17β-estradiol were often the most contributing compounds for the bioassay-derived estrogenic activities due to their strong estrogenic potencies and high detection frequencies, whereas high concentrations of bisphenol A and nonylphenol also posed a threat to the aquatic ecosystems in Taiwan. Water samples eliciting strong estrogenic activities were further fractionated using high performance liquid chromatography, and significant estrogenic activities were detected in fractions containing estrone, 17β-estradiol, 17α-ethynylestradiol, and bisphenol A. Also, the presence of unidentified estrogenic compounds was found in few river water samples. Further identification of unknown endocrine active substances is necessary to better protect the aquatic environment in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hsin Chou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Ling Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Tong-Cun Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Yu Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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119
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Yang GC, Chiu YH, Wang CL. Integration of electrokinetic process and nano-Fe3O4/S2O82− oxidation process for remediation of phthalate esters in river sediment. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.03.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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120
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Qu R, Feng M, Sun P, Wang Z. A comparative study on antioxidant status combined with integrated biomarker response in Carassius auratus fish exposed to nine phthalates. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2015; 30:1125-1134. [PMID: 24616073 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory experiments were performed to determine the antioxidant responses to nine phthalates (PAEs) in the liver of the goldfish Carassius auratus. The fish were injected with 10 mg/kg body weight of each PAE for 1 day and 4, 8, and 15 days. The potential biotoxicity of the PAEs were examined using the antioxidase and lipid peroxide indices. We determined that the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels displayed different trends following prolonged treatment, suggesting that metabolism generated either less toxic or more active substances. Based on the intensity of enzymes inhibition, MDA content, and the calculated integrated biomarker response (IBR), the toxicity order was determined as follows: dibutyl phthalate (DBP) > diethyl phthalate (DEP) > diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP) > diphenyl phthalate (DPP) > butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) > diallyl phthalate (DAP) > dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP) > dimethyl phthalate (DMP) > di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). In particular, DBP, which exhibited significant inhibition of enzyme activity and the greatest decrease in MDA content, may be a highly toxic contaminant. Furthermore, our results suggest that the IBR may be a general marker of pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingbao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Zunyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
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121
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Impact of DBP on histology and expression of HSP 70 in gill and liver tissue of Cyprinus carpio. Mol Biol Rep 2015; 42:1409-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-015-3920-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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122
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Wielogórska E, Elliott CT, Danaher M, Connolly L. Endocrine disruptor activity of multiple environmental food chain contaminants. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:211-20. [PMID: 25449125 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Industrial chemicals, antimicrobials, drugs and personal care products have been reported as global pollutants which enter the food chain. Some of them have also been classified as endocrine disruptors based on results of various studies employing a number of in vitro/vivo tests. The present study employed a mammalian reporter gene assay to assess the effects of known and emerging contaminants on estrogen nuclear receptor transactivation. Out of fifty-nine compounds assessed, estrogen receptor agonistic activity was observed for parabens( n = 3), UV filters (n = 6), phthalates (n = 4) and a metabolite, pyrethroids (n = 9) and their metabolites (n = 3). Two compounds were estrogen receptor antagonists while some of the agonists enhanced 17b-estradiol mediated response.This study reports five new compounds (pyrethroids and their metabolites) possessing estrogen agonist activity and highlights for the first time that pyrethroid metabolites are of particular concern showing much greater estrogenic activity than their parent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Wielogórska
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
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123
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Xu H, Dong X, Zhang Z, Yang M, Wu X, Liu H, Lao Q, Li C. Assessment of immunotoxicity of dibutyl phthalate using live zebrafish embryos. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 45:286-292. [PMID: 25956719 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study set out to understand the immune-toxic effects of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) using transgenic, albino or AB line zebrafish. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to different concentrations of DBP, and the immune cells formation, phagocytosis ability were measured after a short-term exposure to DBP for 6 h post-fertilization (hpf) to 72 or 96 hpf. Exposure to DBP was found to inhibit the neutrophils and macrophage formation in a concentration-dependent manner. The ability of macrophage phagocytosis was all decreased after exposure to DBP, indicating the occurrence of immunotoxicity. The respiratory burst was induced, and the transcription levels of T/B cell-related genes rag1/2 were up-regulated. The overall results indicate that DBP in aquatic environment greatly influence the immune system in fish, and zebrafish embryos can serve as a reliable model for the developmental immunotoxicity of toxic-chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Xu
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Xing Dong
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ming Yang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xiangyang Wu
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hongcui Liu
- Hunter Biotechnology, Inc., Hangzhou 311231, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qiaocong Lao
- Hunter Biotechnology, Inc., Hangzhou 311231, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chunqi Li
- Hunter Biotechnology, Inc., Hangzhou 311231, Zhejiang Province, China
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124
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Agus HH, Sümer S, Erkoç F. Toxicity and molecular effects of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) on CYP1A, SOD, and GPx in Cyprinus carpio (common carp). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:423. [PMID: 26065888 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4622-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), a widely used plasticizer in the plastic industry, affects regulation of the endocrine system and causes toxicity in animals. In the present study, we evaluated a series of ecotoxicological stress biomarkers in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) as an experimental model to test for alterations in gene expression at a sublethal concentration of 1 mg/L DBP for 4, 24, and 96 h. In gills, an immediate increase in CYP1A messenger RNA (mRNA) levels was observed within the first 4 h and persisted for 96 h. Protein levels were nearly consistent with mRNA levels. However, a time-dependent inhibition was observed in CYP1A levels in the liver within 96 h. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels increased gradually in liver with exposure time to a maximum level of 11-fold. Varied responses of different tissues were likely due to xenobiotic metabolism of DBP. In conclusion, evaluating the tissue-specific alterations of CYP1A, SOD, and GPx levels can be used as specific and effective biomarkers for ecotoxicological monitoring of DBP pollution. We strongly recommend using molecular tools to ecotoxicologists for aquatic monitoring of newly emerging pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hizlan H Agus
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, 06800, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey,
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125
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Adeogun AO, Ibor OR, Omogbemi ED, Chukwuka AV, Adegbola RA, Adewuyi GA, Arukwe A. Environmental occurrence and biota concentration of phthalate esters in Epe and Lagos Lagoons, Nigeria. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 108:24-32. [PMID: 25935094 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The high global occurrence of phthalates in different environmental matrixes has resulted in the detection of their metabolites in human urine, blood, and breast milk, indicating a widespread human exposure. In addition, the notorious endocrine disrupting effects of phthalates have shown that they mimic or antagonize the action of endogenous hormones, consequently producing adverse effects on reproduction, growth and development. Herein, we have studied the occurrence of phthalate esters (PEs) in water, sediment and biota of two lagoons (Epe and Lagos) in Nigeria. Two fish species (Tilapia guineensis, and Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus) and a crustacean (the African river prawn--Macrobrachium vollenhovenii) were analyzed for PEs levels using a HPLC method and the derived values were used for calculating bioconcentration factor (BCF), biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) and phthalate pollution index (PPI) in the biota and environment. We observed that the growth and health condition of the fish species were normal with a k-factor of >1. Sediment PE levels were compared with water, at both lagoons showing concentration pattern that is characterized as DEHP = DEP > DBP. We observed that DBP was the predominant compound in T. guineensis, C. nigrodigitatus and African prawn, at both lagoons, showing organ-specific differences in bioconcentration (BCF and BSAF) patterns in the fish species. While there were no observed consistency in the pattern of PE concentration in fish organs, elevated DBP levels in different fish organs may be related to fish habitat and degradation level of phthalates. Low concentration of DEHP, compared with DBP and DEP, was measured in fish organs and whole prawn body. The BSAF values for DEHP were lowest, and highest for DBP for all species at both lagoons, and DEHP easily accumulated more in the sediment (sediment PPI = 0.28 and 0.16 for Epe and Lagos lagoon, respectively). Overall, our findings suggest a broader environmental and human health implication of the high PE levels in these lagoons since they represent significant sources of aquatic food resources for the neighboring communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina O Adeogun
- Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Oju R Ibor
- Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | | | - Augustine Arukwe
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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126
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Zhang Y, Tao Y, Zhang H, Wang L, Sun G, Sun X, Erinle KO, Feng C, Song Q, Li M. Effect of di-n-butyl phthalate on root physiology and rhizosphere microbial community of cucumber seedlings. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 289:9-17. [PMID: 25702635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The authors investigated the effects of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) on root physiology and rhizosphere microbial communities of cucumber seedlings (sativus L. cv Jinyan No. 4). Root protein content and root activity were observed to decrease. From the ultrastructural micrographs, visible impact on the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and vacuole were detected. Moreover, the number of starch grains increased, and some were adhered to other cell components which might be the most direct evidence of DBP causing cellular damage. Results of PCR-DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) indicated that DBP significantly changed the abundance, structure and composition of rhizosphere bacteria when the concentration was higher than 50 mg L(-1). The relative abundances of Firmicutes increased while that of Bacteroidetes decreased. Bacillus was detected as the dominant bacteria in DBP contaminated cucumber rhizospheric soil. The amount of Actinobacteridae and Pseudomonas decreased until it disappeared in the rhizosphere soil when exposed to DBP concentrations higher than 50 mg L(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
| | - Yue Tao
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Guoqiang Sun
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Xin Sun
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Kehinde O Erinle
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Chengcheng Feng
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Qiuxia Song
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Mo Li
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottinghamshire NG72RD, UK
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127
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Net S, Delmont A, Sempéré R, Paluselli A, Ouddane B. Reliable quantification of phthalates in environmental matrices (air, water, sludge, sediment and soil): a review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 515-516:162-180. [PMID: 25723871 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Because of their widespread application, phthalates or phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are ubiquitous in the environment. Their presence has attracted considerable attention due to their potential impacts on ecosystem functioning and on public health, so their quantification has become a necessity. Various extraction procedures as well as gas/liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry detection techniques are found as suitable for reliable detection of such compounds. However, PAEs are ubiquitous in the laboratory environment including ambient air, reagents, sampling equipment, and various analytical devices, that induces difficult analysis of real samples with a low PAE background. Therefore, accurate PAE analysis in environmental matrices is a challenging task. This paper reviews the extensive literature data on the techniques for PAE quantification in natural media. Sampling, sample extraction/pretreatment and detection for quantifying PAEs in different environmental matrices (air, water, sludge, sediment and soil) have been reviewed and compared. The concept of "green analytical chemistry" for PAE determination is also discussed. Moreover useful information about the material preparation and the procedures of quality control and quality assurance are presented to overcome the problem of sample contamination and these encountered due to matrix effects in order to avoid overestimating PAE concentrations in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sopheak Net
- Université Lille 1, Laboratoire LASIR-UMR 8516 CNRS, Equipe Physico-chimie de l'Environnement, Cité Scientifique 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
| | - Anne Delmont
- Aix-Marseille University, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (M I O), UM 110, 13288, Marseille, Cedex 9, Université de Toulon, 83957, CNRS/IRD, France
| | - Richard Sempéré
- Aix-Marseille University, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (M I O), UM 110, 13288, Marseille, Cedex 9, Université de Toulon, 83957, CNRS/IRD, France
| | - Andrea Paluselli
- Aix-Marseille University, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (M I O), UM 110, 13288, Marseille, Cedex 9, Université de Toulon, 83957, CNRS/IRD, France
| | - Baghdad Ouddane
- Université Lille 1, Laboratoire LASIR-UMR 8516 CNRS, Equipe Physico-chimie de l'Environnement, Cité Scientifique 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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Martins K, Applegate B, Hagedorn B, Kennish J, Zwollo P. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate inhibits B cell proliferation and reduces the abundance of IgM-secreting cells in cultured immune tissues of the rainbow trout. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 44:332-341. [PMID: 25748607 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and its active metabolite MEHP have important immunotoxic effects in mammalian species, including inhibition of cell proliferation, inflammation inhibition, lowering of the antibody response, and apoptosis. Virtually nothing is known about the potential detrimental effects of DEHP/MEHP on the teleost immune system, although phthalates are a likely threat to fish health. Here we investigated whether short-term in vitro DEHP exposure would affect B lineage cells in the rainbow trout, using cultured immune tissues. Cell culture conditions, evidence of cellular incorporation of DEHP, and possible effects of DEHP on immune genes were first established using the mouse pre-B cell line PD31 and data confirmed a dose-dependent cellular uptake of DEHP using liquid chromatography-coupled ion trap mass spectrometry. Effects of in vitro DEHP exposure on trout B cell proliferation were tested by flow cytometry. Significant, dose-dependent inhibition was evident in both anterior and posterior kidney cultures after 24 h exposure to ≥4 μM DEHP. DEHP-induced cell death was not significant for the range of DEHP tested. Further, the abundance of IgM-secreting plasmablasts and plasma cells was significantly reduced after in vitro exposure of ≥16 μM DEHP for 2 or 7 days. Finally, in vitro DEHP exposure significantly lowered the levels of secreted HCmu transcripts in a dose-dependent manner. B lineage cells from posterior kidney were more sensitive to effects of in vitro DEHP exposure than those from anterior kidney. Together, the data support a model where DEHP modifies the normal B cell activation pathways in rainbow trout, promoting B cell differentiation while suppressing plasmablast expansion, resulting in fewer IgM-secreting plasma cells. Insufficient production of protective antibody make fish more susceptible to infection, and increases their risk for disease and mortality in polluted waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Martins
- Department of Biology, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA
| | - Ben Applegate
- Environment and Natural Resources Institute, The University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Birgit Hagedorn
- Environment and Natural Resources Institute, The University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - John Kennish
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Patty Zwollo
- Department of Biology, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA.
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Net S, Sempéré R, Delmont A, Paluselli A, Ouddane B. Occurrence, fate, behavior and ecotoxicological state of phthalates in different environmental matrices. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:4019-35. [PMID: 25730609 DOI: 10.1021/es505233b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 651] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Because of their large and widespread application, phthalates or phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are ubiquitous in all the environmental compartements. They have been widely detected throughout the worldwide environment. Indoor air where people spend 65-90% of their time is also highly contaminated by various PAEs released from plastics, consumer products as well as ambient suspended particulate matter. Because of their widespread application, PAEs are the most common chemicals that humans are in contact with daily. Based on various exposure mechanisms, including the ingestion of food, drinking water, dust/soil, air inhalation and dermal exposure the daily intake of PAEs may reach values as high as 70 μg/kg/day. PAEs are involved in endocrine disrupting effects, namely, upon reproductive physiology in different species of fish and mammals. They also present a variety of additional toxic effects for many other species including terrestrial and aquatic fauna and flora. Therefore, their presence in the environment has attracted considerable attention due to their potential impacts on ecosystem functioning and on public health. This paper is a synthesis of the extensive literature data on behavior, transport, fate and ecotoxicological state of PAEs in environmental matrices: air, water, sediment, sludge, wastewater, soil, and biota. First, the origins and physicochemical properties of PAEs that control the behavior, transport and fate in the environment are reviewed. Second, the compilation of data on transport and fate, adverse environmental and human health effects, legislation, restrictions, and ecotoxicological state of the environment based on PAEs is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sopheak Net
- †Lille University, LAboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman (LASIR)-UMR CNRS 8516, Equipe Physico-chimie de l'Environnement, Cité Scientifique 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Richard Sempéré
- ‡Aix-Marseille University, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), Marseille, CEDEX 9, 13288, France
- §Université de Toulon, Toulon, CNRS/IRD, 83957, France
| | - Anne Delmont
- ‡Aix-Marseille University, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), Marseille, CEDEX 9, 13288, France
- §Université de Toulon, Toulon, CNRS/IRD, 83957, France
| | - Andrea Paluselli
- ‡Aix-Marseille University, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), Marseille, CEDEX 9, 13288, France
- §Université de Toulon, Toulon, CNRS/IRD, 83957, France
| | - Baghdad Ouddane
- †Lille University, LAboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman (LASIR)-UMR CNRS 8516, Equipe Physico-chimie de l'Environnement, Cité Scientifique 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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130
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Chen X, Zhang X, Yang Y, Yue D, Xiao L, Yang L. Biodegradation of an endocrine-disrupting chemical di-n-butyl phthalate by newly isolated Camelimonas sp. and enzymatic properties of its hydrolase. Biodegradation 2015; 26:171-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s10532-015-9725-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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131
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Feasibility of ultra-high performance liquid and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for accurate determination of primary and secondary phthalate metabolites in urine samples. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 853:625-636. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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132
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Chi J, Gao J. Effects of Potamogeton crispus L.-bacteria interactions on the removal of phthalate acid esters from surface water. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 119:59-64. [PMID: 24968306 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the mechanism of submerged macrophyte-bacteria interactions on the removal of phthalic acid esters from surface water, experiments with and without Potamogeton crispus L. were performed. A two-compartment (i.e., water and plant) kinetic model was developed. The model adequately described the variation of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) in the plant-water system by providing the first-order rate constants of plant uptake (k1) and release (k2), microbial degradation in water (k3) and plant degradation (k4). During 10-d incubation, the presence of P. crispus enhanced the removal of DBP and DEHP from water by 6.3% and 22.4%. Compared with the experiment without P. crispus, biodegradation of DBP in water with P. crispus decreased by 8.3% because of plant uptake even though k3 increased by 30%. 21.4% of DBP transferred from water to plants, of which only small amount (5.1%) retained in the plant and the rest (94.9%) was degraded. Different from DBP, biodegradation of DEHP in water with P. crispus was a slightly higher than that without P. crispus. 25.5% of DEHP transferred from water to plants, of which a large portion (73.3%) retained in the plant and the rest (26.7%) was degraded. This finding reveals that the enhancement of DBP removal from surface water is mainly related to faster degradation in the plant, whereas it is mainly related to higher plant accumulation for DEHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Jing Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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Adeogun AO, Ibor OR, Omiwole RA, Hassan T, Adegbola RA, Adewuyi GO, Arukwe A. Occurrence, Species, and Organ Differences in Bioaccumulation Patterns of Phthalate Esters in Municipal Domestic Water Supply Lakes in Ibadan, Nigeria. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:761-777. [PMID: 26090560 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2015.1030487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of phthalate esters (PE) was examined in biota, ambient water, and sediments of two man-made lakes (Asejire and Eleyele) in southwestern Nigeria. Five fish species (Tilapia zillii, Hepsetus odoe, Parachanna obscura, Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, and Mormyrus rume) were analyzed for PE levels and used for calculating bioconcentration factors (BCF) and biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAF). In addition, measured PE levels were thereafter used to calculate the phthalate pollution index (PPI) in biota and the environment. At both lakes, all sampled species had k-factor > 1, showing apparently normal growth and health condition. Higher PE levels were found in sediments compared with water at both lakes, with a pattern showing that di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was predominant PE. While there were no unique patterns of PE concentrations in both lakes, differences were observed in organ concentration patterns that were evident at both lakes. For T. zillii, the BSAF was higher for dibutyl phthalate (DBP) compared to diethyl phthalate (DEP) and lowest for DEHP. The concentration pattern demonstrated that DBP concentrated more in gills (BCF: 6.7), while DEHP concentrated more in liver (BCF: 15.2) of T. zillii at Asejire. At Eleyele, T. zillii liver and gills concentrated less DEP and DEHP. The PPI value was significantly higher in sediment with respective values of 0.27 and 0.44 at Asejire and Eleyele lakes compared with water with respective values of 0.1 and 0.18 at Asejire and Eleyele lakes. Overall, our findings suggest a broader environmental and human health implication of high PE levels in these lakes, since they provide vast water volumes that are used for municipal domestic water supply. Further, these lakes support intense artisanal fisheries, representing significant sources of aquatic food resources for neighboring communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina O Adeogun
- a Department of Zoology , University of Ibadan , Ibadan , Nigeria
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134
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Tran BC, Teil MJ, Blanchard M, Alliot F, Chevreuil M. BPA and phthalate fate in a sewage network and an elementary river of France. Influence of hydroclimatic conditions. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 119:43-51. [PMID: 24964009 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Our purpose was to characterize the fate of bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalate contamination simultaneously in a sewage network and a watercourse, in relation with hydrological and climatic conditions. An elementary catchment of the Seine basin, receiving effluents from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), was chosen because of its basic hydrological features. BPA and DEHP concentrations in the WWTP inputs were 4 and 33 μg L(-1) whereas in the outputs, they were only 0.4 and 2 μg L(-1), respectively. Contaminant ratios in the suspended sediment phase of the WWTP inputs ranged from 0.5% to 88%, related to their molecular properties. BPA and phthalates were effectively removed in the WWTP (>90% for both compounds), by degradation and decantation. Upstream of the discharge, river concentrations ranged from 0.002 to 0.175 μg L(-1) for BPA and from 0.16 to 0.90 μg L(-1) for DEHP. Downstream from the WWTP outputs, concentrations ranged from 0.11 to 0.79 μg L(-1) for BPA and from 0.31 μg L(-1) to 1.7 μg L(-1) for DEHP: the WWTP discharge led to contaminant increases of 3.8 and 2 times, respectively. Far downstream, concentrations were lower ranging from 0.11 to 0.19 μg L(-1) for BPA and from 0.36 μg L(-1) to 1.1 μg L(-1) for DEHP. BPA and phthalates displayed opposite seasonal variations with a decrease for the first one and an increase for the second one during summer. BPA contamination in the Charmoise river derived mainly from the WWTP, while phthalate contamination was attributed to both WWTP discharges and diffuse sources such as atmospheric bulk deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bich Chau Tran
- HeSam Université/Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes/Laboratoire Hydrologie Environnement, Tour 46/56, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Tour 46/56, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France; CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR 7619 METIS, Tour 46/56, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Marie Jeanne Teil
- HeSam Université/Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes/Laboratoire Hydrologie Environnement, Tour 46/56, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Tour 46/56, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France; CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR 7619 METIS, Tour 46/56, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Martine Blanchard
- HeSam Université/Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes/Laboratoire Hydrologie Environnement, Tour 46/56, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Tour 46/56, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France; CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR 7619 METIS, Tour 46/56, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Fabrice Alliot
- HeSam Université/Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes/Laboratoire Hydrologie Environnement, Tour 46/56, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Tour 46/56, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France; CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR 7619 METIS, Tour 46/56, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Marc Chevreuil
- HeSam Université/Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes/Laboratoire Hydrologie Environnement, Tour 46/56, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Tour 46/56, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France; CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR 7619 METIS, Tour 46/56, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
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135
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Wang J, Bo L, Li L, Wang D, Chen G, Christie P, Teng Y. Occurrence of phthalate esters in river sediments in areas with different land use patterns. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 500-501:113-119. [PMID: 25217750 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are widely used as plasticizers in both industrial and commercial products and have aroused considerable concern over their widespread distribution and potentially hazardous impacts on the environment. The present study investigated the distribution (concentrations at different sites) of PAEs in typical riverine sediments in southern Jiangsu Province and its relationship with the physical and chemical properties of the sediments. PAEs were detected in all 34 sediment samples analyzed, and the total concentrations of the six priority control PAEs in sediments ranged from 2.3 to 80.1 mg kg(-1) with a mean concentration of 13.2 ± 14.7 mg kg(-1). Land use significantly (p<0.05) influenced the PAE concentrations in the river sediments. The average PAE concentrations in mixed industrial and commercial districts were 27.8 ± 18.2 mg kg(-1), three and eight times higher than those in suburban areas (8.8 ± 3.7 mg kg(-1)) and an agricultural field (3.4 ± 0.9 mg kg(-1)), respectively. The concentrations of PAEs showed significant linear positive correlations with sediment organic matter and phosphorus but no significant correlation with sediment pH. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) were the dominant PAE compounds present in all examined sediment samples. These PAEs have relatively high ecotoxicology, but the potential risk of their transfer to the food chain needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Chongqing Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Luji Bo
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lina Li
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dejian Wang
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Gangcai Chen
- Chongqing Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Peter Christie
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Ying Teng
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
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136
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Zolfaghari M, Drogui P, Seyhi B, Brar SK, Buelna G, Dubé R. Occurrence, fate and effects of Di (2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate in wastewater treatment plants: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 194:281-293. [PMID: 25091800 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates, such as Di (2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) are compounds extensively used as plasticizer for long time around the world. Due to the extensive usage, DEHP is found in many surface waters (0.013-18.5 μg/L), wastewaters (0.716-122 μg/L), landfill leachate (88-460 μg/L), sludge (12-1250 mg/kg), soil (2-10 mg/kg). DEHP is persistent in the environment and the toxicity of the byproducts resulting from the degradation of DEHP sometime exacerbates the parent compound toxicity. Water/Wastewater treatment processes might play a key role in delivering safe, reliable supplies of water to households, industry and in safeguarding the quality of water in rivers, lakes and aquifers. This review addresses state of knowledge concerning the worldwide production, occurrence, fate and effects of DEHP in the environment. Moreover, the fate and behavior of DEHP in various treatment processes, including biological, physicochemical and advanced processes are reviewed and comparison (qualitative and quantitative) has been done between the processes. The trends and perspectives for treatment of wastewaters contaminated by DEHP are also analyzed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zolfaghari
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS-Eau, Terre et Environnement), Université du Québec, 490 rue de la Couronne, Québec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - P Drogui
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS-Eau, Terre et Environnement), Université du Québec, 490 rue de la Couronne, Québec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada.
| | - B Seyhi
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS-Eau, Terre et Environnement), Université du Québec, 490 rue de la Couronne, Québec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - S K Brar
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS-Eau, Terre et Environnement), Université du Québec, 490 rue de la Couronne, Québec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - G Buelna
- Industrial Research Center of Quebec, 333 rue Franquet, Québec, QC G1P 4C7, Canada
| | - R Dubé
- Industrial Research Center of Quebec, 333 rue Franquet, Québec, QC G1P 4C7, Canada
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137
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Chou PH, Liu TC, Ko FC, Liao MW, Yeh HM, Yang TH, Wu CT, Chen CH, Tsai TY. Occurrence of aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists and genotoxic compounds in the river systems in Southern Taiwan. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 107:257-264. [PMID: 24411837 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Water and sediment samples from river systems located in Southern Taiwan were investigated for the presence of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists and genotoxicants by a combination of recombinant cell assays and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. AhR agonist activity and genotoxic response were frequently detected in samples collected during different seasons. In particular, dry-season water and sediment samples from Erren River showed strong AhR agonist activity (201-1423 ng L(-1) and 1374-5631 ng g(-1) β-naphthoflavone equivalents) and high genotoxic potential. Although no significant correlation was found between AhR agonist activity and genotoxicity, potential genotoxicants in sample extracts were suggested to be causative agents for yeast growth inhibition in the AhR-responsive reporter gene assay. After high performance liquid chromatography fractionation, AhR agonist candidates were detected in several fractions of Erren River water and sediment extracts, while possible genotoxicants were only found in water extracts. In addition, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the typical contaminants showing high AhR binding affinity, were only minor contributors to the AhR agonist activity detected in Erren River sediment extracts. Our findings displayed the usefulness of bioassays in evaluating the extent of environmental contamination, which may be helpful in reducing the chances of false-negative results obtained from chemical analysis of conventional contaminants. Further research will be undertaken to identify major candidates for xenobiotic AhR agonists and genotoxicants to better protect the aquatic environments in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hsin Chou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Tong-Cun Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Fung-Chi Ko
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan; Institute of Marine Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Mong-Wei Liao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Mei Yeh
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Han Yang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ting Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsun Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ya Tsai
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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138
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Liu H, Cui K, Zeng F, Chen L, Cheng Y, Li H, Li S, Zhou X, Zhu F, Ouyang G, Luan T, Zeng Z. Occurrence and distribution of phthalate esters in riverine sediments from the Pearl River Delta region, South China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 83:358-65. [PMID: 24768262 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Sixty-eight sediment samples collected from Dongjiang River, Xijiang River, Beijiang River and Zhujiang River in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, Southern China, were analyzed for 16 phthalate esters (PAEs). PAEs were detected in all riverine sediments analyzed, which indicate that PAEs are ubiquitous environmental contaminants. The Σ16PAEs concentrations in riverine sediments in the PRD region ranged from 0.567 to 47.3 μg g(-1) dry weight (dw), with the mean and median concentrations of 5.34 μg g(-1) dw and 2.15 μg g(-1) dw, respectively. Elevated PAEs concentrations in riverine sediments in the PRD region were found in the highly urbanized and industrialized areas. Of the 16 PAEs, diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) dominated the PAEs, with the mean and median concentrations of 1.12 μg g(-1)dw, 0.420 μg g(-1) dw and 3.72 μg g(-1) dw, and 0.429 μg g(-1) dw, 0.152 μg g(-1) dw and 1.55 μg g(-1) dw, respectively, and accounted for 94.2-99.7% of the Σ16PAEs concentrations. Influenced by local sources and the properties of PAEs, a gradient trend of concentrations and a fractionation of composition from more to less industrialized and urbanized areas were discovered. As compared to the results from other studies, the riverine sediments in the PRD region were severely contaminated with PAEs. Information about PAEs contamination status and its effect on the aquatic organisms in the PRD region may deserve further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Kunyan Cui
- Instrumental Analysis and Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Feng Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Lixuan Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yating Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Huiru Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shuocong Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xi Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Fang Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Tiangang Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zunxiang Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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139
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On-line in-tube solid phase microextraction-capillary liquid chromatography method for monitoring degradation products of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in waters. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1347:157-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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140
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Lambert S, Sinclair C, Boxall A. Occurrence, degradation, and effect of polymer-based materials in the environment. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 227:1-53. [PMID: 24158578 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-01327-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
There is now a plethora of polymer-based materials (PBMs) on the market, because of the increasing demand for cheaper consumable goods, and light-weight industrial materials. Each PBM constitutes a mixture of their representative polymer/sand their various chemical additives. The major polymer types are polyethylene, polypropylene,and polyvinyl chloride, with natural rubber and biodegradable polymers becoming increasingly more important. The most important additives are those that are biologically active, because to be effective such chemicals often have properties that make them resistant to photo-degradation and biodegradation. During their lifecycle,PBMs can be released into the environment form a variety of sources. The principal introduction routes being general littering, dumping of unwanted waste materials,migration from landfills and emission during refuse collection. Once in the environment,PBMs are primarily broken down by photo-degradation processes, but due to the complex chemical makeup of PBMs, receiving environments are potentially exposed to a mixture of macro-, meso-, and micro-size polymer fragments, leached additives, and subsequent degradation products. In environments where sunlight is absent (i.e., soils and the deep sea) degradation for most PBMs is minimal .The majority of literature to date that has addressed the environmental contamination or disposition of PBMs has focused on the marine environment. This is because the oceans are identified as the major sink for macro PBMs, where they are known to present a hazard to wildlife via entanglement and ingestion. The published literature has established the occurrence of microplastics in marine environment and beach sediments, but is inadequate as regards contamination of soils and freshwater sediments. The uptake of microplastics for a limited range of aquatic organisms has also been established, but there is a lack of information regarding soil organisms, and the long-term effects of microplastic uptake are also less well understood.There is currently a need to establish appropriate degradation test strategies consistent with realistic environmental conditions, because the complexity of environmental systems is lost when only one process (e.g., hydrolysis) is assessed in isolation. Enhanced methodologies are also needed to evaluate the impact of PBMs to soil and freshwater environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Lambert
- The University of York, Heslington Road, York, YO10 5DD, UK,
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141
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A cost-effective method for estimating di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in coastal sediments. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1324:57-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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142
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Bergé A, Cladière M, Gasperi J, Coursimault A, Tassin B, Moilleron R. Meta-analysis of environmental contamination by phthalates. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:8057-8076. [PMID: 23917738 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1982-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate acid esters (PAE), commonly named phthalates, are toxics classified as endocrine-disrupting compounds; they are primarily used as additives to improve the flexibility in polyvinyl chloride. Many studies have reported the occurrence of phthalates in different environmental matrices; however, none of these studies has yet established a complete overview for those compounds in the water cycle within an urban environment. This review summarizes PAE concentrations for all environmental media throughout the water cycle, from atmosphere to receiving waters. Once the occurrences of compounds have been evaluated for each environmental compartment (urban wastewater, wastewater treatment plants, atmosphere, and the natural environment), we reviewed data in order to identify the fate of PAE in the environment and establish whether geographical and historical trends exist. Indeed, geographical and historical trends appear between Europe and other countries such as USA/Canada and China, however they remain location dependent. This study aimed at identifying both the correlations existing between environmental compartments and the processes influencing the fate and transport of these contaminants into the environment. In Europe, the concentrations measured in waterways today represent the background level of contamination, which provides evidence of a past diffuse pollution. In contrast, an increasing trend has actually been observed for developing countries, especially for China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Bergé
- Laboratoire Central de la Préfecture de Police, 39 bis rue de Dantzig, 75015, Paris, France
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143
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Zheng Q, Feng M, Dai Y. Comparative antioxidant responses in liver of Carassius auratus exposed to phthalates: an integrated biomarker approach. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 36:741-749. [PMID: 23938764 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates (PAEs) are chemical agents typically used as plasticizers in numerous industrial products. They have become ubiquitous contaminants due to their tendency to release into the environment. The present study was conducted to investigate the comparative antioxidant responses in liver of freshwater goldfish Carassius auratus injected intraperitoneally with 17 different PAEs at a concentration of 10 mg/kg for 10 days. The results indicated that these PAEs can adversely affect the antioxidant status, confirmed by the significantly inhibited activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase). Especially, the latter two enzymes constituted the most affected antioxidant enzymes after the exposure, and the lowest values were recorded for the catalase activity. The toxicity order was proposed via the integrated biomarker response, with dicyclohexyl phthalate the most toxic and diethyl phthalate the least. Overall, these findings may contribute to the risk assessments of these chemicals on aquatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zheng
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224003, China.
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144
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Magdouli S, Daghrir R, Brar SK, Drogui P, Tyagi RD. Di 2-ethylhexylphtalate in the aquatic and terrestrial environment: a critical review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2013; 127:36-49. [PMID: 23681404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are being increasingly used as softeners-plasticizers to improve the plasticity and the flexibility of materials. Amongst the different plasticizers used, more attention is paid to di (2-ethylhexylphtalate) (DEHP), one of the most representative compounds as it exhibits predominant effects on environment and human health. Meanwhile, several questions related to its sources; toxicity, distribution and fate still remain unanswered. Most of the evidence until date suggests that DEHP is an omnipresent compound found in different ecological compartments and its higher hydrophobicity and low volatility have resulted in significant adsorption to solids matrix. In fact, there are important issues to be addressed with regard to the toxicity of this compound in both animals and humans, its behavior in different ecological systems, and the transformation products generated during different biological or advanced chemical treatments. This article presents detailed review of existing treatment schemes, research gaps and future trends related to DEHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Magdouli
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS-Eau Terre et Environnement), Université du Québec, 490 rue de la Couronne, Québec City, Québec, Canada G1K 9A9.
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145
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Impact of di-n-butyl phthalate on reproductive system development in European pikeperch (Sander lucioperca). ACTA VET BRNO 2013. [DOI: 10.2754/avb201382020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Phthalic acid, di-n-butyl ester known as di-n-butyl phthalate, is an organic chemical compound that belongs to the group of endocrine disruptor compounds that have a documented negative impact on mammalian endocrine systems. Di-n-butyl phthalate is used widely as a plasticizer in the manufacture of artificial materials, which is why it is found in all types of environmental samples including those from water basins. The aim of the study was to describe the impact of di-n-butyl phthalate on the development of the reproductive system of European pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) during the sex differentiation period (age 61–96 days post hatch). A total of 240 fish were divided into 6 groups (40 fish per tank). Treatments consisted of a control group (0 g di-n-butyl phthalate·kg-1 feed) and five trial groups with 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 g di-n-butyl phthalate·kg-1 feed, respectively. Histological changes of the fish gonads, sex ratio, survival and growth of fish were evaluated. Di-n-butyl phthalate seriously disturbed sex differentiation process of pikeperch. Histopathological analyses revealed that the administration of 2 g di-n-butyl phthalate·kg-1 significantly affected the sex ratio. The feminization process (intersex gonads) at concentrations of 1 g and 2 g di-n-butyl phthalate·kg-1 were observed. All analyzed concentrations delayed testicular development. Phthalate did not have a significant impact on the survival or growth rates of the pikeperch. This is the first report of disruption sex differentiation processes in fish by di-n-butyl phthalate.
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146
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Cheng Z, Nie XP, Wang HS, Wong MH. Risk assessments of human exposure to bioaccessible phthalate esters through market fish consumption. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 57-58:75-80. [PMID: 23688402 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The bioaccessibility of phthalate esters in 20 fish species collected from Hong Kong market was evaluated using an in vitro gastrointestinal model. The ∑phthalate ester concentration detected in fresh water fish ranged from 1.66 to 3.14μg/g wet weight (ww) and in marine fish ranged from 1.57 to 7.10μg/g ww, respectively. di-2-Ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) were the predominant compounds in both freshwater fish and marine fish. The digestible concentrations of phthalate esters ranged from 0.20 to 1.23μg/g ww (mean 0.35μg/g ww), and account for 2.44 to 45.5% (mean 16.8%) for raw concentrations of phthalate esters. In the present study, the accumulation ratio Rnn value of all phthalate esters was greater than 1 except for diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), DBP and di-n-hexyl phthalate (DHP), suggesting that these phthalate esters could be accumulated during gastrointestinal digestion. Based on this health risk assessment, most of fish species were considered safe for consumption, however Hong Kong residents should take caution when consuming Mud carp and Bighead carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory on Marine Pollution, Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University and City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
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147
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Sun J, Huang J, Zhang A, Liu W, Cheng W. Occurrence of phthalate esters in sediments in Qiantang River, China and inference with urbanization and river flow regime. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 248-249:142-149. [PMID: 23339883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs), a group of emerging organic contaminants, have become a serious issue arousing much attention for their ubiquitous presence and hazardous impact on the environment. This study provides the first data on distribution of PAEs in the sediments in the Qiantang River, Zhejiang Province, China, and the inference with urbanization and river flow regime. PAEs were detected in all 23 sediment samples analyzed, and the total concentrations of their 16 congeners in sediments ranged from 0.59 to 6.74μg/g dry weight (dw), with the geometric mean value of 2.03μg/g dw. Of the 16 PAE congeners, di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were present in all sediment samples. The PAEs concentrations in urban regions were higher than those in rural regions because of higher discharge of PAEs from plastic materials in urbanized areas. Concentrations of PAEs were positively correlated with sediment organic matter (fOM) and negatively correlated with logistic value of annual average flow volume at sample sites. River flow regime modified by man-made dams significantly affected the distribution of PAEs. Analysis of congener composition of PAEs indicated that the DEHP was predominant congener in the Qiantang River. The normalized concentration of DEHP exceeded recommended environmental risk limit (ERL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Sun
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
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148
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Sánchez-Avila J, Tauler R, Lacorte S. Organic micropollutants in coastal waters from NW Mediterranean Sea: sources distribution and potential risk. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2012; 46:50-62. [PMID: 22706016 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study provides a first estimation on the sources, distribution and risk of organic micropollutants (OMPs) in coastal waters from NW Mediterranean Sea. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorinated pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, phthalates and alkylphenols were analyzed by solid phase extraction and gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-GC-EI-MS/MS). River waters and wastewater treatment plant effluents discharging to the sea were identified as the main sources of OMPs to coastal waters, with an estimated input amount of around of 25,800 g d(-1). The concentration of ΣOMPs in coastal areas ranged from 17.4 to 8442 ng L(-1), and was the highest in port waters, followed by coastal and river mouth seawaters. A summarized overview of the patterns and sources of OMP contamination on the investigated coastal sea waters of NW Mediterranean Sea, as well as of their geographical distribution was obtained by Principal Component Analysis of the complete data set after its adequate pretreatment. Alkylphenols, bisphenol A and phthalates were the main contributors to ΣOMPs and produced an estimated significant pollution risk for fish, algae and the sensitive mysid shrimp organisms in seawater samples. The combination of GC-MS/MS, chemometrics and risk analysis is proven to be useful for a better control and management of OMP discharges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sánchez-Avila
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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149
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Muñoz-Ortuño M, Moliner-Martínez Y, Cogollos-Costa S, Herráez-Hernández R, Campíns-Falcó P. A miniaturized method for estimating di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in bivalves as bioindicators. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1260:169-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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150
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Teil MJ, Tlili K, Blanchard M, Chevreuil M, Alliot F, Labadie P. Occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, and phthalates in freshwater fish from the Orge river (Ile-de France). ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 63:101-13. [PMID: 22234461 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-011-9746-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and phthalates were investigated from July 2009 to April 2010 in three fish species from the Orge river, which flows in a densely populated area of Ile-de-France. In two Cyprinidae (roach and chub) and one Percidae (perch), muscle contents in increasing order ranged as follows: 12-18 ng g(-1) dw for PBDEs (Σtri-hepta), 120-170 ng g(-1) dw for PCBs (Σ7), and 2,250-5,125 ng g(-1) dw for phthalates (Σ7). No variation was observed between contaminant contents and lipid levels. No biomagnification was found according to the trophic level for PBDEs and PCBs, whereas for phthalates the highest contents were found in perch. Seasonal variations were observed with the lowest PBDE and PCB contents occurring in July after spawning in roach and perch (p < 0.001). PBDE content followed a decreasing trend-gonad > liver > muscle-whatever the period. For PCBs, gonad and liver contents remained greater than that of muscle (p < 0.05). Our results indicate a preferential accumulation of halogenated compounds in gonad and liver outside the reproduction period. Bioaccumulation factors for PCBs in muscle were significantly correlated to their chlorination degree in perch (p < 0.01) and roach (p < 0.01). In roach, that correlation slope was by decreasing importance order as follows: gonad > liver > muscle. The biota-sediment accumulation factors varied from 0.1 to 29.2, from 1.6 to 4.8, and from 1 to 123.5 for PBDEs, PCBs, and phthalates, respectively. These results contribute to document the use of freshwater fish as bioindicators of river quality.
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