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Fu Y, Jaarsma AH, Kuipers OP. Antiviral activities and applications of ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs). Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:3921-3940. [PMID: 33532865 PMCID: PMC7853169 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03759-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The emergence and re-emergence of viral epidemics and the risks of antiviral drug resistance are a serious threat to global public health. New options to supplement or replace currently used drugs for antiviral therapy are urgently needed. The research in the field of ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) has been booming in the last few decades, in particular in view of their strong antimicrobial activities and high stability. The RiPPs with antiviral activity, especially those against enveloped viruses, are now also gaining more interest. RiPPs have a number of advantages over small molecule drugs in terms of specificity and affinity for targets, and over protein-based drugs in terms of cellular penetrability, stability and size. Moreover, the great engineering potential of RiPPs provides an efficient way to optimize them as potent antiviral drugs candidates. These intrinsic advantages underscore the good therapeutic prospects of RiPPs in viral treatment. With the aim to highlight the underrated antiviral potential of RiPPs and explore their development as antiviral drugs, we review the current literature describing the antiviral activities and mechanisms of action of RiPPs, discussing the ongoing efforts to improve their antiviral potential and demonstrate their suitability as antiviral therapeutics. We propose that antiviral RiPPs may overcome the limits of peptide-based antiviral therapy, providing an innovative option for the treatment of viral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Fu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ate H Jaarsma
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Oscar P Kuipers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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102
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Ades AE, Soriano-Arandes A, Alarcon A, Bonfante F, Thorne C, Peckham CS, Giaquinto C. Vertical transmission of Zika virus and its outcomes: a Bayesian synthesis of prospective studies. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 21:537-545. [PMID: 33068528 PMCID: PMC7992034 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30432-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prospective studies of Zika virus in pregnancy have reported rates of congenital Zika syndrome and other adverse outcomes by trimester. However, Zika virus can infect and damage the fetus early in utero, but clear before delivery. The true vertical transmission rate is therefore unknown. We aimed to provide the first estimates of underlying vertical transmission rates and adverse outcomes due to congenital infection with Zika virus by trimester of exposure. METHODS This was a Bayesian latent class analysis of data from seven prospective studies of Zika virus in pregnancy. We estimated vertical transmission rates, rates of Zika-virus-related and non-Zika-virus-related adverse outcomes, and the diagnostic sensitivity of markers of congenital infection. We allowed for variation between studies in these parameters and used information from women in comparison groups with no PCR-confirmed infection, where available. FINDINGS The estimated mean risk of vertical transmission was 47% (95% credible interval 26 to 76) following maternal infection in the first trimester, 28% (15 to 46) in the second, and 25% (13 to 47) in the third. 9% (4 to 17) of deliveries following infections in the first trimester had symptoms consistent with congenital Zika syndrome, 3% (1 to 7) in the second, and 1% (0 to 3) in the third. We estimated that in infections during the first, second, and third trimester, respectively, 13% (2 to 27), 3% (-5 to 14), and 0% (-7 to 11) of pregnancies had adverse outcomes attributable to Zika virus infection. Diagnostic sensitivity of markers of congenital infection was lowest in the first trimester (42% [18 to 72]), but increased to 85% (51 to 99) in trimester two, and 80% (42 to 99) in trimester three. There was substantial between-study variation in the risks of vertical transmission and congenital Zika syndrome. INTERPRETATION This preliminary analysis recovers the causal effects of Zika virus from disparate study designs. Higher transmission in the first trimester is unusual with congenital infections but accords with laboratory evidence of decreasing susceptibility of placental cells to infection during pregnancy. FUNDING European Union Horizon 2020 programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Ades
- Department of Population Health Science, University of Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK,Correspondence to: Prof A E Ades, Department of Population Health Science, University of Bristol Medical School, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Antoni Soriano-Arandes
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Alarcon
- Department of Neonatology, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesco Bonfante
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Models, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Claire Thorne
- Population Policy and Practice Programme, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Catherine S Peckham
- Population Policy and Practice Programme, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Carlo Giaquinto
- Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy
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103
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Contact-dependent transmission of Langat and tick-borne encephalitis virus in type I interferon receptor-1 deficient mice. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02039-20. [PMID: 33504602 PMCID: PMC8103697 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02039-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is primarily transmitted to humans through tick bites or oral consumption of accordingly contaminated unpasteurized milk or milk products. The detection of TBEV RNA in various body fluids in immunosuppressed human patients is documented. However, the risk of direct contact exposure remains unclear. Interferon-alpha receptor-1 deficient (Ifnar1-/- ) mice, which are lacking the interferon-α/β responses, develop neurologic manifestations after infection with TBEV and Langat virus (LGTV). We showed that subcutaneous, intranasal, and peroral infection of LGTV lead to disease, whereas mice with intragastric application of LGTV showed no disease signs. With LGTV infected mice exhibit seroconversion and significant viral RNA levels was detected in saliva, eye smear, feces and urine. As a result, TBEV and LGTV are transmitted between mice from infected to naïve co-caged sentinel animals. Although intranasal inoculation of LGTV is entirely sufficient to establish the disease in mice, the virus is not transmitted by aerosols. These pooled results from animal models highlight the risks of exposure to TBEV contaminants and the possibility for close contact transmission of TBEV in interferon-alpha receptor-1 deficient laboratory mice.Importance Tick-borne encephalitis is a severe disease of the central nervous system caused by the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). Every year between 10,000-12,000 people become infected with this flavivirus. The TBEV is usually transmitted to humans via the bite of a tick, but infections due to consumption of infectious milk products are increasingly being reported. Since there is no therapy for an TBEV infection and mechanisms of virus persistence in reservoir animals are unclear, it is important to highlight the risk of exposure to TBEV contaminants and know possible routes of transmission of this virus. The significance of our research is in identifying other infection routes of TBEV and LGTV, and the possibility of close contact transmission.
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104
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Zika Virus Pathogenesis: A Battle for Immune Evasion. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030294. [PMID: 33810028 PMCID: PMC8005041 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection and its associated congenital and other neurological disorders, particularly microcephaly and other fetal developmental abnormalities, constitute a World Health Organization (WHO) Zika Virus Research Agenda within the WHO’s R&D Blueprint for Action to Prevent Epidemics, and continue to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) today. ZIKV pathogenicity is initiated by viral infection and propagation across multiple placental and fetal tissue barriers, and is critically strengthened by subverting host immunity. ZIKV immune evasion involves viral non-structural proteins, genomic and non-coding RNA and microRNA (miRNA) to modulate interferon (IFN) signaling and production, interfering with intracellular signal pathways and autophagy, and promoting cellular environment changes together with secretion of cellular components to escape innate and adaptive immunity and further infect privileged immune organs/tissues such as the placenta and eyes. This review includes a description of recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms underlying ZIKV immune modulation and evasion that strongly condition viral pathogenesis, which would certainly contribute to the development of anti-ZIKV strategies, drugs, and vaccines.
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105
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Xie S, Zhang H, Liang Z, Yang X, Cao R. AXL, an Important Host Factor for DENV and ZIKV Replication. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:575346. [PMID: 33954117 PMCID: PMC8092360 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.575346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses, as critically important pathogens, are still major public health problems all over the world. For instance, the evolution of ZIKV led to large-scale outbreaks in the Yap island in 2007. DENV was considered by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the 10 threats to global health in 2019. Enveloped viruses hijack a variety of host factors to complete its replication cycle. Phosphatidylserine (PS) receptor, AXL, is considered to be a candidate receptor for flavivirus invasion. In this review, we discuss the molecular structure of ZIKV and DENV, and how they interact with AXL to successfully invade host cells. A more comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms of flavivirus-AXL interaction will provide crucial insights into the virus infection process and the development of anti-flavivirus therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengda Xie
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huiru Zhang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenjie Liang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingmiao Yang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruibing Cao
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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106
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Ribeiro IM, Souto PCS, Borbely AU, Tanabe ELL, Cadavid A, Alvarez AM, Bueno J, Agudelo O, Robles RG, Ayala-Ramírez P, Sacerdoti F, Szasz T, Damiano AE, Ibarra C, Escudero C, Lima VV, Giachini FR. The limited knowledge of placental damage due to neglected infections: ongoing problems in Latin America. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2021; 66:151-169. [PMID: 32482148 DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2020.1753850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The placenta works as a selective barrier, protecting the fetus from potential infections that may affect the maternal organism during pregnancy. In this review, we will discuss several challenging infections that are common within Latin American countries and that may affect the maternal-fetal interface and pose risks to fetal development. Specifically, we will focus on emerging infectious diseases including the arboviruses, malaria, leishmaniasis, and the bacterial foodborne disease caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. We will also highlight some topics of interest currently being studied by research groups that comprise an international effort aimed at filling the knowledge gaps in this field. These topics address the relationship between exposure to microorganisms and placental abnormalities, congenital anomalies, and complications of pregnancy. ABBREVIATIONS ADE: antibody-dependent enhancement; CCL2: monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; CCL3: macrophage inflammatory protein-1 α; CCL5: chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5; CHIKV: chikungunya virus; DCL: diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis; DENV: dengue virus; Gb3: glycolipid globotriaosylceramyde; HIF: hypoxia-inducible factor; HUS: hemolytic uremic syndrome; IFN: interferon; Ig: immunoglobulins; IL: interleukin; IUGR: intrauterine growth restriction; LCL: localized cutaneous leishmaniasis; LPS: lipopolysaccharid; MCL: mucocutaneous leishmaniasis; NO: nitric oxide; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; PGF: placental growth factor; PM: placental malaria; RIVATREM: Red Iberoamericana de Alteraciones Vasculares em transtornos del Embarazo; sVEGFR: soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor; STEC: shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli; stx: shiga toxin protein; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; TOAS: T cell original antigenic sin; Var2CSA: variant surface antigen 2-CSA; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; VL: visceral leishmaniasis; WHO: world health organization; YFV: yellow fever virus; ZIKV: Zika virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Moreti Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Histopathology, Institute of Health Sciences and Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso , Barra Do Garcas, Brazil
| | - Paula Cristina Souza Souto
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Histopathology, Institute of Health Sciences and Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso , Barra Do Garcas, Brazil
| | - Alexandre U Borbely
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas , Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Eloiza Lopes Lira Tanabe
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas , Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Angela Cadavid
- Grupo Reproducción, Facultad De Medicina Universidad De Antioquia , Medellin, Colombia
| | - Angela M Alvarez
- Grupo Reproducción, Facultad De Medicina Universidad De Antioquia , Medellin, Colombia
| | - Julio Bueno
- Grupo Reproducción, Facultad De Medicina Universidad De Antioquia , Medellin, Colombia
| | - Olga Agudelo
- Grupo Salud Y Comunidad, Facultad De Medicina Universidad De Antioquia , Medellin, Colombia
| | - Reggie García Robles
- Physiological Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana , Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Paola Ayala-Ramírez
- Human Genetics Institute, Facultad De Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana , Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Flavia Sacerdoti
- Laboratorio De Fisiopatogenia, Instituto De Fisiología Y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO)- CONICET- Departamento De Fisiología, Facultad De Medicina, Universidad De Buenos Aires . Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Theodora Szasz
- Departamento of Physiology, Augusta University , Augusta, USA
| | - Alicia E Damiano
- Cátedra De Biología Celular Y Molecular, Departamento De Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad De Farmacia Y Bioquímica, Universidad De Buenos Aires . Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Laboratorio De Biología De La Reproducción, Instituto De Fisiología Y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO)- CONICET- Facultad De Medicina, Universidad De Buenos Aires . Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristina Ibarra
- Cátedra De Biología Celular Y Molecular, Departamento De Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad De Farmacia Y Bioquímica, Universidad De Buenos Aires . Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Escudero
- Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health (GRIVAS Health), Basic Sciences Department Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Del Bio-Bio , Chillan, Chile
| | - Victor V Lima
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Histopathology, Institute of Health Sciences and Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso , Barra Do Garcas, Brazil
| | - Fernanda R Giachini
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Histopathology, Institute of Health Sciences and Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso , Barra Do Garcas, Brazil
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Tezuka K, Fuchi N, Okuma K, Tsukiyama T, Miura S, Hasegawa Y, Nagata A, Komatsu N, Hasegawa H, Sasaki D, Sasaki E, Mizukami T, Kuramitsu M, Matsuoka S, Yanagihara K, Miura K, Hamaguchi I. HTLV-1 targets human placental trophoblasts in seropositive pregnant women. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:6171-6186. [PMID: 33074247 DOI: 10.1172/jci135525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is mainly transmitted vertically through breast milk. The rate of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) through formula feeding, although significantly lower than through breastfeeding, is approximately 2.4%-3.6%, suggesting the possibility of alternative transmission routes. MTCT of HTLV-1 might occur through the uterus, birth canal, or placental tissues; the latter is known as transplacental transmission. Here, we found that HTLV-1 proviral DNA was present in the placental villous tissues of the fetuses of nearly half of pregnant carriers and in a small number of cord blood samples. An RNA ISH assay showed that HTLV-1-expressing cells were present in nearly all subjects with HTLV-1-positive placental villous tissues, and their frequency was significantly higher in subjects with HTLV-1-positive cord blood samples. Furthermore, placental villous trophoblasts expressed HTLV-1 receptors and showed increased susceptibility to HTLV-1 infection. In addition, HTLV-1-infected trophoblasts expressed high levels of viral antigens and promoted the de novo infection of target T cells in a humanized mouse model. In summary, during pregnancy of HTLV-1 carriers, HTLV-1 was highly expressed in placental villous tissues, and villous trophoblasts showed high HTLV-1 sensitivity, suggesting that MTCT of HTLV-1 occurs through the placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Tezuka
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Fuchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kazu Okuma
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Tsukiyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shoko Miura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuri Hasegawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ai Nagata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Nahoko Komatsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroo Hasegawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sasaki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Eita Sasaki
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuo Mizukami
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Madoka Kuramitsu
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sahoko Matsuoka
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsunori Yanagihara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kiyonori Miura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Isao Hamaguchi
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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108
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Harper A, Vijayakumar V, Ouwehand AC, ter Haar J, Obis D, Espadaler J, Binda S, Desiraju S, Day R. Viral Infections, the Microbiome, and Probiotics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:596166. [PMID: 33643929 PMCID: PMC7907522 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.596166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections continue to cause considerable morbidity and mortality around the world. Recent rises in these infections are likely due to complex and multifactorial external drivers, including climate change, the increased mobility of people and goods and rapid demographic change to name but a few. In parallel with these external factors, we are gaining a better understanding of the internal factors associated with viral immunity. Increasingly the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome has been shown to be a significant player in the host immune system, acting as a key regulator of immunity and host defense mechanisms. An increasing body of evidence indicates that disruption of the homeostasis between the GI microbiome and the host immune system can adversely impact viral immunity. This review aims to shed light on our understanding of how host-microbiota interactions shape the immune system, including early life factors, antibiotic exposure, immunosenescence, diet and inflammatory diseases. We also discuss the evidence base for how host commensal organisms and microbiome therapeutics can impact the prevention and/or treatment of viral infections, such as viral gastroenteritis, viral hepatitis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human papilloma virus (HPV), viral upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), influenza and SARS CoV-2. The interplay between the gastrointestinal microbiome, invasive viruses and host physiology is complex and yet to be fully characterized, but increasingly the evidence shows that the microbiome can have an impact on viral disease outcomes. While the current evidence base is informative, further well designed human clinical trials will be needed to fully understand the array of immunological mechanisms underlying this intricate relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashton Harper
- ADM Health & Wellness, Medical Affairs Department, Somerset, United Kingdom
| | - Vineetha Vijayakumar
- ADM Health & Wellness, Medical Affairs Department, Somerset, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Vineetha Vijayakumar,
| | - Arthur C. Ouwehand
- Global Health and Nutrition Sciences, DuPont Nutrition and Biosciences, Kantvik, Finland
| | | | - David Obis
- Innovation Science & Nutrition Department, Danone Nutricia Research, Palaiseau, France
| | | | - Sylvie Binda
- Lallemand Health Solutions, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Richard Day
- ADM Health & Wellness, Medical Affairs Department, Somerset, United Kingdom
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109
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Aubry F, Jacobs S, Darmuzey M, Lequime S, Delang L, Fontaine A, Jupatanakul N, Miot EF, Dabo S, Manet C, Montagutelli X, Baidaliuk A, Gámbaro F, Simon-Lorière E, Gilsoul M, Romero-Vivas CM, Cao-Lormeau VM, Jarman RG, Diagne CT, Faye O, Faye O, Sall AA, Neyts J, Nguyen L, Kaptein SJF, Lambrechts L. Recent African strains of Zika virus display higher transmissibility and fetal pathogenicity than Asian strains. Nat Commun 2021; 12:916. [PMID: 33568638 PMCID: PMC7876148 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21199-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The global emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) revealed the unprecedented ability for a mosquito-borne virus to cause congenital birth defects. A puzzling aspect of ZIKV emergence is that all human outbreaks and birth defects to date have been exclusively associated with the Asian ZIKV lineage, despite a growing body of laboratory evidence pointing towards higher transmissibility and pathogenicity of the African ZIKV lineage. Whether this apparent paradox reflects the use of relatively old African ZIKV strains in most laboratory studies is unclear. Here, we experimentally compare seven low-passage ZIKV strains representing the recently circulating viral genetic diversity. We find that recent African ZIKV strains display higher transmissibility in mosquitoes and higher lethality in both adult and fetal mice than their Asian counterparts. We emphasize the high epidemic potential of African ZIKV strains and suggest that they could more easily go unnoticed by public health surveillance systems than Asian strains due to their propensity to cause fetal loss rather than birth defects. Here, the authors compare seven low passage Zika virus (ZIKV) strains representing the recently circulating viral genetic diversity of African and Asian strains and find that African ZIKV strains have higher transmissibility in mosquitoes and higher lethality in both adult and fetal mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Aubry
- Insect-Virus Interactions Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Sofie Jacobs
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maïlis Darmuzey
- GIGA-Stem Cells/GIGA-Neurosciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), C.H.U. Sart Tilman, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Sebastian Lequime
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium.,Cluster of Microbial Ecology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leen Delang
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Albin Fontaine
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Marseille, France.,IRD, SSA, AP-HM, UMR Vecteurs-Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Natapong Jupatanakul
- Insect-Virus Interactions Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France.,National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Elliott F Miot
- Insect-Virus Interactions Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Dabo
- Insect-Virus Interactions Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Manet
- Mouse Genetics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Artem Baidaliuk
- Insect-Virus Interactions Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France.,Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses Group, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Fabiana Gámbaro
- Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses Group, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Maxime Gilsoul
- GIGA-Stem Cells/GIGA-Neurosciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), C.H.U. Sart Tilman, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Claudia M Romero-Vivas
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Tropicales, Departamento de Medicina, Fundación Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | | | - Richard G Jarman
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Cheikh T Diagne
- Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Unit, Institut Pasteur Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Oumar Faye
- Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Unit, Institut Pasteur Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Unit, Institut Pasteur Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Amadou A Sall
- Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Unit, Institut Pasteur Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laurent Nguyen
- GIGA-Stem Cells/GIGA-Neurosciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), C.H.U. Sart Tilman, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Suzanne J F Kaptein
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Louis Lambrechts
- Insect-Virus Interactions Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France.
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110
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Ouyang Y, Mouillet JF, Sorkin A, Sadovsky Y. Trophoblastic extracellular vesicles and viruses: Friends or foes? Am J Reprod Immunol 2021; 85:e13345. [PMID: 32939907 PMCID: PMC7880881 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells produce cytoplasmic vesicles to facilitate the processing and transport of RNAs, proteins, and other signaling molecules among intracellular organelles. Moreover, most cells release a range of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that mediate intercellular communication in both physiological and pathological settings. In addition to a better understanding of their biological functions, the diagnostic and therapeutic prospects of EVs, particularly the nano-sized small EVs (sEVs, exosomes), are currently being rigorously pursued. While EVs and viruses such as retroviruses might have evolved independently, they share a number of similar characteristics, including biogenesis pathways, size distribution, cargo, and cell-targeting mechanisms. The interplay of EVs with viruses has profound effects on viral replication and infectivity. Our research indicates that sEVs, produced by primary human trophoblasts, can endow other non-placental cell types with antiviral response. Better insights into the interaction of EVs with viruses may illuminate new ways to attenuate viral infections during pregnancy, and perhaps develop new antiviral therapeutics to protect the feto-placental unit during critical times of human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingshi Ouyang
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jean-Francois Mouillet
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alexander Sorkin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yoel Sadovsky
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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111
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Mwaliko C, Nyaruaba R, Zhao L, Atoni E, Karungu S, Mwau M, Lavillette D, Xia H, Yuan Z. Zika virus pathogenesis and current therapeutic advances. Pathog Glob Health 2021; 115:21-39. [PMID: 33191867 PMCID: PMC7850325 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2020.1845005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging arthropod-borne flavivirus that, upon infection, results in teratogenic effects and neurological disorders. ZIKV infections pose serious global public health concerns, prompting scientists to increase research on antivirals and vaccines against the virus. These efforts are still ongoing as the pathogenesis and immune evasion mechanisms of ZIKV have not yet been fully elaborated. Currently, no specific vaccines or drugs have been approved for ZIKV; however, some are undergoing clinical trials. Notably, several strategies have been used to develop antivirals, including drugs that target viral and host proteins. Additionally, drug repurposing is preferred since it is less costly and takes less time than other strategies because the drugs used have already been approved for human use. Likewise, different platforms have been evaluated for the design of vaccines, including DNA, mRNA, peptide, protein, viral vectors, virus-like particles (VLPSs), inactivated-virus, and live-attenuated virus vaccines. These vaccines have been shown to induce specific humoral and cellular immune responses and reduce viremia and viral RNA both in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, most of these vaccines have entered clinical trials. Understanding the viral disease mechanism will provide better strategies for developing therapeutic agents against ZIKV. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the viral pathogenesis of ZIKV and current advancements in the development of vaccines and drugs against this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Mwaliko
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China,International College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,Microbiology, Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Raphael Nyaruaba
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China,International College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,Microbiology, Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China,International College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Evans Atoni
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China,International College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,Microbiology, Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samuel Karungu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China,International College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,Microbiology, Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Matilu Mwau
- Center for Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dimitri Lavillette
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Xia
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China,CONTACT Han Xia ; Zhiming Yuan Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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112
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Muthuraj PG, Sahoo PK, Kraus M, Bruett T, Annamalai AS, Pattnaik A, Pattnaik AK, Byrareddy SN, Natarajan SK. Zika virus infection induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in placental trophoblasts. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:24. [PMID: 33500388 PMCID: PMC7838309 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-00379-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection to a pregnant woman can be vertically transmitted to the fetus via the placenta leading to Congenital Zika syndrome. This is characterized by microcephaly, retinal defects, and intrauterine growth retardation. ZIKV induces placental trophoblast apoptosis leading to severe abnormalities in the growth and development of the fetus. However, the molecular mechanism behind ZIKV-induced apoptosis in placental trophoblasts remains unclear. We hypothesize that ZIKV infection induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the trophoblasts, and sustained ER stress results in apoptosis. HTR-8 (HTR-8/SVneo), a human normal immortalized trophoblast cell and human choriocarcinoma-derived cell lines (JEG-3 and JAR) were infected with ZIKV. Biochemical and structural markers of apoptosis like caspase 3/7 activity and percent apoptotic nuclear morphological changes, respectively were assessed. ZIKV infection in placental trophoblasts showed an increase in the levels of CHOP mRNA and protein expression, which is an inducer of apoptosis. Next, we also observed increased levels of ER stress markers such as phosphorylated forms of inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endoribonuclease 1α (P-IRE1α), and its downstream target, the spliced form of XBP1 mRNA, phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (P-eIF2α), and activation of cJun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) after 16-24 h of ZIKV infection in trophoblasts. Inhibition of JNK or pan-caspases using small molecule inhibitors significantly prevented ZIKV-induced apoptosis in trophoblasts. Further, JNK inhibition also reduced XBP1 mRNA splicing and viral E protein staining in ZIKV infected cells. In conclusion, the mechanism of ZIKV-induced placental trophoblast apoptosis involves the activation of ER stress and JNK activation, and the inhibition of JNK dramatically prevents ZIKV-induced trophoblast apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philma Glora Muthuraj
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, 68583-0806, NE, USA
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Prakash K Sahoo
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, 68583-0806, NE, USA
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Madison Kraus
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, 68583-0806, NE, USA
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Taylor Bruett
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, 68583-0806, NE, USA
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Arun S Annamalai
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Aryamav Pattnaik
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Asit K Pattnaik
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sathish Kumar Natarajan
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, 68583-0806, NE, USA.
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
- Child Health Research Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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113
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Lee SH, Kim EH, O'neal JT, Dale G, Holthausen DJ, Bowen JR, Quicke KM, Skountzou I, Gopal S, George S, Wrammert J, Suthar MS, Jacob J. The amphibian peptide Yodha is virucidal for Zika and dengue viruses. Sci Rep 2021; 11:602. [PMID: 33436917 PMCID: PMC7804942 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80596-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) has emerged as a serious health threat in the Americas and the Caribbean. ZIKV is transmitted by the bite of an infected mosquito, sexual contact, and blood transfusion. ZIKV can also be transmitted to the developing fetus in utero, in some cases resulting in spontaneous abortion, fetal brain abnormalities, and microcephaly. In adults, ZIKV infection has been correlated with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Despite the public health threat posed by ZIKV, neither a vaccine nor antiviral drugs for use in humans are currently available. We have identified an amphibian host defense peptide, Yodha, which has potent virucidal activity against ZIKV. It acts directly on the virus and destroys Zika virus particles within 5 min of exposure. The Yodha peptide was effective against the Asian, African, and South American Zika virus strains and has the potential to be developed as an antiviral therapeutic in the fight against Zika virus. The peptide was also effective against all four dengue virus serotypes. Thus, Yodha peptide could potentially be developed as a pan-therapeutic for Zika and dengue viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Hee Lee
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Eui Ho Kim
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- Viral Immunology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Justin T O'neal
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Gordon Dale
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - David J Holthausen
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - James R Bowen
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Kendra M Quicke
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ioanna Skountzou
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Shyla Gopal
- Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Poojapura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695014, India
| | - Sanil George
- Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Poojapura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695014, India
| | - Jens Wrammert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Mehul S Suthar
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Joshy Jacob
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
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114
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Biering SB, Akey DL, Wong MP, Brown WC, Lo NTN, Puerta-Guardo H, Tramontini Gomes de Sousa F, Wang C, Konwerski JR, Espinosa DA, Bockhaus NJ, Glasner DR, Li J, Blanc SF, Juan EY, Elledge SJ, Mina MJ, Beatty PR, Smith JL, Harris E. Structural basis for antibody inhibition of flavivirus NS1-triggered endothelial dysfunction. Science 2021; 371:194-200. [PMID: 33414220 PMCID: PMC8000976 DOI: 10.1126/science.abc0476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Medically important flaviviruses cause diverse disease pathologies and collectively are responsible for a major global disease burden. A contributing factor to pathogenesis is secreted flavivirus nonstructural protein 1 (NS1). Despite demonstrated protection by NS1-specific antibodies against lethal flavivirus challenge, the structural and mechanistic basis remains unknown. Here, we present three crystal structures of full-length dengue virus NS1 complexed with a flavivirus-cross-reactive, NS1-specific monoclonal antibody, 2B7, at resolutions between 2.89 and 3.96 angstroms. These structures reveal a protective mechanism by which two domains of NS1 are antagonized simultaneously. The NS1 wing domain mediates cell binding, whereas the β-ladder triggers downstream events, both of which are required for dengue, Zika, and West Nile virus NS1-mediated endothelial dysfunction. These observations provide a mechanistic explanation for 2B7 protection against NS1-induced pathology and demonstrate the potential of one antibody to treat infections by multiple flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott B Biering
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA
| | - David L Akey
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Marcus P Wong
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity Graduate Group, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA
| | - W Clay Brown
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nicholas T N Lo
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity Graduate Group, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA
| | - Henry Puerta-Guardo
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA
| | | | - Chunling Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA
| | - Jamie R Konwerski
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Diego A Espinosa
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA
| | - Nicholas J Bockhaus
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Dustin R Glasner
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA
| | - Jeffrey Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA
| | - Sophie F Blanc
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA
| | - Evan Y Juan
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, and Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael J Mina
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, and Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - P Robert Beatty
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA
| | - Janet L Smith
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA.
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115
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Carro SD, Cherry S. Beyond the Surface: Endocytosis of Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses. Viruses 2020; 13:E13. [PMID: 33374822 PMCID: PMC7824540 DOI: 10.3390/v13010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are a group of positive-sense RNA viruses that are primarily transmitted through arthropod vectors and are capable of causing a broad spectrum of diseases. Many of the flaviviruses that are pathogenic in humans are transmitted specifically through mosquito vectors. Over the past century, many mosquito-borne flavivirus infections have emerged and re-emerged, and are of global importance with hundreds of millions of infections occurring yearly. There is a need for novel, effective, and accessible vaccines and antivirals capable of inhibiting flavivirus infection and ameliorating disease. The development of therapeutics targeting viral entry has long been a goal of antiviral research, but most efforts are hindered by the lack of broad-spectrum potency or toxicities associated with on-target effects, since many host proteins necessary for viral entry are also essential for host cell biology. Mosquito-borne flaviviruses generally enter cells by clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), and recent studies suggest that a subset of these viruses can be internalized through a specialized form of CME that has additional dependencies distinct from canonical CME pathways, and antivirals targeting this pathway have been discovered. In this review, we discuss the role and contribution of endocytosis to mosquito-borne flavivirus entry as well as consider past and future efforts to target endocytosis for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Cherry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
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116
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Yang W, Wu YH, Liu SQ, Sheng ZY, Zhen ZD, Gao RQ, Cui XY, Fan DY, Qin ZH, Zheng AH, Wang PG, An J. S100A4+ macrophages facilitate zika virus invasion and persistence in the seminiferous tubules via interferon-gamma mediation. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009019. [PMID: 33315931 PMCID: PMC7769614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular invasion and persistence are features of Zika virus (ZIKV), but their mechanisms are still unknown. Here, we showed that S100A4+ macrophages, a myeloid macrophage subpopulation with susceptibility to ZIKV infection, facilitated ZIKV invasion and persistence in the seminiferous tubules. In ZIKV-infected mice, S100A4+ macrophages were specifically recruited into the interstitial space of testes and differentiated into interferon-γ-expressing M1 macrophages. With interferon-γ mediation, S100A4+ macrophages down-regulated Claudin-1 expression and induced its redistribution from the cytosol to nucleus, thus increasing the permeability of the blood-testis barrier which facilitated S100A4+ macrophages invasion into the seminiferous tubules. Intraluminal S100A4+ macrophages were segregated from CD8+ T cells and consequently helped ZIKV evade cellular immunity. As a result, ZIKV continued to replicate in intraluminal S100A4+ macrophages even when the spermatogenic cells disappeared. Deficiencies in S100A4 or interferon-γ signaling both reduced ZIKV infection in the seminiferous tubules. These results demonstrated crucial roles of S100A4+ macrophages in ZIKV infection in testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Hua Wu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang-Qing Liu
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Yang Sheng
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Da Zhen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Qi Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Cui
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Science and Technology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Dong-Ying Fan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Hai Qin
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Ai-Hua Zheng
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Pei-Gang Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (PGW); , (JA)
| | - Jing An
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (PGW); , (JA)
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117
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Post-Vaccination Yellow Fever Antiserum Reduces Zika Virus in Embryoid Bodies When Placental Cells are Present. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040752. [PMID: 33322247 PMCID: PMC7768546 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a flavivirus that originated in Africa but emerged in Latin America in 2015. In this region, other flaviviruses such as Dengue (DENV), West Nile, and Yellow Fever virus (YFV) also circulate, allowing for possible antigenic cross-reactivity to impact viral infections and immune responses. Studies have found antibody-mediated enhancement between DENV and ZIKV, but the impact of YFV antibodies on ZIKV infection has not been fully explored. ZIKV infections cause congenital syndromes, such as microcephaly, necessitating further research into ZIKV vertical transmission through the placental barrier. Recent advancements in biomedical engineering have generated co-culture methods that allow for the in vitro recapitulation of the maternal–fetal interface. This study utilized a transwell assay, which was a co-culture model utilizing human placental syncytiotrophoblasts, fetal umbilical cells, and a differentiating embryoid body, to replicate the maternal–fetal axis. To determine if cross-reactive YFV vaccine antibodies impacted the pathogenesis of ZIKV across the maternal–fetal axis, syncytiotrophoblasts were inoculated with ZIKV or ZIKV incubated with YFV vaccine antisera, and the viral load was measured 72 h post-inoculation. Here, we report that BeWo and HUVEC cells were permissive to ZIKV and that the impact of YFV post-vaccination antibodies on ZIKV replication was cell line-dependent. Embryoid bodies were also permissive to ZIKV, and the presence of YFV antibodies collected 4–14 months post-vaccination reduced ZIKV infection when placental cells were present. However, when directly infected with ZIKV, the embryoid bodies displayed significantly increased viral loads in the presence of YFV antiserum taken 30 days post-vaccination. The data show that each of the cell lines and EBs have a unique response to ZIKV complexed with post-vaccination serum, suggesting there may be cell-specific mechanisms that impact congenital ZIKV infections. Since ZIKV infections can cause severe congenital syndromes, it is crucial to understand any potential enhancement or protection offered from cross-reactive, post-vaccination antibodies.
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118
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Lemos D, Stuart JB, Louie W, Singapuri A, Ramírez AL, Watanabe J, Usachenko J, Keesler RI, Sanchez-San Martin C, Li T, Martyn C, Oliveira G, Saraf S, Grubaugh ND, Andersen KG, Thissen J, Allen J, Borucki M, Tsetsarkin KA, Pletnev AG, Chiu CY, Van Rompay KKA, Coffey LL. Two Sides of a Coin: a Zika Virus Mutation Selected in Pregnant Rhesus Macaques Promotes Fetal Infection in Mice but at a Cost of Reduced Fitness in Nonpregnant Macaques and Diminished Transmissibility by Vectors. J Virol 2020; 94:e01605-20. [PMID: 32999034 PMCID: PMC7925200 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01605-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although fetal death is now understood to be a severe outcome of congenital Zika syndrome, the role of viral genetics is still unclear. We sequenced Zika virus (ZIKV) from a rhesus macaque fetus that died after inoculation and identified a single intrahost substitution, M1404I, in the ZIKV polyprotein, located in nonstructural protein 2B (NS2B). Targeted sequencing flanking position 1404 in 9 additional macaque mothers and their fetuses identified M1404I at a subconsensus frequency in the majority (5 of 9, 56%) of animals and some of their fetuses. Despite its repeated presence in pregnant macaques, M1404I has occurred rarely in humans since 2015. Since the primary ZIKV transmission cycle is human-mosquito-human, mutations in one host must be retained in the alternate host to be perpetuated. We hypothesized that ZIKV I1404 increases viral fitness in nonpregnant macaques and pregnant mice but is less efficiently transmitted by vectors, explaining its low frequency in humans during outbreaks. By examining competitive fitness relative to that of ZIKV M1404, we observed that ZIKV I1404 produced lower viremias in nonpregnant macaques and was a weaker competitor in tissues. In pregnant wild-type mice, ZIKV I1404 increased the magnitude and rate of placental infection and conferred fetal infection, in contrast to ZIKV M1404, which was not detected in fetuses. Although infection and dissemination rates were not different, Aedes aegypti mosquitoes transmitted ZIKV I1404 more poorly than ZIKV M1404. Our data highlight the complexity of arbovirus mutation-fitness dynamics and suggest that intrahost ZIKV mutations capable of augmenting fitness in pregnant vertebrates may not necessarily spread efficiently via mosquitoes during epidemics.IMPORTANCE Although Zika virus infection of pregnant women can result in congenital Zika syndrome, the factors that cause the syndrome in some but not all infected mothers are still unclear. We identified a mutation that was present in some ZIKV genomes in experimentally inoculated pregnant rhesus macaques and their fetuses. Although we did not find an association between the presence of the mutation and fetal death, we performed additional studies with ZIKV with the mutation in nonpregnant macaques, pregnant mice, and mosquitoes. We observed that the mutation increased the ability of the virus to infect mouse fetuses but decreased its capacity to produce high levels of virus in the blood of nonpregnant macaques and to be transmitted by mosquitoes. This study shows that mutations in mosquito-borne viruses like ZIKV that increase fitness in pregnant vertebrates may not spread in outbreaks when they compromise transmission via mosquitoes and fitness in nonpregnant hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Lemos
- University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jackson B Stuart
- University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Davis, California, USA
| | - William Louie
- University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Davis, California, USA
| | - Anil Singapuri
- University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Davis, California, USA
| | - Ana L Ramírez
- University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Watanabe
- University of California, Davis, California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jodie Usachenko
- University of California, Davis, California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California, USA
| | - Rebekah I Keesler
- University of California, Davis, California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California, USA
| | - Claudia Sanchez-San Martin
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Laboratory Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tony Li
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Laboratory Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Calla Martyn
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Laboratory Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Glenn Oliveira
- The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Sharada Saraf
- The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Nathan D Grubaugh
- The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - James Thissen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
| | - Jonathan Allen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
| | - Monica Borucki
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
| | - Konstantin A Tsetsarkin
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexander G Pletnev
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Charles Y Chiu
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Laboratory Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Koen K A Van Rompay
- University of California, Davis, California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California, USA
| | - Lark L Coffey
- University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Davis, California, USA
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119
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Nobrega GM, Samogim AP, Parise PL, Venceslau EM, Guida JPS, Japecanga RR, Amorim MR, Toledo-Teixeira DA, Forato J, Consonni SR, Costa ML, Proenca-Modena JL, Amaral E, Besteti Pires Mayer-Milanez HM, Ribeiro-do-Valle CC, Calil R, Bennini Junior JR, Lajos GJ, Altemani A, Moretti ML, Resende MR, Garcia MT, Angerami RN, Nolasco da Silva MT, Coan AC, Colella-Santos MF, Bruno von Zuben AP, Ribas Freitas AR, Ramirez Vinolo MA, Catharino RR, Maranhão Costa FT, Arns CW, Vieira A, Fabiano de Souza G, Bispo dos Santos K, Amorim MR, Martini MC, Muraro SP. TAM and TIM receptors mRNA expression in Zika virus infected placentas. Placenta 2020; 101:204-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2020.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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120
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Li Z, Lang Y, Sakamuru S, Samrat S, Trudeau N, Kuo L, Rugenstein N, Tharappel A, D'Brant L, Koetzner CA, Hu S, Zhang J, Huang R, Kramer LD, Butler D, Xia M, Li H. Methylene blue is a potent and broad-spectrum inhibitor against Zika virus in vitro and in vivo. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:2404-2416. [PMID: 33078696 PMCID: PMC7646565 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1838954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many flaviviruses including the Dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV), West Nile virus, Yellow Fever virus, and Japanese encephalitis virus are significant human pathogens, unfortunately without any specific therapy. Here, we demonstrate that methylene blue, an FDA-approved drug, is a broad-spectrum and potent antiviral against Zika virus and Dengue virus both in vitro and in vivo. We found that methylene blue can considerably inhibit the interactions between viral protease NS3 and its NS2B co-factor, inhibit viral protease activity, inhibit viral growth, protect 3D mini-brain organoids from ZIKV infection, and reduce viremia in a mouse model. Mechanistic studies confirmed that methylene blue works in both entry and post entry steps, reduces virus production in replicon cells and inhibited production of processed NS3 protein. Overall, we have shown that methylene blue is a potent antiviral for management of flavivirus infections, particularly for Zika virus. As an FDA-approved drug, methylene blue is well-tolerated for human use. Therefore, methylene blue represents a promising and easily developed therapy for management of infections by ZIKV and other flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Li
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Yuekun Lang
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Srilatha Sakamuru
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Institutes of Health Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Subodh Samrat
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | | | - Lili Kuo
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | | | - Anil Tharappel
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | | | - Cheri A Koetzner
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Saiyang Hu
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Ruili Huang
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Institutes of Health Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura D Kramer
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - David Butler
- The Neural Stem Cell Institute, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Institutes of Health Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Hongmin Li
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
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121
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Mezouar S, Katsogiannou M, Ben Amara A, Bretelle F, Mege JL. Placental macrophages: Origin, heterogeneity, function and role in pregnancy-associated infections. Placenta 2020; 103:94-103. [PMID: 33120051 PMCID: PMC7568513 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2020.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Placental macrophages are a heterogenous population of immune cells present throughout pregnancy. They are essential for maintenance of the homeostatic placenta environment and host defense against infections. The characterization of placental macrophages as well as their activation have been limited for a long time by the lack of convenient tools. The emergence of unbiased methods makes it possible to reappraise the study of placental macrophages. In this review, we discuss the diversity and the functions of placental macrophages to better understand their dysfunctions during placental infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Mezouar
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France; IHU - Mediterranean Infection, Marseille, France.
| | - Maria Katsogiannou
- Hôpital Saint Joseph, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, FR-13008, Marseille, France
| | - Amira Ben Amara
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France; IHU - Mediterranean Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Florence Bretelle
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France; IHU - Mediterranean Infection, Marseille, France; AP-HM, Gynecology Department, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Mege
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France; IHU - Mediterranean Infection, Marseille, France; AP-HM, UF Immunology, Marseille, France.
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122
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Guo M, Hui L, Nie Y, Tefsen B, Wu Y. ZIKV viral proteins and their roles in virus-host interactions. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 64:709-719. [PMID: 33068285 PMCID: PMC7568452 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1818-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The re-emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) and its associated neonatal microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome have led the World Health Organization to declare a global health emergency. Until today, many related studies have successively reported the role of various viral proteins of ZIKV in the process of ZIKV infection and pathogenicity. These studies have provided significant insights for the treatment and prevention of ZIKV infection. Here we review the current research advances in the functional characterization of the interactions between each ZIKV viral protein and its host factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moujian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Lixia Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yiwen Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Boris Tefsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China. .,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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123
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Li Z, Xu J, Lang Y, Fan X, Kuo L, D'Brant L, Hu S, Samrat SK, Trudeau N, Tharappel AM, Rugenstein N, Koetzner CA, Zhang J, Chen H, Kramer LD, Butler D, Zhang QY, Zhou J, Li H. JMX0207, a Niclosamide Derivative with Improved Pharmacokinetics, Suppresses Zika Virus Infection Both In Vitro and In Vivo. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:2616-2628. [PMID: 32866370 PMCID: PMC7559020 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Flaviviruses causes significant human disease. Recent outbreaks of the Zika virus highlight the need to develop effective therapies for this class of viruses. Previously we identified niclosamide as a broad-spectrum inhibitor for flaviviruses by targeting the interface between viral protease NS3 and its cofactor NS2B. Here, we screened a small library of niclosamide derivatives and identified a new analogue with improved pharmacokinetic properties. Compound JMX0207 showed improved efficacy in inhibition of the molecular interaction between NS3 and NS2B, better inhibition of viral protease function, and enhanced antiviral efficacy in the cell-based antiviral assay. The derivative also significantly reduced Zika virus infection on 3D mini-brain organoids derived from pluripotent neural stem cells. Intriguingly, the compound significantly reduced viremia in a Zika virus (ZIKV) animal model. In summary, a niclosamide derivative, JMX0207, was identified, which shows improved pharmacokinetics and efficacy against Zika virus both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Li
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, New York 12208, United States
| | - Jimin Xu
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Yuekun Lang
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, New York 12208, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Lili Kuo
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, New York 12208, United States
| | - Lianna D'Brant
- The Neural Stem Cell Institute, 1 Discovery Drive, Rensselaer, New York 12144, United States
| | - Saiyang Hu
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, New York 12208, United States
| | - Subodh Kumar Samrat
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, New York 12208, United States
| | - Nicole Trudeau
- The Neural Stem Cell Institute, 1 Discovery Drive, Rensselaer, New York 12144, United States
| | - Anil M Tharappel
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, New York 12208, United States
| | - Natasha Rugenstein
- The Neural Stem Cell Institute, 1 Discovery Drive, Rensselaer, New York 12144, United States
| | - Cheri A Koetzner
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, New York 12208, United States
| | - Jing Zhang
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, New York 12208, United States
| | - Haiying Chen
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Laura D Kramer
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, New York 12208, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, New York 12201, United States
| | - David Butler
- The Neural Stem Cell Institute, 1 Discovery Drive, Rensselaer, New York 12144, United States
| | - Qing-Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Hongmin Li
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, New York 12208, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, New York 12201, United States
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124
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Parker EL, Silverstein RB, Verma S, Mysorekar IU. Viral-Immune Cell Interactions at the Maternal-Fetal Interface in Human Pregnancy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:522047. [PMID: 33117336 PMCID: PMC7576479 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.522047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human decidua and placenta form a distinct environment distinguished for its promotion of immunotolerance to infiltrating semiallogeneic trophoblast cells to enable successful pregnancy. The maternal-fetal interface also successfully precludes transmission of most pathogens. This barrier function occurs in conjunction with a diverse influx of decidual immune cells including natural killer cells, macrophages and T cells. However, several viruses, among other microorganisms, manage to escape destruction by the host adaptive and innate immune system, leading to congenital infection and adverse pregnancy outcomes. In this review, we describe mechanisms of pathogenicity of two such viral pathogens, Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) at the maternal-fetal interface. Host decidual immune cell responses to these specific pathogens will be considered, along with their interactions with other cell types and the ways in which these immune cells may both facilitate and limit infection at different stages of pregnancy. Neither HCMV nor ZIKV naturally infect commonly used animal models [e.g., mice] which makes it challenging to understand disease pathogenesis. Here, we will highlight new approaches using placenta-on-a-chip and organoids models that are providing functional and physiologically relevant ways to study viral-host interaction at the maternal-fetal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine L. Parker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Rachel B. Silverstein
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Sonam Verma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Indira U. Mysorekar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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125
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Mahyuddin AP, Kanneganti A, Wong JJL, Dimri PS, Su LL, Biswas A, Illanes SE, Mattar CNZ, Huang RYJ, Choolani M. Mechanisms and evidence of vertical transmission of infections in pregnancy including SARS-CoV-2s. Prenat Diagn 2020; 40:1655-1670. [PMID: 32529643 PMCID: PMC7307070 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There remain unanswered questions concerning mother‐to‐child‐transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2. Despite reports of neonatal COVID‐19, SARS‐CoV‐2 has not been consistently isolated in perinatal samples, thus definitive proof of transplacental infection is still lacking. To address these questions, we assessed investigative tools used to confirm maternal‐fetal infection and known protective mechanisms of the placental barrier that prevent transplacental pathogen migration. Forty studies of COVID‐19 pregnancies reviewed suggest a lack of consensus on diagnostic strategy for congenital infection. Although real‐time polymerase chain reaction of neonatal swabs was universally performed, a wide range of clinical samples was screened including vaginal secretions (22.5%), amniotic fluid (35%), breast milk (22.5%) and umbilical cord blood. Neonatal COVID‐19 was reported in eight studies, two of which were based on the detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM in neonatal blood. Histological examination demonstrated sparse viral particles, vascular malperfusion and inflammation in the placenta from pregnant women with COVID‐19. The paucity of placental co‐expression of ACE‐2 and TMPRSS2, two receptors involved in cytoplasmic entry of SARS‐CoV‐2, may explain its relative insensitivity to transplacental infection. Viral interactions may utilise membrane receptors other than ACE‐2 thus, tissue susceptibility may be broader than currently known. Further spatial‐temporal studies are needed to determine the true potential for transplacental migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniza P Mahyuddin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Abhiram Kanneganti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jeslyn J L Wong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pooja S Dimri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lin L Su
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Arijit Biswas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Citra N Z Mattar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ruby Y-J Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mahesh Choolani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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126
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Puerta-Guardo H, Tabata T, Petitt M, Dimitrova M, Glasner DR, Pereira L, Harris E. Zika Virus Nonstructural Protein 1 Disrupts Glycosaminoglycans and Causes Permeability in Developing Human Placentas. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:313-324. [PMID: 31250000 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During pregnancy, the Zika flavivirus (ZIKV) infects human placentas, inducing defects in the developing fetus. The flavivirus nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) alters glycosaminoglycans on the endothelium, causing hyperpermeability in vitro and vascular leakage in vivo in a tissue-dependent manner. The contribution of ZIKV NS1 to placental dysfunction during ZIKV infection remains unknown. METHODS We examined the effect of ZIKV NS1 on expression and release of heparan sulfate (HS), hyaluronic acid (HA), and sialic acid on human trophoblast cell lines and anchoring villous explants from first-trimester placentas infected with ZIKV ex vivo. We measured changes in permeability in trophoblasts and stromal cores using a dextran-based fluorescence assay and changes in HA receptor expression using immunofluorescent microscopy. RESULTS ZIKV NS1 in the presence and absence of ZIKV increased the permeability of anchoring villous explants. ZIKV NS1 induced shedding of HA and HS and altered expression of CD44 and lymphatic endothelial cell HA receptor-1, HA receptors on stromal fibroblasts and Hofbauer macrophages in villous cores. Hyaluronidase was also stimulated in NS1-treated trophoblasts. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that ZIKV NS1 contributes to placental dysfunction via modulation of glycosaminoglycans on trophoblasts and chorionic villi, resulting in increased permeability of human placentas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Puerta-Guardo
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Takako Tabata
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco
| | - Matthew Petitt
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco
| | - Milena Dimitrova
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Dustin R Glasner
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Lenore Pereira
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
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127
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de Souza AAA, Torres LR, Lima LRP, de Paula V, Barros JJ, Bonecini-Almeida MDG, Waghabi MC, Gardel MA, Meuser-Batista M, de Souza EM. Inhibition of Brazilian ZIKV strain replication in primary human placental chorionic cells and cervical cells treated with nitazoxanide. Braz J Infect Dis 2020; 24:505-516. [PMID: 33010209 PMCID: PMC7526660 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy is associated with a congenital syndrome. Although the virus can be detected in human placental tissue and sexual transmission has been verified, it is not clear how the virus reaches the fetus. Despite the emerging severity caused by ZIKV infection, no specific prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatment is available. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness antiviral of nitazoxanide (NTZ) in two important congenital transmission targets: (i) a primary culture of human placental chorionic cells, and (ii) human cervical epithelial cells (C33-A) infected with Brazilian ZIKV strain. Initially, NTZ activity was screened in ZIKV infected Vero cells under different treatment regimens with non-toxic drug concentrations for 48 h. Antiviral effect was found only when the treatment was carried out after the viral inoculum. A strong effect against the dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2) was also observed suggesting the possibility of treating other Flaviviruses. Additionally, it was shown that the treatment did not reduce the production of infectious viruses in insect cells (C6/36) infected with ZIKV, indicating that the activity of this drug is also related to host factors. Importantly, we demonstrated that NTZ treatment in chorionic and cervical cells caused a reduction of infected cells in a dose-dependent manner and decreased viral loads in up to 2 logs. Pre-clinical in vitro testing evidenced excellent therapeutic response of infected chorionic and cervical cells and point to future NTZ activity investigation in ZIKV congenital transmission models with the perspective of possible repurposing of NTZ to treat Zika fever, especially in pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrien A A de Souza
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lauana R Torres
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lyana R P Lima
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vanessa de Paula
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José J Barros
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria da Gloria Bonecini-Almeida
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas/FIOCRUZ, Laboratório de Imunologia e Imunogenética em Doenças Infecciosas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mariana Caldas Waghabi
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A Gardel
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente Fernandes Figueira/FIOCRUZ, Coordenação Diagnóstica de Anatomia Patológica e Citopatologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Meuser-Batista
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente Fernandes Figueira/FIOCRUZ, Coordenação Diagnóstica de Anatomia Patológica e Citopatologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Elen M de Souza
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Laboratório de Morfologia e Morfogênese Viral, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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128
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Oschwald A, Petry P, Kierdorf K, Erny D. CNS Macrophages and Infant Infections. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2123. [PMID: 33072074 PMCID: PMC7531029 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) harbors its own immune system composed of microglia in the parenchyma and CNS-associated macrophages (CAMs) in the perivascular space, leptomeninges, dura mater, and choroid plexus. Recent advances in understanding the CNS resident immune cells gave new insights into development, maturation and function of its immune guard. Microglia and CAMs undergo essential steps of differentiation and maturation triggered by environmental factors as well as intrinsic transcriptional programs throughout embryonic and postnatal development. These shaping steps allow the macrophages to adapt to their specific physiological function as first line of defense of the CNS and its interfaces. During infancy, the CNS might be targeted by a plethora of different pathogens which can cause severe tissue damage with potentially long reaching defects. Therefore, an efficient immune response of infant CNS macrophages is required even at these early stages to clear the infections but may also lead to detrimental consequences for the developing CNS. Here, we highlight the recent knowledge of the infant CNS immune system during embryonic and postnatal infections and the consequences for the developing CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Oschwald
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philippe Petry
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Kierdorf
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,CIBBS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Erny
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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129
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Oliveira MB, Valentim IB, Rocha TS, Santos JC, Pires KS, Tanabe EL, Borbely KS, Borbely AU, Goulart MO. Schinus terebenthifolius Raddi extracts: From sunscreen activity toward protection of the placenta to Zika virus infection, new uses for a well-known medicinal plant. INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS 2020; 152:112503. [PMID: 32346222 PMCID: PMC7186214 DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi is a well-known medicinal plant native of South America. This species has demonstrated important biological activities such as antihypertensive and vasodilator, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. However, no studies have been, so far, reported with the fruits of S. terebinthifolius as a protector of the placenta against Zika virus infection and as sunscreen agents. The present study aimed to investigate new uses for the ethanolic fruit extracts of S. terebinthifolius, from fruits'peel (STPE) and from the whole fruits (STWFE). Zika virus (ZIKV) has been linked to several fetal malformations, such as microcephaly and other central nervous system abnormalities. Thus, the potential of these natural extracts against ZIKV infection was evaluated, using an in vitro method. The photoprotective potential, determined by spectrometry, along with phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, and chemical composition of both extracts were also evaluated. The chemical composition of the extracts was evaluated by HPLC-UV / vis. The cytotoxicity of peel and whole fruit extracts in vero E6 cell lines, in placental cell lines and placental explant cultures were evaluated by the MTT assay. The infectivity of placental cells and explants was evaluated by qRT-PCR and the effects of extracts on ZIKV infection were investigated using HTR-8/SVneo cells, pre-treated with 100 μg mL-1 of STWFE for 1 h, and infected with MR766 (AD) or PE243 (EH) ZIKV strains. STFE and STWFE were well-tolerated by both placental-derived trophoblast cell line HTR-8/SVneo as well as by term placental chorionic villi explants, which indicate absence of cytotoxicity in all analysed concentrations. Two strains of ZIKV were tested to access if pre-treatment of trophoblast cells with the STWFE would protect them against infection. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that STWFE extract greatly reduced ZIKV infection. The extracts were also photoprotective with SPF values equivalent to the standard, benzophenone-3. The formulations prepared in different concentrations of the extracts (5-10 %) had shown maximum SPF values of 32.21. STWFE represents a potential natural mixture to be used in pregnancy in order to restrain placental infection by ZIKV and might potentially protect fetus against ZIKV-related malformations. The extracts exhibited photoprotective activity and some of the phenolic compounds, mainly resveratrol, catechin and epicatechin, are active ingredients in all assayed activities. The development of biotechnological/medical products, giving extra value to products from family farming, is expected, with strong prospects for success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika B.S. Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas (UFAL), Instituto de Química e Biotecnologia, Av. Lourival Melo Mota, s/n, Tabuleiro do Martins, 57072-970, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Iara B. Valentim
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Alagoas (IFAL), Rua Mizael Domingues, 75, Centro, CEP 57020-600, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Tauane S. Rocha
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas (UFAL), Instituto de Química e Biotecnologia, Av. Lourival Melo Mota, s/n, Tabuleiro do Martins, 57072-970, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline C. Santos
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas (UFAL), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Av. Lourival Melo Mota, s/n, Tabuleiro do Martins, 57072-970, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Keyla S.N. Pires
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas (UFAL), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Av. Lourival Melo Mota, s/n, Tabuleiro do Martins, 57072-970, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Eloiza L.L. Tanabe
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas (UFAL), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Av. Lourival Melo Mota, s/n, Tabuleiro do Martins, 57072-970, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Karen S.C. Borbely
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas (UFAL), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Av. Lourival Melo Mota, s/n, Tabuleiro do Martins, 57072-970, Maceió, AL, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas (UFAL), Faculdade de Nutrição, Av. Lourival Melo Mota, s/n, Tabuleiro do Martins, 57072-970, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Alexandre U. Borbely
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas (UFAL), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Av. Lourival Melo Mota, s/n, Tabuleiro do Martins, 57072-970, Maceió, AL, Brazil
- Corresponding auhtors at: Instituto de Química e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Campus A.C. Simões, Tabuleiro dos Martins, 57072-970, Maceió, AL, Brazil.
| | - Marília O.F. Goulart
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas (UFAL), Instituto de Química e Biotecnologia, Av. Lourival Melo Mota, s/n, Tabuleiro do Martins, 57072-970, Maceió, AL, Brazil
- Corresponding auhtors at: Instituto de Química e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Campus A.C. Simões, Tabuleiro dos Martins, 57072-970, Maceió, AL, Brazil.
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Placental Alkaline Phosphatase Promotes Zika Virus Replication by Stabilizing Viral Proteins through BIP. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.01716-20. [PMID: 32934082 PMCID: PMC7492734 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01716-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy causes intrauterine growth defects and microcephaly, but knowledge of the mechanism through which ZIKV infects and replicates in the placenta remains elusive. Here, we found that ALPP, an alkaline phosphatase expressed primarily in placental tissue, promoted ZIKV infection in both human placental trophoblasts and astrocytoma cells. ALPP bound to ZIKV structural and nonstructural proteins and thereby prevented their proteasome-mediated degradation and enhanced viral RNA replication and virion biogenesis. In addition, the function of ALPP in ZIKV infection depends on its phosphatase activity. Furthermore, we demonstrated that ALPP was stabilized through interactions with BIP, which is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident heat shock protein 70 chaperone. The chaperone activity of BIP promoted ZIKV infection and mediated the interaction between ALPP and ZIKV proteins. Collectively, our findings reveal a previously unrecognized mechanism through which ALPP facilitates ZIKV replication by coordinating with the BIP protein.IMPORTANCE ZIKV is a recently emerged mosquito-borne flavivirus that can cause devastating congenital Zika syndrome in pregnant women and Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults, but how ZIKV specifically targets the placenta is not well understood. Here, we identified an alkaline phosphatase (ALPP) that is expressed primarily in placental tissue and promotes ZIKV infection by colocalizing with ZIKV proteins and preventing their proteasome-mediated degradation. The phosphatase activity of ALPP could be required for optimal ZIKV infection, and ALPP is stabilized by BIP via its chaperone activity. This report provides novel insights into host factors required for ZIKV infection, which potentially has implications for ZIKV infection of the placenta.
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131
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NS5 Sumoylation Directs Nuclear Responses That Permit Zika Virus To Persistently Infect Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01086-20. [PMID: 32699085 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01086-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is cytopathic to neurons and persistently infects brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs), which normally restrict viral access to neurons. Despite replicating in the cytoplasm, ZIKV and Dengue virus (DENV) polymerases, NS5 proteins, are predominantly trafficked to the nucleus. We found that a SUMO interaction motif in ZIKV and DENV NS5 proteins directs nuclear localization. However, ZIKV NS5 formed discrete punctate nuclear bodies (NBs), while DENV NS5 was uniformly dispersed in the nucleoplasm. Yet, mutating one DENV NS5 SUMO site (K546R) localized the NS5 mutant to discrete NBs, and NBs formed by the ZIKV NS5 SUMO mutant (K252R) were restructured into discrete protein complexes. In hBMECs, NBs formed by STAT2 and promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein are present constitutively and enhance innate immunity. During ZIKV infection or NS5 expression, we found that ZIKV NS5 evicts PML from STAT2 NBs, forming NS5/STAT2 NBs that dramatically reduce PML expression in hBMECs and inhibit the transcription of interferon-stimulated genes (ISG). Expressing the ZIKV NS5 SUMO site mutant (K252R) resulted in NS5/STAT2/PML NBs that failed to degrade PML, reduce STAT2 expression, or inhibit ISG induction. Additionally, the K252 SUMOylation site and NS5 nuclear localization were required for ZIKV NS5 to regulate hBMEC cell cycle transcriptional responses. Our data reveal NS5 SUMO motifs as novel NB coordinating factors that distinguish flavivirus NS5 proteins. These findings establish SUMOylation of ZIKV NS5 as critical in the regulation of antiviral ISG and cell cycle responses that permit ZIKV to persistently infect hBMECs.IMPORTANCE ZIKV is a unique neurovirulent flavivirus that persistently infects human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs), the primary barrier that restricts viral access to neuronal compartments. Here, we demonstrate that flavivirus-specific SIM and SUMO sites determine the assembly of NS5 proteins into discrete nuclear bodies (NBs). We found that NS5 SIM sites are required for NS5 nuclear localization and that SUMO sites regulate NS5 NB complex constituents, assembly, and function. We reveal that ZIKV NS5 SUMO sites direct NS5 binding to STAT2, disrupt the formation of antiviral PML-STAT2 NBs, and direct PML degradation. ZIKV NS5 SUMO sites also transcriptionally regulate cell cycle and ISG responses that permit ZIKV to persistently infect hBMECs. Our findings demonstrate the function of SUMO sites in ZIKV NS5 NB formation and their importance in regulating nuclear responses that permit ZIKV to persistently infect hBMECs and thereby gain access to neurons.
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132
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Rodrigues de Sousa J, Azevedo RDSDS, Quaresma JAS, Vasconcelos PFDC. The innate immune response in Zika virus infection. Rev Med Virol 2020; 31:e2166. [PMID: 32926478 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV; Flaviviridae, Flavivirus) was discovered in 1947 in Uganda, Africa, from the serum of a sentinel Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). It is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus, which encodes a single polyprotein that is cleaved into 10 individual proteins. In 2015, the Zika-epidemic in Brazil was marked mainly by the exponential growth of microcephaly cases and other congenital defects. With regard to host-pathogen relationships, understanding the role of the immune response in the pathogenesis ZIKV infection is challenging. The innate immune response is the first-line immunological defence, in which pathogen-associated molecular patterns are recognized by pattern-recognition receptors that trigger macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells and endothelial cells to produce several mediators, which modulate viral replication and immune evasion. In this review, we have summarized current knowledge on the innate immune response against ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Rodrigues de Sousa
- Departamento de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Brazil.,Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Juarez Antônio Simões Quaresma
- Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Departamento de Patologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Brazil.,Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Pedro Fernando da Costa Vasconcelos
- Departamento de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Brazil.,Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, Brazil
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133
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Hoo R, Nakimuli A, Vento-Tormo R. Innate Immune Mechanisms to Protect Against Infection at the Human Decidual-Placental Interface. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2070. [PMID: 33013876 PMCID: PMC7511589 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, the placenta forms the anatomical barrier between the mother and developing fetus. Infectious agents can potentially breach the placental barrier resulting in pathogenic transmission from mother to fetus. Innate immune responses, orchestrated by maternal and fetal cells at the decidual-placental interface, are the first line of defense to avoid vertical transmission. Here, we outline the anatomy of the human placenta and uterine lining, the decidua, and discuss the potential capacity of pathogen pattern recognition and other host defense strategies present in the innate immune cells at the placental-decidual interface. We consider major congenital infections that access the placenta from hematogenous or decidual route. Finally, we highlight the challenges in studying human placental responses to pathogens and vertical transmission using current experimental models and identify gaps in knowledge that need to be addressed. We further propose novel experimental strategies to address such limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Hoo
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Annettee Nakimuli
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Roser Vento-Tormo
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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134
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Tiwari SK, Dicks LMT, Popov IV, Karaseva A, Ermakov AM, Suvorov A, Tagg JR, Weeks R, Chikindas ML. Probiotics at War Against Viruses: What Is Missing From the Picture? Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1877. [PMID: 32973697 PMCID: PMC7468459 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Our world is now facing a multitude of novel infectious diseases. Bacterial infections are treated with antibiotics, albeit with increasing difficulty as many of the more common causes of infection have now developed broad spectrum antimicrobial resistance. However, there is now an even greater challenge from both old and new viruses capable of causing respiratory, enteric, and urogenital infections. Reports of viruses resistant to frontline therapeutic drugs are steadily increasing and there is an urgent need to develop novel antiviral agents. Although this all makes sense, it seems rather strange that relatively little attention has been given to the antiviral capabilities of probiotics. Over the years, beneficial strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been successfully used to treat gastrointestinal, oral, and vaginal infections, and some can also effect a reduction in serum cholesterol levels. Some probiotics prevent gastrointestinal dysbiosis and, by doing so, reduce the risk of developing secondary infections. Other probiotics exhibit anti-tumor and immunomodulating properties, and in some studies, antiviral activities have been reported for probiotic bacteria and/or their metabolites. Unfortunately, the mechanistic basis of the observed beneficial effects of probiotics in countering viral infections is sometimes unclear. Interestingly, in COVID-19 patients, a clear decrease has been observed in cell numbers of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp., both of which are common sources of intestinal probiotics. The present review, specifically motivated by the need to implement effective new counters to SARS-CoV-2, focusses attention on viruses capable of co-infecting humans and other animals and specifically explores the potential of probiotic bacteria and their metabolites to intervene with the process of virus infection. The goal is to help to provide a more informed background for the planning of future probiotic-based antiviral research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India,*Correspondence: Santosh Kumar Tiwari,
| | - Leon M. T. Dicks
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Igor V. Popov
- Center for Agro-Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioengineering and Veterinary Medicine, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Alena Karaseva
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexey M. Ermakov
- Center for Agro-Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioengineering and Veterinary Medicine, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Alexander Suvorov
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia,Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Richard Weeks
- Health Promoting Naturals Laboratory, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Michael L. Chikindas
- Center for Agro-Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioengineering and Veterinary Medicine, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia,Health Promoting Naturals Laboratory, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Brunswick, NJ, United States
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135
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Legros V, Jeannin P, Burlaud-Gaillard J, Chaze T, Gianetto QG, Butler-Browne G, Mouly V, Zoladek J, Afonso PV, Gonzàlez MN, Matondo M, Riederer I, Roingeard P, Gessain A, Choumet V, Ceccaldi PE. Differentiation-dependent susceptibility of human muscle cells to Zika virus infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008282. [PMID: 32817655 PMCID: PMC7508361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle cells are potential targets of many arboviruses, such as Ross River, Dengue, Sindbis, and chikungunya viruses, that may be involved in the physiopathological course of the infection. During the recent outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV), myalgia was one of the most frequently reported symptoms. We investigated the susceptibility of human muscle cells to ZIKV infection. Using an in vitro model of human primary myoblasts that can be differentiated into myotubes, we found that myoblasts can be productively infected by ZIKV. In contrast, myotubes were shown to be resistant to ZIKV infection, suggesting a differentiation-dependent susceptibility. Infection was accompanied by a caspase-independent cytopathic effect, associated with paraptosis-like cytoplasmic vacuolization. Proteomic profiling was performed 24h and 48h post-infection in cells infected with two different isolates. Proteome changes indicate that ZIKV infection induces an upregulation of proteins involved in the activation of the Interferon type I pathway, and a downregulation of protein synthesis. This work constitutes the first observation of primary human muscle cells susceptibility to ZIKV infection, and differentiation-dependent restriction of infection from myoblasts to myotubes. Since myoblasts constitute the reservoir of stem cells involved in reparation/regeneration in muscle tissue, the infection of muscle cells and the viral-induced alterations observed here could have consequences in ZIKV infection pathogenesis. Muscle cells are potential targets of many arboviruses, such as Ross River, Dengue, Sindbis, and chikungunya viruses, and may be involved in the disease manifestation. During the recent outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV), myalgia was one of the most frequently reported symptoms. We investigated the susceptibility of human muscle cells to ZIKV infection. Using an in vitro model of human muscle stem cells (myoblasts) that can be differentiated into differentiated muscle cells (myotubes), we found that myoblasts can be infected by ZIKV. In contrast, myotubes were shown to be resistant to ZIKV infection. Infection induced the death of infected cells. Protein levels 24h and 48h post-infection indicate that ZIKV infection induces an upregulation of proteins involved in the activation of the Interferon type I pathway, and a downregulation of protein synthesis. This work constitutes the first observation of primary human muscle cells susceptibility to ZIKV infection, muscle stem cells being susceptible while differentiated muscle cells are resistant. Since myoblasts constitute the reservoir of stem cells involved in reparation/regeneration in muscle tissue, the infection of muscle cells and the viral-induced alterations observed here could have consequences during ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Legros
- Unité Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- UMR CNRS 3569, Paris, France
| | - Patricia Jeannin
- Unité Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- UMR CNRS 3569, Paris, France
| | - Julien Burlaud-Gaillard
- INSERM U1259 & Plate Forme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Université François Rabelais and CHRU, Tours, France
| | - Thibault Chaze
- Proteomics Platform, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit, USR 2000 IP CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Quentin Giai Gianetto
- Proteomics Platform, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit, USR 2000 IP CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, C3BI, USR 3756 IP CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Gillian Butler-Browne
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Association Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, UMRS974, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Mouly
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Association Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, UMRS974, Paris, France
| | - Jim Zoladek
- Unité Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- UMR CNRS 3569, Paris, France
| | - Philippe V. Afonso
- Unité Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- UMR CNRS 3569, Paris, France
| | - Mariela-Natacha Gonzàlez
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Brazilian National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariette Matondo
- Proteomics Platform, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit, USR 2000 IP CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Ingo Riederer
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Brazilian National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Philippe Roingeard
- INSERM U1259 & Plate Forme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Université François Rabelais and CHRU, Tours, France
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Unité Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- UMR CNRS 3569, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Choumet
- Unité Environnement et Risques Infectieux, Département de santé globale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (VC); (PEC)
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Ceccaldi
- Unité Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- UMR CNRS 3569, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (VC); (PEC)
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Ashary N, Bhide A, Chakraborty P, Colaco S, Mishra A, Chhabria K, Jolly MK, Modi D. Single-Cell RNA-seq Identifies Cell Subsets in Human Placenta That Highly Expresses Factors Driving Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:783. [PMID: 32974340 PMCID: PMC7466449 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) results in the novel coronavirus disease COVID-19, which has posed a serious threat globally. Infection of SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy is associated with complications such as preterm labor and premature rupture of membranes, and a proportion of neonates born to infected mothers are also positive for the virus. During pregnancy, the placental barrier protects the fetus from pathogens and ensures healthy development. To predict if the placenta is permissive to SARS-CoV-2, we utilized publicly available single-cell RNA-seq data to identify if the placental cells express the necessary factors required for infection. SARS-CoV-2 binding receptor ACE2 and the S protein priming protease TMPRSS2 are co-expressed by a subset of syncytiotrophoblasts (STB) in the first trimester and extravillous trophoblasts (EVT) in the second trimester human placenta. In addition, the non-canonical receptor BSG/CD147 and other proteases (CTSL, CTSB, and FURIN) are detected in most of the placental cells. Other coronavirus family receptors (ANPEP and DPP4) were also expressed in the first and second trimester placental cells. Additionally, the term placenta of multiple species including humans expressed ACE2, DPP4, and ANPEP along with the viral S protein proteases. The ACE2- and TMPRSS2-positive (ACE2 + TMPRSS2 +) placental subsets expressed mRNA for proteins involved in viral budding and replication. These cells also had the mRNA for proteins that physically interact with SARS-CoV-2 in host cells. Further, we discovered unique signatures of genes in ACE2 + TMPRSS2 + STBs and EVTs. The ACE2 + TMPRSS2 + STBs are highly differentiated cells and express genes involving mitochondrial metabolism and glucose transport. The second trimester ACE2 + TMPRSS2 + EVTs are enriched for markers of endovascular trophoblasts. Both these subtypes abundantly expressed genes in the Toll-like receptor pathway. The second trimester EVTs are also enriched for components of the JAK-STAT pathway that drives inflammation. We carried out a systematic review and identified that in 12% of pregnant women with COVID-19, the placenta was infected with SARS-CoV-2, and the virus was detected in STBs. To conclude, herein we have uncovered the cellular targets for SARS-CoV-2 entry and have shown that these cells can potentially drive viremia in the developing human placenta. Our results provide a basic framework toward understanding the paraphernalia involved in SARS-CoV-2 infections in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Ashary
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Anshul Bhide
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Priyanka Chakraborty
- Center for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Stacy Colaco
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Anuradha Mishra
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Karisma Chhabria
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Center for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Deepak Modi
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Mumbai, India
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137
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Krefft O, Koch P, Ladewig J. Cerebral organoids to unravel the mechanisms underlying malformations of human cortical development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 111:15-22. [PMID: 32741653 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Genetic studies identified multiple mutations associated with malformations of cortical development (MCD) in humans. When analyzing the underlying mechanisms in non-human experimental models it became increasingly evident, that these mutations accumulate in genes, which functions evolutionary progressed from rodents to humans resulting in an incomplete reflection of the molecular and cellular alterations in these models. Human brain organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells resemble early aspects of human brain development to a remarkable extent making them an attractive model to investigate MCD. Here we review how human brain organoids enable the generation of fundamental new insight about the underlying pathomechanisms of MCD. We show how phenotypic features of these diseases are reflected in human brain organoids and discuss challenges and future considerations but also limitations for the use of human brain organoids to model human brain development and associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Krefft
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research (HITBR gGmbH), Mannheim, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Koch
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research (HITBR gGmbH), Mannheim, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Julia Ladewig
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research (HITBR gGmbH), Mannheim, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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138
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Amaral MS, Goulart E, Caires-Júnior LC, Morales-Vicente DA, Soares-Schanoski A, Gomes RP, Olberg GGDO, Astray RM, Kalil JE, Zatz M, Verjovski-Almeida S. Differential gene expression elicited by ZIKV infection in trophoblasts from congenital Zika syndrome discordant twins. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008424. [PMID: 32745093 PMCID: PMC7425990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) causes congenital Zika syndrome (CZS), which is characterized by fetal demise, microcephaly and other abnormalities. ZIKV in the pregnant woman circulation must cross the placental barrier that includes fetal endothelial cells and trophoblasts, in order to reach the fetus. CZS occurs in ~1-40% of cases of pregnant women infected by ZIKV, suggesting that mothers' infection by ZIKV during pregnancy is not deterministic for CZS phenotype in the fetus. Therefore, other susceptibility factors might be involved, including the host genetic background. We have previously shown that in three pairs of dizygotic twins discordant for CZS, neural progenitor cells (NPCs) from the CZS-affected twins presented differential in vitro ZIKV susceptibility compared with NPCs from the non-affected. Here, we analyzed human-induced-pluripotent-stem-cell-derived (hiPSC-derived) trophoblasts from these twins and compared by RNA-Seq the trophoblasts from CZS-affected and non-affected twins. Following in vitro exposure to a Brazilian ZIKV strain (ZIKVBR), trophoblasts from CZS-affected twins were significantly more susceptible to ZIKVBR infection when compared with trophoblasts from the non-affected. Transcriptome profiling revealed no differences in gene expression levels of ZIKV candidate attachment factors, IFN receptors and IFN in the trophoblasts, either before or after ZIKVBR infection. Most importantly, ZIKVBR infection caused, only in the trophoblasts from CZS-affected twins, the downregulation of genes related to extracellular matrix organization and to leukocyte activation, which are important for trophoblast adhesion and immune response activation. In addition, only trophoblasts from non-affected twins secreted significantly increased amounts of chemokines RANTES/CCL5 and IP10 after infection with ZIKVBR. Overall, our results showed that trophoblasts from non-affected twins have the ability to more efficiently activate genes that are known to play important roles in cell adhesion and in triggering the immune response to ZIKV infection in the placenta, and this may contribute to predict protection from ZIKV dissemination into fetuses' tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ernesto Goulart
- Departmento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Centro de Pesquisas sobre o Genoma Humano e Células Tronco, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Caires-Júnior
- Departmento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Centro de Pesquisas sobre o Genoma Humano e Células Tronco, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David Abraham Morales-Vicente
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Jorge E. Kalil
- Laboratório de Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina e Instituto do Coração, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mayana Zatz
- Departmento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Centro de Pesquisas sobre o Genoma Humano e Células Tronco, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergio Verjovski-Almeida
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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139
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Liang B, Guida JP, Costa Do Nascimento ML, Mysorekar IU. Host and viral mechanisms of congenital Zika syndrome. Virulence 2020; 10:768-775. [PMID: 31451049 PMCID: PMC6735503 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2019.1656503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2015–2016, in the Americas, and especially in northeast Brazil, a significant number of cases of microcephaly and other congenital brain abnormalities were linked with an outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in pregnant women. While maternal symptoms of ZIKV are generally mild and self-limiting, clinical presentation in fetuses and newborns infected is extensive and includes microcephaly, decreased cortical development, atrophy and hypoplasia of the cerebellum and cerebellar vermis, arthrogryposis, and polyhydramnios. The term congenital ZIKV syndrome (CZS) was introduced to describe the range of findings associated with maternal-fetal ZIKV transmission. ZIKV is primarily transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, however non-vector-dependent routes are also possible. Mechanisms of maternal-fetal transmission remain unknown, and the trans-placental route has been extensively studied in animal models and in human samples. The aim of this review was to summarize recent studies that helped to elucidate the mechanism of CZS in animal models and observational studies. There are still challenges in the diagnosis and prevention of CZS in humans, due to the large gap that remains in translating ZIKV research to clinical practice. Translational research linking governments, local health workers, scientists and industry is fundamental to improve care for mothers and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Liang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - José Paulo Guida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas , Campinas , Brazil
| | | | - Indira U Mysorekar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA.,Center for Reproductive Health Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
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140
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García CC, Vázquez CA, Giovannoni F, Russo CA, Cordo SM, Alaimo A, Damonte EB. Cellular Organelles Reorganization During Zika Virus Infection of Human Cells. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1558. [PMID: 32774331 PMCID: PMC7381349 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an enveloped positive stranded RNA virus belonging to the genus Flavivirus in the family Flaviviridae that emerged in recent decades causing pandemic outbreaks of human infections occasionally associated with severe neurological disorders in adults and newborns. The intracellular steps of flavivirus multiplication are associated to cellular membranes and their bound organelles leading to an extensive host cell reorganization. Importantly, the association of organelle dysfunction with diseases caused by several human viruses has been widely reported in recent studies. With the aim to increase the knowledge about the impact of ZIKV infection on the host cell functions, the present study was focused on the evaluation of the reorganization of three cell components, promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML-NBs), mitochondria, and lipid droplets (LDs). Relevant human cell lines including neural progenitor cells (NPCs), hepatic Huh-7, and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells were infected with the Argentina INEVH116141 ZIKV strain and the organelle alterations were studied by using fluorescent cell imaging analysis. Our results have shown that these three organelles are targeted and structurally modified during ZIKV infection. Considering the nuclear reorganization, the analysis by confocal microscopy of infected cells showed a significantly reduced number of PML-NBs in comparison to uninfected cells. Moreover, a mitochondrial morphodynamic perturbation with an increased fragmentation and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential was observed in ZIKV infected RPE cells. Regarding lipid structures, a decrease in the number and volume of LDs was observed in ZIKV infected cells. Given the involvement of these organelles in host defense processes, the reported perturbations may be related to enhanced virus replication through protection from innate immunity. The understanding of the cellular remodeling will enable the design of new host-targeted antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cybele C García
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia A Vázquez
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Giovannoni
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Constanza A Russo
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra M Cordo
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustina Alaimo
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elsa B Damonte
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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141
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Xu P, Shan C, Dunn TJ, Xie X, Xia H, Gao J, Allende Labastida J, Zou J, Villarreal PP, Schlagal CR, Yu Y, Vargas G, Rossi SL, Vasilakis N, Shi PY, Weaver SC, Wu P. Role of microglia in the dissemination of Zika virus from mother to fetal brain. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008413. [PMID: 32628667 PMCID: PMC7365479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Global Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreaks and their link to microcephaly have raised major public health concerns. However, the mechanism of maternal-fetal transmission remains largely unknown. In this study, we determined the role of yolk sac (YS) microglial progenitors in a mouse model of ZIKV vertical transmission. We found that embryonic (E) days 6.5-E8.5 were a critical window for ZIKV infection that resulted in fetal demise and microcephaly, and YS microglial progenitors were susceptible to ZIKV infection. Ablation of YS microglial progenitors significantly reduced the viral load in both the YS and the embryonic brain. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that YS microglial progenitors serve as “Trojan horses,” contributing to ZIKV fetal brain dissemination and congenital brain defects. ZIKV is more likely to cause fetal demise and brain malformations when the mother is infected at an early stage of pregnancy, which is the critical time window when a special type of immune cells called microglia appear in the YS and migrate to the fetal brain. YS-derived microglia are susceptible to ZIKV infection and can act as “Trojan horses” to bring ZIKV from the mother to the fetal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chao Shan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tiffany J. Dunn
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xuping Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hongjie Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Junling Gao
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Javier Allende Labastida
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jing Zou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Paula P. Villarreal
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Caitlin R. Schlagal
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yongjia Yu
- Department of Radiology and Oncology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gracie Vargas
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shannan L. Rossi
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nikolaos Vasilakis
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Scott C. Weaver
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SCW); (PW)
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SCW); (PW)
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142
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Rastogi M, Singh SK. Zika virus NS1 affects the junctional integrity of human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Biochimie 2020; 176:52-61. [PMID: 32640279 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection leads to microcephaly in newborns. Flaviviruses are known to secrete NS1 protein extracellularly and its concentration in serum directly co-relate to disease severity. The presence of ZIKV-NS1 near the brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs) affects blood-brain-barrier, which is composed of tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs). Viruses utilize different strategies to circumvent this barrier to enter in brain. The present study demonstrated the mechanism of junctional integrity disruption in BMVECs by ZIKV-NS1 protein exposure. The Transendothelial Electrical Resistance and sodium fluorescein migration assays revealed the endothelial barrier disruption in BMVECs exposed to ZIKV-NS1 at different time (12hr and 24hr) and doses (500 ng/mL, 1000 ng/mL and 1500 ng/mL). The exposure of ZIKV-NS1 on BMVECs led to the phosphorylation of AJs and suppression of TJs through secreted ZIKV-NS1 in a bystander fashion. The activation of NADPH dependent reactive oxygen species activity and redox sensitive tyrosine kinase further increased the phosphorylation of AJs. The reduced expression of the phosphatase led to the increased phosphorylation of the AJs. The treatment with Diphenyleneiodonium chloride rescued the phosphatase and TJs expression and suppressed the expression of kinase and AJs in BMVECs exposed to ZIKV-NS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghana Rastogi
- Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, U.P, India
| | - Sunit K Singh
- Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, U.P, India.
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143
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Winkler CW, Evans AB, Carmody AB, Peterson KE. Placental Myeloid Cells Protect against Zika Virus Vertical Transmission in a Rag1-Deficient Mouse Model. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 205:143-152. [PMID: 32493813 PMCID: PMC8328348 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability of Zika virus (ZIKV) to cross the placenta and infect the fetus is a key mechanism by which ZIKV causes microcephaly. How the virus crosses the placenta and the role of the immune response in this process remain unclear. In the current study, we examined how ZIKV infection affected innate immune cells within the placenta and fetus and whether these cells influenced virus vertical transmission (VTx). We found myeloid cells were elevated in the placenta of pregnant ZIKV-infected Rag1-/- mice treated with an anti-IFNAR Ab, primarily at the end of pregnancy as well as transiently in the fetus several days before birth. These cells, which included maternal monocyte/macrophages, neutrophils, and fetal myeloid cells contained viral RNA and infectious virus, suggesting they may be infected and contributing to viral replication and VTx. However, depletion of monocyte/macrophage myeloid cells from the dam during ZIKV infection resulted in increased ZIKV infection in the fetus. Myeloid cells in the fetus were not depleted in this experiment, likely because of an inability of liposome particles containing the cytotoxic drug to cross the placenta. Thus, the increased virus infection in the fetus was not the result of an impaired fetal myeloid response or breakdown of the placental barrier. Collectively, these data suggest that monocyte/macrophage myeloid cells in the placenta play a significant role in inhibiting ZIKV VTx to the fetus, possibly through phagocytosis of virus or virus-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton W Winkler
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840; and
| | - Alyssa B Evans
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840; and
| | - Aaron B Carmody
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Karin E Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840; and
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Peli1 signaling blockade attenuates congenital zika syndrome. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008538. [PMID: 32544190 PMCID: PMC7297310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infects pregnant women and causes devastating congenital zika syndrome (CZS). How the virus is vertically transmitted to the fetus and induces neuronal loss remains unclear. We previously reported that Pellino (Peli)1, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, promotes p38MAPK activation in microglia and induction of lethal encephalitis by facilitating the replication of West Nile virus (WNV), a closely related flavivirus. Here, we found that Peli1 expression was induced on ZIKV-infected human monocytic cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, human first-trimester placental trophoblasts, and neural stem cell (hNSC)s. Peli1 mediates ZIKV cell attachment, entry and viral translation and its expression is confined to the endoplasmic reticulum. Moreover, Peli1 mediated inflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses and induced cell death in placental trophoblasts and hNSCs. ZIKV-infected pregnant mice lacking Peli1 signaling had reduced placental inflammation and tissue damage, which resulted in attenuated congenital abnormalities. Smaducin-6, a membrane-tethered Smad6-derived peptide, blocked Peli1-mediated NF-κB activation but did not have direct effects on ZIKV infection. Smaducin-6 reduced inflammatory responses and cell death in placental trophoblasts and hNSCs, and diminished placental inflammation and damage, leading to attenuated congenital malformations in mice. Collectively, our results reveal a novel role of Peli1 in flavivirus pathogenesis and suggest that Peli1 promotes ZIKV vertical transmission and neuronal loss by mediating inflammatory cytokine responses and induction of cell death. Our results also identify Smaducin-6 as a potential therapeutic candidate for treatment of CZS. We previously reported that Pellino (Peli)1, an E3 ubiquitin ligase mediates p38MAPK activation in microglia and induces lethal encephalitis by facilitating replication of a mosquito -borne flavivirus, West Nile virus (WNV). Zika virus (ZIKV), a closely related flavivirus, causes devastating congenital zika syndrome (CZS) in pregnant women. How ZIKV is vertically transmitted to the fetus and induces neuronal loss remains unclear. Here, we found that Peli1 expression was enhanced in human monocytic cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, first-trimester placental trophoblasts and neural stem cell (hNSC)s following ZIKV infection. Peli1 expression colocalized with the endoplasmic reticulum and double-stranded RNA in ZIKV-infected cells and was required for ZIKV cell attachment and replication. Peli1 knockdown in placental trophoblasts inhibited ZIKV replication and decreased inflammatory cytokine responses and cell death. ZIKV-infected pregnant mice lacking Peli1 signaling showed reduced placental inflammation and tissue damage, which resulted in attenuated congenital abnormalities. Furthermore, Smaducin-6, a membrane-tethered Smad6-derived peptide, blocked Peli1-mediated NF-κB activation, but not ZIKV replication. Smaducin 6 inhibited Peli1-mediated inflammatory cytokine responses and cell death in placental trophoblasts and hNSCs, and attenuated congenital malformations in mice. Collectively, our results reveal a novel role of Peli1 in flavivirus pathogenesis and suggest that Peli1 promotes ZIKV vertical transmission and neuronal loss by mediating inflammatory cytokine responses and induction of cell death.
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145
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Metabolic reprogramming by Zika virus provokes inflammation in human placenta. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2967. [PMID: 32528049 PMCID: PMC7290035 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16754-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV) was associated with birth defects and pregnancy loss when maternal infection occurs in early pregnancy, but specific mechanisms driving placental insufficiency and subsequent ZIKV-mediated pathogenesis remain unclear. Here we show, using large scale metabolomics, that ZIKV infection reprograms placental lipidome by impairing the lipogenesis pathways. ZIKV-induced metabolic alterations provide building blocks for lipid droplet biogenesis and intracellular membrane rearrangements to support viral replication. Furthermore, lipidome reprogramming by ZIKV is paralleled by the mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammatory immune imbalance, which contribute to placental damage. In addition, we demonstrate the efficacy of a commercially available inhibitor in limiting ZIKV infection, provides a proof-of-concept for blocking congenital infection by targeting metabolic pathways. Collectively, our study provides mechanistic insights on how ZIKV targets essential hubs of the lipid metabolism that may lead to placental dysfunction and loss of barrier function. Zika virus (ZIKV) infection of pregnant women is associated with pregnancy loss and birth defects, but molecular insights for the aetiology are scarce. Here the authors show that ZIKV reprograms the host lipidome to facilitate viral replication, induce mitochondria dysfunction, and cause immune imbalance, thereby identifying a potential target for ZIKV therapy.
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Sobhani NC, Avvad-Portari E, Nascimento ACM, Machado HN, Lobato DSS, Pereira JP, Esquivel MS, Vasconcelos ZC, Zin AA, Tsui I, Adachi K, Brickley EB, Fisher SJ, Nielsen-Saines K, Brasil P, Moreira ME, Gaw SL. Discordant Zika Virus Findings in Twin Pregnancies Complicated by Antenatal Zika Virus Exposure: A Prospective Cohort. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:1838-1845. [PMID: 31773163 PMCID: PMC7213575 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are limited data on the natural history of antenatal Zika virus (ZIKV) exposure in twin pregnancies, especially regarding intertwin concordance of prenatal, placental, and infant outcomes. METHODS This prospective cohort study included twin pregnancies referred to a single institution from September 2015 to June 2016 with maternal ZIKV. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of maternal, placental, and neonatal samples was performed. Prenatal ultrasounds were completed for each twin, and histomorphologic analysis was performed for each placenta. Abnormal neonatal outcome was defined as abnormal exam and/or abnormal imaging. Two- to three-year follow-up of infants included physical exams, neuroimaging, and Bayley-III developmental assessment. RESULTS Among 244 pregnancies, 4 twin gestations without coinfection were identified. Zika virus infection occurred at 16-33 weeks gestation. Zika virus PCR testing revealed discordance between dichorionic twins, between placentas in a dichorionic pair, between portions of a monochorionic placenta, and between a neonate and its associated placenta. Of the 8 infants, 3 (38%) had an abnormal neonatal outcome. Of 6 infants with long-term follow-up, 3 (50%) have demonstrated ZIKV-related abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS Neonatal PCR testing, placental findings, and infant outcomes can be discordant between co-twins with antenatal ZIKV exposure. These findings demonstrate that each twin should be evaluated independently for vertical transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim C Sobhani
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mikaela S Esquivel
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Andrea A Zin
- Fiocruz, Fernandes Figueira Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Irena Tsui
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, Retina Division, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kristina Adachi
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Brickley
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susan J Fisher
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Karin Nielsen-Saines
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Patricia Brasil
- Fiocruz, Fernandes Figueira Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria E Moreira
- Fiocruz, Fernandes Figueira Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Stephanie L Gaw
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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147
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Rabelo K, Gonçalves AJDS, de Souza LJ, Sales AP, de Lima SMB, Trindade GF, Ciambarella BT, Amorim Tasmo NR, Diaz BL, de Carvalho JJ, Duarte MPDO, Paes MV. Zika Virus Infects Human Placental Mast Cells and the HMC-1 Cell Line, and Triggers Degranulation, Cytokine Release and Ultrastructural Changes. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040975. [PMID: 32316163 PMCID: PMC7227014 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emergent arthropod-borne virus whose outbreak in Brazil has brought major public health problems. Infected individuals have different symptoms, including rash and pruritus, which can be relieved by the administration of antiallergics. In the case of pregnant women, ZIKV can cross the placenta and infect the fetus leading to congenital defects. We have identified that mast cells in the placentae of patients who had Zika during pregnancy can be infected. This led to our investigation on the possible role of mast cells during a ZIKV infection, using the HMC-1 cell line. We analyzed their permissiveness to infection, release of mediators and ultrastructural changes. Flow cytometry detection of ZIKV-NS1 expression 24 h post infection in 45.3% of cells showed that HMC-1 cells are permissive to ZIKV infection. Following infection, β-hexosaminidase was measured in the supernatant of the cells with a notable release at 30 min. In addition, an increase in TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 and VEGF levels were measured at 6 h and 24 h post infection. Lastly, different intracellular changes were observed in an ultrastructural analysis of infected cells. Our findings suggest that mast cells may represent an important source of mediators that can activate other immune cell types during a ZIKV infection, which has the potential to be a major contributor in the spread of the virus in cases of vertical transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kíssila Rabelo
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura e Biologia Tecidual, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, Brazil; (B.T.C.); (J.J.d.C.)
- Correspondence: (K.R.); (M.P.d.O.D.); (M.V.P); Tel.: +55-21-25621038 (M.V.P.)
| | | | - Luiz José de Souza
- Faculdade de Medicina de Campos, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28035-581, Brazil; (L.J.d.S.); (A.P.S.)
| | - Anna Paula Sales
- Faculdade de Medicina de Campos, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28035-581, Brazil; (L.J.d.S.); (A.P.S.)
| | | | - Gisela Freitas Trindade
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Virológica, Biomanguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (S.M.B.d.L.); (G.F.T.)
| | - Bianca Torres Ciambarella
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura e Biologia Tecidual, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, Brazil; (B.T.C.); (J.J.d.C.)
| | - Natália Recardo Amorim Tasmo
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-170, Brazil; (N.R.A.T.); (B.L.D.)
| | - Bruno Lourenço Diaz
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-170, Brazil; (N.R.A.T.); (B.L.D.)
| | - Jorge José de Carvalho
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura e Biologia Tecidual, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, Brazil; (B.T.C.); (J.J.d.C.)
| | - Márcia Pereira de Oliveira Duarte
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil;
- Correspondence: (K.R.); (M.P.d.O.D.); (M.V.P); Tel.: +55-21-25621038 (M.V.P.)
| | - Marciano Viana Paes
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil;
- Correspondence: (K.R.); (M.P.d.O.D.); (M.V.P); Tel.: +55-21-25621038 (M.V.P.)
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148
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Cappelletti M, Presicce P, Kallapur SG. Immunobiology of Acute Chorioamnionitis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:649. [PMID: 32373122 PMCID: PMC7177011 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute chorioamnionitis is characterized by neutrophilic infiltration and inflammation at the maternal fetal interface. It is a relatively common complication of pregnancy and can have devastating consequences including preterm labor, maternal infections, fetal infection/inflammation, fetal lung, brain, and gastrointestinal tract injury. In this review, we will discuss current understanding of the pathogenesis, immunobiology, and mechanisms of this condition. Most commonly, acute chorioamnionitis is a result of ascending infection with relatively low-virulence organisms such as the Ureaplasma species. Furthermore, recent vaginal microbiome studies suggest that there is a link between vaginal dysbiosis, vaginal inflammation, and ascending infection. Although less common, microorganisms invading the maternal-fetal interface via hematogenous route (e.g., Zika virus, Cytomegalovirus, and Listeria) can cause placental villitis and severe fetal inflammation and injury. We will provide an overview of the knowledge gleaned from different animal models of acute chorioamnionitis and the role of different immune cells in different maternal-fetal compartments. Lastly, we will discuss how infectious agents can break the maternal tolerance of fetal allograft during pregnancy and highlight the novel future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Cappelletti
- Divisions of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Pietro Presicce
- Divisions of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Suhas G Kallapur
- Divisions of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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149
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Puerta-Guardo H, Glasner DR, Espinosa DA, Biering SB, Patana M, Ratnasiri K, Wang C, Beatty PR, Harris E. Flavivirus NS1 Triggers Tissue-Specific Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction Reflecting Disease Tropism. Cell Rep 2020; 26:1598-1613.e8. [PMID: 30726741 PMCID: PMC6934102 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses cause systemic or neurotropic-encephalitic pathology in humans. The flavivirus nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) is a secreted glycoprotein involved in viral replication, immune evasion, and vascular leakage during dengue virus infection. However, the contribution of secreted NS1 from related flaviviruses to viral pathogenesis remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that NS1 from dengue, Zika, West Nile, Japanese encephalitis, and yellow fever viruses selectively binds to and alters permeability of human endothelial cells from lung, dermis, umbilical vein, brain, and liver in vitro and causes tissue-specific vascular leakage in mice, reflecting the pathophysiology of each flavivirus. Mechanistically, each flavivirus NS1 leads to differential disruption of endothelial glycocalyx components, resulting in endothelial hyperpermeability. Our findings reveal the capacity of a secreted viral protein to modulate endothelial barrier function in a tissue-specific manner both in vitro and in vivo, potentially influencing virus dissemination and pathogenesis and providing targets for antiviral therapies and vaccine development. Puerta-Guardo et al. discover that five flavivirus NS1 proteins trigger hyperpermeability and vascular dysfunction in human endothelial cells and mice in a manner reflecting disease tropism. This tissue-specific tropism is partially determined by the capacity of NS1 to bind endothelial cells and is characterized by disruption of endothelial glycocalyx components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Puerta-Guardo
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Dustin R Glasner
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Diego A Espinosa
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Scott B Biering
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mark Patana
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kalani Ratnasiri
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Chunling Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - P Robert Beatty
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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150
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Taguwa S, Yeh MT, Rainbolt TK, Nayak A, Shao H, Gestwicki JE, Andino R, Frydman J. Zika Virus Dependence on Host Hsp70 Provides a Protective Strategy against Infection and Disease. Cell Rep 2020; 26:906-920.e3. [PMID: 30673613 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The spread of mosquito-borne Zika virus (ZIKV), which causes neurological disorders and microcephaly, highlights the need for countermeasures against sudden viral epidemics. Here, we tested the concept that drugs targeting host proteostasis provide effective antivirals. We show that different cytosolic Hsp70 isoforms are recruited to ZIKV-induced compartments and are required for virus replication at pre- and post-entry steps. Drugs targeting Hsp70 significantly reduce replication of different ZIKV strains in human and mosquito cells, including human neural stem cells and a placental trophoblast cell line, at doses without appreciable toxicity to the host cell. By targeting several ZIKV functions, including entry, establishment of active replication complexes, and capsid assembly, Hsp70 inhibitors are refractory to the emergence of drug-resistant virus. Importantly, these drugs protected mouse models from ZIKV infection, reducing viremia, mortality, and disease symptoms. Hsp70 inhibitors are thus attractive candidates for ZIKV therapeutics with the added benefit of a broad spectrum of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Taguwa
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ming-Te Yeh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - T Kelly Rainbolt
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Arabinda Nayak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Hao Shao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jason E Gestwicki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Judith Frydman
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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