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Stoddard M, Yuan L, Sarkar S, Mangalaganesh S, Nolan RP, Bottino D, Hather G, Hochberg NS, White LF, Chakravarty A. Heterogeneity in Vaccinal Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 Can Be Addressed by a Personalized Booster Strategy. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:806. [PMID: 37112718 PMCID: PMC10140995 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations were initially shown to substantially reduce risk of severe disease and death. However, pharmacokinetic (PK) waning and rapid viral evolution degrade neutralizing antibody (nAb) binding titers, causing loss of vaccinal protection. Additionally, there is inter-individual heterogeneity in the strength and durability of the vaccinal nAb response. Here, we propose a personalized booster strategy as a potential solution to this problem. Our model-based approach incorporates inter-individual heterogeneity in nAb response to primary SARS-CoV-2 vaccination into a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model to project population-level heterogeneity in vaccinal protection. We further examine the impact of evolutionary immune evasion on vaccinal protection over time based on variant fold reduction in nAb potency. Our findings suggest viral evolution will decrease the effectiveness of vaccinal protection against severe disease, especially for individuals with a less durable immune response. More frequent boosting may restore vaccinal protection for individuals with a weaker immune response. Our analysis shows that the ECLIA RBD binding assay strongly predicts neutralization of sequence-matched pseudoviruses. This may be a useful tool for rapidly assessing individual immune protection. Our work suggests vaccinal protection against severe disease is not assured and identifies a potential path forward for reducing risk to immunologically vulnerable individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lin Yuan
- Fractal Therapeutics, Lexington, MA 02420, USA
| | - Sharanya Sarkar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Shruthi Mangalaganesh
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | | | - Dean Bottino
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Natasha S. Hochberg
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Laura F. White
- School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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102
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Ning J, Wang Q, Chen Y, He T, Zhang F, Chen X, Shi L, Zhai A, Li B, Wu C. Immunodominant SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 + and CD8 + T-cell responses elicited by inactivated vaccines in healthy adults. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28743. [PMID: 37185843 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Safety profiles and humoral responses to inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines have been previously assessed, but cellular immune responses to inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines remain understudied. Here, we report the comprehensive characteristics of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses elicited by the BBIBP-CorV vaccine. A total of 295 healthy adults were recruited, and SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses were detected after stimulation with overlapping peptide pools spanning the entire length of the envelope (E), membrane (M), nucleocapsid (N), and spike (S) proteins. Robust and durable CD4+ (p < 0.0001) and CD8+ (p < 0.0001) T-cell responses specific to SARS-CoV-2 were detected following the third vaccination, with an increase in specific CD8+ T-cells, compared to CD4+ T-cells. Cytokine profiles showed that interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor-α were predominantly expressed with the negligible expression of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10, indicating a Th1- or Tc1-biased response. Compared to E and M proteins, N and S activated a higher proportion of specific T-cells with broader functions. The predominant frequency of the N antigen (49/89) was highest for CD4+ T-cell immunity. Furthermore, N19-36 and N391-408 were identified to contain dominant CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell epitopes, respectively. In addition, N19-36 -specific CD8+ T-cells were mainly effector memory CD45RA cells, whereas N391-408 -specific CD4+ T-cells were mainly effector memory cells. Therefore, this study reports comprehensive features of T-cell immunity induced by the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine BBIBP-CorV and proposes highly conserved candidate peptides which may be beneficial in vaccine optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ning
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qinjin Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Taojun He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xingchi Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liang Shi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Aixia Zhai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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103
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Henig I, Isenberg J, Yehudai-Ofir D, Leiba R, Ringelstein-Harlev S, Ram R, Avni B, Amit O, Grisariu S, Azoulay T, Slouzkey I, Zuckerman T. Third BNT162b2 mRNA SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Dose Significantly Enhances Immunogenicity in Recipients of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040775. [PMID: 37112688 PMCID: PMC10145595 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19-related mortality among hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients in the pre-vaccine era ranged between 22 and 33%. The Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccine demonstrated significant immunogenicity and efficacy in the healthy population; however, its long-term effects on allogeneic HSCT recipients remained unclear. Our study longitudinally evaluated humoral and cellular responses to the BNT162b2 vaccine in adult allogeneic HSCT patients. A positive response was defined as antibody titers ≥ 150 AU/mL post-second vaccination. Among 77 included patients, 51 (66.2%) responded to vaccination. Response-associated factors were female gender, recent anti-CD20 therapy, and a longer interval between transplant and vaccination. Response rates reached 83.7% in patients vaccinated >12 months post-transplant. At 6 months post-second vaccination, antibody titers dropped, but were significantly increased with the booster dose. Moreover, 43% (6/14) of non-responders to the second vaccination acquired sufficient antibody titers after booster administration, resulting in an overall response rate of 79.5% for the entire cohort. The BNT162b2 vaccine was effective in allogeneic transplant recipients. Although antibody titers decreased with time, the third vaccination led to their significant elevation, with 93% of third-dose responders maintaining titers above 150 AU/mL at 3 months post-administration.
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104
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Alkharaan H, Al-Qarni H, Aldosari MA, Alsaloum M, Aldakheel G, Alenazi MW, Alharbi NK. Salivary Antibody Responses to Two COVID-19 Vaccines following Different Vaccination Regimens. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040744. [PMID: 37112657 PMCID: PMC10146373 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: To date, little is known about the salivary mucosal immune response following different COVID-19 vaccine types or after a booster (3rd) dose of the BNT162b2 (BNT) vaccine. Methods: A total of 301 saliva samples were collected from vaccinated individuals and arranged into two cohorts: cohort 1 (n = 145), samples from individuals who had received two doses against SARS-CoV-2; cohort 2 (n = 156), samples from individuals who had received a booster of BNT vaccine. Cohorts 1 and 2 were sub-stratified into three groups based on the types of first and second doses (homologous BNT/BNT, homologous ChAdOx1/ChAdOx1, or heterologous BNT/ChAdOx1vaccinations). Salivary immunoglobulin G (IgG) response to SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein was measured by ELISA, and clinical demographic data were collected from hospital records or questionnaires. Results: Salivary IgG antibody responses against different vaccines, whether homologous or heterogeneous vaccination regimens, showed similar levels in cohorts 1 and 2. Compiling all groups in cohort 1 and 2 showed significant, albeit weak, negative correlations between salivary IgG levels and time (r = −0.2, p = 0.03; r = −0.27, p = 0.003, respectively). In cohort 2, the durability of salivary IgG after a booster dose of BNT162b2 significantly dropped after 3 months compared to the <1 month and 1–3 months groups. Conclusions: Different COVID-19 vaccine types and regimens elicit similar salivary anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG with modest waning over time. Boosting with BNT162b2 vaccine did not produce an evident increase in mucosal IgG response whereby COVID-19 recovered subjects show higher salivary IgG than naive, post-vaccination subjects. The ChAdOx1/ChAdOx1 regimen showed better correlation between salivary IgG levels and durability. These findings highlight the importance of developing oral or intra-nasal vaccines to induce stronger mucosal immunity.
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105
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Sannier G, Nicolas A, Dubé M, Marchitto L, Nayrac M, Tastet O, Chatterjee D, Tauzin A, Lima-Barbosa R, Laporte M, Cloutier R, Sreng Flores AM, Boutin M, Gong SY, Benlarbi M, Ding S, Bourassa C, Gendron-Lepage G, Medjahed H, Goyette G, Brassard N, Delgado GG, Niessl J, Gokool L, Morrisseau C, Arlotto P, Rios N, Tremblay C, Martel-Laferrière V, Prat A, Bélair J, Beaubien-Souligny W, Goupil R, Nadeau-Fredette AC, Lamarche C, Finzi A, Suri RS, Kaufmann DE. A third SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine dose in people receiving hemodialysis overcomes B cell defects but elicits a skewed CD4 + T cell profile. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:100955. [PMID: 36863335 PMCID: PMC9902290 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.100955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Cellular immune defects associated with suboptimal responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mRNA vaccination in people receiving hemodialysis (HD) are poorly understood. We longitudinally analyze antibody, B cell, CD4+, and CD8+ T cell vaccine responses in 27 HD patients and 26 low-risk control individuals (CIs). The first two doses elicit weaker B cell and CD8+ T cell responses in HD than in CI, while CD4+ T cell responses are quantitatively similar. In HD, a third dose robustly boosts B cell responses, leads to convergent CD8+ T cell responses, and enhances comparatively more T helper (TH) immunity. Unsupervised clustering of single-cell features reveals phenotypic and functional shifts over time and between cohorts. The third dose attenuates some features of TH cells in HD (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNFα]/interleukin [IL]-2 skewing), while others (CCR6, CXCR6, programmed cell death protein 1 [PD-1], and HLA-DR overexpression) persist. Therefore, a third vaccine dose is critical to achieving robust multifaceted immunity in hemodialysis patients, although some distinct TH characteristics endure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérémy Sannier
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Alexandre Nicolas
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Mathieu Dubé
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Lorie Marchitto
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Manon Nayrac
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Olivier Tastet
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Debashree Chatterjee
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Alexandra Tauzin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | | | - Mélanie Laporte
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Rose Cloutier
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Alina M Sreng Flores
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Marianne Boutin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Shang Yu Gong
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Mehdi Benlarbi
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Catherine Bourassa
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Gendron-Lepage
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Halima Medjahed
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Guillaume Goyette
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Nathalie Brassard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Gloria-Gabrielle Delgado
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Julia Niessl
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Laurie Gokool
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Chantal Morrisseau
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Pascale Arlotto
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Norka Rios
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H3H 2L9, Canada
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Valérie Martel-Laferrière
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Justin Bélair
- Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - William Beaubien-Souligny
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Nephrology Division, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3X 3E4, Canada
| | - Rémi Goupil
- Centre de Recherche of the Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montreal, QC H4J 1C5, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Annie-Claire Nadeau-Fredette
- Nephrology Division, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3X 3E4, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Centre de Recherche of the Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Caroline Lamarche
- Nephrology Division, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3X 3E4, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Centre de Recherche of the Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Rita S Suri
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H3H 2L9, Canada; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 2M1, Canada.
| | - Daniel E Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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106
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Tavukcuoglu E, Yanik H, Parveen M, Uluturk S, Durusu-Tanriover M, Inkaya AC, Akova M, Unal S, Esendagli G. Human memory T cell dynamics after aluminum-adjuvanted inactivated whole-virion SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4610. [PMID: 36944716 PMCID: PMC10028771 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31347-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates the functional capacity of CD4+ and CD8+ terminally-differentiated effector (TEMRA), central memory (TCM), and effector memory (TEM) cells obtained from the volunteers vaccinated with an aluminum-adjuvanted inactivated whole-virion SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac). The volunteers were followed for T cell immune responses following the termination of a randomized phase III clinical trial. Seven days and four months after the second dose of the vaccine, the memory T cell subsets were collected and stimulated by autologous monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mDCs) loaded with SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein S1. Compared to the placebo group, memory T cells from the vaccinated individuals significantly proliferated in response to S1-loaded mDCs. CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cell proliferation was detected in 86% and 78% of the vaccinated individuals, respectively. More than 73% (after a short-term) and 62% (after an intermediate-term) of the vaccinated individuals harbored TCM and/or TEM cells that responded to S1-loaded mDCs by secreting IFN-γ. The expression of CD25, CD38, 4-1BB, PD-1, and CD107a indicated a modulation in the memory T cell subsets. Especially on day 120, PD-1 was upregulated on CD4+ TEMRA and TCM, and on CD8+ TEM and TCM cells; accordingly, proliferation and IFN-γ secretion capacities tended to decline after 4 months. In conclusion, the combination of inactivated whole-virion particles with aluminum adjuvants possesses capacities to induce functional T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Tavukcuoglu
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, 06100, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hamdullah Yanik
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, 06100, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mubaida Parveen
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, 06100, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sila Uluturk
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, 06100, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mine Durusu-Tanriover
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Cagkan Inkaya
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Murat Akova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serhat Unal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gunes Esendagli
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, 06100, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey.
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107
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Zornikova KV, Sheetikov SA, Rusinov AY, Iskhakov RN, Bogolyubova AV. Architecture of the SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell repertoire. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1070077. [PMID: 37020560 PMCID: PMC10067759 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1070077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The T cell response plays an indispensable role in the early control and successful clearance of SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, several important questions remain about the role of cellular immunity in COVID-19, including the shape and composition of disease-specific T cell repertoires across convalescent patients and vaccinated individuals, and how pre-existing T cell responses to other pathogens—in particular, common cold coronaviruses—impact susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the subsequent course of disease. This review focuses on how the repertoire of T cell receptors (TCR) is shaped by natural infection and vaccination over time. We also summarize current knowledge regarding cross-reactive T cell responses and their protective role, and examine the implications of TCR repertoire diversity and cross-reactivity with regard to the design of vaccines that confer broader protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia V. Zornikova
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Saveliy A. Sheetikov
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Yu Rusinov
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rustam N. Iskhakov
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Apollinariya V. Bogolyubova
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Apollinariya V. Bogolyubova,
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108
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Qiu S, Chen Z, Zhu A, Zeng Q, Liu H, Liu X, Ye F, Jin Y, Wu J, Yang C, Wang Q, Chen F, Chen L, Tian S, Du X, Hu Q, Cheng J, Chen C, Li F, Sun J, Wang Y, Zhao J, Zhao J, Song H. Successful clearance of persistent SARS-CoV-2 asymptomatic infection following a single dose of Ad5-nCoV vaccine. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:123. [PMID: 36922500 PMCID: PMC10015148 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01345-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent asymptomatic (PA) SARS-CoV-2 infections have been identified. The immune responses in these patients are unclear, and the development of effective treatments for these patients is needed. Here, we report a cohort of 23 PA cases carrying viral RNA for up to 191 days. PA cases displayed low levels of inflammatory and interferon response, weak antibody response, diminished circulating follicular helper T cells (cTfh), and inadequate specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses during infection, which is distinct from symptomatic infections and resembling impaired immune activation. Administration of a single dose of Ad5-nCoV vaccine to 10 of these PA cases elicited rapid and robust antibody responses as well as coordinated B-cell and cTfh responses, resulting in successful viral clearance. Vaccine-induced antibodies were able to neutralize various variants of concern and persisted for over 6 months, indicating long-term protection. Therefore, our study provides an insight into the immune status of PA infections and highlights vaccination as a potential treatment for prolonged SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofu Qiu
- The Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510182, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Airu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510182, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiuhui Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510182, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- The Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510182, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510182, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingkang Jin
- Pediatric Pulmonary Department, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 510399, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chaojie Yang
- The Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- The Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Fangli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510182, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510182, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Sai Tian
- The Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Xinying Du
- The Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Qingtao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510182, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinling Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510182, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Canjie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510182, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510182, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510182, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510182, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingxian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510182, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. .,Guangzhou Laboratory, Bio-island, 510320, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510182, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. .,Guangzhou Laboratory, Bio-island, 510320, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. .,Institute of Infectious Disease, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510060, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. .,Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital; The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518112, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hongbin Song
- The Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100071, Beijing, China.
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Al-Akioui-Sanz K, Pascual-Miguel B, Díaz-Almirón M, Mestre-Durán C, Navarro-Zapata A, Clares-Villa L, Martín-Cortázar C, Vicario JL, Moreno MÁ, Balas A, De Paz R, Minguillón J, Pérez-Martínez A, Ferreras C. Donor selection for adoptive cell therapy with CD45RA - memory T cells for patients with coronavirus disease 2019, and dexamethasone and interleukin-15 effects on the phenotype, proliferation and interferon gamma release. Cytotherapy 2023; 25:330-340. [PMID: 36585293 PMCID: PMC9742221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS We have previously demonstrated the safety and feasibility of adoptive cell therapy with CD45RA- memory T cells containing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-specific T cells for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 from an unvaccinated donor who was chosen based on human leukocyte antigen compatibility and cellular response. In this study, we examined the durability of cellular and humoral immunity within CD45RA- memory T cells and the effect of dexamethasone, the current standard of care treatment, and interleukin-15, a cytokine critically involved in T-cell maintenance and survival. METHODS We performed a longitudinal analysis from previously severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-infected and infection-naïve individuals covering 21 months from infection and 10 months after full vaccination with the BNT162b2 Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine. RESULTS We observed that cellular responses are maintained over time. Humoral responses increased after vaccination but were gradually lost. In addition, dexamethasone did not alter cell functionality or proliferation of CD45RA- T cells, and interleukin-15 increased the memory T-cell activation state, regulatory T cell expression, and interferon gamma release. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the best donors for adoptive cell therapy would be recovered individuals and 2 months after vaccination, although further studies with larger cohorts would be needed to confirm this finding. Dexamethasone did not affect the characteristics of the memory T cells at a concentration used in the clinical practice and IL-15 showed a positive effect on SARS-CoV-2-specific CD45RA- T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Al-Akioui-Sanz
- IdiPAZ, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bárbara Pascual-Miguel
- IdiPAZ, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Mestre-Durán
- IdiPAZ, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Navarro-Zapata
- IdiPAZ, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Clares-Villa
- IdiPAZ, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carla Martín-Cortázar
- IdiPAZ, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Vicario
- Histocompatibility Unit, Transfusion Center of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Balas
- Histocompatibility Unit, Transfusion Center of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel De Paz
- Cell Therapy Unit, Hematology Department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Minguillón
- IdiPAZ, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Pérez-Martínez
- IdiPAZ, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Hemato-oncology Department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Medicine Autonomous, University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Ferreras
- IdiPAZ, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
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110
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Ng T, Malavet VF, Mansoor MA, Arvelo AC, Dhume K, Prokop E, McKinstry KK, Strutt TM. Intermediate Levels of Pre-Existing Protective Antibody Allow Priming of Protective T Cell Immunity against Influenza. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:628-639. [PMID: 36645384 PMCID: PMC9998374 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Overcoming interfering impacts of pre-existing immunity to generate universally protective influenza A virus (IAV)-specific T cell immunity through vaccination is a high priority. In this study, we passively transfer varied amounts of H1N1-IAV-specific immune serum before H1N1-IAV infection to determine how different levels of pre-existing Ab influence the generation and protective potential of heterosubtypic T cell responses in a murine model. Surprisingly, IAV nucleoprotein-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses are readily detected in infected recipients of IAV-specific immune serum regardless of the amount transferred. When compared with responses in control groups and recipients of low and intermediate levels of convalescent serum, nucleoprotein-specific T cell responses in recipients of high levels of IAV-specific serum, which prevent overt weight loss and reduce peak viral titers in the lungs, are, however, markedly reduced. Although detectable at priming, this response recalls poorly and is unable to mediate protection against a lethal heterotypic (H3N2) virus challenge at later memory time points. A similar failure to generate protective heterosubtypic T cell immunity during IAV priming is seen in offspring of IAV-primed mothers that naturally receive high titers of IAV-specific Ab through maternal transfer. Our findings support that priming of protective heterosubtypic T cell responses can occur in the presence of intermediate levels of pre-existing Ab. These results have high relevance to vaccine approaches aiming to incorporate and evaluate cellular and humoral immunity towards IAV and other viral pathogens against which T cells can protect against variants escaping Ab-mediated protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Ng
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, FL, USA
| | - Valeria Flores Malavet
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, FL, USA
| | - Mishfak A.M. Mansoor
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, FL, USA
| | - Andrea C. Arvelo
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, FL, USA
| | - Kunal Dhume
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, FL, USA
| | - Emily Prokop
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, FL, USA
| | - K. Kai McKinstry
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, FL, USA
| | - Tara M. Strutt
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, FL, USA
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111
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Gressens SB, Wiedemann A, Déchenaud M, Dupuis J, Gallien S, Melica G, Haioun C, Lemonnier F, Levy Y. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 cellular response after 2 and 3 doses of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in lymphoma patients receiving anti-CD20 antibodies. Vaccine 2023; 41:1550-1553. [PMID: 36737320 PMCID: PMC9884622 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Patients receiving anti-CD20 antibodies showed limited efficacy of a booster dose of BNT162b2. Patients with lymphomas combine such immunotherapies with cytotoxic chemotherapies that could result in an even greater alteration of the immune response to vaccination. We report here the impact of a third vaccine dose on T cell specific responses in a small cohort of patients treated in our center by anti-CD20 therapies and cytotoxic chemotherapies for lymphoid malignancies. Our results showed that a third dose in these severely immune suppressed patients could improve the expansion on CD4+Th1+T cell responses while the effect CD8 + T cell responses was marginal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon B Gressens
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Department, Hôpital Universitaire Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris - Université Paris Est Créteil, France.
| | - Aurélie Wiedemann
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Team 16, Créteil, France; Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Marie Déchenaud
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Team 16, Créteil, France
| | - Jehan Dupuis
- IAP-HP, Groupe hospitalo-universitaire Chenevier Mondor, Service Unité Hémopathies Lymphoides, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Sébastien Gallien
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Department, Hôpital Universitaire Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris - Université Paris Est Créteil, France; Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Giovanna Melica
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Department, Hôpital Universitaire Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris - Université Paris Est Créteil, France; Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France.
| | - Corinne Haioun
- IAP-HP, Groupe hospitalo-universitaire Chenevier Mondor, Service Unité Hémopathies Lymphoides, F-94010 Créteil, France; Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - François Lemonnier
- IAP-HP, Groupe hospitalo-universitaire Chenevier Mondor, Service Unité Hémopathies Lymphoides, F-94010 Créteil, France; Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Yves Levy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Department, Hôpital Universitaire Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris - Université Paris Est Créteil, France; Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Team 16, Créteil, France.
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112
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Luxenburger H, Reeg DB, Lang-Meli J, Reinscheid M, Eisner M, Bettinger D, Oberhardt V, Salimi Alizei E, Wild K, Graeser A, Karl V, Sagar, Emmerich F, Klein F, Panning M, Huzly D, Bengsch B, Boettler T, Elling R, Thimme R, Hofmann M, Neumann-Haefelin C. Boosting compromised SARS-CoV-2-specific immunity with mRNA vaccination in liver transplant recipients. J Hepatol 2023; 78:1017-1027. [PMID: 36804404 PMCID: PMC10019593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Liver transplant recipients (LTRs) demonstrate a reduced response to COVID-19 mRNA vaccination; however, a detailed understanding of the interplay between humoral and cellular immunity, especially after a third (and fourth) vaccine dose, is lacking. METHODS We longitudinally compared the humoral, as well as CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell, responses between LTRs (n = 24) and healthy controls (n = 19) after three (LTRs: n = 9 to 16; healthy controls: n = 9 to 14 per experiment) to four (LTRs: n = 4; healthy controls: n = 4) vaccine doses, including in-depth phenotypical and functional characterization. RESULTS Compared to healthy controls, development of high antibody titers required a third vaccine dose in most LTRs, while spike-specific CD8+ T cells with robust recall capacity plateaued after the second vaccine dose, albeit with a reduced frequency and epitope repertoire compared to healthy controls. This overall attenuated vaccine response was linked to a reduced frequency of spike-reactive follicular T helper cells in LTRs. CONCLUSION Three doses of a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine induce an overall robust humoral and cellular memory response in most LTRs. Decisions regarding additional booster doses may thus be based on individual vaccine responses as well as evolution of novel variants of concern. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS Due to immunosuppressive medication, liver transplant recipients (LTR) display reduced antibody titers upon COVID-19 mRNA vaccination, but the impact on long-term immune memory is not clear. Herein, we demonstrate that after three vaccine doses, the majority of LTRs not only exhibit substantial antibody titers, but also a robust memory T-cell response. Additional booster vaccine doses may be of special benefit for a small subset of LTRs with inferior vaccine response and may provide superior protection against evolving novel viral variants. These findings will help physicians to guide LTRs regarding the benefit of booster vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Luxenburger
- Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; IMM-PACT, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - David B Reeg
- Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Lang-Meli
- Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; IMM-PACT, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Reinscheid
- Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Miriam Eisner
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Bettinger
- Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valerie Oberhardt
- Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elahe Salimi Alizei
- Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Wild
- Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne Graeser
- Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vivien Karl
- Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sagar
- Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Emmerich
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Klein
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marcus Panning
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Huzly
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bertram Bengsch
- Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Boettler
- Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Elling
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Thimme
- Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Maike Hofmann
- Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Christoph Neumann-Haefelin
- Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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113
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Painter MM, Johnston TS, Lundgreen KA, Santos JJS, Qin JS, Goel RR, Apostolidis SA, Mathew D, Fulmer B, Williams JC, McKeague ML, Pattekar A, Goode A, Nasta S, Baxter AE, Giles JR, Skelly AN, Felley LE, McLaughlin M, Weaver J, Kuthuru O, Dougherty J, Adamski S, Long S, Kee M, Clendenin C, da Silva Antunes R, Grifoni A, Weiskopf D, Sette A, Huang AC, Rader DJ, Hensley SE, Bates P, Greenplate AR, Wherry EJ. Prior vaccination enhances immune responses during SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection with early activation of memory T cells followed by production of potent neutralizing antibodies. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.05.527215. [PMID: 36798171 PMCID: PMC9934532 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.05.527215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection of vaccinated individuals is increasingly common but rarely results in severe disease, likely due to the enhanced potency and accelerated kinetics of memory immune responses. However, there have been few opportunities to rigorously study early recall responses during human viral infection. To better understand human immune memory and identify potential mediators of lasting vaccine efficacy, we used high-dimensional flow cytometry and SARS-CoV-2 antigen probes to examine immune responses in longitudinal samples from vaccinated individuals infected during the Omicron wave. These studies revealed heightened Spike-specific responses during infection of vaccinated compared to unvaccinated individuals. Spike-specific CD4 T cells and plasmablasts expanded and CD8 T cells were robustly activated during the first week. In contrast, memory B cell activation, neutralizing antibody production, and primary responses to non-Spike antigens occurred during the second week. Collectively, these data demonstrate the functionality of vaccine-primed immune memory and highlight memory T cells as rapid responders during SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Painter
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Timothy S Johnston
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kendall A Lundgreen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jefferson J S Santos
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Juliana S Qin
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rishi R Goel
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sokratis A Apostolidis
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Divij Mathew
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bria Fulmer
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Justine C Williams
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michelle L McKeague
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ajinkya Pattekar
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ahmad Goode
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sean Nasta
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amy E Baxter
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Josephine R Giles
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ashwin N Skelly
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laura E Felley
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Maura McLaughlin
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joellen Weaver
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Oliva Kuthuru
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeanette Dougherty
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sharon Adamski
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sherea Long
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Macy Kee
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cynthia Clendenin
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ricardo da Silva Antunes
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alexander C Huang
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott E Hensley
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul Bates
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Allison R Greenplate
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
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114
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Reeg DB, Hofmann M, Neumann-Haefelin C, Thimme R, Luxenburger H. SARS-CoV-2-Specific T Cell Responses in Immunocompromised Individuals with Cancer, HIV or Solid Organ Transplants. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020244. [PMID: 36839516 PMCID: PMC9966413 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptive immune responses play an important role in the clinical course of SARS-CoV-2 infection. While evaluations of the virus-specific defense often focus on the humoral response, cellular immunity is crucial for the successful control of infection, with the early development of cytotoxic T cells being linked to efficient viral clearance. Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 induces both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses and permits protection from severe COVID-19, including infection with the currently circulating variants of concern. Nevertheless, in immunocompromised individuals, first data imply significantly impaired SARS-CoV-2-specific immune responses after both natural infection and vaccination. Hence, these high-risk groups require particular consideration, not only in routine clinical practice, but also in the development of future vaccination strategies. In order to assist physicians in the guidance of immunocompromised patients, concerning the management of infection or the benefit of (booster) vaccinations, this review aims to provide a concise overview of the current knowledge about SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular immune responses in the vulnerable cohorts of cancer patients, people living with HIV (PLWH), and solid organ transplant recipients (SOT). Recent findings regarding the virus-specific cellular immunity in these differently immunocompromised populations might influence clinical decision-making in the future.
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115
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Pothast CR, van Dijk K, Pool ES, Halkes CJM, Heemskerk MHM, Tjon JM. SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination of aplastic anemia patients is safe and effective. Am J Hematol 2023; 98:E20-E23. [PMID: 36371670 PMCID: PMC9877677 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.26780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cilia R. Pothast
- Department of HematologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Kayleigh van Dijk
- Department of HematologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Emma S. Pool
- Department of HematologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jennifer M.‐L. Tjon
- Department of HematologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
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Kieber-Emmons T. Thoughts on mRNA Vaccine Response. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2023; 42:1-2. [PMID: 36853836 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2023.29013.editorial] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kieber-Emmons
- Department of Pathology, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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117
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Liu H, Aviszus K, Zelarney P, Liao SY, Gerber AN, Make B, Wechsler ME, Marrack P, Reinhardt RL. Vaccine-elicited B and T cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is impaired in chronic lung disease patients. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.01.25.23284971. [PMID: 36747750 PMCID: PMC9901055 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.25.23284971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The protection afforded by vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to individuals with chronic lung disease is not well established. To understand how chronic lung disease impacts SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-elicited immunity we performed deep immunophenotyping of the humoral and cell mediated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine response in an investigative cohort of vaccinated patients with diverse pulmonary conditions including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and interstitial lung disease (ILD). Compared to healthy controls, 48% of vaccinated patients with chronic lung diseases had reduced antibody titers to the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine antigen as early as 3-4 months after vaccination, correlating with decreased vaccine-specific memory B cells. Vaccine-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells were also significantly reduced in patients with asthma, COPD, and a subset of ILD patients compared to healthy controls. These findings reveal the complex nature of vaccine-elicited immunity in high-risk patients with chronic lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haolin Liu
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Katja Aviszus
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Pearlanne Zelarney
- Research Informatics Services, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Shu-Yi Liao
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Jewish Health, Denver CO, 80206, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Anthony N Gerber
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver CO, 80206, USA
| | - Barry Make
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver CO, 80206, USA
| | - Michael E Wechsler
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver CO, 80206, USA
| | - Philippa Marrack
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - R Lee Reinhardt
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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Almendro-Vázquez P, Laguna-Goya R, Paz-Artal E. Defending against SARS-CoV-2: The T cell perspective. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1107803. [PMID: 36776863 PMCID: PMC9911802 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1107803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell response has been proven essential for viral clearance, COVID-19 outcome and long-term memory. Impaired early T cell-driven immunity leads to a severe form of the disease associated with lymphopenia, hyperinflammation and imbalanced humoral response. Analyses of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection have revealed that mild COVID-19 course is characterized by an early induction of specific T cells within the first 7 days of symptoms, coordinately followed by antibody production for an effective control of viral infection. In contrast, patients who do not develop an early specific cellular response and initiate a humoral immune response with subsequent production of high levels of antibodies, develop severe symptoms. Yet, delayed and persistent bystander CD8+ T cell activation has been also reported in hospitalized patients and could be a driver of lung pathology. Literature supports that long-term maintenance of T cell response appears more stable than antibody titters. Up to date, virus-specific T cell memory has been detected 22 months post-symptom onset, with a predominant IL-2 memory response compared to IFN-γ. Furthermore, T cell responses are conserved against the emerging variants of concern (VoCs) while these variants are mostly able to evade humoral responses. This could be partly explained by the high HLA polymorphism whereby the viral epitope repertoire recognized could differ among individuals, greatly decreasing the likelihood of immune escape. Current COVID-19-vaccination has been shown to elicit Th1-driven spike-specific T cell response, as does natural infection, which provides substantial protection against severe COVID-19 and death. In addition, mucosal vaccination has been reported to induce strong adaptive responses both locally and systemically and to protect against VoCs in animal models. The optimization of vaccine formulations by including a variety of viral regions, innovative adjuvants or diverse administration routes could result in a desirable enhanced cellular response and memory, and help to prevent breakthrough infections. In summary, the increasing evidence highlights the relevance of monitoring SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular immune response, and not only antibody levels, as a correlate for protection after infection and/or vaccination. Moreover, it may help to better identify target populations that could benefit most from booster doses and to personalize vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Almendro-Vázquez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Laguna-Goya
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Estela Paz-Artal
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
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Zhang B, Upadhyay R, Hao Y, Samanovic MI, Herati RS, Blair J, Axelrad J, Mulligan MJ, Littman DR, Satija R. Multimodal characterization of antigen-specific CD8 + T cells across SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.24.525203. [PMID: 36747786 PMCID: PMC9900816 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.24.525203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The human immune response to SARS-CoV-2 antigen after infection or vaccination is defined by the durable production of antibodies and T cells. Population-based monitoring typically focuses on antibody titer, but there is a need for improved characterization and quantification of T cell responses. Here, we utilize multimodal sequencing technologies to perform a longitudinal analysis of circulating human leukocytes collected before and after BNT162b2 immunization. Our data reveal distinct subpopulations of CD8 + T cells which reliably appear 28 days after prime vaccination (7 days post boost). Using a suite of cross-modality integration tools, we define their transcriptome, accessible chromatin landscape, and immunophenotype, and identify unique biomarkers within each modality. By leveraging DNA-oligo-tagged peptide-MHC multimers and T cell receptor sequencing, we demonstrate that this vaccine-induced population is SARS-CoV-2 antigen-specific and capable of rapid clonal expansion. Moreover, we also identify these CD8 + populations in scRNA-seq datasets from COVID-19 patients and find that their relative frequency and differentiation outcomes are predictive of subsequent clinical outcomes. Our work contributes to our understanding of T cell immunity, and highlights the potential for integrative and multimodal analysis to characterize rare cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Zhang
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rabi Upadhyay
- Department of Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuhan Hao
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marie I. Samanovic
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- New York University Langone Vaccine Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ramin S. Herati
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- New York University Langone Vaccine Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Blair
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jordan Axelrad
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark J. Mulligan
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- New York University Langone Vaccine Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dan R. Littman
- Department of Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rahul Satija
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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120
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Nicolas A, Sannier G, Dubé M, Nayrac M, Tauzin A, Painter MM, Goel RR, Laporte M, Gendron-Lepage G, Medjahed H, Williams JC, Brassard N, Niessl J, Gokool L, Morrisseau C, Arlotto P, Tremblay C, Martel-Laferrière V, Finzi A, Greenplate AR, Wherry EJ, Kaufmann DE. An extended SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine prime-boost interval enhances B cell immunity with limited impact on T cells. iScience 2023; 26:105904. [PMID: 36594081 PMCID: PMC9797215 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Spacing the first two doses of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines beyond 3-4 weeks raised initial concerns about vaccine efficacy. While studies have since shown that long-interval regimens induce robust antibody responses, their impact on B and T cell immunity is poorly known. Here, we compare SARS-CoV-2 naive donors B and T cell responses to two mRNA vaccine doses administered 3-4 versus 16 weeks apart. After boost, the longer interval results in a higher magnitude and a more mature phenotype of RBD-specific B cells. While the two geographically distinct cohorts present quantitative and qualitative differences in T cell responses at baseline and after priming, the second dose led to convergent features with overall similar magnitude, phenotype, and function of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses at post-boost memory time points. Therefore, compared to standard regimens, a 16-week interval has a favorable impact on the B cell compartment but minimally affects T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Nicolas
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Gérémy Sannier
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Mathieu Dubé
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
| | - Manon Nayrac
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Alexandra Tauzin
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Mark M. Painter
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Immune Health®, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rishi R. Goel
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Immune Health®, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | - Justine C. Williams
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Julia Niessl
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Laurie Gokool
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
| | | | | | - Cécile Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Valérie Martel-Laferrière
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Allison R. Greenplate
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Immune Health®, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - E. John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Immune Health®, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel E. Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9 Canada
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Li Y, Feng Y, Luo F, Peng G, Li Y. Positive regulators of T cell functions as predictors of prognosis and microenvironment characteristics of low-grade gliomas. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1089792. [PMID: 36726969 PMCID: PMC9885161 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1089792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Low-grade gliomas (LGG) are one of the most prevalent types of brain cancers. The efficacy of immunotherapy in LGG is limited compared to other cancers. Immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of LGG is one of the main reasons for the low efficacy of immunotherapy. Recent studies have identified 33 positive regulators of T cell functions (TPRs) that play a critical role in promoting the proliferation, activity, and functions of multiple immunocytes. However, their role in the TME of LGG has not been investigated. This study aimed to construct a risk model based on these TPRs and to detect the significance of immunotypes in predicting LGG prognosis and immunotherapy efficacy. Methods A total of 688 LGGs and 202 normal brain tissues were extracted from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA), and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) databases. The NMF R package was used to identify TRP-related subtypes. The TPR prognostic model was established using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithm to predict the overall survival of LGG samples. Results The Subtype 2 patients had worse survival outcomes, suppressed immune function, and higher immune cell infiltration. A risk regression model consisting of 14 TPRs was established, and its performance was validated in CGGA325 cohorts. The low-risk group exhibited better overall survival, immune microenvironment, and immunotherapy response, as determined via the TIDE algorithm, indicating that increasing the level of immune infiltration can effectively improve the response to immunotherapy in the low-risk group. The risk score was determined to be an independent hazard factor (p<0.001) although other clinical features (age, sex, grade, IDH status, 1p19q codel status, MGMT status, and accepted radiotherapy) were considered. Lastly, high-risk groups in both cohorts revealed optimal drug responses to rapamycin, paclitaxel, JW-7-52-1, and bortezomib. Conclusions Our study identified two distinct TPR subtypes and built a TPR signature to elucidate the characteristics of T cell proliferation in LGG and its association with immune status and prognosis. These findings shed light on possible immunotherapeutic strategies for LGGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,PET-CT Center, Chenzhou First People’s Hospital, Chenzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Yabo Feng
- PET-CT Center, Chenzhou First People’s Hospital, Chenzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Fushu Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Gang Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yueran Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China,*Correspondence: Yueran Li,
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Wang S, Li J, Wang S, Ye Y, Li M, Liu Y, Chen B, Lai Y, Li L, Zhuang L, Peng S, Yang N, Zhang H, Xiao H. Impacts of delta and omicron variants on inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced T cell responses in patients with autoimmune diseases and healthy controls. Clin Transl Med 2023; 13:e1171. [PMID: 36639826 PMCID: PMC9839884 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is still devastating economies and communities globally. The increasing infections of variants of concern (VOCs) in vaccinated population have raised concerns about the effectiveness of current vaccines. Patients with autoimmune diseases (PAD) under immunosuppressant treatments are facing higher risk of infection and potentially lower immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. METHODS Blood samples were collected from PAD or healthy controls (HC) who finished two or three doses of inactivated vaccines. Spike peptides derived from wild-type strain, delta, omicron BA.1 were utilised to evaluate T cell responses and their cross-recognition of delta and omicron in HC and PAD by flow cytometry and ex vivo IFNγ-ELISpot. RESULTS We found that inactivated vaccine-induced spike-specific memory T cells were long-lasting in both PAD and HC. These spike-specific T cells were highly conserved and cross-recognized delta and omicron. Moreover, a third inactivated vaccine expanded spike-specific T cells that responded to delta and omicron spike peptides substantially in both PAD and HC. Importantly, the polyfunctionality of spike-specific memory T cells was preserved in terms of cytokine and cytotoxic responses. Although the extent of T cell responses was lower in PAD after two-dose, T cell responses were boosted to a greater magnitude in PAD by the third dose, bringing comparable spike-specific T cell immunity after the third dose. CONCLUSION Inactivated vaccine-induced spike-specific T cells remain largely intact against delta and omicron variants. This study expands our understanding of inactivated vaccine-induced T cell responses in PAD and HC, which could have important indications for vaccination strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Wang
- Department of Rheumatologythe First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Rheumatologythe First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Shuang Wang
- Department of Rheumatologythe First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yujin Ye
- Department of Rheumatologythe First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Mengyuan Li
- Department of Rheumatologythe First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yihao Liu
- Clinical Trials Unitthe First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Binfeng Chen
- Department of Rheumatologythe First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yimei Lai
- Department of Rheumatologythe First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Liubing Li
- Department of Laboratory MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Lili Zhuang
- Department of Rheumatologythe First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Sui Peng
- Clinical Trials Unitthe First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Niansheng Yang
- Department of Rheumatologythe First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Rheumatologythe First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina,Institue of Precision Medicinethe First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Haipeng Xiao
- Department of Endocrinologythe First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
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Hernandez SPA, Hersby DS, Munk KK, Tamhane T, Trubach D, Tagliamonte M, Buonaguro L, Gang AO, Hadrup SR, Saini SK. Three doses of BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA vaccine establish long-lasting CD8 + T cell immunity in CLL and MDS patients. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1035344. [PMID: 36703960 PMCID: PMC9873231 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1035344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with hematological malignancies are prioritized for COVID-19 vaccine due to their high risk for severe SARS-CoV-2 infection-related disease and mortality. To understand T cell immunity, its long-term persistence, and its correlation with antibody response, we evaluated the BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA vaccine-specific immune response in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and myeloid dysplastic syndrome (MDS) patients. Longitudinal analysis of CD8+ T cells using DNA-barcoded peptide-MHC multimers covering the full SARS-CoV-2 Spike-protein (415 peptides) showed vaccine-specific T cell activation and persistence of memory T cells up to six months post-vaccination. Surprisingly, a higher frequency of vaccine-induced antigen-specific CD8+ T cells was observed in the patient group compared to a healthy donor group. Furthermore, and importantly, immunization with the second booster dose significantly increased the frequency of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells as well as the total number of T cell specificities. Altogether 59 BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine-derived immunogenic responses were identified, of which 23 established long-term CD8+ T cell memory response with a strong immunodominance for NYNYLYRLF (HLA-A24:02) and YLQPRTFLL (HLA-A02:01) epitopes. In summary, we mapped the vaccine-induced antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and showed a booster-specific activation and enrichment of memory T cells that could be important for long-term disease protection in this patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Patricia Amaya Hernandez
- Department of Health Technology, Section of Experimental and Translational Immunology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ditte Stampe Hersby
- Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kamilla Kjærgaard Munk
- Department of Health Technology, Section of Experimental and Translational Immunology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tripti Tamhane
- Department of Health Technology, Section of Experimental and Translational Immunology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Darya Trubach
- Department of Health Technology, Section of Experimental and Translational Immunology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Maria Tagliamonte
- Innovative Immunological Models Unit, National Cancer Institute Pascale Foundation – IRCCS, Napoli, Italy
| | - Luigi Buonaguro
- Innovative Immunological Models Unit, National Cancer Institute Pascale Foundation – IRCCS, Napoli, Italy
| | - Anne Ortved Gang
- Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sine Reker Hadrup
- Department of Health Technology, Section of Experimental and Translational Immunology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sunil Kumar Saini
- Department of Health Technology, Section of Experimental and Translational Immunology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark,*Correspondence: Sunil Kumar Saini,
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Xu K, Lei W, Kang B, Yang H, Wang Y, Lu Y, Lv L, Sun Y, Zhang J, Wang X, Yang M, Dan M, Wu G. A novel mRNA vaccine, SYS6006, against SARS-CoV-2. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1051576. [PMID: 36685587 PMCID: PMC9849951 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1051576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of vaccines that can efficiently prevent the infection of SARS-CoV-2 is necessary to fight the COVID-19 epidemic. mRNA vaccine has been proven to induce strong humoral and cellular immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Here, we studied the immunogenicity and protection efficacy of a novel mRNA vaccine SYS6006. High expression of mRNA molecules in 293T cells was detected. The initial and boost immunization with a 21-day interval was determined as an optimal strategy for SYS6006. Two rounds of immunization with SYS6006 were able to induce the neutralizing antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 wild-type (WT) strain, and Delta and Omicron BA.2 variants in mice or non-human primates (NHPs). A3rd round of vaccination could further enhance the titers of neutralization against Delta and Omicron variants. In vitro ELISpot assay showed that SYS6006 could induce memory B cell and T cell immunities specifically against SARS-CoV-2 in mice. FACS analysis indicated that SYS6006 successfully induced SARS-CoV-2-specific activation of T follicular helper cell (Tfh) and Th1 cell, and did not induce CD4+Th2 response in NHPs. SYS6006 vaccine could significantly reduce the viral RNA loads and prevent lung lesions in Delta variant infected hACE2 transgenic mice. Therefore, SYS6006 could provide significant immune protection against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wenwen Lei
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Kang
- CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Hanyu Yang
- CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yajuan Wang
- CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yanli Lu
- CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Lu Lv
- CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yufei Sun
- CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Mengjie Yang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Mo Dan
- CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Guizhen Wu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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125
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Soni M, Migliori E, Fu J, Assal A, Chan HT, Pan J, Khatiwada P, Ciubotariu R, May MS, Pereira M, De Giorgi V, Sykes M, Mapara MY, Muranski P. The prospect of universal coronavirus immunity: a characterization of reciprocal and non-reciprocal T cell responses against SARS-CoV2 and common human coronaviruses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.03.519511. [PMID: 36711835 PMCID: PMC9881858 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.03.519511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
T cell immunity plays a central role in clinical outcomes of Coronavirus Infectious Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Therefore, T cell-focused vaccination or cellular immunotherapy might provide enhanced protection for immunocompromised patients. Pre-existing T cell memory recognizing SARS-CoV2 antigens antedating COVID-19 infection or vaccination, may have developed as an imprint of prior infections with endemic non-SARS human coronaviruses (hCoVs) OC43, HKU1, 229E, NL63, pathogens of "common cold". In turn, SARS-CoV2-primed T cells may recognize emerging variants or other hCoV viruses and modulate the course of subsequent hCoV infections. Cross-immunity between hCoVs and SARS-CoV2 has not been well characterized. Here, we systematically investigated T cell responses against the immunodominant SARS-CoV2 spike, nucleocapsid and membrane proteins and corresponding antigens from α- and β-hCoVs among vaccinated, convalescent, and unexposed subjects. Broad T cell immunity against all tested SARS-CoV2 antigens emerged in COVID-19 survivors. In convalescent and in vaccinated individuals, SARS-CoV2 spike-specific T cells reliably recognized most SARS-CoV2 variants, however cross-reactivity against the omicron variant was reduced by approximately 50%. Responses against spike, nucleocapsid and membrane antigens from endemic hCoVs were more extensive in COVID-19 survivors than in unexposed subjects and displayed cross-reactivity between α- and β-hCoVs. In some, non-SARS hCoVspecific T cells demonstrated a prominent non-reciprocal cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV2 antigens, whereas a distinct anti-SARS-CoV2 immunological repertoire emerged post-COVID-19, with relatively limited cross-recognition of non-SARS hCoVs. Based on this cross-reactivity pattern, we established a strategy for in-vitro expansion of universal anti-hCoV T cells for adoptive immunotherapy. Overall, these results have implications for the future design of universal vaccines and cell-based immune therapies against SARS- and non-SARS-CoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithil Soni
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Edoardo Migliori
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Jianing Fu
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Amer Assal
- Department of Medicine, Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cell Therapy Program, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Columbia University Medical Center/Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hei Ton Chan
- Columbia University Medical Center/Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jian Pan
- Columbia University Medical Center/Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Prabesh Khatiwada
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Rodica Ciubotariu
- Columbia University Medical Center/Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael S May
- Columbia University Medical Center/Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marcus Pereira
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Valeria De Giorgi
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD
| | - Megan Sykes
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Markus Y Mapara
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Pawel Muranski
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
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126
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Nogimori T, Suzuki K, Masuta Y, Washizaki A, Yagoto M, Ikeda M, Katayama Y, Kanda H, Takada M, Minami S, Kobayashi T, Takahama S, Yoshioka Y, Yamamoto T. Functional changes in cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell cross-reactivity against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant after mRNA vaccination. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1081047. [PMID: 36685601 PMCID: PMC9845949 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1081047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the T-cell responses involved in inhibiting COVID-19 severity is crucial for developing new therapeutic and vaccine strategies. Here, we characterized SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific CD8+ T cells in vaccinees longitudinally. The BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine can induce spike-specific CD8+ T cells cross-reacting to BA.1, whereas the T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire usages decreased with time. Furthermore the mRNA vaccine induced spike-specific CD8+ T cells subpopulation expressing Granzyme A (GZMA), Granzyme B (GZMB) and Perforin simultaneously in healthy donors at 4 weeks after the second vaccination. The induced subpopulation was not maintained at 12 weeks after the second vaccination. Incorporating factors that efficiently induce CD8+ T cells with highly cytotoxic activity could improve future vaccine efficacy against such variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuto Nogimori
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan,Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichiro Suzuki
- The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University (BIKEN), Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuji Masuta
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan,Laboratory of Aging and Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ayaka Washizaki
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan,Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mika Yagoto
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mami Ikeda
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Katayama
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Minoru Takada
- KINSHUKAI, Hanwa The Second Senboku Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shohei Minami
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kobayashi
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shokichi Takahama
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan,Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuo Yoshioka
- The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University (BIKEN), Osaka, Japan,Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan,Laboratory of Nano-design for innovative drug development, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan,Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan,Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan,Laboratory of Aging and Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan,Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan,Department of Virology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan,*Correspondence: Takuya Yamamoto,
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127
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Belik M, Liedes O, Vara S, Haveri A, Pöysti S, Kolehmainen P, Maljanen S, Huttunen M, Reinholm A, Lundberg R, Skön M, Österlund P, Melin M, Hänninen A, Hurme A, Ivaska L, Tähtinen PA, Lempainen J, Kakkola L, Jalkanen P, Julkunen I. Persistent T cell-mediated immune responses against Omicron variants after the third COVID-19 mRNA vaccine dose. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1099246. [PMID: 36756112 PMCID: PMC9899862 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1099246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The prime-boost COVID-19 mRNA vaccination strategy has proven to be effective against severe COVID-19 disease and death. However, concerns have been raised due to decreasing neutralizing antibody levels after COVID-19 vaccination and due to the emergence of new immuno-evasive SARS-CoV-2 variants that may require additional booster vaccinations. Methods In this study, we analyzed the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses against the Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 subvariants in Finnish healthcare workers (HCWs) vaccinated with three doses of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. We used enzyme immunoassay and microneutralization test to analyze the levels of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG antibodies in the sera of the vaccinees and the in vitro neutralization capacity of the sera. Activation induced marker assay together with flow cytometry and extracellular cytokine analysis was used to determine responses in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein stimulated PBMCs. Results Here we show that within the HCWs, the third mRNA vaccine dose recalls both humoral and T cell-mediated immune responses and induces high levels of neutralizing antibodies against Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 variants. Three weeks after the third vaccine dose, SARS-CoV-2 wild type spike protein-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are observed in 82% and 71% of HCWs, respectively, and the T cells cross-recognize both Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 spike peptides. Although the levels of neutralizing antibodies against Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 decline 2.5 to 3.8-fold three months after the third dose, memory CD4+ T cell responses are maintained for at least eight months post the second dose and three months post the third vaccine dose. Discussion We show that after the administration of the third mRNA vaccine dose the levels of both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses are effectively activated, and the levels of the spike-specific antibodies are further elevated compared to the levels after the second vaccine dose. Even though at three months after the third vaccine dose antibody levels in sera decrease at a similar rate as after the second vaccine dose, the levels of spike-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells remain relatively stable. Additionally, the T cells retain efficiency in cross-recognizing spike protein peptide pools derived from Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 subvariants. Altogether our results suggest durable cellmediated immunity and protection against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milja Belik
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Oona Liedes
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saimi Vara
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Haveri
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sakari Pöysti
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Sari Maljanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Moona Huttunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Arttu Reinholm
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Marika Skön
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pamela Österlund
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Merit Melin
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arno Hänninen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Antti Hurme
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Department of Internal Medicine, Lapland Central Hospital, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Lauri Ivaska
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Paula A Tähtinen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Lempainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura Kakkola
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pinja Jalkanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ilkka Julkunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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128
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Wang H, Gan M, Wu B, Zeng R, Wang Z, Xu J, Li J, Zhang Y, Cao J, Chen L, Di D, Peng S, Lei J, Zhao Y, Song X, Yuan T, Zhou T, Liu Q, Yi J, Wang X, Cai H, Lei Y, Wen Y, Li W, Chen Q, Wang Y, Long P, Yuan Y, Wang C, Pan A, Wang Q, Gong R, Fan X, Wu T, Liu L. Humoral and cellular immunity of two-dose inactivated COVID-19 vaccination in Chinese children: A prospective cohort study. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28380. [PMID: 36478357 PMCID: PMC9877748 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Children are the high-risk group for COVID-19, and in need of vaccination. However, humoral and cellular immune responses of COVID-19 vaccine remain unclear in vaccinated children. To establish the rational immunization strategy of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine for children, the immunogenicity of either one dose or two doses of the vaccine in children was evaluated. A prospective cohort study of 322 children receiving inactivated COVID-19 vaccine was established in China. The baseline was conducted after 28 days of the first dose, and the follow-up was conducted after 28 days of the second dose. The median titers of receptor binding domain (RBD)-IgG, and neutralizing antibody (NAb) against prototype strain and Omicron variant after the second dose increased significantly compared to those after the first dose (first dose: 70.0, [interquartile range, 30.0-151.0] vs. second dose: 1261.0 [636.0-2060.0] for RBD-IgG; 2.5 [2.5-18.6] vs. 252.0 [138.6-462.1] for NAb against prototype strain; 2.5 [2.5-2.5] vs. 15.0 [7.8-26.5] for NAb against Omicron variant, all p < 0.05). The flow cytometry results showed that the first dose elicited SARS-CoV-2 specific cellular immunity, while the second dose strengthened SARS-CoV-2 specific IL-2+ or TNF-α+ monofunctional, IFN-γ+ TNF-α+ bifunctional, and IFN-γ- IL-2+ TNF-α+ multifunctional CD4+ T cell responses (p < 0.05). Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 specific memory T cells were generated after the first vaccination, including the central memory T cells and effector memory T cells. The present findings provide scientific evidence for the vaccination strategy of the inactive vaccines among children against COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental HealthHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Mengze Gan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Bihao Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega‐ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Rui Zeng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental HealthHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental HealthHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Jun Xu
- Qichun Center for Disease Control and PreventionHuanggangChina
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental HealthHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yandi Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Jinge Cao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Li Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega‐ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Dongsheng Di
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental HealthHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Siyuan Peng
- Qichun Center for Disease Control and PreventionHuanggangChina
| | - Jinfeng Lei
- Qichun Center for Disease Control and PreventionHuanggangChina
| | - Yingying Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental HealthHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Xuemei Song
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental HealthHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Tingting Yuan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental HealthHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental HealthHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental HealthHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Jing Yi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental HealthHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental HealthHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Hao Cai
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental HealthHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yanshou Lei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental HealthHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yuying Wen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental HealthHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Wenhui Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental HealthHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Qinlin Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental HealthHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yufei Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental HealthHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Pinpin Long
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental HealthHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yu Yuan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental HealthHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Chaolong Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental HealthHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - An Pan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental HealthHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental HealthHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Rui Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega‐ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Xionglin Fan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Tangchun Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental HealthHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental HealthHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
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Monzon-Posadas WO, Zorn J, Peters K, Baum M, Proksch H, Schlüter CB, Menting T, Pušnik J, Streeck H. Longitudinal monitoring of mRNA-vaccine-induced immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1066123. [PMID: 36742295 PMCID: PMC9893859 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1066123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Worldwide vaccination campaigns significantly reduced mortality caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection and diminished the devastating effects of the pandemic. The first approved vaccines are based on novel mRNA technology and elicit potent immune responses offering high levels of protection from severe disease. Methods Here we longitudinally assessed adaptive immune responses during a 12-month follow-up period after the initial immunization with 2 doses of mRNA vaccines and after the booster dose in blood and saliva. Results Our findings demonstrate a rapid waning of the anti-spike IgG titers between months 3 and 6 after the initial vaccination (1.7- and 2.5-fold decrease in plasma and saliva, respectively; P<0.0001). Conversely, the frequency of spike-specific memory B cells increased during this period (2.4-fold increase; P<0.0001) while the frequency of spike-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells remained stable for all assessed functions: cytotoxicity, IFNγ, IL-2, and TNFα expression. Booster vaccination significantly improved the antibody response in plasma and saliva, with the most profound changes observed in the neutralization capacity against the currently circulating omicron variant (25.6-fold increase; P<0.0001). The positive effect of booster vaccination was also evident for spike-specific IgG+ memory B cell (2.4-fold increase; P<0.0001) and cytotoxic CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses (1.7- and 1.9-fold increase respectively; P<0.05). Conclusions Collectively, our findings offer a detailed insight into the kinetics of adaptive immune response following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and underline the beneficial effects of a booster vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner O Monzon-Posadas
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Braunschweig, Germany.,Occupational Medicine Department, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jasmin Zorn
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kathrin Peters
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maximilian Baum
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hannah Proksch
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Celina Beta Schlüter
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tanja Menting
- Occupational Medicine Department, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jernej Pušnik
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hendrik Streeck
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Braunschweig, Germany
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Zhou Y, Zhi H, Teng Y. The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineages, immune escape, and vaccine effectivity. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28138. [PMID: 36097349 PMCID: PMC9538491 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
As of November 2021, several SARS-CoV-2 variants appeared and became dominant epidemic strains in many countries, including five variants of concern (VOCs) Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron defined by the World Health Organization during the COVID-19 pandemic. As of August 2022, Omicron is classified into five main lineages, BA.1, BA.2, BA.3, BA.4, BA.5 and some sublineages (BA.1.1, BA.2.12.1, BA.2.11, BA.2.75, BA.4.6) (https://www.gisaid.org/). Compared to the previous VOCs (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta), all the Omicron lineages have the most highly mutations in the spike protein, and with 50 mutations accumulated throughout the genome. Early data indicated that Omicron BA.2 sublineage had higher infectivity and more immune escape than the early wild-type (WT) strain, the previous VOCs, and BA.1. Recently, global surveillance data suggest a higher transmissibility of BA.4/BA.5 than BA.1, BA.1.1 and BA.2, and BA.4/BA.5 is becoming dominant strain in many countries globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbing Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huilin Zhi
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong Teng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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131
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Jo N, Hidaka Y, Kikuchi O, Fukahori M, Sawada T, Aoki M, Yamamoto M, Nagao M, Morita S, Nakajima TE, Muto M, Hamazaki Y. Impaired CD4 + T cell response in older adults is associated with reduced immunogenicity and reactogenicity of mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. NATURE AGING 2023; 3:82-92. [PMID: 37118516 PMCID: PMC10154196 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-022-00343-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Whether age-associated defects in T cells impact the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of mRNA vaccines remains unclear. Using a vaccinated cohort (n = 216), we demonstrated that older adults (aged ≥65 years) had fewer vaccine-induced spike-specific CD4+ T cells including CXCR3+ circulating follicular helper T cells and the TH1 subset of helper T cells after the first dose, which correlated with their lower peak IgG levels and fewer systemic adverse effects after the second dose, compared with younger adults. Moreover, spike-specific TH1 cells in older adults expressed higher levels of programmed cell death protein 1, a negative regulator of T cell activation, which was associated with low spike-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Thus, an inefficient CD4+ T cell response after the first dose may reduce the production of helper T cytokines, even after the second dose, thereby lowering humoral and cellular immunity and reducing systemic reactogenicity. Therefore, enhancing CD4+ T cell response following the first dose is key to improving vaccine efficacy in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihide Jo
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Alliance Laboratory for Advanced Medical Research, Graduate school of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yu Hidaka
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Osamu Kikuchi
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Clinical Bio-Resource Center, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaru Fukahori
- Department of Early Clinical Development, Graduate school of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Kyoto Innovation Center for Next Generation Clinical Trials and iPS Cell Therapy (Ki-CONNECT), Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sawada
- Department of Early Clinical Development, Graduate school of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Kyoto Innovation Center for Next Generation Clinical Trials and iPS Cell Therapy (Ki-CONNECT), Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiko Aoki
- Department of Early Clinical Development, Graduate school of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Kyoto Innovation Center for Next Generation Clinical Trials and iPS Cell Therapy (Ki-CONNECT), Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaki Yamamoto
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Miki Nagao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Morita
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takako E Nakajima
- Department of Early Clinical Development, Graduate school of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Kyoto Innovation Center for Next Generation Clinical Trials and iPS Cell Therapy (Ki-CONNECT), Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Manabu Muto
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Clinical Bio-Resource Center, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
- Kyoto Innovation Center for Next Generation Clinical Trials and iPS Cell Therapy (Ki-CONNECT), Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoko Hamazaki
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Graduate school of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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132
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Pfannes R, Pierzchalski A, Maddalon A, Simion A, Zouboulis CC, Behre G, Zenclussen AC, Westphal S, Fest S, Herberth G. Characterization of post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 T cell subtypes in patients with different hematologic malignancies and treatments. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1087996. [PMID: 37187728 PMCID: PMC10177659 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1087996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To evaluate the benefits of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in cancer patients it is relevant to understand the adaptive immune response elicited after vaccination. Patients affected by hematologic malignancies are frequently immune-compromised and show a decreased seroconversion rate compared to other cancer patients or controls. Therefore, vaccine-induced cellular immune responses in these patients might have an important protective role and need a detailed evaluation. Methods Certain T cell subtypes (CD4, CD8, Tfh, γδT), including cell functionality as indicated by cytokine secretion (IFN, TNF) and expression of activation markers (CD69, CD154) were assessed via multi-parameter flow cytometry in hematologic malignancy patients (N=12) and healthy controls (N=12) after a second SARS-CoV-2 vaccine dose. The PBMC of post-vaccination samples were stimulated with a spike-peptide pool (S-Peptides) of SARS-CoV-2, with CD3/CD28, with a pool of peptides from the cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus and influenza A virus (CEF-Peptides) or left unstimulated. Furthermore, the concentration of spike-specific antibodies has been analyzed in patients. Results Our results indicate that hematologic malignancy patients developed a robust cellular immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination comparable to that of healthy controls, and for certain T cell subtypes even higher. The most reactive T cells to SARS-CoV-2 spike peptides belonged to the CD4 and Tfh cell compartment, being median (IQR), 3.39 (1.41-5.92) and 2.12 (0.55-4.14) as a percentage of IFN- and TNF-producing Tfh cells in patients. In this regard, the immunomodulatory treatment of patients before the vaccination period seems important as it was strongly associated with a higher percentage of activated CD4 and Tfh cells. SARS-CoV-2- and CEF-specific T cell responses significantly correlated with each other. Compared to lymphoma patients, myeloma patients had an increased percentage of SARS-CoV-2-specific Tfh cells. T-SNE analysis revealed higher frequencies of γδT cells in patients compared to controls, especially in myeloma patients. In general, after vaccination, SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells were also detectable in patients without seroconversion. Conclusion Hematologic malignancy patients are capable of developing a SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 and Tfh cellular immune response after vaccination, and certain immunomodulatory therapies in the period before vaccination might increase the antigen-specific immune response. A proper response to recall antigens (e.g., CEF-Peptides) reflects immune cellular functionality and might be predictive for generating a newly induced antigen-specific immune response as is expected after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roald Pfannes
- Dessau Medical Center, Center for Oncology, Dessau, Germany
- Department for Gastroenterology and Oncology, Diakonissenkrankenhaus Leipzig, Agaplession Mitteldeutschland GmbH, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arkadiusz Pierzchalski
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ambra Maddalon
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alexandra Simion
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Dessau City Hospital, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Dessau, Germany
| | - Christos C. Zouboulis
- Department of Dermatology, Staedtisches Klinikum Dessau, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Dessau, Germany
- Department of Venereology, Staedtisches Klinikum Dessau, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Dessau, Germany
- Department of Allergology, Staedtisches Klinikum Dessau, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Dessau, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Staedtisches Klinikum Dessau, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Dessau, Germany
| | - Gerhard Behre
- Department for Internal Medicine I, Dessau Medical Center and Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Dessau, Germany
| | - Ana Claudia Zenclussen
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
- Perinatal Immunology Research Group, Medical Faculty, Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sabine Westphal
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Dessau City Hospital, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Dessau, Germany
| | - Stefan Fest
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
- Clinic of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Dessau City Hospital, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Dessau, Germany
| | - Gunda Herberth
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Gunda Herberth,
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Vogrig M, Berger AE, Bourlet T, Waeckel L, Haccourt A, Chanavat A, Hupin D, Roche F, Botelho-Nevers E, Pozzetto B, Paul S. Monitoring of Both Humoral and Cellular Immunities Could Early Predict COVID-19 Vaccine Efficacy Against the Different SARS-CoV2 Variants. J Clin Immunol 2023; 43:31-45. [PMID: 36006568 PMCID: PMC9403229 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-022-01354-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Reliable immunoassays are essential to early predict and monitor vaccine efficacy against SARS-CoV-2. The performance of an Interferon Gamma Release Assay (IGRA, QuantiFERON® SARS-CoV-2), and a current anti-spike serological test, compared to a plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) taken as gold standard were compared. Eighty vaccinated individuals, whose 16% had a previous history of COVID-19, were included in a longitudinal prospective study and sampled before and two to four weeks after each dose of vaccine. In non-infected patients, 2 doses were required for obtaining both positive IGRA and PRNT assays, while serology was positive after one dose. Each dose of vaccine significantly increased the humoral and cellular response. By contrast, convalescent subjects needed a single dose of vaccine to be positive on all 3 tests. Both IGRA and current serology assay were found predictive of a positive titer of neutralizing antibodies that is correlated with vaccine protection. Patients over 65 or 80 years old had a significantly reduced response. The response tended to be better with the heterologous scheme (vs. homologous) and with the mRNA-1273 vaccine (vs. BNT162b2) in the homologous group, in patients under 55 and under 65 years old, respectively. Finally, decrease intensity or absence of IGRA response and to a less extent of anti-spike serology were also correlated to reinfection which has occurred during the follow up. In conclusion, both IGRA and current anti-spike serology assays could be used at defined thresholds to monitor the vaccine response against SARS-CoV-2 and to simply identify non-responding individuals after a complete vaccination scheme. Two available specific tests (IGRA and anti-spike antibodies) could early assess the vaccine-induced immunity against SARS-CoV-2 at the individual scale, to potentially adapt the vaccination scheme in non-responder patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Vogrig
- Immunology Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France ,Infectious Agents and Hygiene Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
| | - Anne-Emmanuelle Berger
- Immunology Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France ,CIRI – Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, F42023 Saint-Etienne, France ,CIC 1408 Inserm Vaccinology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Thomas Bourlet
- Infectious Agents and Hygiene Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France ,CIRI – Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, F42023 Saint-Etienne, France ,CIC 1408 Inserm Vaccinology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Louis Waeckel
- Immunology Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France ,CIRI – Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, F42023 Saint-Etienne, France ,CIC 1408 Inserm Vaccinology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Alice Haccourt
- Immunology Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Alice Chanavat
- Immunology Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - David Hupin
- Clinical and Exercise Physiology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France ,Inserm, U1059, SAINBIOSE, Université de Lyon, Université Jean-Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Frederic Roche
- Clinical and Exercise Physiology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France ,Inserm, U1059, SAINBIOSE, Université de Lyon, Université Jean-Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Elisabeth Botelho-Nevers
- CIRI – Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, F42023 Saint-Etienne, France ,CIC 1408 Inserm Vaccinology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France ,Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
| | - Bruno Pozzetto
- Infectious Agents and Hygiene Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France ,CIRI – Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, F42023 Saint-Etienne, France ,CIC 1408 Inserm Vaccinology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Stéphane Paul
- Immunology Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France ,CIRI – Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, F42023 Saint-Etienne, France ,CIC 1408 Inserm Vaccinology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France ,Faculté de Médecine, Campus Santé Innovations, 10 Rue de la Marandière, BP 80019, 42270 Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
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Matarazzo L, Bettencourt PJG. mRNA vaccines: a new opportunity for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1172691. [PMID: 37168860 PMCID: PMC10166207 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1172691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of the first licensed mRNA-based vaccines against COVID-19 has created a widespread interest on mRNA technology for vaccinology. As expected, the number of mRNA vaccines in preclinical and clinical development increased exponentially since 2020, including numerous improvements in mRNA formulation design, delivery methods and manufacturing processes. However, the technology faces challenges such as the cost of raw materials, the lack of standardization, and delivery optimization. MRNA technology may provide a solution to some of the emerging infectious diseases as well as the deadliest hard-to-treat infectious diseases malaria, tuberculosis, and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), for which an effective vaccine, easily deployable to endemic areas is urgently needed. In this review, we discuss the functional structure, design, manufacturing processes and delivery methods of mRNA vaccines. We provide an up-to-date overview of the preclinical and clinical development of mRNA vaccines against infectious diseases, and discuss the immunogenicity, efficacy and correlates of protection of mRNA vaccines, with particular focus on research and development of mRNA vaccines against malaria, tuberculosis and HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Matarazzo
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rio de Mouro, Portugal
| | - Paulo J. G. Bettencourt
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rio de Mouro, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Paulo J. G. Bettencourt,
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De Biasi S, Paolini A, Lo Tartaro D, Gibellini L, Cossarizza A. Analysis of Antigen-Specific T and B Cells for Monitoring Immune Protection Against SARS-CoV-2. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e636. [PMID: 36598346 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Immunological memory is the basis of protection against most pathogens. Long-living memory T and B cells able to respond to specific stimuli, as well as persistent antibodies in plasma and in other body fluids, are crucial for determining the efficacy of vaccination and for protecting from a second infection by a previously encountered pathogen. Antigen-specific cells are represented at a very low frequency in the blood, and indeed, they can be considered "rare events" present in the memory T-cell pool. Therefore, such events should be analyzed with careful attention. In the last 20 years, different methods, mostly based upon flow cytometry, have been developed to identify such rare antigen-specific cells, and the COVID-19 pandemic has given a dramatic impetus to characterize the immune response against the virus. In this regard, we know that the identification, enumeration, and characterization of SARS-CoV-2-specific T and B cells following infection and/or vaccination require i) the use of specific peptides and adequate co-stimuli, ii) the use of appropriate inhibitors to avoid nonspecific activation, iii) the setting of appropriate timing for stimulation, and iv) the choice of adequate markers and reagents to identify antigen-specific cells. Optimization of these procedures allows not only determination of the magnitude of SARS-CoV-2-specific responses but also a comparison of the effects of different combinations of vaccines or determination of the response provided by so-called "hybrid immunity," resulting from a combination of natural immunity and vaccine-generated immunity. Here, we present two methods that are largely used to monitor the response magnitude and phenotype of SARS-CoV-2-specific T and B cells by polychromatic flow cytometry, along with some tips that can be useful for the quantification of these rare events. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Identification of antigen-specific T cells Basic Protocol 2: Identification of antigen-specific B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara De Biasi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, Modena, Italy
| | - Annamaria Paolini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, Modena, Italy
| | - Domenico Lo Tartaro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, Modena, Italy
| | - Lara Gibellini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, Modena, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale per le Ricerche Cardiovascolari - INRC, via Irnerio, Bologna, Italy
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Manni S, Ruetsch C, Fabre R, Ticchioni M, Graça D, Pradier C, Seitz-Polski B, Lotte L, Brglez V, Vassallo M. Immune response to BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in patients living with HIV: The COVIH-DAPT study. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1136723. [PMID: 36949938 PMCID: PMC10025349 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1136723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Data on immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in patients living with HIV (PLWH) over a period longer than 3 months are currently limited. We measured the immune response after BNT162b2 vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in this population. Methods We prospectively enrolled PLWH on successful antiretroviral therapy, initiating vaccination with two doses of the BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine administered at six-week interval. SARS-CoV-2 humoral and cellular responses and lymphocyte cell subsets were recorded at inclusion and 6 weeks (W6), 3 months (M3) and 6 months (M6) later. Humoral, humoral strong and cellular responders were defined by IgG titers >10, ≥264BAU/mL and IFN-γ T cell release, respectively. Results Nineteen subjects without SARS-CoV-2 infection were included (74% men, mean age 51 years, CD4 nadir 399/mm3). All subjects were humoral responders, their antibody titer peak reached at M3. Strong responders' rates were 63% and 21% at M3 and M6, respectively. CD19+CD10+ B cells had increased significantly at W6 then decreased at M3, while CD19+CD27+ B cells remained unchanged. Rates of patients with a cellular response increased from 39% at W6 to 69% at M6. Cellular responders had significantly higher CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ Effector Memory cells at inclusion (p=0.048, p=0.024, p=0.012, respectively) and CD4+ Terminally Differentiated Effector Memory cells at M3 (p=0.044). Discussion PLWH have a robust immune response after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, but a rapid decline in humoral response from 3 months onwards, due to a blunted memory B cell response. Analysis of lymphocyte subsets may help identify optimal times for vaccine boosters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Manni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cannes General Hospital, Cannes, France
- *Correspondence: Sabrina Manni, ; Matteo Vassallo,
| | - Caroline Ruetsch
- Immunology Department, Nice University Hospital, Côte d’Azur University, Nice, France
- Mediterranean Centre for Molecular Medicine (C3M), Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Côte d’Azur University, Nice, France
| | - Roxane Fabre
- Public Health Department, Nice University Hospital, Côte d'Azur Université, Nice, France
| | - Michel Ticchioni
- Immunology Department, Nice University Hospital, Côte d’Azur University, Nice, France
| | - Daisy Graça
- Immunology Department, Nice University Hospital, Côte d’Azur University, Nice, France
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Côte d’Azur (UR2CA), Côte d’Azur University, Nice, France
| | - Christian Pradier
- Public Health Department, Nice University Hospital, Côte d'Azur Université, Nice, France
| | - Barbara Seitz-Polski
- Immunology Department, Nice University Hospital, Côte d’Azur University, Nice, France
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Côte d’Azur (UR2CA), Côte d’Azur University, Nice, France
| | - Laurene Lotte
- Multipurpose Laboratory, Cannes General Hospital, Cannes, France
| | - Vesna Brglez
- Immunology Department, Nice University Hospital, Côte d’Azur University, Nice, France
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Côte d’Azur (UR2CA), Côte d’Azur University, Nice, France
| | - Matteo Vassallo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cannes General Hospital, Cannes, France
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Côte d’Azur (UR2CA), Côte d’Azur University, Nice, France
- *Correspondence: Sabrina Manni, ; Matteo Vassallo,
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137
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Alhajjat AM, Redden CR, Langereis M, Papastefan ST, Ito JA, Ott KC, Turner LE, Kang HK, Shaaban AF. CD4 and IL-2 mediated NK cell responses after COVID-19 infection and mRNA vaccination in adults. Immunobiology 2023; 228:152304. [PMID: 36508885 PMCID: PMC9683520 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A detailed understanding of protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 is incredibly important in fighting the pandemic. Central to protective immunity is the ability of the immune system to recall previous exposures. Although antibody and T cell immunity have gained considerable attention, the contribution of the NK cell compartment to immune recall and protection from SARS-CoV-2 has not been explored. In this study, we investigate the NK cell responses to stimulation with SARS-CoV-2 in previously exposed and non-exposed individuals. We show that NK cells demonstrate an enhanced CD4+ T cell dependent response when re-exposed to SARS-CoV-2 antigen. The enhanced response is dependent on T cells and correlates with the number of SARS-CoV-2 specific CD4 T cells. We find that IL-2 is a critical mediator of NK cell function. These findings suggest that NK cells contribute to the protective responses against SARS-CoV-2 through a cooperation with antigen-specific CD4 T cells and have significant implications on our understanding of protective immunity in SARS-CoV-2.
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138
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Ishikawa M, Shimada Y, Ozono T, Matsumoto H, Ogura H, Kihara K, Mochizuki H, Okuno T, Sakakibara S, Kinoshita M, Okuzaki D. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis identifies distinct myeloid cells in a case with encephalitis temporally associated with COVID-19 vaccination. Front Immunol 2023; 14:998233. [PMID: 36911677 PMCID: PMC9996085 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.998233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently accumulating evidence has highlighted the rare occurrence of COVID-19 vaccination-induced inflammation in the central nervous system. However, the precise information on immune dysregulation related to the COVID-19 vaccination-associated autoimmunity remains elusive. Here we report a case of encephalitis temporally associated with COVID-19 vaccination, where single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis was applied to elucidate the distinct immune signature in the peripheral immune system. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were analyzed using scRNA-seq to clarify the cellular components of the patients in the acute and remission phases of the disease. The data obtained were compared to those acquired from a healthy cohort. The scRNA-seq analysis identified a distinct myeloid cell population in PBMCs during the acute phase of encephalitis. This specific myeloid population was detected neither in the remission phase of the disease nor in the healthy cohort. Our findings illustrate induction of a unique myeloid subset in encephalitis temporally associated with COVID-19 vaccination. Further research into the dysregulated immune signature of COVID-19 vaccination-associated autoimmunity including the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cells of central nervous system (CNS) is warranted to clarify the pathogenic role of the myeloid subset observed in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Human Immunology (Single Cell Genomics), WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Shimada
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Ozono
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisatake Matsumoto
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ogura
- Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keigo Kihara
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideki Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsusada Okuno
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuhei Sakakibara
- Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Kinoshita
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Okuzaki
- Laboratory of Human Immunology (Single Cell Genomics), WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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139
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Chopp L, Redmond C, O'Shea JJ, Schwartz DM. From thymus to tissues and tumors: A review of T-cell biology. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 151:81-97. [PMID: 36272581 PMCID: PMC9825672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
T cells are critical orchestrators of the adaptive immune response that optimally eliminate a specific pathogen. Aberrant T-cell development and function are implicated in a broad range of human disease including immunodeficiencies, autoimmune diseases, and allergic diseases. Accordingly, therapies targeting T cells and their effector cytokines have markedly improved the care of patients with immune dysregulatory diseases. Newer discoveries concerning T-cell-mediated antitumor immunity and T-cell exhaustion have further prompted development of highly effective and novel treatment modalities for malignancies, including checkpoint inhibitors and antigen-reactive T cells. Recent discoveries are also uncovering the depth and variability of T-cell phenotypes: while T cells have long been described using a subset-based classification system, next-generation sequencing technologies suggest an astounding degree of complexity and heterogeneity at the single-cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Chopp
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Christopher Redmond
- Clinical Fellowship Program, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - John J O'Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Daniella M Schwartz
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda; Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh.
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140
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Zhang W, Liu S, Miao L, Fu A, Bao J, Zheng L, Li E, Yu J, Wang Y. Dynamics of CD4 + T-Cells and Neutralizing Antibody Responses to Three Consecutive Doses of Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccines in PLWH. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:2695-2707. [PMID: 37168513 PMCID: PMC10166092 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s409147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Comprehensive characterization of safety and immune responses to vaccines is crucial for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 among people living with HIV (PLWH). This study aimed to investigate the dynamic changes in SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T-cell subsets and neutralizing antibody after three consecutive doses of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines (BBIBP-CorV) among PLWH. Methods The blood samples were collected from 165 PLWH, including 66 PLWH in the 3-month interval between the second and third dose (cohort 1) and 99 PLWH in the 5-month interval (cohort 2). Blood collection for immunogenicity analysis was performed at 1-month post-2nd vaccination, pre-3rd vaccination, and within 2-month post-3rd vaccination. Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test was applied to compare the SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cell subsets and neutralizing antibody level at different time points. The relationship among CD4+ T-cells, Tregs subpopulations and SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibody level were evaluated with Spearman non-parametric correlation test. Results No serious adverse reactions were found among PLWH. After two-dose or three-dose inactivated COVID-19 vaccination, the absolute counts of CD4+ T-cells and Tregs subpopulations (CD4+CD25HighCD127Low Tregs, CD45RA+ rTregs and CD45RO+ eTregs) increased in two cohorts. Satisfactory SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibody responses to the third-dose vaccination were found in two cohorts, including significantly enhanced neutralizing antibody level and high neutralizing antibody seroconversion rate. In addition, SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibody level were positively associated with the absolute counts of CD4+ T-cells and Tregs subpopulations as well as the frequency of CD45RO+ eTregs in PLWH after three doses of vaccinations. Conclusion The three doses of inactivated COVID-19 vaccination were both safe and effective to increase SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T-cells and neutralizing antibody in two PLWH cohorts with different inoculation intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Zhang
- Department of Infection, Affiliated Hangzhou Xixi Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Nursing, Affiliated Hangzhou Xixi Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shourong Liu
- Department of Infection, Affiliated Hangzhou Xixi Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liangbin Miao
- Institute of Hepatology and Epidemiology, Affiliated Hangzhou Xixi Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ai Fu
- Institute of Hepatology and Epidemiology, Affiliated Hangzhou Xixi Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Bao
- Department of Hepatology, Affiliated Hangzhou Xixi Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liping Zheng
- Department of Nursing, Affiliated Hangzhou Xixi Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Er Li
- Department of Nursing, Affiliated Hangzhou Xixi Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Department of Infection, Affiliated Hangzhou Xixi Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Jianhua Yu, Department of Infection, Affiliated Hangzhou Xixi Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China, Email
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Infection, Affiliated Hangzhou Xixi Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Hepatology and Epidemiology, Affiliated Hangzhou Xixi Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Yi Wang, Institute of Hepatology and Epidemiology, Affiliated Hangzhou Xixi Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China, Email
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141
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Ferragut F, Cruz KM, Gallardo JP, Fernández M, Hernández Vasquez Y, Gómez KA. Activation-induced marker assays for identification of Trypanosoma cruzi-specific CD4 or CD8 T cells in chronic Chagas disease patients. Immunology 2022; 169:185-203. [PMID: 36567491 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific T cells are central to the adaptive immune response against T. cruzi infection and underpin the efficacy of on-going vaccine strategies. In this context, the present study focuses on T-cell assays that define the parasite-specificity on the basis of upregulation of TCR stimulation-induced surface markers. For this purpose, we tested different dual marker combinations (OX40, CD25, CD40L, CD137, CD69, PD-L1, CD11a, CD49d, HLA-DR, CD38) to reliably identify activated CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell populations from PBMCs of chronic Chagas disease (CCD) patients after 12 or 24 h of stimulation with T. cruzi lysate. Results demonstrated that activation-induced markers (AIM) assays combining the expression of OX40, CD25, CD40L, CD137, CD69 and/or PD-L1 surface markers are efficient at detecting T. cruzi-specific CD4+ T cells in CCD patients, in comparison to non-infected donors, after both stimulation times. For CD8+ T cells, only PD-L1/OX40 after 24 h of antigen exposure resulted to be useful to track a parasite-specific response. We also demonstrated that the agnostic activation is mediated by different T. cruzi strains, such as Dm28c, CL Brener or Sylvio. Additionally, we successfully used this approach to identify the phenotype of activated T lymphocytes based on the expression of CD45RA and CCR7. Overall, our results show that different combinations of AIM markers represent an effective and simple tool for the detection of T. cruzi-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Ferragut
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres" (INGEBI-CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karen M Cruz
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres" (INGEBI-CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan P Gallardo
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres" (INGEBI-CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marisa Fernández
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología 'Dr. Mario Fatala Chabén' (INP-ANLIS), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yolanda Hernández Vasquez
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología 'Dr. Mario Fatala Chabén' (INP-ANLIS), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karina A Gómez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres" (INGEBI-CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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142
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Fryer HA, Hartley GE, Edwards ES, O'Hehir RE, van Zelm MC. Humoral immunity and B-cell memory in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1643-1658. [PMID: 36421662 PMCID: PMC9788580 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Natural infection with SARS-CoV-2 induces a robust circulating memory B cell (Bmem) population, which remains stable in number at least 8 months post-infection despite the contraction of antibody levels after 1 month. Multiple vaccines have been developed to combat the virus. These include two new formulations, mRNA and adenoviral vector vaccines, which have varying efficacy rates, potentially related to their distinct capacities to induce humoral immune responses. The mRNA vaccines BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna) elicit significantly higher serum IgG and neutralizing antibody levels than the adenoviral vector ChAdOx1 (AstraZeneca) and Ad26.COV2.S (Janssen) vaccines. However, all vaccines induce Spike- and RBD-specific Bmem, which are vital in providing long-lasting protection in the form of rapid recall responses to subsequent infections. Past and current SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VoC) have shown the capacity to escape antibody neutralization to varying degrees. A booster dose with an mRNA vaccine following primary vaccination restores antibody levels and improves the capacity of these antibodies and Bmem to bind viral variants, including the current VoC Omicron. Future experimental research will be essential to evaluate the durability of protection against VoC provided by each vaccine and to identify immune markers of protection to enable prognostication of people who are at risk of severe complications from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A. Fryer
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gemma E. Hartley
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Emily S.J. Edwards
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Robyn E. O'Hehir
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology Service, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Menno C. van Zelm
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology Service, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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143
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Immunogenicity, Immune Dynamics, and Subsequent Response to the Booster Dose of Heterologous versus Homologous Prime-Boost Regimens with Adenoviral Vector and mRNA SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine among Liver Transplant Recipients: A Prospective Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122126. [PMID: 36560535 PMCID: PMC9781301 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Heterologous prime-boost vaccination potentially augments the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 in liver transplant (LT) recipients. We investigated immunogenicity induced by different primary prime-boost vaccination protocols and the subsequent response to the booster vaccine among LT recipients. Methods: LT recipients, who received primary immunisation with ChAdOx1/ChAdOx1 or ChAdOx1/BNT162b2, were administered the third dose of mRNA-1273 three months following the primary vaccination. Blood samples were collected before and after primary vaccination and post-booster. The levels of receptor binding domain antibody (anti-RBD) and neutralising antibody (sVNT) and spike-specific T-cell responses were assessed. Results: Among the 89 LT recipients, patients receiving ChAdOx1/BNT162b2 had significantly higher anti-RBD titres, sVNT, and cellular response after primary vaccination than those receiving ChAdOx1/ChAdOx1 (p < 0.05). The antibody response decreased 12 weeks after the primary vaccination. After the booster, humoral and cellular responses significantly improved, with comparable seroconversion rates between the heterologous and homologous groups. Positive sVNT against the wild type occurred in >90% of LT patients, with only 12.3% positive against the Omicron variant. Conclusions: ChAdOx1/BNT162b2 evoked a significantly higher immunological response than ChAdOx1/ChAdOx1 in LT recipients. The booster strategy substantially induced robust immunity against wild type in most patients but was less effective against the Omicron strain.
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144
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Geers D, Sablerolles RS, van Baarle D, Kootstra NA, Rietdijk WJ, Schmitz KS, Gommers L, Bogers S, Nieuwkoop NJ, van Dijk LL, van Haren E, Lafeber M, Dalm VA, Goorhuis A, Postma DF, Visser LG, Huckriede AL, Sette A, Grifoni A, de Swart RL, Koopmans MP, van der Kuy PHM, GeurtsvanKessel CH, de Vries RD. Ad26.COV2.S priming provided a solid immunological base for mRNA-based COVID-19 booster vaccination. iScience 2022; 26:105753. [PMID: 36507223 PMCID: PMC9726653 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants led to the recommendation of booster vaccinations after Ad26.COV2.S priming. It was previously shown that heterologous booster vaccination induces high antibody levels, but how heterologous boosters affect other functional aspects of the immune response remained unknown. Here, we performed immunological profiling of Ad26.COV2.S-primed individuals before and after homologous or heterologous (mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2) booster. Booster vaccinations increased functional antibodies targeting ancestral SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants. Especially heterologous booster vaccinations induced high levels of functional antibodies. In contrast, T-cell responses were similar in magnitude following homologous or heterologous booster vaccination and retained cross-reactivity towards variants. Booster vaccination led to a minimal expansion of SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell clones and no increase in the breadth of the T-cell repertoire. In conclusion, we show that Ad26.COV2.S priming vaccination provided a solid immunological base for heterologous boosting, increasing humoral and cellular responses targeting emerging variants of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl Geers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Debbie van Baarle
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands,Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A. Kootstra
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wim J.R. Rietdijk
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Lennert Gommers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susanne Bogers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nella J. Nieuwkoop
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Laura L.A. van Dijk
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eva van Haren
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Melvin Lafeber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Virgil A.S.H. Dalm
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy & Clinical Immunology and Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Abraham Goorhuis
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands,Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam Public Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Douwe F. Postma
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Leo G. Visser
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Anke L.W. Huckriede
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rik L. de Swart
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Rory D. de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands,Corresponding author
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145
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Phetsouphanh C, Khoo WH, Jackson K, Klemm V, Howe A, Aggarwal A, Akerman A, Milogiannakis V, Stella AO, Rouet R, Schofield P, Faulks ML, Law H, Danwilai T, Starr M, Munier CML, Christ D, Singh M, Croucher PI, Brilot-Turville F, Turville S, Phan TG, Dore GJ, Darley D, Cunningham P, Matthews GV, Kelleher AD, Zaunders JJ. High titre neutralizing antibodies in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection require RBD-specific CD4 T cells that include proliferative memory cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1032911. [PMID: 36544780 PMCID: PMC9762180 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1032911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long-term immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection, including neutralizing antibodies and T cell-mediated immunity, is required in a very large majority of the population in order to reduce ongoing disease burden. Methods We have investigated the association between memory CD4 and CD8 T cells and levels of neutralizing antibodies in convalescent COVID-19 subjects. Findings Higher titres of convalescent neutralizing antibodies were associated with significantly higher levels of RBD-specific CD4 T cells, including specific memory cells that proliferated vigorously in vitro. Conversely, up to half of convalescent individuals had low neutralizing antibody titres together with a lack of receptor binding domain (RBD)-specific memory CD4 T cells. These low antibody subjects had other, non-RBD, spike-specific CD4 T cells, but with more of an inhibitory Foxp3+ and CTLA-4+ cell phenotype, in contrast to the effector T-bet+, cytotoxic granzymes+ and perforin+ cells seen in RBD-specific memory CD4 T cells from high antibody subjects. Single cell transcriptomics of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells from high antibody subjects similarly revealed heterogenous RBD-specific CD4+ T cells that comprised central memory, transitional memory and Tregs, as well as cytotoxic clusters containing diverse TCR repertoires, in individuals with high antibody levels. However, vaccination of low antibody convalescent individuals led to a slight but significant improvement in RBD-specific memory CD4 T cells and increased neutralizing antibody titres. Interpretation Our results suggest that targeting CD4 T cell epitopes proximal to and within the RBD-region should be prioritized in booster vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Weng Hua Khoo
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia,St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Vera Klemm
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Annett Howe
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anupriya Aggarwal
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anouschka Akerman
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Romain Rouet
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Schofield
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Megan L. Faulks
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hannah Law
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Thidarat Danwilai
- NSW State Reference Laboratory for HIV, St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mitchell Starr
- NSW State Reference Laboratory for HIV, St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - C. Mee Ling Munier
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel Christ
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mandeep Singh
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia,St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Fabienne Brilot-Turville
- Brain and Mind Centre, Children’s Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart Turville
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tri Giang Phan
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia,St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gregory J. Dore
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia,Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David Darley
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip Cunningham
- NSW State Reference Laboratory for HIV, St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gail V. Matthews
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia,Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony D. Kelleher
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia,Department of Immunology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John J. Zaunders
- NSW State Reference Laboratory for HIV, St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia,*Correspondence: John J. Zaunders,
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146
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Tye EXC, Jinks E, Haigh TA, Kaul B, Patel P, Parry HM, Newby ML, Crispin M, Kaur N, Moss P, Drennan SJ, Taylor GS, Long HM. Mutations in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein impair epitope-specific CD4 + T cell recognition. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:1726-1734. [PMID: 36456735 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01351-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are essential for protection against viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. The sensitivity of CD4+ T cells to mutations in SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) is poorly understood. Here, we isolated 159 SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cell clones from healthcare workers previously infected with wild-type SARS-CoV-2 (D614G) and defined 21 epitopes in spike, membrane and nucleoprotein. Lack of CD4+ T cell cross-reactivity between SARS-CoV-2 and endemic beta-coronaviruses suggested these responses arose from naïve rather than pre-existing cross-reactive coronavirus-specific T cells. Of the 17 epitopes located in the spike protein, 10 were mutated in VOCs and CD4+ T cell clone recognition of 7 of them was impaired, including 3 of the 4 epitopes mutated in omicron. Our results indicated that broad targeting of epitopes by CD4+ T cells likely limits evasion by current VOCs. However, continued genomic surveillance is vital to identify new mutations able to evade CD4+ T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily X C Tye
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Elizabeth Jinks
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Tracey A Haigh
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Baksho Kaul
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Prashant Patel
- Institute of Cancer and Genomics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Helen M Parry
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Maddy L Newby
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Nayandeep Kaur
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Paul Moss
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Samantha J Drennan
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Graham S Taylor
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Heather M Long
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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147
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Rose E, Magliulo D, Kyttaris VC. Seroconversion among rituximab-treated patients following SARS-CoV-2 vaccine supplemental dose. Clin Immunol 2022; 245:109144. [PMID: 36220613 PMCID: PMC9547394 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.109144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Rituximab (RTX) is a very effective treatment for autoimmune rheumatic diseases (AIRD), but it increases infection risk and impairs vaccine responses. Herein we evaluated the antibody response of RTX-treated patients to the supplemental COVID-19 vaccine. After the supplemental dose, 53.1% of patients had detectable antibody titers. Only 36% of patients who did not mount an antibody response after the original vaccine series did have detectable antibodies after the supplemental dose (seroconversion). Patients with undetectable CD20+ cell levels did not seroconvert while hypogammaglobulinemia was associated with a 15-times decrease in the likelihood of seroconversion. Although we noted 11 COVID-19 infections after the supplemental dose, no patients who received monoclonal antibodies pre-exposure prophylaxis had COVID-19 afterwards. We propose that patients receiving RTX should continue to be prioritized for prophylaxis measures and that vaccination should be timed after B cell recovery wherever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Rose
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Magliulo
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vasileios C. Kyttaris
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Corresponding author at: 110 Francis St. Suite 4B, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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148
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Chen Y, Chen L, Yin S, Tao Y, Zhu L, Tong X, Mao M, Li M, Wan Y, Ni J, Ji X, Dong X, Li J, Huang R, Shen Y, Shen H, Bao C, Wu C. The Third dose of CoronVac vaccination induces broad and potent adaptive immune responses that recognize SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron variants. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:1524-1536. [PMID: 35608053 PMCID: PMC9176682 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2081614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The waning humoral immunity and emerging contagious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants resulted in the necessity of the booster vaccination of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The inactivated vaccine, CoronaVac, is the most widely supplied COVID-19 vaccine globally. Whether the CoronaVac booster elicited adaptive responses that cross-recognize SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VoCs) among 77 healthy subjects receiving the third dose of CoronaVac were explored. After the boost, remarkable elevated spike-specific IgG and IgA responses, as well as boosted neutralization activities, were observed, despite 3.0-fold and 5.9-fold reduced neutralization activities against Delta and Omicron strains compared to that of the ancestral strain. Furthermore, the booster dose induced potent B cells and memory B cells that cross-bound receptor-binding domain (RBD) proteins derived from VoCs, while Delta and Omicron RBD-specific memory B cell recognitions were reduced by 2.7-fold and 4.2-fold compared to that of ancestral strain, respectively. Consistently, spike-specific circulating follicular helper T cells (cTfh) significantly increased and remained stable after the boost, with a predominant expansion towards cTfh17 subpopulations. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells peaked and sustained after the booster. Notably, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell recognition of VoC spike was largely preserved compared to the ancestral strain. Individuals without generating Delta or Omicron neutralization activities had comparable levels of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells responses as those with detectable neutralizing activities. Our study demonstrated that the CoronaVac booster induced broad and potent adaptive immune responses that could be effective in controlling SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Viruses and Infectious Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengxia Yin
- Institute of Viruses and Infectious Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Tao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liguo Zhu
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Tong
- Institute of Viruses and Infectious Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Minxin Mao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yawen Wan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Ni
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyun Ji
- Institute of Viruses and Infectious Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianchi Dong
- Institute of Viruses and Infectious Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Engineering Research Center of Protein and Peptide Medicine, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- Institute of Viruses and Infectious Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Huang
- Institute of Viruses and Infectious Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Shen
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Changjun Bao
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Wu
- Institute of Viruses and Infectious Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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149
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Sood A, Tran M, Murthy V, Gonzalez E. Immunogenicity and Safety of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Patients With Rheumatic Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Clin Rheumatol 2022; 28:381-389. [PMID: 35660717 DOI: 10.1097/rhu.0000000000001871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis examining the immunogenicity and safety of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with RD. METHODS We systematically searched PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus to identify observational studies that examined the immunogenicity and safety of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in RD patients. Information on disease, immunosuppressant, vaccine type, and proportion of patients with serologic response was obtained from each study. RESULTS There were 25 eligible studies. The pooled rate of seroconversion was 0.79 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.72-0.86). Compared with control subjects, the odds of seroconversion were significantly lower (odds ratio, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.05-0.24). Users of rituximab showed the lowest rate of seroconversion (0.39; 95% CI, 0.29-0.51) followed by mycophenolate (0.56; 95% CI, 0.40-71). On the other hand, users of interleukin 17 (0.94; 95% CI, 0.78-0.98) and tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (0.94; 95% CI, 0.84-0.98) showed high seroconversion rate. Regarding safety of COVID-19 vaccine, approximately 2% of patients reported severe adverse events and 7% reported diseases flares following the first or second dose. CONCLUSION Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 appears to be safe. Most RD patients developed humoral immune response following vaccination. However, the odds of seroconversion were significantly lower in RD patients compared with controls. This is likely driven by certain immunosuppressants including rituximab and mycophenolate. Future studies need to identify strategies to improve vaccine response in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Sood
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine
| | - Minh Tran
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine
| | - Vijaya Murthy
- Rheumatology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Emilio Gonzalez
- Rheumatology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
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150
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Antigen-Specific T Cells and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Current Approaches and Future Possibilities. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315122. [PMID: 36499448 PMCID: PMC9737069 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, a significant global health threat, appears to be an immune-related disease. Failure of effective immune responses in initial stages of infection may contribute to development of cytokine storm and systemic inflammation with organ damage, leading to poor clinical outcomes. Disease severity and the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants highlight the need for new preventative and therapeutic strategies to protect the immunocompromised population. Available data indicate that these people may benefit from adoptive transfer of allogeneic SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells isolated from convalescent individuals. This review first provides an insight into the mechanism of cytokine storm development, as it is directly related to the exhaustion of T cell population, essential for viral clearance and long-term antiviral immunity. Next, we describe virus-specific T lymphocytes as a promising and efficient approach for the treatment and prevention of severe COVID-19. Furthermore, other potential cell-based therapies, including natural killer cells, regulatory T cells and mesenchymal stem cells are mentioned. Additionally, we discuss fast and effective ways of producing clinical-grade antigen-specific T cells which can be cryopreserved and serve as an effective "off-the-shelf" approach for rapid treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection in case of sudden patient deterioration.
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