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van der Voorn B, Hollanders JJ, Kieviet N, Dolman KM, de Rijke YB, van Rossum EF, Rotteveel J, Honig A, Finken MJ. Maternal Stress During Pregnancy Is Associated with Decreased Cortisol and Cortisone Levels in Neonatal Hair. Horm Res Paediatr 2019; 90:299-307. [PMID: 30541006 PMCID: PMC6492510 DOI: 10.1159/000495007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hair glucocorticoids (GCs) offer a retrospective view on chronic GC exposure. We assessed whether maternal pre- and postnatal stress was associated with neonatal and maternal hair GCs postpartum (pp). METHODS On the first day pp 172 mother-infant pairs donated hair, of whom 67 had consulted a centre of expertise for psychiatric disorders during pregnancy. Maternal stress was scored on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale during the first/second (n = 46), third trimester (n = 57), and pp (n = 172). Hair cortisol and cortisone levels were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and associations with maternal hospital anxiety subscale (HAS) and hospital depression subscale (HDS) scores, and antidepressant use were analyzed with linear regression. RESULTS Neonatal hair GCs were negatively associated with elevated HAS-scores during the first/second trimester, log 10 (β [95% CI]) cortisol -0.19 (-0.39 to 0.02) p = 0.07, cortisone -0.10 (-0.25 to 0.05) p = 0.17; third trimester, cortisol -0.17 (-0.33 to 0.00) p = 0.05, cortisone -0.17 (-0.28 to -0.05) p = 0.01; and pp, cortisol -0.14 (-0.25 to -0.02) p = 0.02, cortisone -0.07 (-0.16 to 0.02) p = 0.10. A similar pattern was observed for elevated HDS-scores. Maternal hair GCs were positively associated with elevated HAS-scores pp (cortisol 0.17 [0.01 to 0.32] p = 0.04, cortisone 0.18 [0.06 to 0.31] p = 0.01), but not prenatally or with elevated HDS-scores. Antidepressant use was associated with elevated maternal hair GCs (p ≤ 0.05), but not with neonatal hair GCs. CONCLUSION Exposure to excessive pre- and perinatal maternal stress was associated with a decrease in neonatal hair GCs, while elevated stress-scores around birth were associated with increased maternal hair GCs and elevated stress-scores earlier in gestation were not associated with maternal hair GCs pp. Further studies are needed to test associations with infant neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibian van der Voorn
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
| | - Jonneke J. Hollanders
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Noera Kieviet
- Department of Pediatrics, Psychiatry Obstetrics Pediatrics Expert Center, OLVG West, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Koert M. Dolman
- Department of Pediatrics, Psychiatry Obstetrics Pediatrics Expert Center, OLVG West, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yolanda B. de Rijke
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth F.C. van Rossum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Rotteveel
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan Honig
- Department of Pediatrics, Psychiatry Obstetrics Pediatrics Expert Center, OLVG West, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn J.J. Finken
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Assay validation of hair androgens across the menstrual cycle. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 101:175-181. [PMID: 30469084 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Saliva is a common noninvasive biofluid for measuring stress and sex hormones, yet one pressing limitation is that salivary hormones fluctuate momentarily, daily, and (for girls) across the menstrual cycle. Hair steroid assays are thought to provide a cumulative index which collapses across hormonal variability, potentially eliminating the confound of daily and menstrual cyclicity and thereby reflecting individual differences in average hormone levels. Here we seek to validate a hair bioassay methodology and test whether hair androgens accurately measure long-term, stable androgen levels in emerging adult women across two menstrual cycles. METHODS Hair samples were collected at the end of each menstrual cycle for two cycles, and saliva samples were collected in the morning once per week across two menstrual cycles (N = 11 women). Hair samples were segmented by 1 cm for the first 4 cm to reflect the hormone levels of the past four serial months. Hair samples were assayed using commercially-available enzyme-immuno-assays for testosterone and DHEA. RESULTS Hair androgen concentrations were significantly correlated with averaged saliva hormone levels (DHEA: r = .75, p < .05; Testosterone: r = .67, p < .05). With respect to hair hormone stability, there were significant correlations for almost all the pairs of two 1 cm hair segments collected in two months that corresponded to the same time period. Hair androgens in one segment were significantly correlated with those in next segment. Regarding salivary androgen stability, the intra-class correlation across the weekly saliva samples indicated that for DHEA 59% of the total variance was within person and 41% was between person; and for testosterone 91% of the total variance was between person, and only 9% within person. DISCUSSION Results suggest that a one-time measure of hair provides a valid and reliable estimate of average steroid levels across two months. Moreover, whereas saliva measures of androgen levels capture week-to-week fluctuations in steroids, hair samples provide information on individual differences in average exposure to steroids, across long periods of time, such as months. Results are encouraging that hair DHEA and testosterone reflects the cumulative hormonal concentration and can be used as a stable hormonal index. Results also indicate that it is feasible to collect the first 3-4 centimeters of hair for studies of stable hormone levels.
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103
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Gerritsen L, Staufenbiel SM, Penninx BWJH, van Hemert AM, Noppe G, de Rijke YB, van Rossum EFC. Long-term glucocorticoid levels measured in hair in patients with depressive and anxiety disorders. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 101:246-252. [PMID: 30472466 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depressive and anxiety disorders have been linked to a dysregulated hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis. Hair cortisol levels (HairF) reflect integrated long-term cortisol regulation and are therefore promising endocrine markers of chronic (psychological and physical) stress. Our aim was to assess hair cortisol levels in persons with a depressive and/or anxiety disorder and to compare their levels with that of persons in remission and healthy controls. METHODS Data from 1166 participants of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA) were used, including 266 participants with a recent (1-month) diagnosis of a depressive and/or anxiety disorder, 655 participants with a diagnosis in remission, and 245 healthy controls. HairF was measured in the proximal three cm of scalp hair, using LC-MS/MS. RESULTS Compared to the healthy controls no differences on HairF or HairE levels were found for depressive and anxiety disorders alone. However the presence of a comorbid depressive and anxiety disorder was significantly associated with increased HairF levels (β = 0.07; p = .031), as was the severity of depressive symptoms (β = 0.06; p = .029), but no differences were found on HairE nor the HairF:HairE ratio. CONCLUSIONS Persons with current diagnosis of comorbid depression and anxiety show moderately higher levels of cortisol than patients with only depression or anxiety, or patients in remission and healthy controls, which may be indicative of a chronic state of hyperactivation of the HPA axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Gerritsen
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Sabine M Staufenbiel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albert M van Hemert
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard Noppe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yolanda B de Rijke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth F C van Rossum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Liu W, Zhou Y, Zheng W, Wang C, Zhan Y, Li H, Chen L, Zhao C, Ning Y. Mediating effect of neurocognition between severity of symptoms and social-occupational function in anxious depression. J Affect Disord 2019; 246:667-673. [PMID: 30611065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.12.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with neurocognitive impairment and reduced social-occupational function. However, neurocognition and social-occupational function in patients with anxious depression have been under-investigated. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that neurocognition plays an important role in social-occupational function. The objective of this study was to investigate the association of severity of symptoms, neurocognition and social-occupational function in patients with anxious depression. METHOD Using a cross-sectional design, 214 patients with MDD were recruited consecutively and evaluated using the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating scale (HAMD-17), the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) and the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). RESULT The prevalence of anxious depression in MDD patients was 64.5%. Compared to non-anxious subjects, the anxious group had more severe symptoms. Moreover, in the anxious group, social-occupational function was associated with several domains of symptoms and neurocognition, while social-occupational function was associated with only one aspect of depressive symptoms (cognitive disturbance) in the non-anxious group. In addition, there was a mediating effect of neurocognition on the association between the severity of symptoms and social-occupational function in the anxious group. LIMITATIONS The major limitation of the present study is the use of a cross-sectional design that is unable to illuminate causal relationships. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the severity of symptoms is negatively associated with neurocognition and social-occupational function and that neurocognition is positively associated with social-occupational function in patients with anxious depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijian Liu
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Metal Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanling Zhou
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Metal Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Metal Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengyu Wang
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Metal Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanni Zhan
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Metal Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hanqiu Li
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Metal Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijian Chen
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Metal Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cunyou Zhao
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuping Ning
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Metal Disorders, Guangzhou, China.
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105
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Nandam LS, Brazel M, Zhou M, Jhaveri DJ. Cortisol and Major Depressive Disorder-Translating Findings From Humans to Animal Models and Back. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:974. [PMID: 32038323 PMCID: PMC6987444 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a global problem for which current pharmacotherapies are not completely effective. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction has long been associated with MDD; however, the value of assessing cortisol as a biological benchmark of the pathophysiology or treatment of MDD is still debated. In this review, we critically evaluate the relationship between HPA axis dysfunction and cortisol level in relation to MDD subtype, stress, gender and treatment regime, as well as in rodent models. We find that an elevated cortisol response to stress is associated with acute and severe, but not mild or atypical, forms of MDD. Furthermore, the increased incidence of MDD in females is associated with greater cortisol response variability rather than higher baseline levels of cortisol. Despite almost all current MDD treatments influencing cortisol levels, we could find no convincing relationship between cortisol level and therapeutic response in either a clinical or preclinical setting. Thus, we argue that the absolute level of cortisol is unreliable for predicting the efficacy of antidepressant treatment. We propose that future preclinical models should reliably produce exaggerated HPA axis responses to acute or chronic stress a priori, which may, or may not, alter baseline cortisol levels, while also modelling the core symptoms of MDD that can be targeted for reversal. Combining genetic and environmental risk factors in such a model, together with the interrogation of the resultant molecular, cellular, and behavioral changes, promises a new mechanistic understanding of MDD and focused therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Sanjay Nandam
- Mental Health Unit, Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: L. Sanjay Nandam, ; Dhanisha J. Jhaveri,
| | - Matthew Brazel
- Mental Health Unit, Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Mei Zhou
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Dhanisha J. Jhaveri
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: L. Sanjay Nandam, ; Dhanisha J. Jhaveri,
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Høifødt RS, Waterloo K, Wang CEA, Eisemann M, Figenschau Y, Halvorsen M. Cortisol levels and cognitive profile in major depression: A comparison of currently and previously depressed patients. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 99:57-65. [PMID: 30176378 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The association between depressive symptoms and elevated cortisol levels, and depression and cognitive functioning, has been less robust in outpatients with symptoms in the mild to moderate range. Furthermore, the association between elevated cortisol levels and cognitive functioning is unclear. In the present study, currently depressed (n = 37), previously depressed (n = 81) and never depressed controls (n = 50) were assessed on a range of neuropsychological measures. Salivary cortisol was measured in the morning and evening. Participants with current depression were non-hospitalized and had symptoms predominately in the mild to moderate range. Elevated salivary evening cortisol, but not morning cortisol, was significantly related to depressive symptoms. The difference in cortisol levels between the previously depressed group and the never depressed controls was not significant. The groups had significantly different cognitive profiles, with the currently depressed performing poorer on tasks related to working memory compared to the never depressed controls. Both the currently and previously depressed performed worse on attentional tasks. The findings indicate that outpatients with mild to moderate depression have elevated cortisol levels and limited mild cognitive impairments. Furthermore, mild impairments in attention may persist after remission, indicating that this could be a trait-marker in depression. The present study did not find support for a significant relationship between cortisol and cognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragnhild Sørensen Høifødt
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Knut Waterloo
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Neurology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Catharina E A Wang
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Martin Eisemann
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Yngve Figenschau
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Laboratory Medicine, Diagnostic Clinic, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Marianne Halvorsen
- Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Abstract
Major depression is a common illness that severely limits psychosocial functioning and diminishes quality of life. In 2008, WHO ranked major depression as the third cause of burden of disease worldwide and projected that the disease will rank first by 2030.1 In practice, its detection, diagnosis, and management often pose challenges for clinicians because of its various presentations, unpredictable course and prognosis, and variable response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gin S Malhi
- Department of Academic Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; CADE Clinic, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - J John Mann
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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108
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Veltman EM, Lamers F, Comijs HC, Stek ML, van der Mast RC, Rhebergen D. Inflammatory markers and cortisol parameters across depressive subtypes in an older cohort. J Affect Disord 2018. [PMID: 29522944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence that inflammatory and cortisol dysregulation are underlying pathophysiological mechanisms in the aetiology of major depressive disorder, particularly in younger adults. However, findings of biological disturbances in late-life depression have been divergent, probably due to the even greater heterogeneity of depression in older adults with aging processes influencing biological factors. Using empirically derived subtypes may enable the identification of biological disturbances underlying depression in older adults. METHODS Data were used from the Netherlands Study of Depression in Older Persons (NESDO) of 359 persons aged 60 years or older, with a current diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD). Depressive subtypes (severe atypical, severe melancholic, and moderate severe subtype) that were previously identified through latent class analysis (LCA), were examined on differences in inflammatory markers including C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), as well as cortisol parameters. RESULTS No differences in measures for inflammation and cortisol across subtypes were observed in uncorrected or for putative confounders corrected models. LIMITATIONS Several subjects had missing cortisol and inflammatory data, decreasing the power. However, results did not change after imputation analysis. DISCUSSION In this cohort of depressed older adults, no differences in inflammation and cortisol measures between depression subtypes were observed. This is probably due to the many (patho)physiological processes that are involved in aging, thereby clouding the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
| | - F Lamers
- GGZ inGeest/Department of Psychiatry and the Amsterdam Public Health research institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H C Comijs
- GGZ inGeest/Department of Psychiatry and the Amsterdam Public Health research institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M L Stek
- GGZ inGeest/Department of Psychiatry and the Amsterdam Public Health research institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R C van der Mast
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, CAPRI-University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - D Rhebergen
- GGZ inGeest/Department of Psychiatry and the Amsterdam Public Health research institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Zhang HX, Xu YQ, Li YY, Lu MF, Shi SX, Ji JL, Wang LW. Difference in proinflammatory cytokines produced by monocytes between patients with major depressive disorder and healthy controls. J Affect Disord 2018; 234:305-310. [PMID: 29587166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.12.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune activation and suppression in patients with major depressive disorders (MDD) have been both reported in different studies. We assume that these findings may indicate innate immunological tolerance in MDD, with subclinical elevated level of proinflammatory cytokines and the decrease in innate immune response while encountering pathogens. METHODS Peripheral monocytes of 50 untreated patients with MDD and 40 healthy controls were isolated and cultured, with or without 10 ng/ml lipopolysacchride (LPS) for 6 h (6 h, LPS+/-), and with LPS for 18 h (18, LPS+). The cell culture supernatants were collected to measure concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β). RESULTS The baseline concentrations of IL-6 and IL-1β (6 h, LPS-) were significantly higher in the MDD group than those in the control group. There was no significant difference of TNF-α between the two groups. The fold changes of LPS-induced secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α from monocytes cultured for 6 and 18 h were all lower in the patient groups, and that was true for IL-1β as monocytes cultured for 18 h. LIMITATIONS Given the gap between the results of in vitro experiments and the actual response that happens in vivo when the immune system encounters pathogens from the external world, future research should include in vivo methods to test the results of the current study. CONCLUSIONS Patients with MDD may have subclinical inflammation during a depressive episode, and the reduced response to LPS in monocytes indicates innate immunological tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xia Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye-Qing Xu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Fang Lu
- Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shen-Xun Shi
- Department of Psychiatry, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Lin Ji
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Li-Wei Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Vrshek-Schallhorn S, Avery BM, Ditcheva M, Sapuram VR. The cortisol reactivity threshold model: Direction of trait rumination and cortisol reactivity association varies with stressor severity. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 92:113-122. [PMID: 29150403 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Various internalizing risk factors predict, in separate studies, both augmented and reduced cortisol responding to lab-induced stress. Stressor severity appears key: We tested whether heightened trait-like internalizing risk (here, trait rumination) predicts heightened cortisol reactivity under modest objective stress, but conversely predicts reduced reactivity under more robust objective stress. Thus, we hypothesized that trait rumination would interact with a curvilinear (quadratic) function of stress severity to predict cortisol reactivity. Evidence comes from 85 currently non-depressed emerging adults who completed either a non-stressful control protocol (n = 29), an intermediate difficulty Trier Social Stress Test (TSST; n = 26), or a robustly stressful negative evaluative TSST (n = 30). Latent growth curve models evaluated relationships between trait rumination and linear and quadratic effects of stressor severity on the change in cortisol and negative affect over time. Among other findings, a significant Trait Rumination x Quadratic Stress Severity interaction effect for cortisol's Quadratic Trend of Time (i.e., reactivity, B = .125, p = .017) supported the hypothesis. Rumination predicted greater cortisol reactivity to intermediate stress (rp = .400, p = .043), but blunted reactivity to more robust negative evaluative stress (rp = -0.379, p = 0.039). Contrasting hypotheses, negative affective reactivity increased independently of rumination as stressor severity increased (B = .453, p = 0.044). The direction of the relationship between an internalizing risk factor (trait rumination) and cortisol reactivity varies as a function of stressor severity. We propose the Cortisol Reactivity Threshold Model, which may help reconcile several divergent reactivity literatures and has implications for internalizing psychopathology, particularly depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bradley M Avery
- The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Department of Psychology, USA
| | - Maria Ditcheva
- The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Department of Psychology, USA
| | - Vaibhav R Sapuram
- The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Department of Psychology, USA
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Ortiz JB, Conrad CD. The impact from the aftermath of chronic stress on hippocampal structure and function: Is there a recovery? Front Neuroendocrinol 2018; 49:114-123. [PMID: 29428548 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress results in functional and structural changes to the brain and especially the hippocampus. Decades of research have provided insights into the mechanisms by which chronic stress impairs hippocampal-mediated cognition and the corresponding reduction of hippocampal CA3 apical dendritic complexity. Yet, when chronic stress ends and time passes, which we refer to as a "post-stress rest period," hippocampal-mediated spatial memory deficits begin to improve and CA3 apical dendritic arbors increase in complexity. The processes by which the hippocampus improves from a chronically stressed state are not simply the reversal of the mechanisms that produced spatial memory deficits and CA3 apical dendritic retraction. This review will discuss our current understanding of how a chronically stressed hippocampus improves after a post-stress rest period. Untangling the mechanisms that allow for this post-stress plasticity is a critical next step in understanding how to promote resilience in the face of stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bryce Ortiz
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Box 1104, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104, United States.
| | - Cheryl D Conrad
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Box 1104, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104, United States
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Herane-Vives A, de Angel V, Papadopoulos A, Wise T, Chua KC, Strawbridge R, Castillo D, Arnone D, Young AH, Cleare AJ. Short-term and long-term measures of cortisol in saliva and hair in atypical and non-atypical depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2018; 137:216-230. [PMID: 29397570 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atypical depression may show lowered rather than raised short-term cortisol levels. Atypical major depressive episodes (A-MDE) may also be more closely linked to environmental factors and show overlap with somatic symptom disorders. Hair specimens allow measuring long-term cortisol levels. METHODS Twenty-seven A-MDE and 44 NA-MDE patients and 40 matched controls were tested. Measures of hair cortisol concentration [HCC] covering the previous 3 months and short-term cortisol parameters (six saliva specimens to assess the cortisol awakening response [CAR] and total daily cortisol output calculated as the area under the curve [AUCg]) were taken alongside measures of environmental factors and clinical variables. RESULTS There were no differences in HCC between the three groups (P = 0.8), and no difference in the CAR (P = 0.95). However, A-MDE showed lowered short-term cortisol output (AUCg) compared to controls (P = 0.04). A-MDE patients also reported a higher number of daily hassles, and higher levels of fatigue and impaired concentration than NA-MDE. CONCLUSIONS Normal long-term (HCC) and reduced short-term (AUCg) cortisol levels in A-MDE could suggest a disrupted long-term cortisol rhythm, perhaps affected by environmental factors or by certain symptoms, such as mid-nocturnal insomnia. However, other underlying explanations for these findings should also be investigated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Herane-Vives
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Affective Disorders Research Group, Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Departamento de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - V de Angel
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Affective Disorders Research Group, Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A Papadopoulos
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Affective Disorders Research Group, Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - T Wise
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Affective Disorders Research Group, Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - K-C Chua
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Affective Disorders Research Group, Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - R Strawbridge
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Affective Disorders Research Group, Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - D Castillo
- Instituto Psiquiátrico José Horwitz Barak, Santiago, Chile
| | - D Arnone
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Affective Disorders Research Group, Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A H Young
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Affective Disorders Research Group, Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A J Cleare
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Affective Disorders Research Group, Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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Leppert KA, Smith VC, Merwin SM, Kushner M, Dougherty LR. Cortisol Rhythm in Preschoolers: Relations with Maternal Depression and Child Temperament. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-018-9650-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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114
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Orta OR, Gelaye B, Bain PA, Williams MA. The association between maternal cortisol and depression during pregnancy, a systematic review. Arch Womens Ment Health 2018; 21:43-53. [PMID: 28942465 PMCID: PMC5764810 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-017-0777-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Timing of cortisol collection during pregnancy is an important factor within studies reporting on the association between maternal cortisol and depression during pregnancy. Our objective was to further examine the extent to which reported associations differed across studies according to time of maternal cortisol collection during pregnancy. On December 15, 2016, records were identified using PubMed/MEDLINE (National Library of Medicine), EMBASE (Elsevier; 1974-), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL, EBSCO), PsycINFO (EBSCO), and Web of Science Core Collection (Thomson Reuters). Unique abstracts were screened using the following inclusion criteria: (1) maternal cortisol assessed during pregnancy; (2) antepartum depression assessed during pregnancy using a screening instrument; (3) reports on the association between maternal cortisol and antepartum depression; (4) provides information on timing of cortisol assessment during pregnancy, including time of day and gestation; and (5) not a review article or a case study. One thousand three hundred seventy-five records were identified, resulting in 826 unique abstracts. Twenty-nine articles met all inclusion criteria. On balance, most studies reported no association between maternal cortisol and antepartum depression (N = 17), and saliva and blood were the most common reported matrices. Morning and second and third trimesters were the most common times of collection during pregnancy. Among studies reporting an association (N = 12), second-trimester and third-trimester cortisol assessments more consistently reported an association and elevated cortisol concentrations were observed in expected recovery periods. Our review adds to the existing literature on the topic, highlighting gaps and strategic next steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia R. Orta
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts,Corresponding author:
| | - Bizu Gelaye
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul A. Bain
- Countway Library of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michelle A. Williams
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
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115
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Márta Z, Bobály B, Fekete J, Magda B, Imre T, Mészáros KV, Bálint M, Szabó PT. Simultaneous determination of thirteen different steroid hormones using micro UHPLC-MS/MS with on-line SPE system. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 150:258-267. [PMID: 29258045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Ultratrace analysis of sample components requires excellent analytical performance in terms of limits of quantitation (LOQ). Micro UHPLC coupled to sensitive tandem mass spectrometry provides state of the art solution for such analytical problems. Using on-line SPE with column switching on a micro UHPLC-MS/MS system allowed to decrease LOQ without any complex sample preparation protocol. The presented method is capable of reaching satisfactory low LOQ values for analysis of thirteen different steroid molecules from human plasma without the most commonly used off-line SPE or compound derivatization. Steroids were determined by using two simple sample preparation methods, based on lower and higher plasma steroid concentrations. In the first method, higher analyte concentrations were directly determined after protein precipitation with methanol. The organic phase obtained from the precipitation was diluted with water and directly injected into the LC-MS system. In the second method, low steroid levels were determined by concentrating the organic phase after steroid extraction. In this case, analytes were extracted with ethyl acetate and reconstituted in 90/10 water/acetonitrile following evaporation to dryness. This step provided much lower LOQs, outperforming previously published values. The method has been validated and subsequently applied to clinical laboratory measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Márta
- MS Metabolomics Laboratory, Core Facility, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Blvd 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szent Gellért Sq 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Bobály
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jenő Fekete
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szent Gellért Sq 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Magda
- MS Metabolomics Laboratory, Core Facility, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Blvd 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tímea Imre
- MS Metabolomics Laboratory, Core Facility, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Blvd 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Viola Mészáros
- "Momentum" Hereditary Endocrine Tumours Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences - Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi St 46, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mária Bálint
- Bálint Analika Ltd, Fehérvári St 144, H-1116 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pál Tamás Szabó
- MS Metabolomics Laboratory, Core Facility, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Blvd 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
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116
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Simultaneous measurement of salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase: Application and recommendations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 83:657-677. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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117
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Sorgdrager FJH, Doornbos B, Penninx BWJH, de Jonge P, Kema IP. The association between the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis and tryptophan metabolism in persons with recurrent major depressive disorder and healthy controls. J Affect Disord 2017; 222:32-39. [PMID: 28668713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Persistent changes in serotonergic and hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis functioning are implicated in recurrent types of major depressive disorder (MDD). Systemic tryptophan levels, which influence the rate of serotonin synthesis, are regulated by glucocorticoids produced along the HPA axis. We investigated tryptophan metabolism and its association with HPA axis functioning in single episode MDD, recurrent MDD and non-depressed individuals. METHODS We included depressed individuals (n = 1320) and controls (n = 406) from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). The kynurenine to tryptophan ratio (kyn/trp ratio) was established using serum kynurenine and tryptophan levels. Several HPA axis parameters were calculated using salivary cortisol samples. We adjusted the regression analyses for a wide range of potential confounders and differentiated between single episode MDD, recurrent MDD and control. RESULTS Tryptophan, kynurenine and the kyn/trp ratio did not differ between controls and depressed individuals. Increased evening cortisol levels were associated with a decreased kyn/trp ratio in the total sample (Crude: β = -.102, p < .001; Adjusted: β = -.083, p < .001). This association was found to be restricted to recurrently depressed individuals (Crude: β = -.196, p < .001; Adjusted: β = -.145, p = .001). Antidepressant treatment did not affect this association. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that an imbalance between HPA axis function and tryptophan metabolism could be involved in recurrent depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J H Sorgdrager
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - B Doornbos
- University Center Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Interdisciplinary Center of Psychiatric Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Center, Department of Affective and Bipolar Disorders, Assen, The Netherlands
| | - B W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P de Jonge
- Interdisciplinary Center of Psychiatric Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - I P Kema
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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118
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Sawamoto A, Okuyama S, Amakura Y, Yoshimura M, Yamada T, Yokogoshi H, Nakajima M, Furukawa Y. 3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-Heptamethoxyflavone Ameliorates Depressive-Like Behavior and Hippocampal Neurochemical Changes in Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stressed Mice by Regulating the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor: Requirement for ERK Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102133. [PMID: 29023414 PMCID: PMC5666815 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that the subcutaneous administration of 3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-heptamethoxyflavone (HMF), a citrus polymethoxyflavone, attenuated depressive-like behavior and increased the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus of a corticosterone-induced depression-like mouse model. We herein demonstrated that (1) HMF was detectable in the brain 10 and 30 min after its oral administration, (2) orally administered HMF improved chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced pathological conditions, including body weight loss and depressive-like behavior, and CUMS-induced neurochemical changes, such as reduction in BDNF expression, decrease in neurogenesis, and decreased level of phosphorylated calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in the hippocampus, and (3) these effects of HMF were inhibited by the pre-administration of U0126, a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase inhibitor. These results suggest that orally administered HMF is beneficial for the upregulation of BDNF in the hippocampus via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2)/MAP system, which may account for its antidepression effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Sawamoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Graduate school of Clinical Pharmacy, Matsuyama University, 4-2 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8578, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Okuyama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Graduate school of Clinical Pharmacy, Matsuyama University, 4-2 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8578, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Amakura
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate school of Clinical Pharmacy, Matsuyama University, 4-2 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8578, Japan.
| | - Morio Yoshimura
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate school of Clinical Pharmacy, Matsuyama University, 4-2 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8578, Japan.
| | - Takashi Yamada
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan.
| | - Hidehiko Yokogoshi
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan.
| | - Mitsunari Nakajima
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Graduate school of Clinical Pharmacy, Matsuyama University, 4-2 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8578, Japan.
| | - Yoshiko Furukawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Graduate school of Clinical Pharmacy, Matsuyama University, 4-2 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8578, Japan.
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119
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Zhang W, Finik J, Dana K, Glover V, Ham J, Nomura Y. Prenatal Depression and Infant Temperament: The Moderating Role of Placental Gene Expression. INFANCY 2017; 23:211-231. [PMID: 30393466 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Prior research has demonstrated the link between maternal depression during pregnancy (i.e., prenatal depression) and increased neurodevelopmental dysregulation in offspring. However, little is known about the roles of key hypothalamic-pituitary axis regulatory genes in the placenta modulating this association. This study will examine whether placental gene expression levels of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD11B2), glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1), and mineralocorticoid receptor (NR3C2) can help elucidate the underlying mechanisms linking prenatal depression to infant temperament, particularly in infants with high negativity and low emotion regulation. Stored placenta tissues (N = 153) were used to quantify messenger ribonucleic acid levels of HSD11B2, NR3C1, and NR3C2. Assessments of prenatal depression and infant temperament at 6 months of age were ascertained via maternal report. Results found that prenatal depression was associated with increased Negative Affectivity (p < .05) after controlling for postnatal depression and psychosocial characteristics. Furthermore, the association between prenatal depression and Negative Affectivity was moderated by gene expression levels of HSD11B2, NR3C1, and NR3C2 such that greater gene expression significantly lessened the association between prenatal depression and Negative Affectivity. Our findings suggest that individual differences in placental gene expression may be used as an early marker of susceptibility or resilience to prenatal adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jackie Finik
- Queens College, CUNY and Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, CUNY
| | - Kathryn Dana
- Queens College, CUNY and The Graduate Center, CUNY
| | | | - Jacob Ham
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Yoko Nomura
- Queens College, CUNY and Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and The Graduate Center, CUNY
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120
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Suarez EC, Sundy JS. The cortisol:C-reactive protein ratio and negative affect reactivity in depressed adults. Health Psychol 2017; 36:852-862. [PMID: 28650200 PMCID: PMC6029876 DOI: 10.1037/hea0000517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluated the effect of the cortisol (CORT) to high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) ratio on stress-induced negative affect (NA) reactivity and whether the association was moderated by depressive symptom severity and gender. The CORT/CRP ratio was used to evaluate the integrity of the negative feedback loop between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and inflammatory response system. METHOD Basal CORT and hsCRP levels were measured in fasting blood samples from 198 medication-free and nonsmoking healthy men and women. Depressive symptom severity was assessed using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD). NA ratings were collected at baseline and at the completion of the laboratory stressors, the Anger Recall Interview (ARI) and reading. RESULTS Adjusting for potential confounders and baseline NA, analysis revealed a significant relationship between CORT/CRP ratio and NA reactivity to ARI as a function of depressive symptom severity. Simple effects revealed that for participants with high HAMD, decreasing CORT/CRP ratio, suggestive of an insufficient CORT release relative to higher hsCRP, predicted increasing stress-induced NA reactivity. For participants with low HAMD, the CORT/CRP ratio failed to predict NA reactivity. Gender did not moderate the joint effect of depressive symptom severity and the CORT/CRP ratio on stress-induced NA reactivity. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to document that a premorbid dysregulation of the neuro-immune relationship, characterized by an insufficient release of CORT in conjunction with higher CRP, plays a role in stress sensitivity, and specifically NA reactivity, in individuals with elevated levels of depression symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Suarez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center
| | - John S Sundy
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center
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121
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Howland MA, Sandman CA, Glynn LM. Developmental origins of the human hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2017; 12:321-339. [PMID: 30058893 PMCID: PMC6334849 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2017.1356222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The developmental origins of disease or fetal programming model predicts that intrauterine exposures have life long consequences for physical and psychological health. Prenatal programming of the fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is proposed as a primary mechanism by which early experiences are linked to later disease risk. Areas covered: This review describes the development of the fetal HPA axis, which is determined by an intricately timed cascade of endocrine events during gestation and is regulated by an integrated maternal-placental-fetal steroidogenic unit. Mechanisms by which stress-induced elevations in hormones of maternal, fetal, or placental origin influence the structure and function of the emerging fetal HPA axis are discussed. Recent prospective studies documenting persisting associations between prenatal stress exposures and altered postnatal HPA axis function are summarized, with effects observed beginning in infancy into adulthood. Expert commentary: The results of these studies are synthesized, and potential moderating factors are discussed. Promising areas of further research highlighted include epigenetic mechanisms and interactions between pre and postnatal influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariann A. Howland
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Curt A. Sandman
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Laura M. Glynn
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA
- Department of Psychology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
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Lange C, Huber CG, Fröhlich D, Borgwardt S, Lang UE, Walter M. Modulation of HPA axis response to social stress in schizophrenia by childhood trauma. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 82:126-132. [PMID: 28549268 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
HPA axis functioning plays an important role in the etiology of schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD). However, only few studies have examined HPA axis responsivity to psychosocial stress in SSD, and results are heterogeneous. Furthermore, childhood trauma is known to influence psychopathology and treatment outcome in SSD, but studies on the influence of childhood trauma on stress related HPA axis activity are missing. The purpose of this study was to investigate cortisol response to a psychosocial stress challenge in SSD patients, and to examine its association with severity of childhood trauma. The present study included 25 subacutely ill patients with a current episode of a chronic SSD and 25 healthy controls. Participants underwent the modified Trier Social Stress Test, and salivary cortisol levels were assessed. The childhood trauma questionnaire was used to assess severity of adverse life events. Overall, cortisol response was blunted in the patient group compared to the control group (p<0.01). Furthermore, we identified two patient subgroups (cortisol responders (n=12) vs. non-responders (n=13) to the modified TSST) that differed in their severity of childhood trauma experience: responders had experienced more emotional abuse in their past (p<0.042). Therefore, childhood trauma might influence stress-related HPA axis activity in SSD. Our data contribute to the hypothesis that severity of childhood trauma may be of pathophysiological relevance in schizophrenia. In addition, it may be an overlooked factor contributing to inconsistent findings regarding HPA axis response to psychosocial stress in SSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lange
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | - Undine E Lang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Walter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Basel, Switzerland
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123
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Yang CJ, Liu D, Xu ZS, Shi SX, Du YJ. The pro-inflammatory cytokines, salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase are associated with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in patients with asthma. Neurosci Lett 2017; 656:15-21. [PMID: 28716529 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is common in patients with asthma. High levels of GAD may lead both to exacerbation of the condition and poor management. However, the physiological mechanisms of GAD in asthma patient is unclear. This study investigated the associations between the diurnal rhythm of sputum cytokines, salivary cortisol, α-amylase and GAD in asthma patients. Patients with co-morbid GAD and asthma showed higher sputum IL-1 AUC, sputum IL-6 AUC and sAA AUC. And there were positive correlations between Hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA) scores and sputum IL-1 AUC concentrations (r=0.37, P=0.002), HAMA scores and sputum IL-6 AUC (r=0.56, P<0.001), HAMA scores and sAA AUC (r=0.75, P<0.001). Also, there were positive correlations between Sputum IL-1 AUC and sAA AUC (r=0.40, P<0.001), between Sputum IL-6 AUC and sAA AUC. Stepwise multiple regression analyses showed the combination of sputum sAA AUC, IL-1 AUC, IL-6 AUC and cortisol AUC was the best predictor of HAMA scores (ΔR2=0.439, F(4,63)=14.086, p<0.001). Therefore, pro-inflammatory cytokines, salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase may all be involved in the occurrence of GAD in asthma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Jiang Yang
- Faculty of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Liu
- Faculty of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhen-Sheng Xu
- The medical examination center of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shen-Xun Shi
- Department of Psychiatry, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Jie Du
- Lab of Integrative Medicine for Lung, Inflammation and Cancers, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Kircanski K, LeMoult J, Ordaz S, Gotlib IH. Investigating the nature of co-occurring depression and anxiety: Comparing diagnostic and dimensional research approaches. J Affect Disord 2017; 216:123-135. [PMID: 27554605 PMCID: PMC5308464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although approximately half of adults diagnosed with a depressive or anxiety disorder exhibit their simultaneous co-occurrence, traditional research has centered on single-target diagnoses, overlooking comorbidities within samples. In this article, we review and extend the literature that directly investigates co-occurring depression and anxiety, with the goal of shifting the focus from co-occurring diagnoses to symptom dimensions. METHODS First, we review studies that have directly compared psychobiological features (neural, neuroendocrine, autonomic) across depression, anxiety, and their co-occurrence, defined either categorically or dimensionally. Second, we analyze adults' diurnal cortisol secretion to examine the independent and interactive relations of continuously-assessed depressive and anxiety symptoms to neuroendocrine function. RESULTS Previous findings on the psychobiology of diagnostic co-occurrence are mixed. While nascent, evidence from dimensionally focused studies suggests that co-occurring levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms can interact with one another, as reflected in a distinct psychobiological profile for individuals with high levels of both symptom dimensions. Results of our analyses support this formulation: we found that depressive and anxiety symptom dimensions interacted consistently in their relation to the measures of diurnal cortisol. LIMITATIONS The illustrative sample was relatively small and included only women; future research should examine generalizability of these findings. CONCLUSIONS A dimensional approach to investigating the psychobiology of co-occurring depression and anxiety affords both conceptual and practical advantages. Simultaneously assessing depressive and anxiety symptom dimensions can efficiently capture their unique, shared, and interactive features, thereby identifying targets for intervention across a wide range of symptom presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joelle LeMoult
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, United States
| | - Sarah Ordaz
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University, United States
| | - Ian H Gotlib
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, United States
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125
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Stress and salivary cortisol in emergency medical dispatchers: A randomized shifts control trial. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177094. [PMID: 28505199 PMCID: PMC5432068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress at work is a public health concern. Phone operators in emergency medical dispatch centers are particularly at risk. We aimed to demonstrate that the most stressful time for emergency medical dispatchers is the shift when they receive emergency incoming calls, with cortisol as a biomarker of stress. For each emergency medical dispatcher, we measured outcomes over a control day and during three types of shift: Incoming emergency call, Dispatch and Re-assessment. The pattern of shifts was randomized. Saliva was sampled every 15 minutes for 2 hours, i.e. 6 consecutive times, starting 15 minutes after the first life-and-death incoming emergency call between 2 and 5 pm during three types of shift. We measured saliva cortisol every 2 hours over a control day, from 7am to 9pm. Perceived stress was assessed by a visual analog scale. We recruited 22 phone operators aged 36.4+/-10.8 years old (14 women and 8 men). Cortisol values were higher during the Incoming emergency call shift than during the Dispatch (p = .04) and Re-assessment (p = .04) shifts. The increase in cortisol levels was greater in men than in women (p = .009). There were no differences between control values and those of the three shifts. The kinetics of cortisol increased with greater perceived stress overall (p < .001) and for each type of shift (Incoming emergency call, p = .02; Dispatch p = .03; Re-assessment: p < .001). The kinetics of cortisol in response to incoming emergency calls was greater when the call was an absolute emergency (p = .03), and also tended to further increase when a subsequent absolute incoming emergency call was received (p = 0.07). In conclusion, the incoming emergency call shift carries particular risk for dispatchers, who have greater perceived stress and a greater increase in cortisol levels.
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126
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Joseph JJ, Golden SH. Cortisol dysregulation: the bidirectional link between stress, depression, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1391:20-34. [PMID: 27750377 PMCID: PMC5334212 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Controversy exists over the role of stress and depression in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Depression has been shown to increase the risk for progressive insulin resistance and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in multiple studies, whereas the association of stress with diabetes is less clear, owing to differences in study designs and in forms and ascertainment of stress. The biological systems involved in adaptation that mediate the link between stress and physiological functions include the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the autonomic nervous and immune systems. The HPA axis is a tightly regulated system that represents one of the body's mechanisms for responding to acute and chronic stress. Depression is associated with cross-sectional and longitudinal alterations in the diurnal cortisol curve, including a blunted cortisol awakening response and flattening of the diurnal cortisol curve. Flattening of the diurnal cortisol curve is also associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this article, we review and summarize the evidence supporting HPA axis dysregulation as an important biological link between stress, depression, and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Joseph
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sherita H Golden
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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127
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Gonul AS, Cetinkalp S, Tunay S, Polat I, Simsek F, Aksoy B, Kizilates G, Erdogan Y, Coburn KL. Cortisol response patterns in depressed women and their healthy daughters at risk: Comparison with healthy women and their daughters. J Psychiatr Res 2017; 85:66-74. [PMID: 27837659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A dysfunctional hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis is widely accepted as a significant pathophysiological aspect of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Despite studies suggesting that a dysfunctional HPA axis might be present before the clinical syndrome becomes apparent, the functioning of the HPA axis in high-risk populations has not been well defined. The aim of the present study was to investigate the HPA axis functioning of mothers suffering from MDD and their healthy daughters compared to age- and sex-matched healthy controls. This design allowed a comparison of HPA axis functional differences among daughter and mother groups. HPA axis function was evaluated with a modified dexamethasone/corticotropin-releasing hormone (Dex/CRH) test, which was performed after obtaining the diurnal adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol values at 8:00, 16:00, and 23:00 h. We found that MDD mothers and their daughters had low morning cortisol and the MDD mothers additionally had low-morning ACTH compared with controls. Dexamethasone suppressed both cortisol and ACTH in all groups and subsequent HPA axis stimulation by CRH-evoked a lower cortisol response but a higher ACTH response among subjects with MDD mothers. Although high-risk daughters had comparable cortisol levels after CRH infusion, the AUC for ACTH was greater than those of controls. These patterns of results suggest that multiple level HPA dysfunctions are present in both MDD patients and their high-risk carrying daughters. However, insufficient cortisol secretion was only present in MDD mothers, while the daughters could compensate cortisol levels during CRH challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Saffet Gonul
- Ege University, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, SoCAT LAB, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey; Mercer University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Macon, GA, USA.
| | - Sevki Cetinkalp
- Ege University, School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sebnem Tunay
- Ege University, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, SoCAT LAB, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Irmak Polat
- Ege University, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, SoCAT LAB, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Fatma Simsek
- Ege University, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, SoCAT LAB, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Burcu Aksoy
- Ege University, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, SoCAT LAB, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey; Ege University, Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gozde Kizilates
- Ege University, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, SoCAT LAB, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey; Ege University, Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yigit Erdogan
- Ege University, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, SoCAT LAB, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey; Ege University, Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Kerry L Coburn
- Mercer University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Macon, GA, USA
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128
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Sun B, Gou Y, Ma Y, Zheng X, Bai R, Ahmed Abdelmoaty AA, Hu F. Investigate electrochemical immunosensor of cortisol based on gold nanoparticles/magnetic functionalized reduced graphene oxide. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 88:55-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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129
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Steudte-Schmiedgen S, Wichmann S, Stalder T, Hilbert K, Muehlhan M, Lueken U, Beesdo-Baum K. Hair cortisol concentrations and cortisol stress reactivity in generalized anxiety disorder, major depression and their comorbidity. J Psychiatr Res 2017; 84:184-190. [PMID: 27744230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Studies investigating cortisol secretion in patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) have reported heterogeneous findings. Further, current knowledge on the specificity of endocrine changes for GAD and/or comorbid major depression (MD) is limited. Hence, the current study investigated long-term integrated cortisol secretion, as indexed by hair cortisol concentrations (HCC), and experimentally-induced cortisol stress reactivity in relation to GAD, MD and their comorbidity. Carefully characterized groups of 17 GAD patients including 8 with comorbid MD (GAD-MD), 12 MD patients and 21 healthy controls were recruited. Alongside psychometric data, HCC (N = 43) and salivary cortisol stress reactivity in response to the Trier Social Stress Test (N = 45) were determined. Findings revealed that MD patients exhibited lower HCC compared to controls and GAD patients, with no differences between the latter two groups. Interestingly, when the GAD group was separated into two groups based on MD comorbidity, lower HCC in MD patients were found compared to controls and GAD-noMD patients, but did not show differences when compared to GAD-MD patients. No HCC differences were seen between GAD-MD or GAD-noMD patients and healthy controls. No TSST group differences emerged. Our findings suggest MD to be related to long-term attenuation in cortisol secretion. While no group differences emerged between patients with GAD, neither with nor without MD, and controls, the current results provide tentative evidence that MD determines long-term endocrine changes, with pure GAD showing a distinct pattern. Future studies are needed to confirm our findings in larger samples of pure and comorbid groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Steudte-Schmiedgen
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Biological Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany.
| | - Susann Wichmann
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Biological Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Tobias Stalder
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Biological Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; Department of Educational Science, Institute of Clinical Psychology, University of Siegen, Germany
| | - Kevin Hilbert
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; Department of Psychology, Behavioral Epidemiology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Markus Muehlhan
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrike Lueken
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katja Beesdo-Baum
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; Department of Psychology, Behavioral Epidemiology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
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130
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Vlenterie R, Roeleveld N, van Gelder MMHJ. Single awakening salivary measurements provide reliable estimates of morning cortisol levels in pregnant women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 74:295-301. [PMID: 27701043 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mood disorders during pregnancy have been associated with adverse effects on maternal as well as fetal health. Since mood, anxiety, and stress disorders are related with elevated cortisol levels, salivary cortisol may be a useful biomarker. Although multiple samples are generally recommended, a single measurement of awakening salivary cortisol could be a simpler and more cost-effective method to determine whether women have elevated morning cortisol levels during a specific period of pregnancy. Therefore, the aim of this validation study among 177 women in the PRIDE Study was to examine whether one awakening salivary cortisol measurement will suffice to classify pregnant women as having normal or elevated cortisol levels compared to awakening salivary cortisol measurements on three consecutive working days. We calculated intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Cohen's kappa statistics (κ) overall as well as in sub-analyses within strata based on maternal age, level of education, net household income, pre-pregnancy BMI, parity, complications during pregnancy, caffeine consumption, gestational week of sampling, and awakening time. The mean cortisol concentrations were 8.98ng/ml (SD 5.32) for day one, 8.62ng/ml (SD 4.55) for day two, and 8.39ng/ml (SD 4.58) for day three. The overall ICC was 0.86 (95% CI 0.82-0.89) while the κ was 0.75 (95% CI 0.64-0.86). For the ICCs calculated within sub-analyses, a maximum difference of 0.11 was observed between the strata. For the κ statistics, most strata did not differ more than 0.12, except for pre-pregnancy BMI, severe nausea, and extreme fatigue with differences up to 0.22. In conclusion, one awakening salivary cortisol measurement is as reliable for the classification of pregnant women into normal and elevated morning cortisol levels as salivary cortisol measurements on three consecutive working days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richelle Vlenterie
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Nel Roeleveld
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Radboudumc Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Marleen M H J van Gelder
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud REshape Innovation Center, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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131
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Haushofer J, Shapiro J. THE SHORT-TERM IMPACT OF UNCONDITIONAL CASH TRANSFERS TO THE POOR: EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FROM KENYA. THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 2016; 131:1973-2042. [PMID: 33087990 PMCID: PMC7575201 DOI: 10.1093/qje/qjw025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We use a randomized controlled trial to study the response of poor households in rural Kenya to unconditional cash transfers from the NGO GiveDirectly. The transfers differ from other programs in that they are explicitly unconditional, large, and concentrated in time. We randomized at both the village and household levels; furthermore, within the treatment group, we randomized recipient gender (wife versus husband), transfer timing (lump-sum transfer versus monthly installments), and transfer magnitude (US$404 PPP versus US$1,525 PPP). We find a strong consumption response to transfers, with an increase in household monthly consumption from $158 PPP to $193 PPP nine months after the transfer began. Transfer recipients experience large increases in psychological well-being. We find no overall effect on levels of the stress hormone cortisol, although there are differences across some subgroups. Monthly transfers are more likely than lump-sum transfers to improve food security, whereas lump-sum transfers are more likely to be spent on durables, suggesting that households face savings and credit constraints. Together, these results suggest that unconditional cash transfers have significant impacts on economic outcomes and psychological well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Haushofer
- Princeton University and Busara Center for Behavioral Economics, Busara Center for Behavioral Economics
| | - Jeremy Shapiro
- Princeton University and Busara Center for Behavioral Economics, Busara Center for Behavioral Economics
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132
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Nabi RL, Prestin A, So J. Could Watching TV Be Good for You? Examining How Media Consumption Patterns Relate to Salivary Cortisol. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2016; 31:1345-1355. [PMID: 26984375 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2015.1061309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This research explores whether media diet influences health, not through its effects on cognition and behavior but rather through its effects on biomarkers of stress, which are implicated in a host of acute and chronic illnesses. Two hundred and forty young adults completed assessments of their media consumption habits followed at least 2 days later by measures of the stress-related hormone cortisol. Results suggest that frequency of consuming different media and genres may decrease cortisol under certain conditions and increase them under others. Further, the patterns of results were wholly different from those found for perceived stress. The implications of these findings for health-related media effects and theoretical development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin L Nabi
- a Department of Communication University of California , Santa Barbara
| | - Abby Prestin
- a Department of Communication University of California , Santa Barbara
| | - Jiyeon So
- b Department of Communication Studies , University of Georgia
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133
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Sanada K, Montero-Marin J, Alda Díez M, Salas-Valero M, Pérez-Yus MC, Morillo H, Demarzo MMP, García-Toro M, García-Campayo J. Effects of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Salivary Cortisol in Healthy Adults: A Meta-Analytical Review. Front Physiol 2016; 7:471. [PMID: 27807420 PMCID: PMC5069287 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of the present study was to elucidate the effects of Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) on salivary cortisol levels in healthy adult populations. Method: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), published between January 1980 and June 2015 in PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO and the Cochrane library. The PRISMA and Cochrane guidelines were followed. The pooled effect sizes were calculated with the random-effects model, using Hedges' g-values, and heterogeneity was measured using the I2 statistic. The contribution of different characteristics of participants and programmes were assessed by meta-regression models, using beta coefficients. Results: Five RCTs with 190 participants in total were included in this systematic review. The overall effect size (ES) for improving the state of health related to cortisol levels was moderately low (g = 0.41; p = 0.025), although moderate heterogeneity was found (I2 = 55; p = 0.063). There were no significant differences between active (g = 0.33; p = 0.202) and passive (g = 0.48; p = 0.279) controls, but significant differences were found when comparing standard (g = 0.81; p = 0.002) and raw (g = 0.03; p = 0.896) measures. The percentage of women in each study was not related to ES. Nevertheless, age (beta = −0.03; p = 0.039), the number of sessions (beta = 0.33; p = 0.007) and the total hours of the MBI (beta = 0.06; p = 0.005) were significantly related to ES, explaining heterogeneity (R2 = 1.00). Conclusions: Despite the scarce number of studies, our results suggest that MBIs might have some beneficial effect on cortisol secretion in healthy adult subjects. However, there is a need for further RCTs implemented in accordance with standard programmes and measurements of salivary cortisol under rigorous strategies in healthy adult populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Sanada
- Primary Care, Aragon Health Sciences InstituteZaragoza, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Showa University School of MedicineTokyo, Japan
| | - Jesus Montero-Marin
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, University of ZaragozaZaragoza, Spain; The Primary Care Prevention and Health Promotion Research NetworkBarcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Alda Díez
- The Primary Care Prevention and Health Promotion Research NetworkBarcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Miguel Servet University Hospital, University of ZaragozaZaragoza, Spain
| | | | - María C Pérez-Yus
- Primary Care, Aragon Health Sciences InstituteZaragoza, Spain; The Primary Care Prevention and Health Promotion Research NetworkBarcelona, Spain
| | - Héctor Morillo
- Primary Care, Aragon Health Sciences InstituteZaragoza, Spain; The Primary Care Prevention and Health Promotion Research NetworkBarcelona, Spain
| | - Marcelo M P Demarzo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, "Mente Aberta" Brazilian Centre for Mindfulness and Health Promotion, Federal University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil; Hospital Israelita Albert EinsteinSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mauro García-Toro
- The Primary Care Prevention and Health Promotion Research NetworkBarcelona, Spain; Research Institute of Health Sciences, University of the Balearic IslandsPalma, Spain
| | - Javier García-Campayo
- The Primary Care Prevention and Health Promotion Research NetworkBarcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Miguel Servet University Hospital, University of ZaragozaZaragoza, Spain
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134
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Gilbert K, Mineka S, Zinbarg RE, Craske MG, Adam EK. Emotion Regulation Regulates More than Emotion: Associations of Momentary Emotion Regulation with Diurnal Cortisol in Current and Past Depression and Anxiety. Clin Psychol Sci 2016; 5:37-51. [PMID: 28944106 DOI: 10.1177/2167702616654437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Maladaptive emotion regulation and dysregulated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis functioning are characteristic of depression and anxiety. However, little research examines whether and how emotion regulation affects HPA axis functioning. We utilized an experience sampling methodology to examine associations between three emotion regulation strategies (problem solving, disengagement, and emotional expression/support seeking) and diurnal cortisol rhythms and reactivity in everyday life. Participants were young adults with current, past, or no history of internalizing disorders (depression or anxiety; N = 182). Across participants, problem solving was associated with an elevated cortisol awakening response (CAR) while disengagement was associated with a steeper cortisol slope. Only for individuals with internalizing disorders was momentary problem solving and emotional expression/support seeking associated with higher cortisol reactivity and emotional expression/support seeking associated with a flatter diurnal slope and blunted CAR. Results provide insight into associations between emotion regulation and day-to-day HPA-axis functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Gilbert
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Susan Mineka
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University
| | | | - Michelle G Craske
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles.,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles
| | - Emma K Adam
- School of Education and Social Policy, Northwestern University.,Cells to Society Center, Institute of Policy Research, Northwestern University
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135
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Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating disease that is characterized by depressed mood, diminished interests, impaired cognitive function and vegetative symptoms, such as disturbed sleep or appetite. MDD occurs about twice as often in women than it does in men and affects one in six adults in their lifetime. The aetiology of MDD is multifactorial and its heritability is estimated to be approximately 35%. In addition, environmental factors, such as sexual, physical or emotional abuse during childhood, are strongly associated with the risk of developing MDD. No established mechanism can explain all aspects of the disease. However, MDD is associated with alterations in regional brain volumes, particularly the hippocampus, and with functional changes in brain circuits, such as the cognitive control network and the affective-salience network. Furthermore, disturbances in the main neurobiological stress-responsive systems, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the immune system, occur in MDD. Management primarily comprises psychotherapy and pharmacological treatment. For treatment-resistant patients who have not responded to several augmentation or combination treatment attempts, electroconvulsive therapy is the treatment with the best empirical evidence. In this Primer, we provide an overview of the current evidence of MDD, including its epidemiology, aetiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Otte
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medical Center, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan M Gold
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medical Center, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Brenda W Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carmine M Pariante
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Amit Etkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Maurizio Fava
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David C Mohr
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alan F Schatzberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
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136
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Travis SG, Coupland NJ, Hegadoren K, Silverstone PH, Huang Y, Carter R, Fujiwara E, Seres P, Malykhin NV. Effects of cortisol on hippocampal subfields volumes and memory performance in healthy control subjects and patients with major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2016; 201:34-41. [PMID: 27162154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Overactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in major depressive disorder (MDD) is among the most consistently replicated biological findings in psychiatry. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have consistently demonstrated that hippocampal (HC) volume is decreased in patients with MDD. The improved spatial resolution of high field strength MRI has recently enabled measurements of HC subfield volumes in vivo. The main goal of the present study was to examine the relationship between cortisol concentrations over a day and HC subfield volumes in patients with MDD compared to healthy controls and to investigate whether diurnal cortisol measures are related to memory performance. Fourteen MDD patients with moderate or severe episodes were recruited, together with 14 healthy controls. Imaging was performed using a 4.7T whole-body imaging system. HC subfields and subregions were segmented manually using previously defined protocol. Memory performance was assessed using the Wechsler Memory Scale IV. The salivary cortisol levels were measured over the course of one day. We found that cortisol awakening response to 8h (CAR-8h) was higher in MDD patients compared to controls and that this increase in CAR-8h in MDD patients correlated negatively with left total Cornu Ammonis (CA)1-3 and left HC head volume. In healthy controls mean cortisol levels were negatively associated with right total CA1-3, right HC head, and right total HC volume. In addition, in healthy controls higher CAR-8h was related to worse performance on the immediate content memory. These results provide the first in vivo evidence of the negative associations between cortisol level, CA1-3 HC subfield volume and memory performance in patients with MDD and healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott G Travis
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - K Hegadoren
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Yushan Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rawle Carter
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Esther Fujiwara
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Peter Seres
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nikolai V Malykhin
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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137
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Analysis of glucose metabolism of 18F-FDG in major depression patients using PET imaging: Correlation of salivary cortisol and α-amylase. Neurosci Lett 2016; 629:52-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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138
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Penninx BWJH. Depression and cardiovascular disease: Epidemiological evidence on their linking mechanisms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 74:277-286. [PMID: 27461915 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Depression's burden of disease goes beyond functioning and quality of life and extends to somatic health. Results from longitudinal cohort studies converge in illustrating that major depressive disorder (MDD) subsequently increases the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality with about 80%. The impact of MDD on cardiovascular health may be partly explained by mediating mechanisms such as unhealthy lifestyle (smoking, excessive alcohol use, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, therapy non-compliance) and unfavorable pathophysiological disturbances (autonomic, HPA-axis, metabolic and immuno-inflammatory dysregulations). A summary of the literature findings as well as relevant results from the large-scale Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (N=2981) are presented. Persons with MDD have significantly worse lifestyles as well as more pathophysiological disturbances as compared to healthy controls. Some of these differences seem to be specific for (typical versus 'atypical', or antidepressant treated versus drug-naive) subgroups of MDD patients. Alternative explanations are also present, namely undetected confounding, iatrogenic effects or 'third factors' such as genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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139
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Lu S, Gao W, Huang M, Li L, Xu Y. In search of the HPA axis activity in unipolar depression patients with childhood trauma: Combined cortisol awakening response and dexamethasone suppression test. J Psychiatr Res 2016; 78:24-30. [PMID: 27049575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the impact of childhood trauma on HPA axis activity both in depression patients and healthy controls in order to determine the role of HPA axis abnormalities in depression and to find the differences in HPA axis functioning that may lead certain individuals more susceptible to the depressogenic effects of childhood trauma. Eighty subjects aged 18-45 years were recruited into four study groups (n = 18, depression patients with childhood trauma exposures, CTE/MDD; n = 17, depression patients without childhood adversity, non-CTE/MDD; n = 23, healthy persons with childhood trauma, CTE/non-MDD; and n = 22, healthy persons without childhood adversity, non-CTE/non-MDD). Each participant collected salivary samples in the morning at four time points: immediately upon awakening, 30, 45, and 60 min after awakening for the assessment of CAR and underwent a 1 mg-dexamethasone suppression test (DST). Regardless of depression, subjects with CTE exhibited an enhanced CAR and the CAR areas under the curve to ground (AUCg) were associated with their childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ) physical neglect scores and CTQ total scores. In addition, the CTE/MDD group also showed a highest post-DST cortisol concentration and a decreased glucocorticoid feedback inhibition among four groups of subjects. The present findings suggested that childhood trauma was associated with hyperactivity of HPA axis as measured with CAR, potentially reflecting the vulnerability for developing depression after early life stress exposures. Moreover, dysfunction of the GR-mediated negative feedback control might contribute to the development of depression after CTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojia Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weijia Gao
- Department of Child Psychology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Manli Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingjiang Li
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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140
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Chronic Stress and Adolescents' Mental Health: Modifying Effects of Basal Cortisol and Parental Psychiatric History. The TRAILS Study. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 43:1119-30. [PMID: 25617009 PMCID: PMC4494132 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-014-9970-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Large individual differences in adolescent mental health following chronic psychosocial stress suggest moderating factors. We examined two established moderators, basal cortisol and parental psychiatric history, simultaneously. We hypothesized that individuals with high basal cortisol, assumed to indicate high context sensitivity, would show relatively high problem levels following chronic stress, especially in the presence of parental psychiatric history. With Linear Mixed Models, we investigated the hypotheses in 1917 Dutch adolescents (53.2 % boys), assessed at ages 11, 13.5, and 16. Low basal cortisol combined with the absence of a parental psychiatric history increased the risk of externalizing but not internalizing problems following chronic stress. Conversely, low basal cortisol combined with a substantial parental psychiatric history increased the risk of internalizing but not externalizing problems following chronic stress. Thus, parental psychiatric history moderated stress- cortisol interactions in predicting psychopathology, but in a different direction than hypothesized. We conclude that the premise that basal cortisol indicates context sensitivity may be too crude. Context sensitivity may not be a general trait but may depend on the nature of the context (e.g., type or duration of stress exposure) and on the outcome of interest (e.g., internalizing vs. externalizing problems). Although consistent across informants, our findings need replication.
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141
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Gururajan A, Clarke G, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Molecular biomarkers of depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 64:101-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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142
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Cytokine production capacity in depression and anxiety. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e825. [PMID: 27244234 PMCID: PMC5070051 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that immune function may be dysregulated in persons with depressive and anxiety disorders. Few studies examined the expression of cytokines in response to ex vivo stimulation of blood by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to study the innate production capacity of cytokines in depression and anxiety. To investigate this, baseline data from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA) were used, including persons (18-65 years; 66% women) with current (that is, past month; N=591) or remitted (N=354) DSM-IV depressive or anxiety disorders and healthy controls (N=297). Depressive and anxiety symptoms were measured by means of the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Using Multi-Analyte Profiling technology, plasma levels of 13 cytokines were assayed after whole blood stimulation by addition of LPS. Basal plasma levels of C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α were also available. A basal and a LPS summary index were created. Results show that LPS-stimulated inflammation was associated with increased odds of current depressive/anxiety disorders (odds ratio (OR)=1.28, P=0.009), as was the case for basal inflammation (OR=1.28, P=0.001). These associations were no longer significant after adjustment for lifestyle and health (OR=1.13, P=0.21; OR=1.07, P=0.45, respectively). After adjustment for lifestyle and health, interleukin-8 was associated with both remitted (OR=1.25, P=0.02) and current (OR=1.28, P=0.005) disorders. In addition, LPS-stimulated inflammation was associated with more severe depressive (β=0.129, P<0.001) and anxiety (β=0.165, P<0.001) symptoms, as was basal inflammation. Unlike basal inflammation, LPS-stimulated inflammation was still associated with (anxiety) symptom severity after adjustment for lifestyle and health (IDS: interleukin (IL)-8, MCP-1, MMP2; BAI: LPS index, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-18, MCP-1, MMP2, TNF-β). To conclude, lifestyle and health factors may partly explain higher levels of basal, as well as LPS-stimulated inflammation in persons with depressive and anxiety disorders. However, production capacity of several cytokines was positively associated with severity of depressive and in particular anxiety symptoms, even while taking lifestyle and health factors into account. Elevated IL-8 production capacity in both previously and currently depressed and anxious persons might indicate a genetic vulnerability for these disorders.
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143
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No effect of escitalopram versus placebo on brain-derived neurotrophic factor in healthy individuals: a randomised trial. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2016; 28:101-9. [PMID: 26573431 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2015.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) seems to play an important role in the course of depression including the response to antidepressants in patients with depression. We aimed to study the effect of an antidepressant intervention on peripheral BDNF in healthy individuals with a family history of depression. METHODS We measured changes in BDNF messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and whole-blood BDNF levels in 80 healthy first-degree relatives of patients with depression randomly allocated to receive daily tablets of escitalopram 10 mg versus placebo for 4 weeks. RESULTS We found no statistically significant difference between the escitalopram and the placebo group in the change in BDNF mRNA expression and whole-blood BDNF levels. Post hoc analyses showed a statistically significant negative correlation between plasma escitalopram concentration and change in whole-blood BDNF levels in the escitalopram-treated group. CONCLUSION The results of this randomised trial suggest that escitalopram 10 mg has no effect on peripheral BDNF levels in healthy individuals.
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144
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Post-dexamethasone cortisol, self-inflicted injury, and suicidal ideation among depressed adolescent girls. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 43:619-32. [PMID: 25208812 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-014-9933-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Although the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) has limited use as a biomarker of depression given inadequate sensitivity and specificity, it marks prospective risk for suicide among adults. However, few studies have examined associations between the DST, suicidal ideation, and self-inflicted injury (SII) among adolescents, even though SII is the single best predictor of eventual suicide. We evaluated the DST as a correlate of suicidal ideation and retrospective reports of self-inflicted injury (SII) among adolescent girls, ages 13-17, with histories of depression (n = 28) or depression and self-harm (n = 29). Lower post-DST cortisol was associated with suicidal ideation and SII, over-and-above parent-reports and combined parent-/self-reports of internalizing and externalizing behavior. These findings are consistent with recent acquired capacity models of stress-related psychopathology in which hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis function is altered through epigenetic/allostatic mechanisms among vulnerable individuals who incur adversity early in life.
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145
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Heinze K, Lin A, Reniers RL, Wood SJ. Longer-term increased cortisol levels in young people with mental health problems. Psychiatry Res 2016; 236:98-104. [PMID: 26749569 PMCID: PMC4756272 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Disturbance of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis activity is commonly reported in a range of mental disorders in blood, saliva and urine samples. This study aimed to look at longer-term cortisol levels and their association with clinical symptoms. Hair strands of 30 young people (16-25 years) presenting with mental health problems (Mage±SD=21±2.4, 26 females) and 28 healthy controls (HC, Mage±SD=20±2.9, 26 females) were analyzed for cortisol concentrations, representing the past 6 months prior to hair sampling. Clinical participants completed an assessment on psychiatric symptoms, functioning and lifestyle factors. All participants completed the Perceived Stress Scale. Hair cortisol concentrations representing the past 3 (but not 3-6) months were significantly increased in clinical participants compared to HC. Perceived stress in the past month was significantly higher in clinical participants compared to HC, but not significantly correlated with hair cortisol. Hair cortisol levels were not significantly associated with any other measures. Hair segment analyses revealed longer-term increased levels of cortisol in the past 3 months in early mental health problems. Further insight into the role of cortisol on the pathogenesis of mental illnesses requires longitudinal studies relating cortisol to psychopathology and progression of illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kareen Heinze
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, UK; School of Psychology, Keele University, UK.
| | - Ashleigh Lin
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Stephen J. Wood
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, UK,Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia
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146
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Moreira MA, Guerra RO, do Nascimento Falcão Freire A, Dos Santos Gomes C, Maciel ÁCC. Depressive symptomatology and cortisol concentrations in elderly community residents: a cross-sectional study. Aging Clin Exp Res 2016; 28:131-7. [PMID: 25986238 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-015-0374-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Researches seek to understand the links between adverse health outcomes and cortisol concentrations. However, the relationship between depressive symptomatology and cortisol concentrations is controversial in the literature. AIM To analyze the relationship between the depressive symptomatology and the cortisol concentrations in elderly community residents in the Brazilian Northeast. METHODS Cross-sectional study is composed of 256 elderly (≥65 years). Depressive symptomatology was evaluated by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale and cortisol concentrations by salivary collection (upon waking, 30 and 60 min after waking, at 3 pm and before bed), in addition to composite measurements. Sociodemographic and health conditions were evaluated. For analysis of the cortisol measurements in relation to depressive symptomatology, and between genders, the Student's t test was used. For cortisol measurements in every curve, analysis of variance for repeated measurements with Bonferroni post hoc test was used. RESULTS There were significant salivary cortisol differences upon awakening, among elderly with and without depressive symptomatology (p = 0.04). There was no significance in relation to gender. Between measurements of each curve, elderly with depressive symptomatology showed no significant difference between the 1st measure in relation to the 2nd and 3rd, and also between the 4th and 5th, demonstrating higher cortisol night levels in elderly with depressive symptomatology, without decline, with curve plane aspect. CONCLUSION The relationship between depressive symptomatology and hypocortisolism throughout the day seems to exist. However, in Brazil, adverse life conditions can lead to chronic stress and be sufficient factors to superpose biggest differences that could exist in relation to the presence of depressive symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayle Andrade Moreira
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Senador Salgado Filho Avenue, n 3000, Campus Universitário, Natal, RN, 59078-970, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Cristiano Dos Santos Gomes
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Senador Salgado Filho Avenue, n 3000, Campus Universitário, Natal, RN, 59078-970, Brazil
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148
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Effort-Reward Imbalance and Affective Disorders. ALIGNING PERSPECTIVES ON HEALTH, SAFETY AND WELL-BEING 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-32937-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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149
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Druzhkova TA, Pochigaeva KI, Guekht AB, Gulyaeva NV. Free cortisol assessment in saliva: Saliva-to-serum ratio in depressed patients. NEUROCHEM J+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712415040078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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150
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LeMoult J, Ordaz SJ, Kircanski K, Singh MK, Gotlib IH. Predicting first onset of depression in young girls: Interaction of diurnal cortisol and negative life events. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 124:850-9. [PMID: 26595472 PMCID: PMC4662047 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between biological vulnerability and environmental adversity are central to the pathophysiology of depression. Given evidence that the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis influences biological responses to environmental events, in the current longitudinal study the authors examined HPA-axis functioning, negative life events, and their interaction as predictors of the first onset of depression. At baseline, girls ages 9 to 14 years provided saliva samples to assess levels of diurnal cortisol production, quantified by total cortisol production (area under the curve with respect to ground; AUCg) and the cortisol awakening response (CAR). The authors then followed these participants until they reached age 18 in order to assess their subsequent experience of negative life events and the onset of a depressive episode. They found that the influence of negative life events on the subsequent onset of depression depended on HPA-axis functioning at baseline. Specifically, negative life events predicted the onset of depression in girls with higher levels of AUCg, but not in girls with lower levels of AUCg. In contrast, CAR did not predict the onset of depression either alone or in interaction with negative life events. These findings suggest that elevated total cortisol production in daily life potentiates susceptibility to environmental adversity and signals the need for early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah J. Ordaz
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University
| | | | - Manpreet K. Singh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University
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