101
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Roviello G, Iannone LF, Bersanelli M, Mini E, Catalano M. The gut microbiome and efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 231:107973. [PMID: 34453999 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer treatment has been deeply changed by immunotherapy, achieving unprecedented improvement in overall and progression-free survival in several advanced and metastatic cancers. Currently, immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) antibodies against cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen (CTLA-4) and programmed death/ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) are being tested and approved for different tumors, ranging from melanoma to lung carcinoma. However, only a subgroup of patients can reach treatment benefits and long-term responses, and reliable biomarkers that can accurately predict clinical responses to immunotherapy are still unidentified. In the last decade, accumulating evidence seems to suggest the gut microbiota as one of the modulators that can alter the efficacy and toxicity of immunotherapy drugs (as well as chemotherapeutics), mainly acting through the local and systemic immune system. Herein, we reviewed the highly dynamic and complex microbiome-immune system interface, its bidirectional relationship with cancer immunotherapies, and explored the future possibilities and risks in manipulating the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giandomenico Roviello
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | | | - Melissa Bersanelli
- Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Parma and Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Enrico Mini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Martina Catalano
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
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102
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Zou J, Liu C, Jiang S, Qian D, Duan J. Cross Talk between Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Mucosal Immunity in the Development of Ulcerative Colitis. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0001421. [PMID: 33526559 PMCID: PMC8370674 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00014-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC), a nonspecific inflammatory disease, is characterized by inflammation and mucosal damage in the colon, and its prevalence in the world is increasing. Nevertheless, the exact pathogenesis of UC is still unclear. Accumulating data have suggested that its pathogenesis is multifactorial, involving genetic predisposition, environmental factors, microbial dysbiosis, and dysregulated immune responses. Generally, UC is aroused by inappropriate immune activation based on the interaction of host and intestinal microbiota. The relationship between microbiota and host immune system in the pathogenesis of UC is complicated. However, increasing evidence indicates that the shift of microbiota composition can substantially influence intestinal immunity. In this review, we primarily focus on the delicate balance between microbiota and gut mucosal immunity during UC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Zou
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu Jiang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dawei Qian
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
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103
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LaGamma EF, Hu F, Pena Cruz F, Bouchev P, Nankova BB. Bacteria - derived short chain fatty acids restore sympathoadrenal responsiveness to hypoglycemia after antibiotic-induced gut microbiota depletion. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 15:100376. [PMID: 34401412 PMCID: PMC8358200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiome co-evolved with their mammalian host over thousands of years. This commensal relationship serves a pivotal role in various metabolic, physiological, and immunological processes. Recently we discovered impaired adrenal catecholamine stress responses in germ-free mice suggesting developmental modification of the reflex arc or absence of an ongoing microbiome signal. To determine whether maturational arrest or an absent bacteria-derived metabolite was the cause, we tested whether depleting gut microbiome in young adult animals could also alter the peripheral stress responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Groups of C57Bl6 male mice were given regular water (control) or a cocktail of non-absorbable broad-spectrum antibiotics (Abx) in the drinking water for two weeks before injection with insulin or saline. Abx mice displayed a profound decrease in microbial diversity and abundance of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, plus a markedly enlarged caecum and no detectable by-products of bacterial fermentation (sp. short chain fatty acids, SCFA). Tonic and stress-induced epinephrine levels were attenuated. Recolonization (Abx + R) restored bacterial diversity, but not the sympathoadrenal system responsiveness or caecal acetate, propionate and butyrate levels. In contrast, corticosterone (HPA) and glucagon (parasympathetic) resting values and responses to hypoglycemia remained similar across all conditions. Oral supplementation with SCFA improved epinephrine responses to hypoglycaemia. Whole genome shotgun sequence profiling of fecal samples from control, Abx and Abx + R cohorts identified nine microbes (SCFA producers) absent from both Abx and Abx + R groups. These results implicate gut microbiome depletion plus its attendant reduction in SCFA signalling in adversely affecting the release of epinephrine in response to hypoglycemia. We speculate that regardless of postnatal age, a mutable microbiome messaging system exists throughout life. Unravelling these mechanisms could lead to new therapeutic possibilities through controlled manipulation of the gut microbiota and its ability to alter systemic neurotransmitter responsiveness. Gut microbiome depletion affects sympathoadrenal medullary stress axis. Recolonization restores bacterial diversity, but not the epinephrine response to hypoglycaemia. SCFA supplement during antibiotic treatment improves tonic and stress-induced epinephrine release. Delayed recovery of several SCFA producers after recolonization modulates peripheral catecholaminergic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund F. LaGamma
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, USA
- The Regional Neonatal Center, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Furong Hu
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, USA
| | - Fernando Pena Cruz
- The Regional Neonatal Center, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Philip Bouchev
- Ridgefield High School, Junior, Ridgefield, CT, 06877, USA
| | - Bistra B. Nankova
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Pediatrics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Newborn Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA.
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104
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Keith SA, Bishop C, Fallacaro S, McCartney BM. Arc1 and the microbiota together modulate growth and metabolic traits in Drosophila. Development 2021; 148:271091. [PMID: 34323271 DOI: 10.1242/dev.195222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Perturbations to animal-associated microbial communities (the microbiota) have deleterious effects on various aspects of host fitness, but the molecular processes underlying these impacts are poorly understood. Here, we identify a connection between the microbiota and the neuronal factor Arc1 that affects growth and metabolism in Drosophila. We find that Arc1 exhibits tissue-specific microbiota-dependent expression changes, and that germ-free flies bearing a null mutation of Arc1 exhibit delayed and stunted larval growth, along with a variety of molecular, cellular and organismal traits indicative of metabolic dysregulation. Remarkably, we show that the majority of these phenotypes can be fully suppressed by mono-association with a single Acetobacter sp. isolate, through mechanisms involving both bacterial diet modification and live bacteria. Additionally, we provide evidence that Arc1 function in key neuroendocrine cells of the larval brain modulates growth and metabolic homeostasis under germ-free conditions. Our results reveal a role for Arc1 in modulating physiological responses to the microbial environment, and highlight how host-microbe interactions can profoundly impact the phenotypic consequences of genetic mutations in an animal host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Keith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Cassandra Bishop
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Samantha Fallacaro
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Brooke M McCartney
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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105
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Wajda A, Sivitskaya L, Paradowska-Gorycka A. Application of NGS Technology in Understanding the Pathology of Autoimmune Diseases. J Clin Med 2021; 10:3334. [PMID: 34362117 PMCID: PMC8348854 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10153334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
NGS technologies have transformed clinical diagnostics and broadly used from neonatal emergencies to adult conditions where the diagnosis cannot be made based on clinical symptoms. Autoimmune diseases reveal complicate molecular background and traditional methods could not fully capture them. Certainly, NGS technologies meet the needs of modern exploratory research, diagnostic and pharmacotherapy. Therefore, the main purpose of this review was to briefly present the application of NGS technology used in recent years in the understanding of autoimmune diseases paying particular attention to autoimmune connective tissue diseases. The main issues are presented in four parts: (a) panels, whole-genome and -exome sequencing (WGS and WES) in diagnostic, (b) Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) as a diagnostic tool, (c) RNAseq, (d) microRNA and (f) microbiome. Although all these areas of research are extensive, it seems that epigenetic impact on the development of systemic autoimmune diseases will set trends for future studies on this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wajda
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Larysa Sivitskaya
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 220072 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Agnieszka Paradowska-Gorycka
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland
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106
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Zhou H, Sun J, Yu B, Liu Z, Chen H, He J, Mao X, Zheng P, Yu J, Luo J, Luo Y, Yan H, Ge L, Chen D. Gut microbiota absence and transplantation affect growth and intestinal functions: An investigation in a germ-free pig model. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2021; 7:295-304. [PMID: 34258417 PMCID: PMC8245803 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate host–microbiota interactions and explore the effects of maternal gut microbiota transplantation on the growth and intestinal functions of newborns in a germ-free (GF) pig model. Twelve hysterectomy-derived GF Bama piglets were reared in 6 sterile isolators. Among them, 6 were considered as the GF group, and the other 6 were orally inoculated with healthy sow fecal suspension as fecal microbiota transplanted (FMT) group. Another 6 piglets from natural birth were regarded as the conventional (CV) group. The GF and FMT groups were hand-fed with Co60-γ-irradiated sterile milk powder, while the CV group was reared by lactating Bama sows. All groups were fed for 21 days. Then, all piglets and then were switched to sterile feed for another 21 days. Results showed that the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and concentrations of short-chain fatty acids in the GF group decreased (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the serum urea nitrogen concentration and digesta pH values in the GF group increased compared with those in the FMT and CV groups (P < 0.05). Compared with the CV group, the GF group demonstrated upregulation in the mRNA expression levels of intestinal barrier function-related genes in the small intestine (P < 0.05). In addition, the mRNA abundances of intestinal development and absorption-related genes in the small intestine and colon were higher in the GF group than in the CV and FMT groups (P < 0.05). The FMT group exhibited greater growth performance, lipase activity, and nutrient digestibility (P < 0.05), higher mRNA expression levels of intestinal development and barrier-related genes in the small intestine (P < 0.05), and lower mRNA abundances of pro-inflammatory factor in the colon and jejunum (P < 0.05) than the CV group. In conclusion, the absence of gut microbes impaired the growth and nutrient digestibility, and healthy sow gut microbiota transplantation increased the growth and nutrient digestibility and improved the intestinal development and barrier function of newborn piglets, indicating the importance of intestinal microbes for intestinal development and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.,Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China.,Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.,Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Zuohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China.,Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Jun He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.,Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.,Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.,Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.,Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.,Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.,Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.,Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Liangpeng Ge
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China.,Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.,Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
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107
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Steven B, Hyde J, LaReau JC, Brackney DE. The Axenic and Gnotobiotic Mosquito: Emerging Models for Microbiome Host Interactions. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:714222. [PMID: 34322111 PMCID: PMC8312643 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.714222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing availability of modern research tools has enabled a revolution in studies of non-model organisms. Yet, one aspect that remains difficult or impossible to control in many model and most non-model organisms is the presence and composition of the host-associated microbiota or the microbiome. In this review, we explore the development of axenic (microbe-free) mosquito models and what these systems reveal about the role of the microbiome in mosquito biology. Additionally, the axenic host is a blank template on which a microbiome of known composition can be introduced, also known as a gnotobiotic organism. Finally, we identify a "most wanted" list of common mosquito microbiome members that show the greatest potential to influence host phenotypes. We propose that these are high-value targets to be employed in future gnotobiotic studies. The use of axenic and gnotobiotic organisms will transition the microbiome into another experimental variable that can be manipulated and controlled. Through these efforts, the mosquito will be a true model for examining host microbiome interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaire Steven
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Josephine Hyde
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jacquelyn C. LaReau
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Doug E. Brackney
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, United States
- Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, United States
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108
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Alberti G, Mazzola M, Gagliardo C, Pitruzzella A, Fucarini A, Giammanco M, Tomasello G, Carini F. Extracellular vesicles derived from gut microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer: new players? Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2021; 165:233-240. [PMID: 34282804 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2021.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiome encompasses inter alia, the myriad bacterial species that create the optimal host-microorganism balance essential for normal metabolic and immune function. Various lines of evidence suggest that dysregulation of the microbiota-host interaction is linked to pathologies such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC). Extracellular vesicles (EVs), found in virtually all body fluids and produced by both eukaryotic cells and bacteria are involved in cell-cell communication and crosstalk mechanisms, such as the immune response, barrier function and intestinal flora. This review highlights advancements in knowledge of the functional role that EVs may have in IBD and CRC, and discusses the possible use of EVs derived from intestinal microbiota in therapeutic strategies for treating these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusi Alberti
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, (BIND), University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Margherita Mazzola
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, (BIND), University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Carola Gagliardo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pitruzzella
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, (BIND), University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alberto Fucarini
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, (BIND), University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Giammanco
- Department of Surgery, Oncologicical and Stomatological Sciences (Di.Chir.On.S), University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tomasello
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, (BIND), University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Carini
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, (BIND), University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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109
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Hao Y, Liao X, Wang X, Lao S, Liao W. The biological regulatory activities of Flammulina velutipes polysaccharide in mice intestinal microbiota, immune repertoire and heart transcriptome. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 185:582-591. [PMID: 34216660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The effects of a novel Flammulina velutipes polysaccharide (FVP) on intestinal microbiota, immune repertoire and heart transcriptome were investigated in this study. The results showed that FVP treatment could effectively regulate the abundance of colonic microbiota. And FVP exhibited obvious immunoregulatory effect by influencing V gene and J gene fragments usage on TCRα chain. The usage frequency of TRBV1, TRBJ1-6 and TRBJ1-5 were significantly altered, and 41 V-J pairs were identified with obvious difference after FVP treatment. Furthermore, the mRNA of mice heart was analyzed by transcriptome assay. Total 525 genes and 1587 mRNA were significantly changed after FVP treatment. KEGG annotation indicated that the up-regulated mRNA was enriched in 17 pathways including adherens junction, mTOR signaling pathway, insulin signaling pathway, mitophagy, tight junction, PPAR signaling pathway and TNF signaling pathway, etc. Meanwhile, the down-regulated mRNA was gathered in AMPK signaling pathway, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, apelin signaling pathway, PPAR signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, insulin signaling pathway, cardiac muscle contraction, adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes, Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis, etc. The great potential exhibited by FVP could make it an ideal candidate as complementary medicine or functional food for promotion of health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Hao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoshan Liao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Shenghui Lao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenzhen Liao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China.
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110
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Influence of immunomodulatory drugs on the gut microbiota. Transl Res 2021; 233:144-161. [PMID: 33515779 PMCID: PMC8184576 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Immunomodulatory medications are a mainstay of treatment for autoimmune diseases and malignancies. In addition to their direct effects on immune cells, these medications also impact the gut microbiota. Drug-induced shifts in commensal microbes can lead to indirect but important changes in the immune response. We performed a comprehensive literature search focusing on immunotherapy/microbe interactions. Immunotherapies were categorized into 5 subtypes based on their mechanisms of action: cell trafficking inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, immunomodulators, antiproliferative drugs, and inflammatory cytokine inhibitors. Although no consistent relationships were observed between types of immunotherapy and microbiota, most immunotherapies were associated with shifts in specific colonizing bacterial taxa. The relationships between colonizing microbes and drug efficacy were not well-studied for autoimmune diseases. In contrast, the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors for cancer was tied to the baseline composition of the gut microbiota. There was a paucity of high-quality data; existing data were generated using heterogeneous sampling and analytic techniques, and most studies involved small numbers of participants. Further work is needed to elucidate the extent and clinical significance of immunotherapy effects on the human microbiome.
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111
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Ghezzi L, Cantoni C, Pinget GV, Zhou Y, Piccio L. Targeting the gut to treat multiple sclerosis. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e143774. [PMID: 34196310 DOI: 10.1172/jci143774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut-brain axis (GBA) refers to the complex interactions between the gut microbiota and the nervous, immune, and endocrine systems, together linking brain and gut functions. Perturbations of the GBA have been reported in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS), suggesting a possible role in disease pathogenesis and making it a potential therapeutic target. While research in the area is still in its infancy, a number of studies revealed that pwMS are more likely to exhibit altered microbiota, altered levels of short chain fatty acids and secondary bile products, and increased intestinal permeability. However, specific microbes and metabolites identified across studies and cohorts vary greatly. Small clinical and preclinical trials in pwMS and mouse models, in which microbial composition was manipulated through the use of antibiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and probiotic supplements, have provided promising outcomes in preventing CNS inflammation. However, results are not always consistent, and large-scale randomized controlled trials are lacking. Herein, we give an overview of how the GBA could contribute to MS pathogenesis, examine the different approaches tested to modulate the GBA, and discuss how they may impact neuroinflammation and demyelination in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ghezzi
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Cantoni
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Gabriela V Pinget
- Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yanjiao Zhou
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Laura Piccio
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Brain and Mind Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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112
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Lawson MAE, Roberts IS, Grencis RK. The interplay between Trichuris and the microbiota. Parasitology 2021; 148:1-8. [PMID: 34075861 PMCID: PMC8660641 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021000834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic worms are amongst the most common pathogens to infect humans and have a long-established history of inflicting disease in their hosts. There is a large body of evidence that states intestine-dwelling helminths ensure their survival by influencing the host immune response against them. In recent years, it has become apparent that the large and diverse microbial communities that exist in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of the host and within the parasite itself have a pivotal role in worm survival and persistence. Using a variety of mouse models (including laboratory, germ-free and rewilded mice), there have been new insights into how bacteria and worms interact with each other; this includes the discovery that Trichuris is unable to hatch and/or infect their host in the absence of bacteria, and that these worms contain a Trichuris-specific gut microbiota. These interactions are determined in part by the capacity of the host, gut microbiota and worms to communicate via metabolites such as butyrate, which are microbially derived and have known immunoregulatory properties. By exploring the contribution of gut bacteria to worm infections and the intricate relationship that exists between them, an exciting and emerging field in whipworm parasitology is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. E. Lawson
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Ian S. Roberts
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Richard K. Grencis
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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113
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Nunez N, Réot L, Menu E. Neonatal Immune System Ontogeny: The Role of Maternal Microbiota and Associated Factors. How Might the Non-Human Primate Model Enlighten the Path? Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:584. [PMID: 34206053 PMCID: PMC8230289 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between the immune system and the microbiome play a crucial role on the human health. These interactions start in the prenatal period and are critical for the maturation of the immune system in newborns and infants. Several factors influence the composition of the infant's microbiota and subsequently the development of the immune system. They include maternal infection, antibiotic treatment, environmental exposure, mode of delivery, breastfeeding, and food introduction. In this review, we focus on the ontogeny of the immune system and its association to microbial colonization from conception to food diversification. In this context, we give an overview of the mother-fetus interactions during pregnancy, the impact of the time of birth and the mode of delivery, the neonate gastrointestinal colonization and the role of breastfeeding, weaning, and food diversification. We further review the impact of the vaccination on the infant's microbiota and the reciprocal case. Finally, we discuss several potential therapeutic interventions that might help to improve the newborn and infant's health and their responses to vaccination. Throughout the review, we underline the main scientific questions that are left to be answered and how the non-human primate model could help enlighten the path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Nunez
- CEA, Université Paris-Sud, Inserm, U1184 “Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases” (IMVA-HB), IDMIT Department, IBFJ, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; (N.N.); (L.R.)
| | - Louis Réot
- CEA, Université Paris-Sud, Inserm, U1184 “Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases” (IMVA-HB), IDMIT Department, IBFJ, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; (N.N.); (L.R.)
| | - Elisabeth Menu
- CEA, Université Paris-Sud, Inserm, U1184 “Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases” (IMVA-HB), IDMIT Department, IBFJ, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; (N.N.); (L.R.)
- MISTIC Group, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
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114
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Gonçalves E, Guillén Y, Lama JR, Sanchez J, Brander C, Paredes R, Combadière B. Host Transcriptome and Microbiota Signatures Prior to Immunization Profile Vaccine Humoral Responsiveness. Front Immunol 2021; 12:657162. [PMID: 34040607 PMCID: PMC8141841 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.657162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of new biomarkers is essential to predict responsiveness to vaccines. We investigated the whole-blood transcriptome and microbiome prior to immunization, in order to assess their involvement in induction of humoral responses two months later. We based our analyses on stool and skin microbiota, and blood transcriptome prior to immunization, in a randomized clinical study in which participants were vaccinated with the MVA-HIV clade B vaccine (MVA-B). We found that the levels of neutralizing antibody responses were correlated with abundance of Eubacterium in stool and Prevotella in skin. In addition, genus diversity and bacterial species abundance were also correlated with the expression of genes involved in B cell development prior to immunization and forecast strong responders to MVA-B. To our knowledge, this is the first study integrating host blood gene expression and microbiota that might open an avenue of research in this field and to optimize vaccination strategies and predict responsiveness to vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gonçalves
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Yolanda Guillén
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier R Lama
- Asociacion Civil Impacta Salud y Educacion, Lima, Peru
| | - Jorge Sanchez
- Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomedicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Christian Brander
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Vic-Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca I Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roger Paredes
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Behazine Combadière
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
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115
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Li R, Mao Z, Ye X, Zuo T. Human Gut Microbiome and Liver Diseases: From Correlation to Causation. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9051017. [PMID: 34066850 PMCID: PMC8151257 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The important role of human gut microbiota in liver diseases has long been recognized as dysbiosis and the translocation of certain microbes from the gut to liver. With the development of high-throughput DNA sequencing, the complexity and integrity of the gut microbiome in the whole spectrum of liver diseases is emerging. Specific patterns of gut microbiota have been identified in liver diseases with different causes, including alcoholic, non-alcoholic, and virus induced liver diseases, or even at different stages, ranging from steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, to hepatocellular carcinoma. At the same time, the mechanism of how microbiota contributes to liver diseases goes beyond the traditional function of the gut–liver axis which could lead to liver injury and inflammation. With the application of proteomics, metabolomics, and modern molecular technologies, more microbial metabolites and the complicated interaction of microbiota with host immunity come into our understanding in the liver pathogenesis. Germ-free animal models serve as a workhorse to test the function of microbiota and their derivatives in liver disease models. Here, we review the current evidence on the relationship between gut microbiota and liver diseases, and the mechanisms underlying this phenotype. In addition to original liver diseases, gut microbiota might also affect liver injury in systemic disorders involving multiple organs, as in the case of COVID-19 at a severe state. A better understanding of the gut microbial contribution to liver diseases might help us better benefit from this guest–host relationship and pave the way for novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (T.Z.); Tel.: +86-13-62-86-35-351 (R.L.); +86-13-24-20-77-365 (T.Z.)
| | - Zhengsheng Mao
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China;
| | - Xujun Ye
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Tao Zuo
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (T.Z.); Tel.: +86-13-62-86-35-351 (R.L.); +86-13-24-20-77-365 (T.Z.)
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116
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Jiang S, Xia J, Lv L, Wang Q, Li Y, Xu Q, Bian X, Ye J, Yang L, Jiang H, Yan R, Wang K, Fang D, Li L. Effects of Pediococcus pentosaceus LI05 on immunity and metabolism in germ-free rats. Food Funct 2021; 12:5077-5086. [PMID: 33960989 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02530e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many Pediococcus spp. have health-promoting benefits, and Pediococcus pentosaceus LI05 is one such species that was proved to be beneficial in previous studies. Our research aimed to determine the immune and metabolic effects of P. pentosaceus LI05 on germ-free rats. Germ-free rats were gavaged with P. pentosaceus LI05 suspensions (1 × 109 CFU) for 2 weeks, and 3 weeks later, blood, spleen, intestine and liver samples were gathered for metabolome, intestine morphology, immunity, and transcriptomics analyses. Oral gavage of P. pentosaceus LI05 reduced the bodyweight of rats, which manifested as increased fecal carbohydrate concentrations, decreased intestinal fat intake and the hepatic fat synthesis gene expression, and accelerated fat-to-glycogen conversion. In addition, P. pentosaceus LI05 exhibited an anti-inflammatory ability, reducing serum proinflammatory cytokine levels and increasing intestinal subepidermal CD4+ cell levels. Furthermore, administration of P. pentosaceus LI05 increased the antimicrobial ability and enhanced the liver detoxification function. These results indicate that as a probiotic, P. pentosaceus LI05 ameliorates the hampered immune response of GF animals and improves the metabolism of fat and toxic substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiman Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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117
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Abstract
Commensal microbial communities have immense effects on their vertebrate hosts, contributing to a number of physiological functions, as well as host fitness. In particular, host immunity is strongly linked to microbiota composition through poorly understood bi-directional links. Gene expression may be a potential mediator of these links between microbial communities and host function. However, few studies have investigated connections between microbiota composition and expression of host immune genes in complex systems. Here, we leverage a large study of laboratory-raised fish from the species Gasterosteus aculeatus (three-spined stickleback) to document correlations between gene expression and microbiome composition. First, we examined correlations between microbiome alpha diversity and gene expression. Our results demonstrate robust positive associations between microbial alpha diversity and expression of host immune genes. Next, we examined correlations between host gene expression and abundance of microbial taxa. We identified 15 microbial families that were highly correlated with host gene expression. These families were all tightly correlated with host expression of immune genes and processes, falling into one of three categories—those positively correlated, negatively correlated, and neutrally related to immune processes. Furthermore, we highlight several important immune processes that are commonly associated with the abundance of these taxa, including both macrophage and B cell functions. Further functional characterization of microbial taxa will help disentangle the mechanisms of the correlations described here. In sum, our study supports prevailing hypotheses of intimate links between host immunity and gut microbiome composition.
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118
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Gu M, Samuelson DR, Taylor CM, Molina PE, Luo M, Siggins RW, Shellito JE, Welsh DA. Alcohol-associated intestinal dysbiosis alters mucosal-associated invariant T-cell phenotype and function. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:934-947. [PMID: 33704802 PMCID: PMC8283808 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic alcohol consumption is associated with a compromised innate and adaptive immune responses to infectious disease. Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells play a critical role in antibacterial host defense. However, whether alcohol-associated deficits in innate and adaptive immune responses are mediated by alterations in MAIT cells remains unclear. METHODS To investigate the impact of alcohol on MAIT cells, mice were treated with binge-on-chronic alcohol for 10 days and sacrificed at day 11. MAIT cells in the barrier organs (lung, liver, and intestine) were characterized by flow cytometry. Two additional sets of animals were used to examine the involvement of gut microbiota on alcohol-induced MAIT cell changes: (1) Cecal microbiota from alcohol-fed (AF) mice were adoptive transferred into antibiotic-pretreated mice and (2) AF mice were treated with antibiotics during the experiment. MAIT cells in the barrier organs were measured via flow cytometry. RESULTS Binge-on-chronic alcohol feeding led to a significant reduction in the abundance of MAIT cells in the barrier tissues. However, CD69 expression on tissue-associated MAIT cells was increased in AF mice compared with pair-fed (PF) mice. The expression of Th1 cytokines and the corresponding transcriptional factor was tissue specific, showing downregulation in the intestine and increases in the lung and liver in AF animals. Transplantation of fecal microbiota from AF mice resulted in a MAIT cell profile aligned to that of AF mouse donor. Antibiotic treatment abolished the MAIT cell differences between AF and PF animals. CONCLUSION MAIT cells in the intestine, liver, and lung are perturbed by alcohol use and these changes are partially attributable to alcohol-associated dysbiosis. MAIT cell dysfunction may contribute to alcohol-induced innate and adaptive immunity and consequently end-organ pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care & Allergy/Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Derrick R. Samuelson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care & Allergy/Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, & Sleep, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Christopher M. Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Patricia E. Molina
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Meng Luo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Robert W. Siggins
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Judd E. Shellito
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care & Allergy/Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - David A. Welsh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care & Allergy/Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
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119
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Chen Y, Ye Z, Seidler U, Tian D, Xiao F. Microenvironmental regulation of intestinal stem cells in the inflamed intestine. Life Sci 2021; 273:119298. [PMID: 33667519 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The rapid renewal of intestinal epithelium during homeostasis requires balanced proliferation and differentiation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) at the base of crypt. Upon intestinal inflammation, the vigorous expansion of surviving ISCs is responsible for epithelial repair. However, it is not well depicted how ISCs adapt to the inflammatory conditions within intestinal tissue and support epithelial repair. In the intestinal inflammation, niche cells around ISCs along with their secreted niche factors can facilitate the regeneration of ISCs via niche signals. Additionally, the growth of ISCs can respond to inflammatory cells, inflammatory cytokines, and inflammatory signals. Understanding the adaptive mechanism of ISCs in supporting intestinal epithelial regeneration during inflammation is a focus on the treatment for patients with intestinal inflammation. Here, we aim to present an overview of how ISCs adapt to the acute inflammation to support intestinal repair, with a focus on the roles and interaction of niche signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Gastsroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhenghao Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology of Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ursula Seidler
- Department of Gastroenterology of Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dean Tian
- Department of Gastsroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Fang Xiao
- Department of Gastsroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China.
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120
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Abstract
It is now well understood that the eukaryotic host has evolved multiple mechanisms to monitor and respond to the diverse and biochemically active microbiota that thrives in a symbiotic fashion in the gut and other tissues. Generally, these mechanisms are based on traditional notions of innate and adaptive immune processes, which are mediated by recognition of, and response to, microbially derived macromolecules. Microbes themselves are metabolically active and contribute a vast array of small molecules, not present in germ-free model systems, with diverse putative and unknown biological function, and intensive work is ongoing to unravel their roles in physiological systems. Metazoans have evolved and maintain distinct gene regulatory networks to detect and respond to environmental, non-self-molecules (xenobiotics), and interestingly, recent investigation has shown that these pathways are operational in the detection and response to microbiota-derived small metabolites. These processes likely represent a general mechanism of host-microbe crosstalk, and they have clinical implications in drug and xenobiotic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Neish
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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121
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Bhardwaj A, Sapra L, Saini C, Azam Z, Mishra PK, Verma B, Mishra GC, Srivastava RK. COVID-19: Immunology, Immunopathogenesis and Potential Therapies. Int Rev Immunol 2021; 41:171-206. [PMID: 33641587 PMCID: PMC7919479 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.1883600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) imposed public health emergency and affected millions of people around the globe. As of January 2021, 100 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 along with more than 2 million deaths were reported worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 infection causes excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines thereby leading to the development of "Cytokine Storm Syndrome." This condition results in uncontrollable inflammation that further imposes multiple-organ-failure eventually leading to death. SARS-CoV-2 induces unrestrained innate immune response and impairs adaptive immune responses thereby causing tissue damage. Thus, understanding the foremost features and evolution of innate and adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is crucial in anticipating COVID-19 outcomes and in developing effective strategies to control the viral spread. In the present review, we exhaustively discuss the sequential key immunological events that occur during SARS-CoV-2 infection and are involved in the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19. In addition to this, we also highlight various therapeutic options already in use such as immunosuppressive drugs, plasma therapy and intravenous immunoglobulins along with various novel potent therapeutic options that should be considered in managing COVID-19 infection such as traditional medicines and probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Bhardwaj
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Leena Sapra
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Chaman Saini
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Zaffar Azam
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Pradyumna K. Mishra
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-NIREH, Nehru Hospital Building, Gandhi Medical College Campus, Bhopal, India
| | - Bhupendra Verma
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Gyan C. Mishra
- Lab # 1, National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Pune, India
| | - Rupesh K. Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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122
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Zhou M, Zhao J. A Review on the Health Effects of Pesticides Based on Host Gut Microbiome and Metabolomics. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:632955. [PMID: 33628766 PMCID: PMC7897673 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.632955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their large number of applications, the pesticides pose potential toxicity risks to the non-target organisms. In recent years, the studies on the toxic effects of pesticides on non-target organisms, based on their gut microbiome and metabolome, have been continuously reported. As a dense and diverse microbial community, the gut microbiota in the mammalian gut plays a key role in the maintenance of host metabolic homeostasis. The imbalance in the gut microbiota of host is closely associated with the disturbance in the host's metabolic profile. A comprehensive analysis of the changes in the gut microbiota and metabolic profile of host will help in understanding the internal mechanism of pesticide-induced toxic effects. This study reviewed the composition and function of the gut microbiota of host, as well as the analysis methods and applications of metabolomics. Importantly, the latest research on the toxic effects of the exposure of pesticide to host was reviewed on the basis of changes in their gut microbiota and metabolic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhou
- College of Economics and Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Zhao
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
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123
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Effah F, de Gusmão Taveiros Silva NK, Camarini R, Joly F, Rabot S, Bombail V, Bailey A. Region-specific sex modulation of central oxytocin receptor by gut microbiota: An ontogenic study. Dev Neurobiol 2021; 81:149-163. [PMID: 33389811 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Oxytocin (OT) is a developmentally important neuropeptide recognized to play a dominant role in social functioning and stress-related behaviors, in a sex-dependent manner. Nonetheless, the underlining factors driving OT and OT receptor (OTR) early brain development remain unclear. Recent evidence highlight the critical influence of gut microbiota and its bidirectional interaction with the brain on neurodevelopment via the gut microbiota-brain axis. Therefore, we aimed to determine the impact of gut microbiota on the OTR system of the rat brain at different developmental stages in a pilot study. Quantitative OTR [125 I]-OVTA autoradiographic binding was carried out in the forebrain of male and female conventional (CON) and germ-free (GF) rats at postnatal days (PND) 8, 22, and 116-150. OTR binding was also assessed in the eyes of PND 1 and PND 4 GF female rats. Significant "microbiota × sex × region" interaction and age-dependent effects on OTR binding were demonstrated. Microbiota status influenced OTR levels in males but not females with higher levels of OTR observed in GF versus CON rats in the cingulate, prelimbic, and lateral/medial/ventral orbital cortex, and septum across all age groups, while sex differences were observed in GF, but not in CON rats. Interestingly, OTRs present in the eyes of CON rats were abolished in GF rats. This is the first study to uncover a sex-specific role of gut microbiota on the central OTR system, which may have implications in understanding the developmental neuroadaptations critical for behavioral regulation and the etiology of certain neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Effah
- Pharmacology Section, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Rosana Camarini
- Pharmacology Department, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fatima Joly
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sylvie Rabot
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Vincent Bombail
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Bailey
- Pharmacology Section, St George's University of London, London, UK
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Keane JM, Joyce SA, Gahan CGM, Hyland NP, Houston A. Microbial Metabolites as Molecular Mediators of Host-Microbe Symbiosis in Colorectal Cancer. Results Probl Cell Differ 2020; 69:581-603. [PMID: 33263888 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-51849-3_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The symbiosis between the gut microbiota and the host has been identified as an integral part of normal human physiology and physiological development. Research in germ-free or gnotobiotic animals has demonstrated the importance of this symbiosis in immune, vascular, hepatic, respiratory and metabolic systems. Disruption of the microbiota can also contribute to disease, and the microbiota has been implicated in numerous intestinal and extra-intestinal pathologies including colorectal cancer. Interactions between host and microbiota can occur either directly or indirectly, via microbial-derived metabolites. In this chapter, we focus on two major products of microbial metabolism, short-chain fatty acids and bile acids, and their role in colorectal cancer. Short-chain fatty acids are the products of microbial fermentation of complex carbohydrates and confer protection against cancer risk, while bile acids are compounds which are endogenous to the host, but undergo microbial modification in the large intestine leading to alterations in their bioactivity. Lastly, we discuss the ability of microbial modulation to mediate cancer risk and the potential to harness this ability as a prophylactic or therapeutic treatment in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Keane
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - S A Joyce
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - C G M Gahan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - N P Hyland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - A Houston
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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125
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Morjaria S, Zhang AW, Kim S, Peled JU, Becattini S, Littmann ER, Pamer EG, Abt MC, Perales MA. Monocyte Reconstitution and Gut Microbiota Composition after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Clin Hematol Int 2020; 2:156-164. [PMID: 34595456 PMCID: PMC8432405 DOI: 10.2991/chi.k.201108.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monocytes are an essential cellular component of the innate immune system that support the host's effectiveness to combat a range of infectious pathogens. Hemopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) results in transient monocyte depletion, but the factors that regulate recovery of monocyte populations are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated whether the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiota is associated with the recovery of monocyte homeostasis after HCT. METHODS We performed a single-center, prospective, pilot study of 18 recipients of either autologous or allogeneic HCT. Serial blood and stool samples were collected from each patient during their HCT hospitalization. Analysis of the gut microbiota was done using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and flow cytometric analysis was used to characterize the phenotypic composition of monocyte populations. RESULTS Dynamic fluctuations in monocyte reconstitution occurred after HCT, and large differences were observed in monocyte frequency among patients over time. Recovery of absolute monocyte counts and subsets showed significant variability across the heterogeneous transplant types and conditioning intensities; no relationship to the microbiota composition was observed in this small cohort. CONCLUSION In this pilot study, a relationship between the microbiota composition and monocyte homeostasis could not be firmly established. However, we identify multivariate associations between clinical factors and monocyte reconstitution post-HCT. Our findings encourage further longitudinal surveillance of the intestinal microbiome and its link to immune reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejal Morjaria
- Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Allen W. Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sohn Kim
- Immunology Program and Infectious Disease Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan U. Peled
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Simone Becattini
- Immunology Program and Infectious Disease Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric R. Littmann
- Immunology Program and Infectious Disease Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric. G. Pamer
- Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology Program and Infectious Disease Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Lucielle Castori Center for Microbes, Inflammation and Cancer, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael C. Abt
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Miguel-Angel Perales
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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Jones RM, Neish AS. Gut Microbiota in Intestinal and Liver Disease. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2020; 16:251-275. [PMID: 33234022 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-030320-095722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It is known that the gut microbiota, the numerically vast and taxonomically diverse microbial communities that thrive in a symbiotic fashion within our alimentary tract, can affect the normal physiology of the gastrointestinal tract and liver. Further, disturbances of the microbiota community structure from both endogenous and exogenous influences as well as the failure of host responsive mechanisms have been implicated in a variety of disease processes. Mechanistically, alterations in intestinal permeability and dysbiosis of the microbiota can result in inflammation, immune activation, and exposure to xenobiotic influences. Additionally, the gut and liver are continually exposed to small molecule products of the microbiota with proinflammatory, gene regulatory, and oxidative properties. Long-term coevolution has led to tolerance and incorporation of these influences into normal physiology and homeostasis; conversely, changes in this equilibrium from either the host or the microbial side can result in a wide variety of immune, inflammatory, metabolic, and neoplastic intestinal and hepatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rheinallt M Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA;
| | - Andrew S Neish
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA;
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127
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Montgomery TL, Künstner A, Kennedy JJ, Fang Q, Asarian L, Culp-Hill R, D'Alessandro A, Teuscher C, Busch H, Krementsov DN. Interactions between host genetics and gut microbiota determine susceptibility to CNS autoimmunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:27516-27527. [PMID: 33077601 PMCID: PMC7959502 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002817117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. The etiology of MS is multifactorial, with disease risk determined by genetics and environmental factors. An emerging risk factor for immune-mediated diseases is an imbalance in the gut microbiome. However, the identity of gut microbes associated with disease risk, their mechanisms of action, and the interactions with host genetics remain obscure. To address these questions, we utilized the principal autoimmune model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), together with a genetically diverse mouse model representing 29 unique host genotypes, interrogated by microbiome sequencing and targeted microbiome manipulation. We identified specific gut bacteria and their metabolic functions associated with EAE susceptibility, implicating short-chain fatty acid metabolism as a key element conserved across multiple host genotypes. In parallel, we used a reductionist approach focused on two of the most disparate phenotypes identified in our screen. Manipulation of the gut microbiome by transplantation and cohousing demonstrated that transfer of these microbiomes into genetically identical hosts was sufficient to modulate EAE susceptibility and systemic metabolite profiles. Parallel bioinformatic approaches identified Lactobacillus reuteri as a commensal species unexpectedly associated with exacerbation of EAE in a genetically susceptible host, which was functionally confirmed by bacterial isolation and commensal colonization studies. These results reveal complex interactions between host genetics and gut microbiota modulating susceptibility to CNS autoimmunity, providing insights into microbiome-directed strategies aimed at lowering the risk for autoimmune disease and underscoring the need to consider host genetics and baseline gut microbiome composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Montgomery
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401
| | - Axel Künstner
- Medical Systems Biology Group, Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Josephine J Kennedy
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401
| | - Qian Fang
- Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Division, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401
| | - Lori Asarian
- Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Division, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401
| | - Rachel Culp-Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Cory Teuscher
- Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Division, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401
| | - Hauke Busch
- Medical Systems Biology Group, Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Dimitry N Krementsov
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401;
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128
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Kamareddine L, Najjar H, Sohail MU, Abdulkader H, Al-Asmakh M. The Microbiota and Gut-Related Disorders: Insights from Animal Models. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112401. [PMID: 33147801 PMCID: PMC7693214 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, the scientific committee has called for broadening our horizons in understanding host–microbe interactions and infectious disease progression. Owing to the fact that the human gut harbors trillions of microbes that exhibit various roles including the production of vitamins, absorption of nutrients, pathogen displacement, and development of the host immune system, particular attention has been given to the use of germ-free (GF) animal models in unraveling the effect of the gut microbiota on the physiology and pathophysiology of the host. In this review, we discuss common methods used to generate GF fruit fly, zebrafish, and mice model systems and highlight the use of these GF model organisms in addressing the role of gut-microbiota in gut-related disorders (metabolic diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancer), and in activating host defense mechanisms and amending pathogenic virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Kamareddine
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar; (L.K.); (H.N.); (M.U.S.); (H.A.)
| | - Hoda Najjar
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar; (L.K.); (H.N.); (M.U.S.); (H.A.)
| | - Muhammad Umar Sohail
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar; (L.K.); (H.N.); (M.U.S.); (H.A.)
- Biomedical Research Center, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar
| | - Hadil Abdulkader
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar; (L.K.); (H.N.); (M.U.S.); (H.A.)
| | - Maha Al-Asmakh
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar; (L.K.); (H.N.); (M.U.S.); (H.A.)
- Biomedical Research Center, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +974-4403-4789
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Wood TE, Aksoy E, Hachani A. From Welfare to Warfare: The Arbitration of Host-Microbiota Interplay by the Type VI Secretion System. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:587948. [PMID: 33194832 PMCID: PMC7604300 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.587948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The health of mammals depends on a complex interplay with their microbial ecosystems. Compartments exposed to external environments such as the mucosal surfaces of the gastrointestinal tract accommodate the gut microbiota, composed by a wide range of bacteria. The gut microbiome confers benefits to the host, including expansion of metabolic potential and the development of an immune system that can robustly protect from external and internal insults. The cooperation between gut microbiome and host is enabled in part by the formation of partitioned niches that harbor diverse bacterial phyla. Bacterial secretion systems are commonly employed to manipulate the composition of these local environments. Here, we explore the roles of the bacterial type VI secretion system (T6SS), present in ~25% of gram-negative bacteria, including many symbionts, in the establishment and perturbation of bacterial commensalism, and symbiosis in host mucosal sites. This versatile apparatus drives bacterial competition, although in some cases can also interfere directly with host cells and facilitate nutrient acquisition. In addition, some bacterial pathogens cause disease when their T6SS leads to dysbiosis and subverts host immune responses in defined animal models. This review explores our knowledge of the T6SS in the context of the “host-microbiota-pathogen” triumvirate and examines contexts in which the importance of this secretion system may be underappreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Wood
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ezra Aksoy
- Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abderrahman Hachani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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130
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A New Benchmark to Determine What Healthy Western Skin Looks Like in Terms of Biodiversity Using Standardised Methodology. COSMETICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics7040079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant loss of microbial biodiversity on the skin has been linked to an increased prevalence of skin problems in the western world. The primary objective of this study was to obtain a benchmark value for the microbial diversity found on healthy western skin, using the Chao1 index. This benchmark was used to update our 2017 skin health measuring mechanism in line with standardised methodology. It used 50 human participants from Graz in Austria and at a read depth of 6600 sequences, we found the average Chao1 diversity to be ~180, with upper and lower quartiles of ~208 and ~150, respectively. Previous work with a larger sample size was unsatisfactory to use as a benchmark because different diversity indices and evaluation methodologies were used. The Medical University of Graz used the most recent version of the Chao1 index to obtain diversity results. Because of this study, we can transfer other benchmarks of skin microbiome diversity to the methodology used in this work from our 2017 study, such as “unhealthy western skin” and “caveman/perfect skin”. This could aid with the diagnostic assessment of susceptibility to cutaneous conditions or diseases and treatment. We also investigated the effect of sex and age, which are two known skin microbiome affecting factors. Although no statistical significance is seen for sex- and age-related changes in diversity, there appear to be changes related to both. Our preliminary results (10 in each of the five age groups) show adults aged 28–37 have the highest average diversity, and adults aged 48–57 have the lowest average diversity. In future work, this could be improved by obtaining benchmark diversity values from a larger sample size for any age, sex, body site, and area of residence, to which subjects can be compared. These improvements could help to investigate the ultimate question regarding which environmental factors in the western world are the main cause of the huge rise in skin problems. This could lead to future restrictions of certain synthetic chemicals or products found to be particularly harmful to the skin.
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131
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Deshpande RP, Sharma S, Watabe K. The Confounders of Cancer Immunotherapy: Roles of Lifestyle, Metabolic Disorders and Sociological Factors. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2983. [PMID: 33076303 PMCID: PMC7602474 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Checkpoint blockade immunotherapy (CPI) is an effective treatment option for many types of cancers. Irrespective of its wide clinical implications, the overall efficacy remains unpredictable and even poor in certain pathologies such as breast cancer. Thus, it is imperative to understand the role of factors affecting its responsiveness. In this review, we provide an overview on the involvement of sociological factors, lifestyles and metabolic disorders in modulating the CPI response in patients from multiple malignancies. Lifestyle habits including exercise, and diet promoted therapeutic responsiveness while alcohol consumption mitigated the CPI effect by decreasing mutational burden and hampering antigen presentation by dendritic cells. Metabolic disorder such as obesity was recognized to enhance the PD-1 expression while diabetes and hypertension were consequences of CPI therapy rather than causes. Among the sociologic factors, sex and race positively influenced the CPI effectiveness on account of increased effector T cell activity and increased PD-1 expression while ageing impaired CPI responsiveness by decreasing functional T cell and increased toxicity. The combined effect of these factors was observed for obesity and gender, in which obese males had the most significant effect of CPI. Therefore these variables should be carefully considered before treating patients with CPI for optimal treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kounosuke Watabe
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (R.P.D.); (S.S.)
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132
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Kreuzer M, Hardt WD. How Food Affects Colonization Resistance Against Enteropathogenic Bacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol 2020; 74:787-813. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-020420-013457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Food has a major impact on all aspects of health. Recent data suggest that food composition can also affect susceptibility to infections by enteropathogenic bacteria. Here, we discuss how food may alter the microbiota as well as mucosal defenses and how this can affect infection. Salmonella Typhimurium diarrhea serves as a paradigm, and complementary evidence comes from other pathogens. We discuss the effects of food composition on colonization resistance, host defenses, and the infection process as well as the merits and limitations of mouse models and experimental foods, which are available to decipher the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kreuzer
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wolf-Dietrich Hardt
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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133
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Gut Microbiota and Liver Interaction through Immune System Cross-Talk: A Comprehensive Review at the Time of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082488. [PMID: 32756323 PMCID: PMC7464500 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims: The gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem containing bacteria, viruses, fungi, yeasts and other single-celled organisms. It is involved in the development and maintenance of both innate and systemic immunity of the body. Emerging evidence has shown its role in liver diseases through the immune system cross-talk. We review herein literature data regarding the triangular interaction between gut microbiota, immune system and liver in health and disease. Methods: We conducted a search on the main medical databases for original articles, reviews, meta-analyses, randomized clinical trials and case series using the following keywords and acronyms and their associations: gut microbiota, microbiome, gut virome, immunity, gastrointestinal-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis (NASH), alcoholic liver disease, liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma. Results: The gut microbiota consists of microorganisms that educate our systemic immunity through GALT and non-GALT interactions. The latter maintain health but are also involved in the pathophysiology and in the outcome of several liver diseases, particularly those with metabolic, toxic or immune-mediated etiology. In this context, gut virome has an emerging role in liver diseases and needs to be further investigated, especially due to the link reported between severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and hepatic dysfunctions. Conclusions: Changes in gut microbiota composition and alterations in the immune system response are involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic and immune-mediated liver diseases.
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134
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Fellows R, Varga-Weisz P. Chromatin dynamics and histone modifications in intestinal microbiota-host crosstalk. Mol Metab 2020; 38:100925. [PMID: 31992511 PMCID: PMC7300386 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microbiota in the human gut are an important component of normal physiology that has co-evolved from the earliest multicellular organisms. Therefore, it is unsurprising that there is intimate crosstalk between the microbial world in the gut and the host. Genome regulation through microbiota-host interactions not only affects the host's immunity, but also metabolic health and resilience against cancer. Chromatin dynamics of the host epithelium involving histone modifications and other facets of the epigenetic machinery play an important role in this process. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review discusses recent findings relevant to how chromatin dynamics shape the crosstalk between the microbiota and its host, with a special focus on the role of histone modifications. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Host-microbiome interactions are important evolutionary drivers and are thus expected to be hardwired into and mould the epigenetic machinery in multicellular organisms. Microbial-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are dominant determinants of microbiome-host interactions, and the inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs) by SCFA is a key mechanism in this process. The discovery of alternative histone acylations, such as crotonylation, in addition to the canonical histone acetylation reveals a new layer of complexity in this crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Varga-Weisz
- Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK; School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK.
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135
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Troublesome friends within us: the role of gut microbiota on rheumatoid arthritis etiopathogenesis and its clinical and therapeutic relevance. Clin Exp Med 2020; 21:1-13. [PMID: 32712721 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-020-00647-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The role of gut microbiota on immune regulation and the development of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an emerging research topic. Multiple studies have demonstrated alterations on gut microbiota composition and/or function (referred to as dysbiosis) both in early and established RA patients. Still, research delineating the molecular mechanisms by which gut microorganisms induce the loss of immune tolerance or contribute to disease progression is scarce. Available data indicate that gut microbiota alterations are involved in RA autoimmune response by several mechanisms including the post-translational modification of host proteins, molecular mimicry between bacterial and host epitopes, activation of immune system and polarization toward inflammatory phenotypes, as well as induction of intestinal permeability. Therefore, in this review we analyze recent clinical and molecular evidence linking gut microbiota with the etiopathogenesis of RA. The potential of the gut microbiota as a diagnostic or severity biomarker is discussed, as well as the opportunity areas for the development of complementary therapeutic strategies based on the modulation of gut microbiota in the rheumatic patient.
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136
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Johnson KVA, Burnet PWJ. Opposing effects of antibiotics and germ-free status on neuropeptide systems involved in social behaviour and pain regulation. BMC Neurosci 2020; 21:32. [PMID: 32698770 PMCID: PMC7374917 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-020-00583-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent research has revealed that the community of microorganisms inhabiting the gut affects brain development, function and behaviour. In particular, disruption of the gut microbiome during critical developmental windows can have lasting effects on host physiology. Both antibiotic exposure and germ-free conditions impact the central nervous system and can alter multiple aspects of behaviour. Social impairments are typically displayed by antibiotic-treated and germ-free animals, yet there is a lack of understanding of the underlying neurobiological changes. Since the μ-opioid, oxytocin and vasopressin systems are key modulators of mammalian social behaviour, here we investigate the effect of experimentally manipulating the gut microbiome on the expression of these pathways. Results We show that social neuropeptide signalling is disrupted in germ-free and antibiotic-treated mice, which may contribute to the behavioural deficits observed in these animal models. The most notable finding is the reduction in neuroreceptor gene expression in the frontal cortex of mice administered an antibiotic cocktail post-weaning. Additionally, the changes observed in germ-free mice were generally in the opposite direction to the antibiotic-treated mice. Conclusions Antibiotic treatment when young can impact brain signalling pathways underpinning social behaviour and pain regulation. Since antibiotic administration is common in childhood and adolescence, our findings highlight the potential adverse effects that antibiotic exposure during these key neurodevelopmental periods may have on the human brain, including the possible increased risk of neuropsychiatric conditions later in life. In addition, since antibiotics are often considered a more amenable alternative to germ-free conditions, our contrasting results for these two treatments suggest that they should be viewed as distinct models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina V A Johnson
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK. .,Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK.
| | - Philip W J Burnet
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
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137
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Engineering the gut microbiota to treat chronic diseases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:7657-7671. [PMID: 32696297 PMCID: PMC7484268 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10771-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbes play vital roles in host health and disease. A number of commensal bacteria have been used as vectors for genetic engineering to create living therapeutics. This review highlights recent advances in engineering gut bacteria for the treatment of chronic diseases such as metabolic diseases, cancer, inflammatory bowel diseases, and autoimmune disorders. KEY POINTS: • Bacterial homing to tumors has been exploited to deliver therapeutics in mice models. • Engineered bacteria show promise in mouse models of metabolic diseases. • Few engineered bacterial treatments have advanced to clinical studies.
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138
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Abstract
Beneficial microorganisms associated with animals derive their nutritional requirements entirely from the animal host, but the impact of these microorganisms on host metabolism is largely unknown. The focus of this study was the experimentally tractable tripartite symbiosis between the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, its obligate intracellular bacterial symbiont Buchnera, and the facultative bacterium Hamiltonella which is localized primarily to the aphid hemolymph (blood). Metabolome experiments on, first, multiple aphid genotypes that naturally bear or lack Hamiltonella and, second, one aphid genotype from which Hamiltonella was experimentally eliminated revealed no significant effects of Hamiltonella on aphid metabolite profiles, indicating that Hamiltonella does not cause major reconfiguration of host metabolism. However, the titer of just one metabolite, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR), displayed near-significant enrichment in Hamiltonella-positive aphids in both metabolome experiments. AICAR is a by-product of biosynthesis of the essential amino acid histidine in Buchnera and, hence, an index of histidine biosynthetic rates, suggesting that Buchnera-mediated histidine production is elevated in Hamiltonella-bearing aphids. Consistent with this prediction, aphids fed on [13C]histidine yielded a significantly elevated 12C/13C ratio of histidine in Hamiltonella-bearing aphids, indicative of increased (∼25%) histidine synthesized de novo by Buchnera However, in silico analysis predicted an increase of only 0.8% in Buchnera histidine synthesis in Hamiltonella-bearing aphids. We hypothesize that Hamiltonella imposes increased host demand for histidine, possibly for heightened immune-related functions. These results demonstrate that facultative bacteria can alter the dynamics of host metabolic interactions with co-occurring microorganisms, even when the overall metabolic homeostasis of the host is not substantially perturbed.IMPORTANCE Although microbial colonization of the internal tissues of animals generally causes septicemia and death, various animals are persistently associated with benign or beneficial microorganisms in their blood or internal organs. The metabolic consequences of these persistent associations for the animal host are largely unknown. Our research on the facultative bacterium Hamiltonella, localized primarily to the hemolymph of pea aphids, demonstrated that although Hamiltonella imposed no major reconfiguration of the aphid metabolome, it did alter the metabolic relations between the aphid and its obligate intracellular symbiont, Buchnera Specifically, Buchnera produced more histidine in Hamiltonella-positive aphids to support both Hamiltonella demand for histidine and Hamiltonella-induced increase in host demand. This study demonstrates how microorganisms associated with internal tissues of animals can influence specific aspects of metabolic interactions between the animal host and co-occurring microorganisms.
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139
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Mischel RA, Muchhala KH, Dewey WL, Akbarali HI. The "Culture" of Pain Control: A Review of Opioid-Induced Dysbiosis (OID) in Antinociceptive Tolerance. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2020; 21:751-762. [PMID: 31841668 PMCID: PMC7286790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2019.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It is increasingly recognized that chronic opioid use leads to maladaptive changes in the composition and localization of gut bacteria. Recently, this "opioid-induced dysbiosis" (OID) has been linked to antinociceptive tolerance development in preclinical models and may therefore identify promising targets for new opioid-sparing strategies. Such developments are critical to curb dose escalations in the clinical setting and combat the ongoing opioid epidemic. In this article, we review the existing literature that pertains to OID, including the current evidence regarding its qualitative nature, influence on antinociceptive tolerance, and future prospects. PERSPECTIVE: This article reviews the current literature on OID of gut bacteria, including its qualitative nature, influence on antinociceptive tolerance, and future prospects. This work may help identify targets for new opioid-sparing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Mischel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Karan H Muchhala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - William L Dewey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Hamid I Akbarali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.
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Raval U, Harary J, Zeng E, Pasinetti GM. The dichotomous role of the gut microbiome in exacerbating and ameliorating neurodegenerative disorders. Expert Rev Neurother 2020; 20:673-686. [PMID: 32459513 PMCID: PMC7387222 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2020.1775585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Age related neurodegenerative disorders affect millions of people around the world. The role of the gut microbiome (GM) in neurodegenerative disorders has been elucidated over the past few years. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome ultimately results in neurodegeneration. However, the gut microbiome can be modulated to promote neuro-resilience. AREAS COVERED This review is focused on demonstrating the role of the gut microbiome in host physiology in Parkinson's disease (PD) and other neurodegenerative disorders. We will discuss how the microbiome will impact neurodegeneration in PD, Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Multiple sclerosis (MS), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), and finally discuss how the gut microbiome can be influenced through diet and lifestyle. EXPERT OPINION Currently, much of the focus has been to study the mechanisms by which the microbiome induces neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in PD, AD, MS, ALS. In particular, the role of certain dietary flavonoids in regulation of gut microbiome to promote neuro-resilience. Polyphenol prebiotics delivered in combination with probiotics (synbiotics) present an exciting new avenue to harness the microbiome to attenuate immune inflammatory responses which ultimately may influence brain cascades associated with promotion of neurodegeneration across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urdhva Raval
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Joyce Harary
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Emma Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Giulio M. Pasinetti
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
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Healy ME, Boege Y, Hodder MC, Böhm F, Malehmir M, Scherr AL, Jetzer J, Chan LK, Parrotta R, Jacobs K, Clerbaux LA, Kreutzer S, Campbell A, Gilchrist E, Gilroy K, Rodewald AK, Honcharova-Biletska H, Schimmer R, Vélez K, Büeler S, Cammareri P, Kalna G, Wenning AS, McCoy KD, Gomez de Agüero M, Schulze-Bergkamen H, Klose CSN, Unger K, Macpherson AJ, Moor AE, Köhler B, Sansom OJ, Heikenwälder M, Weber A. MCL1 Is Required for Maintenance of Intestinal Homeostasis and Prevention of Carcinogenesis in Mice. Gastroenterology 2020; 159:183-199. [PMID: 32179094 PMCID: PMC7397524 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Intestinal epithelial homeostasis depends on a tightly regulated balance between intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) death and proliferation. While the disruption of several IEC death regulating factors result in intestinal inflammation, the loss of the anti-apoptotic BCL2 family members BCL2 and BCL2L1 has no effect on intestinal homeostasis in mice. We investigated the functions of the antiapoptotic protein MCL1, another member of the BCL2 family, in intestinal homeostasis in mice. METHODS We generated mice with IEC-specific disruption of Mcl1 (Mcl1ΔIEC mice) or tamoxifen-inducible IEC-specific disruption of Mcl1 (i-Mcl1ΔIEC mice); these mice and mice with full-length Mcl1 (controls) were raised under normal or germ-free conditions. Mice were analyzed by endoscopy and for intestinal epithelial barrier permeability. Intestinal tissues were analyzed by histology, in situ hybridization, proliferation assays, and immunoblots. Levels of calprotectin, a marker of intestinal inflammation, were measured in intestinal tissues and feces. RESULTS Mcl1ΔIEC mice spontaneously developed apoptotic enterocolopathy, characterized by increased IEC apoptosis, hyperproliferative crypts, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and chronic inflammation. Loss of MCL1 retained intestinal crypts in a hyperproliferated state and prevented the differentiation of intestinal stem cells. Proliferation of intestinal stem cells in MCL1-deficient mice required WNT signaling and was associated with DNA damage accumulation. By 1 year of age, Mcl1ΔIEC mice developed intestinal tumors with morphologic and genetic features of human adenomas and carcinomas. Germ-free housing of Mcl1ΔIEC mice reduced markers of microbiota-induced intestinal inflammation but not tumor development. CONCLUSION The antiapoptotic protein MCL1, a member of the BCL2 family, is required for maintenance of intestinal homeostasis and prevention of carcinogenesis in mice. Loss of MCL1 results in development of intestinal carcinomas, even under germ-free conditions, and therefore does not involve microbe-induced chronic inflammation. Mcl1ΔIEC mice might be used to study apoptotic enterocolopathy and inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc E Healy
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yannick Boege
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael C Hodder
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Friederike Böhm
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mohsen Malehmir
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna-Lena Scherr
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Department of Medical Oncology and Heidelberg University Hospital, Internal Medicine VI, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jasna Jetzer
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lap Kwan Chan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rossella Parrotta
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kurt Jacobs
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laure-Alix Clerbaux
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Kreutzer
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Campbell
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ella Gilchrist
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kathryn Gilroy
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ann-Katrin Rodewald
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Roman Schimmer
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karelia Vélez
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simone Büeler
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrizia Cammareri
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gabriela Kalna
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
| | - Anna S Wenning
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DKF), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kathy D McCoy
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DKF), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mercedes Gomez de Agüero
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DKF), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Henning Schulze-Bergkamen
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Department of Medical Oncology and Heidelberg University Hospital, Internal Medicine VI, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph S N Klose
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristian Unger
- Research Unit of Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg Germany
| | - Andrew J Macpherson
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DKF), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andreas E Moor
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Köhler
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Department of Medical Oncology and Heidelberg University Hospital, Internal Medicine VI, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Mathias Heikenwälder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, Deutsches Krebs-Forschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Achim Weber
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Mann EA, Bae E, Kostyuchek D, Chung HJ, McGee JS. The Gut Microbiome: Human Health and Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Ann Dermatol 2020; 32:265-272. [PMID: 33911753 PMCID: PMC7992658 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2020.32.4.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The human microbiome is a rich environment consisting of bacteria, fungi and other commensal microorganisms of the gut, mucosa and skin. The functional role of the gut microbiome includes facilitation in metabolism of macronutrients, maturation of the immune system, and production of pro- or anti-inflammatory signaling molecules and peptides. The identification of these resident organisms has brought about a new understanding of disease processes. Nevertheless, more questions remain regarding the interactions within the microbiome, its interactions with the host, and its contributions to the pathophysiology of disease. The purpose of this review is to examine the existing medical literature to highlight the role of the gut microbiome in human health, also paying attention to its role in several inflammatory skin diseases, namely atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and rosacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Mann
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward Bae
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Darya Kostyuchek
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hye Jin Chung
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jean S McGee
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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143
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Lin H, Wang Q, Liu L, Chen Z, Das R, Zhao Y, Mao D, Luo Y. Colonization of Mice With Amoxicillin-Associated Klebsiella variicola Drives Inflammation via Th1 Induction and Treg Inhibition. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1256. [PMID: 32670220 PMCID: PMC7326774 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Lactam antibiotics can increase the resistance and virulence of individual intestinal microorganisms, which may affect host physiology and health. Klebsiella, a crucial gut inhabitant, has been confirmed to be resistant to most β-lactam antibiotics and contributes to the etiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this study, the influence of amoxicillin (AMO) on Klebsiella and its role in colitis was investigated in an antibiotic cocktail (ABx) murine model. The results suggested that a 7-day AMO treatment significantly enriched the abundance of Klebsiella and enhanced serum resistance, antibiotic resistance, and biofilm formation ability of Klebsiella variicola (K. variicola) compared to the wild-type strain in the control group mice. Colonization of mice with the AMO-associated K. variicola could induce Th1 cells and inhibit Treg differentiation to promote inflammation in ABx murine model. In addition, inoculation of AMO-associated K. variicola in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis murine model mice also confirmed that K. variicola colonization exacerbated inflammation as assessed by increased TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-17a, and disease activity (DAI) levels; decreased colon length and bodyweight; and a disrupted Th1/Treg balance. The results of our study demonstrate that AMO enhances Klebsiella virulence in mice by disrupting the T cell equilibrium to exacerbate colitis, thereby providing a reference for proper antibiotic prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Air Pollution Cause and Impact (preparatory), College of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zeyou Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ranjit Das
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanhui Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Daqing Mao
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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144
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Emerging role of microbiota in immunomodulation and cancer immunotherapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 70:37-52. [PMID: 32580024 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota is emerging as a key modulator of the immune system. Alteration of gut microbiota impacts functioning of the immune system and pathophysiology of several diseases, including cancer. Growing evidence indicates that gut microbiota is not only involved in carcinogenesis but also has an impact on the efficacy and toxicity of cancer therapy. Recently, several pre-clinical and clinical studies across diverse cancer types reported the influence of gut microbiota on the host immune response to immunotherapy. Advancement in our understanding of the mechanism behind microbiota-mediated modulation of immune response is paramount for their utilization as cancer therapeutics. These microbial therapies in combination with conventional immunotherapeutic methods have the potential to transform the pre-existing treatment strategies to personalized cancer therapy. In this review, we have summarized the current status of research in the field and discussed the role of microbiota as an immune system modulator in context of cancer and their impact on immunotherapy.
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145
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Voolstra CR, Ziegler M. Adapting with Microbial Help: Microbiome Flexibility Facilitates Rapid Responses to Environmental Change. Bioessays 2020; 42:e2000004. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maren Ziegler
- Department of Animal Ecology and SystematicsJustus Liebig University Giessen 35392 Germany
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146
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Ganal-Vonarburg SC, Hornef MW, Macpherson AJ. Microbial-host molecular exchange and its functional consequences in early mammalian life. Science 2020; 368:604-607. [PMID: 32381716 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba0478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Molecules from symbiotic microorganisms pervasively infiltrate almost every organ system of a mammalian host, marking the initiation of microbial-host mutualism in utero, long before the newborn acquires its own microbiota. Starting from in utero development, when maternal microbial molecules can penetrate the placental barrier, we follow the different phases of adaptation through the life events of birth, lactation, and weaning, as the young mammal adapts to the microbes that colonize its body surfaces. The vulnerability of early-life mammals is mitigated by maternal detoxification and excretion mechanisms, the protective effects of maternal milk, and modulation of neonatal receptor systems. Host adaptations to microbial exposure during specific developmental windows are critical to ensure organ function for development, growth, and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Ganal-Vonarburg
- Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mathias W Hornef
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital, Pauwelsstrasse 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrew J Macpherson
- Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3008 Bern, Switzerland.
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147
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Lamas B, Martins Breyner N, Houdeau E. Impacts of foodborne inorganic nanoparticles on the gut microbiota-immune axis: potential consequences for host health. Part Fibre Toxicol 2020; 17:19. [PMID: 32487227 PMCID: PMC7268708 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-020-00349-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In food toxicology, there is growing interest in studying the impacts of foodborne nanoparticles (NPs, originating from food additives, food supplements or food packaging) on the intestinal microbiome due to the important and complex physiological roles of these microbial communities in host health. Biocidal activities, as described over recent years for most inorganic and metal NPs, could favour chronic changes in the composition and/or metabolic activities of commensal bacteria (namely, intestinal dysbiosis) with consequences on immune functions. Reciprocally, direct interactions of NPs with the immune system (e.g., inflammatory responses, adjuvant or immunosuppressive properties) may in turn have effects on the gut microbiota. Many chronic diseases in humans are associated with alterations along the microbiota-immune system axis, such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), metabolic disorders (e.g., obesity) or colorectal cancer (CRC). This raises the question of whether chronic dietary exposure to inorganic NPs may be viewed as a risk factor facilitating disease onset and/or progression. Deciphering the variety of effects along the microbiota-immune axis may aid the understanding of how daily exposure to inorganic NPs through various foodstuffs may potentially disturb the intricate dialogue between gut commensals and immunity, hence increasing the vulnerability of the host. In animal studies, dose levels and durations of oral treatment are key factors for mimicking exposure conditions to which humans are or may be exposed through the diet on a daily basis, and are needed for hazard identification and risk assessment of foodborne NPs. This review summarizes relevant studies to support the development of predictive toxicological models that account for the gut microbiota-immune axis. CONCLUSIONS The literature indicates that, in addition to evoking immune dysfunctions in the gut, inorganic NPs exhibit a moderate to extensive impact on intestinal microbiota composition and activity, highlighting a recurrent signature that favours colonization of the intestine by pathobionts at the expense of beneficial bacterial strains, as observed in IBD, CRC and obesity. Considering the long-term exposure via food, the effects of NPs on the gut microbiome should be considered in human health risk assessment, especially when a nanomaterial exhibits antimicrobial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Lamas
- INRAE Toxalim UMR 1331 (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Team Endocrinology and Toxicology of the Intestinal Barrier, INRAE, Toulouse University, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, 31027, Toulouse cedex 3, France.
| | - Natalia Martins Breyner
- INRAE Toxalim UMR 1331 (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Team Endocrinology and Toxicology of the Intestinal Barrier, INRAE, Toulouse University, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, 31027, Toulouse cedex 3, France
| | - Eric Houdeau
- INRAE Toxalim UMR 1331 (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Team Endocrinology and Toxicology of the Intestinal Barrier, INRAE, Toulouse University, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, 31027, Toulouse cedex 3, France.
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148
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Qv L, Yang Z, Yao M, Mao S, Li Y, Zhang J, Li L. Methods for Establishment and Maintenance of Germ-Free Rat Models. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1148. [PMID: 32670216 PMCID: PMC7326071 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that the gut microbiota plays a vital role in human health and disease development. Although the number of studies on host–microbiota interactions have increased in recent years, the underlying pathogenesis of dysbiosis-related diseases are still largely unknown. Germ-free (GF) rodent models, with the animals housed in sterile isolators and completely free of microbiota, are useful tools to advance our understanding of host–microbiota relationship in vivo. Although protocols concerning the establishment and maintenance of GF mouse models have previously been reported, the establishment, maintenance and monitoring of GF rodents are labor-intensive, tedious and take experience and skills. The aim of our study was to establish a GF rat model for the following microbiota-related researches and provide an easy-to-use protocol for the establishment and maintenance of GF rat model in detail, including steps to set up the isolator, sterilize the flexible isolator bubble, import food, water and other supplies, and methods to acquire newborn GF rats, hand rearing of suckling GF rats and reproduction of GF offspring. During the hand feeding period, the body weight of suckling GF rats was weighed once a day to ascertain the amount of artificial milk was given. Based on our results, the body weight of suckling GF rats decreased 1 week after birth and then began to increase. Methods for verifying the quality of the model like assessing the sterile status of the rat colony are also described. Moreover, possible difficulties and challenges, especially during gavage, and suggestions to avoid contamination will be discussed. The protocol presented will facilitate the establishment of GF rat models and downstream microbiota-related researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Qv
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenggang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingfei Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sunbing Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongjun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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149
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Patil Y, Gooneratne R, Ju XH. Interactions between host and gut microbiota in domestic pigs: a review. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:310-334. [PMID: 31760878 PMCID: PMC7524349 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2019.1690363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that pig gut microbiota plays a critical role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis as well as in a myriad of physiological, neurological and immunological functions; including protection from pathogens and digestion of food materials - some of which would be otherwise indigestible by the pig. A rich and diverse gut microbial ecosystem (balanced microbiota) is the hallmark of good health; while qualitative and quantitative perturbations in the microbial composition can lead to development of various diseases. Alternatively, diseases caused by stressors or other factors have been shown to negatively impact the microbiota. This review focuses primarily on how commensal microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs influence biochemical, physiological, immunological, and metabolic processes within the host animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadnyavalkya Patil
- College of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Wine, Food, and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand
- Shenzhen Institute, Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ravi Gooneratne
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Wine, Food, and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Xiang-Hong Ju
- College of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Shenzhen Institute, Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China
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Tikka C, Manthari RK, Ommati MM, Niu R, Sun Z, Zhang J, Wang J. Immune disruption occurs through altered gut microbiome and NOD2 in arsenic induced mice: Correlation with colon cancer markers. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 246:125791. [PMID: 31927375 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbial compositions are easily affected by the environmental chemicals like arsenic (As) leading to dysbiosis. The dysbiosis of gut microbiome has associated with numerous diseases; among which cancer is one of the major diseases. The meticulous mechanism underlying As- altered gut microbiome, Nucleotide domine containing protein 2 (NOD2) and how altered gut microbiome disturbs the intestinal homeostasis to regulate colon cancer markers remains unclear. For this, one hundred twenty 8-week old age male mice were divided into two exposure periods (3 and 6 months), and each exposure group animals were further divided into four groups as control (received only distilled H2O), low (0.15 mg As2O3/L), medium (1.5 mg As2O3/L) and high (15 mg As2O3/L) dose (each group containing 15 mice) administrated for 3 and 6 months. The results showed that As exposure highly altered gut microbiome with a significant depletion in NOD2 in contrast to control groups. Moreover, the dendritic cells (CD11a, CD103, CX3CR1) and macrophages (F4/80) were significantly increased by As exposure. Interestingly, increased trend of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-17) and depleted anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10) was observed in As exposed mice. Furthermore, the colon cancer markers β-catenin has increased while APC was arrested by As both in 3 and 6 months treated animals. Many studies reported that As altered gut microbial compositions, in this study, our results suggested that altered gut microbiome indirectly regulates colon cancer marker through immune system destruction mediated by inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjeevi Tikka
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Ram Kumar Manthari
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Ommati
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China; Department of Life Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Ruiyan Niu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Zilong Sun
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Jianhai Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Jundong Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China.
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