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Pandanaboina SC, Alghazali KM, Nima ZA, Alawajji RA, Sharma KD, Watanabe F, Saini V, Biris AS, Srivatsan M. Plasmonic nano surface for neuronal differentiation and manipulation. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 21:102048. [PMID: 31271878 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2019.102048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases and traumatic brain injuries can destroy neurons, resulting in sensory and motor function loss. Transplantation of differentiated neurons from stem cells could help restore such lost functions. Plasmonic gold nanorods (AuNR) were integrated in growth surfaces to stimulate and modulate neural cells in order to tune cell physiology. An AuNR nanocomposite system was fabricated, characterized, and then utilized to study the differentiation of embryonic rat neural stem cells (NSCs). Results demonstrated that this plasmonic surface 1) accelerated differentiation, yielding almost twice as many differentiated neural cells as a traditional NSC culture surface coated with poly-D-lysine and laminin for the same time period; and 2) promoted differentiation of NSCs into neurons and astrocytes in a 2:1 ratio, as evidenced by the expression of relevant marker proteins. These results indicate that the design and properties of this AuNR plasmonic surface would be advantageous for tissue engineering to address neural degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karrer M Alghazali
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR 72204
| | - Zeid A Nima
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR 72204
| | - Raad A Alawajji
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR 72204
| | - Krishna Deo Sharma
- Biological Sciences and Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72401
| | - Fumiya Watanabe
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR 72204
| | - Viney Saini
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR 72204
| | - Alexandru S Biris
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR 72204.
| | - Malathi Srivatsan
- Biological Sciences and Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72401.
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102
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Shin WJ, Seo JH, Choi HW, Hong YJ, Lee WJ, Chae JI, Kim SJ, Lee JW, Hong K, Song H, Park C, Do JT. Derivation of primitive neural stem cells from human-induced pluripotent stem cells. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:3023-3033. [PMID: 31173371 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have facilitated studies on organ development and differentiation into specific lineages in in vitro systems. Although numerous studies have focused on cellular differentiation into neural lineage using hPSCs, most studies have initially evaluated embryoid body (EB) formation, eventually yielding terminally differentiated neurons with limited proliferation potential. This study aimed to establish human primitive neural stem cells (pNSCs) from exogene-free hiPSCs without EB formation. To derive pNSCs, we optimized N2B27 neural differentiation medium through supplementation of two inhibitors, CHIR99021 (GSK-3 inhibitor) and PD0325901 (MEK inhibitor), and growth factors including basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and human leukemia inhibitory factor (hLIF). Consequently, pNSCs were efficiently derived and cultured over a long term. pNSCs displayed differentiation potential into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. These early NSC types potentially promote the clinical application of hiPSCs to cure human neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Jung Shin
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Seo
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, BK21 Plus, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Choi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Life Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Yean Ju Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Ji Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Il Chae
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, BK21 Plus, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Joo Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Woong Lee
- Research Center of Integrative Cellulomics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwonho Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Song
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chankyu Park
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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103
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FGF Signaling Directs the Cell Fate Switch from Neurons to Astrocytes in the Developing Mouse Cerebral Cortex. J Neurosci 2019; 39:6081-6094. [PMID: 31175212 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2195-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During mammalian neocortical development, neural precursor cells generate neurons first and astrocytes later. The cell fate switch from neurons to astrocytes is a key process generating proper numbers of neurons and astrocytes. Although the intracellular mechanisms regulating this cell fate switch have been well characterized, extracellular regulators are still largely unknown. Here, we uncovered that fibroblast growth factor (FGF) regulates the cell fate switch from neurons to astrocytes in the developing cerebral cortex using mice of both sexes. We found that the FGF signaling pathway is activated in radial glial cells of the ventricular zone at time points corresponding to the switch in cell fate. Our loss- and gain-of-function studies using in utero electroporation indicate that activation of FGF signaling is necessary and sufficient to change cell fates from neurons to astrocytes. We further found that the FGF-induced neuron-astrocyte cell fate switch is mediated by the MAPK pathway. These results indicate that FGF is a critical extracellular regulator of the cell fate switch from neurons to astrocytes in the mammalian cerebral cortex.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Although the intracellular mechanisms regulating the neuron-astrocyte cell fate switch in the mammalian cerebral cortex during development have been well studied, their upstream extracellular regulators remain unknown. By using in utero electroporation, our study provides in vivo data showing that activation of FGF signaling is necessary and sufficient for changing cell fates from neurons to astrocytes. Manipulation of FGF signaling activity led to drastic changes in the numbers of neurons and astrocytes. These results indicate that FGF is a key extracellular regulator determining the numbers of neurons and astrocytes in the mammalian cerebral cortex, and is indispensable for the establishment of appropriate neural circuitry.
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104
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Liu Y, Jiang A, Kim E, Ro C, Adams T, Flanagan LA, Taylor TJ, Hayes MA. Identification of neural stem and progenitor cell subpopulations using DC insulator-based dielectrophoresis. Analyst 2019; 144:4066-4072. [PMID: 31165125 DOI: 10.1039/c9an00456d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) are an extremely important group of cells that form the central nervous system during development and have the potential to repair damage in conditions such as stroke impairment, spinal cord injury and Parkinson's disease degradation. Current schemes for separation of NSPCs are inadequate due to the complexity and diversity of cells in the population and lack sufficient markers to distinguish diverse cell types. This study presents an unbiased high-resolution separation and characterization of NSPC subpopulations using direct current insulator-based dielectrophoresis (DC-iDEP). The properties of the cells were identified by the ratio of electrokinetic (EK) to dielectrophoretic (DEP) mobilities. The ratio factor of NSPCs showed more heterogeneity variance (SD = 3.4-3.9) than the controlled more homogeneous human embryonic kidney cells (SD = 1.1), supporting the presence of distinct subpopulations of cells in NSPC cultures. This measure reflected NSPC fate potential since the ratio factor distribution of more neurogenic populations of NSPCs was distinct from the distribution of astrogenic NSPC populations (confidence level >99.9%). The abundance of NSPCs captured with different ranges of ratio of EK to DEP mobilities also exhibit final fate trends consistent with established final fates of the chosen samples. DC-iDEP is a novel, label-free and non-destructive method for differentiating and characterizing, and potentially separating, neural stem cell subpopulations that differ in fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yameng Liu
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.
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105
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Wu Y, Chen X, Xi G, Zhou X, Pan S, Ying QL. Long-term self-renewal of naïve neural stem cells in a defined condition. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:971-977. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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106
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Tsuboi M, Kishi Y, Yokozeki W, Koseki H, Hirabayashi Y, Gotoh Y. Ubiquitination-Independent Repression of PRC1 Targets during Neuronal Fate Restriction in the Developing Mouse Neocortex. Dev Cell 2019; 47:758-772.e5. [PMID: 30562514 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polycomb repressive complex (PRC) 1 maintains developmental genes in a poised state through monoubiquitination (Ub) of histone H2A. Although Ub-independent functions of PRC1 have also been suggested, it has remained unclear whether Ub-dependent and -independent functions of PRC1 operate differentially in a developmental context. Here, we show that the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of Ring1B, a core component of PRC1, is necessary for the temporary repression of key neuronal genes in neurogenic (early-stage) neural stem or progenitor cells (NPCs) but is dispensable for the persistent repression of these genes associated with the loss of neurogenic potential in astrogliogenic (late-stage) NPCs. Our results also suggest that histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity of the NuRD/MBD3 complex and Phc2-dependent PRC1 clustering are necessary for the transition from the Ub-dependent to -independent function of PRC1. Together, these results indicate that Ub-independent mode of repression by PRC1 plays a key role in mammalian development during cell fate restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Tsuboi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Wakana Yokozeki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Koseki
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hirabayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; PRESTO, JST, TokyoJapan
| | - Yukiko Gotoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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107
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Cend1, a Story with Many Tales: From Regulation of Cell Cycle Progression/Exit of Neural Stem Cells to Brain Structure and Function. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:2054783. [PMID: 31191667 PMCID: PMC6525816 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2054783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem/precursor cells (NPCs) generate the large variety of neuronal phenotypes comprising the adult brain. The high diversity and complexity of this organ have its origin in embryonic life, during which NPCs undergo symmetric and asymmetric divisions and then exit the cell cycle and differentiate to acquire neuronal identities. During these processes, coordinated regulation of cell cycle progression/exit and differentiation is essential for generation of the appropriate number of neurons and formation of the correct structural and functional neuronal circuits in the adult brain. Cend1 is a neuronal lineage-specific modulator involved in synchronization of cell cycle exit and differentiation of neuronal precursors. It is expressed all along the neuronal lineage, from neural stem/progenitor cells to mature neurons, and is associated with the dynamics of neuron-generating divisions. Functional studies showed that Cend1 has a critical role during neurogenesis in promoting cell cycle exit and neuronal differentiation. Mechanistically, Cend1 acts via the p53-dependent/Cyclin D1/pRb signaling pathway as well as via a p53-independent route involving a tripartite interaction with RanBPM and Dyrk1B. Upon Cend1 function, Notch1 signaling is suppressed and proneural genes such as Mash1 and Neurogenins 1/2 are induced. Due to its neurogenic activity, Cend1 is a promising candidate therapeutic gene for brain repair, while the Cend1 minimal promoter is a valuable tool for neuron-specific gene delivery in the CNS. Mice with Cend1 genetic ablation display increased NPC proliferation, decreased migration, and higher levels of apoptosis during development. As a result, they show in the adult brain deficits in a range of motor and nonmotor behaviors arising from irregularities in cerebellar cortex lamination and impaired Purkinje cell differentiation as well as a paucity in GABAergic interneurons of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. Taken together, these studies highlight the necessity for Cend1 expression in the formation of a structurally and functionally normal brain.
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108
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Kim SY, Völkl S, Ludwig S, Schneider H, Wixler V, Park J. Deficiency of Fhl2 leads to delayed neuronal cell migration and premature astrocyte differentiation. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.228940. [PMID: 30745335 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.228940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The four and a half LIM domains protein 2 (Fhl2) is an adaptor protein capable of mediating protein-protein interactions. Here, we report for the first time phenotypic changes in the brain of Fhl2-deficient mice. We showed that Fhl2 is expressed in neural stem cells, precursors and mature cells of neuronal lineage. Moreover, Fhl2 deficiency leads to delayed neuroblast migration in vivo, premature astroglial differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) in vitro, and a gliosis-like accumulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes in vivo that substantially increases with age. Collectively, Fhl2-deficiency in the brain interrupts the maintenance and the balanced differentiation of adult NSCs, resulting in preferentially glial differentiation and early exhaustion of the NSC pool required for adult neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soung Yung Kim
- University Institute for Diagnostic, Interventional and Pediatric Radiology, Inselspital - University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Molecular Pediatrics, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon Völkl
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Münster University Hospital Medical School, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Holm Schneider
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Molecular Pediatrics, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Viktor Wixler
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Münster University Hospital Medical School, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jung Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Molecular Pediatrics, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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109
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Zhou W, Zhao T, Du J, Ji G, Li X, Ji S, Tian W, Wang X, Hao A. TIGAR promotes neural stem cell differentiation through acetyl-CoA-mediated histone acetylation. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:198. [PMID: 30814486 PMCID: PMC6393469 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1434-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellular metabolism plays a crucial role in controlling the proliferation, differentiation, and quiescence of neural stem cells (NSCs). The metabolic transition from aerobic glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation has been regarded as a hallmark of neuronal differentiation. Understanding what triggers metabolism reprogramming and how glucose metabolism directs NSC differentiation may provide new insight into the regenerative potential of the brain. TP53 inducible glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR) is an endogenous inhibitor of glycolysis and is highly expressed in mature neurons. However, its function in embryonic NSCs has not yet been explored. In this study, we aimed to investigate the precise roles of TIGAR in NSCs and the possible involvement of metabolic reprogramming in the TIGAR regulatory network. We observed that TIGAR is significantly increased during brain development as neural differentiation proceeds, especially at the peak of NSC differentiation (E14.5–E16.5). In cultured NSCs, knockdown of TIGAR reduced the expression of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), neuron-specific class III beta-tubulin (Tuj1), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Ngn1, and NeuroD1, and enhanced the expression of REST, suggesting that TIGAR is an important regulator of NSC differentiation. Furthermore, TIGAR enhanced the expression of lactate dehydrogenase B (LDHB) and the mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) markers, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 (PGC-1α), nuclear respiratory factor (NRF1), and MitoNEET during NSC differentiation. TIGAR can decrease lactate production and accelerate oxygen consumption and ATP generation to maintain a high rate of OXPHOS in differentiated NSCs. Interestingly, knockdown of TIGAR decreased the level of acetyl-CoA and H3K9 acetylation at the promoters of Ngn1, Neurod1, and Gfap. Acetate, a precursor of acetyl-CoA, increased the level of H3K9 acetylation and rescued the effect of TIGAR deficiency on NSC differentiation. Together, our data demonstrated that TIGAR promotes metabolic reprogramming and regulates NSC differentiation through an epigenetic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tiantian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jingyi Du
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Guangyu Ji
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xinyue Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shufang Ji
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wenyu Tian
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Aijun Hao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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110
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Sengupta D, Kar S. Deciphering the Dynamical Origin of Mixed Population during Neural Stem Cell Development. Biophys J 2019; 114:992-1004. [PMID: 29490258 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) often give rise to a mixed population of cells during differentiation. However, the dynamical origin of these mixed states is poorly understood. In this article, our mathematical modeling study demonstrates that the bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) mediated disparate differentiation dynamics of NSCs in central and peripheral nervous systems essentially function through two distinct bistable switches that are mutually interconnected via a mushroom-like bifurcation. Stochastic simulations of the model reveal that the mixed population originates due to the existence of these bistable switching regulations and that the maintenance of such mixed states depends on the level of stochastic fluctuations of the system. It further demonstrates that due to extrinsic variability, cells in an NSC population can dynamically transit from mushroom to a unique isola kind of bifurcation state, which essentially extends the range of the BMP2-driven mixed population state during differentiation. Importantly, the model predicts that by individually altering the expression level of key regulatory proteins, the NSCs can be converted entirely to a preferred phenotype for BMP2 doses that previously resulted in a mixed population. Our findings show that efficient neuronal regeneration can be achieved by systematically maneuvering the differentiation dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dola Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Sandip Kar
- Department of Chemistry, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India.
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111
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Cannabinoid signalling in embryonic and adult neurogenesis: possible implications for psychiatric and neurological disorders. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2019; 31:1-16. [PMID: 29764526 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2018.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid signalling modulates several aspects of brain function, including the generation and survival of neurons during embryonic and adult periods. The present review intended to summarise evidence supporting a role for the endocannabinoid system on the control of neurogenesis and neurogenesis-dependent functions. Studies reporting participation of cannabinoids on the regulation of any step of neurogenesis and the effects of cannabinoid compounds on animal models possessing neurogenesis-dependent features were selected from Medline. Qualitative evaluation of the selected studies indicated that activation of cannabinoid receptors may change neurogenesis in embryonic or adult nervous systems alongside rescue of phenotypes in animal models of different psychiatric and neurological disorders. The text offers an overview on the effects of cannabinoids on central nervous system development and the possible links with psychiatric and neurological disorders such as anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, brain ischaemia/stroke and Alzheimer's disease. An understanding of the mechanisms by which cannabinoid signalling influences developmental and adult neurogenesis will help foster the development of new therapeutic strategies for neurodevelopmental, psychiatric and neurological disorders.
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112
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Segklia K, Stamatakis A, Stylianopoulou F, Lavdas AA, Matsas R. Increased Anxiety-Related Behavior, Impaired Cognitive Function and Cellular Alterations in the Brain of Cend1-deficient Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 12:497. [PMID: 30760981 PMCID: PMC6361865 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cend1 is a neuronal-lineage specific modulator involved in coordination of cell cycle exit and differentiation of neuronal precursors. We have previously shown that Cend1-/- mice show altered cerebellar layering caused by increased proliferation of granule cell precursors, delayed radial granule cell migration and compromised Purkinje cell differentiation, leading to ataxic gait and deficits in motor coordination. To further characterize the effects of Cend1 genetic ablation we determined herein a range of behaviors, including anxiety and exploratory behavior in the elevated plus maze (EPM), associative learning in fear conditioning, and spatial learning and memory in the Morris water maze (MWM). We observed significant deficits in all tests, suggesting structural and/or functional alterations in brain regions such as the cortex, amygdala and the hippocampus. In agreement with these findings, immunohistochemistry revealed reduced numbers of γ amino butyric acid (GABA) GABAergic interneurons, but not of glutamatergic projection neurons, in the adult cerebral cortex. Reduced GABAergic interneurons were also observed in the amygdala, most notably in the basolateral nucleus. The paucity in GABAergic interneurons in adult Cend1-/- mice correlated with increased proliferation and apoptosis as well as reduced migration of neuronal progenitors from the embryonic medial ganglionic eminence (MGE), the origin of these cells. Further we noted reduced GABAergic neurons and aberrant neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus, which has been previously shown to confer spatial learning and memory deficits. Our data highlight the necessity of Cend1 expression in the formation of a structurally and functionally normal brain phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Segklia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology-Stem Cells, Department of Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Stamatakis
- Biology-Biochemistry Lab, Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Fotini Stylianopoulou
- Biology-Biochemistry Lab, Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandros A Lavdas
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology-Stem Cells, Department of Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Rebecca Matsas
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology-Stem Cells, Department of Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
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113
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Liu L, Wang Y, Li Y, Guo P, Liu C, Li Z, Wang F, Zhao P, Xia Q, He H. Insights into the repression of fibroin modulator binding protein-1 on the transcription of fibroin H-chain during molting in Bombyx mori. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 104:39-49. [PMID: 30543984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fibroin modulator binding protein-1 (FMBP-1) is a novel DNA-binding protein containing a conserved score and three amino acid peptide repeat (STPR) domain. The roles of factors containing STPR domain are less known. Although multiple transcription factors are involved in the transcriptional regulation of silk protein genes during the development of silkworm, the mechanism of transcriptional repression of silk protein genes during molting remains unclear. Here, we found that FMBP-1 expression was contrary to that of fibroin heavy chain (fib-H) during the fourth molting period of Bombyx mori. FMBP-1 repressed fib-H promoter activity by directly binding to the -130 element in the fib-H promoter region. We also identified two proteins, Bmsage and Bmdimm, that interacted with FMBP-1 in the posterior silk gland of silkworm larvae, and further verified these interactions by far western blotting and microscale thermophoresis in vitro, as well as co-immunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation at the cellular level. The luciferase reporter assay showed that the interaction between FMBP-1 and Bmdimm antagonized the activation of Bmdimm on fib-H transcription, but did not affect FMBP-1-mediated transcriptional repression on fib-H gene. Therefore, we proposed the following mechanism of fib-H transcriptional repression by FMBP-1 during the molting of silkworm larvae: 1) FMBP-1 directly binds to the -130 element in the fib-H promoter to repress fib-H transcription; 2) FMBP-1 interacts with Bmdimm to antagonize the activation of Bmdimm on fib-H transcription. Our findings promote a better understanding of fib-H transcriptional regulation and provide novel insights into the transcriptional repression of fib-H by FMBP-1 and basic helix-loop-helix factors Bmdimm during the molting of silkworm larvae. Our study also provides valuable information regarding the biological function of factors containing STPR domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yejing Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Pengchao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Chun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Zhiqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Huawei He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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114
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Guidolin D, Fede C, Tortorella C. Nerve cells developmental processes and the dynamic role of cytokine signaling. Int J Dev Neurosci 2018; 77:3-17. [PMID: 30465872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The stunning diversity of neurons and glial cells makes possible the higher functions of the central nervous system (CNS), allowing the organism to sense, interpret and respond appropriately to the external environment. This cellular diversity derives from a single primary progenitor cell type initiating lineage leading to the formation of both differentiated neurons and glial cells. The processes governing the differentiation of the progenitor pool of cells into mature nerve cells will be here briefly reviewed. They involve morphological transformations, specialized modes of cell division, migration, and controlled cell death, and are regulated through cell-cell interactions and cues provided by the extracellular matrix, as well as by humoral factors from the cerebrospinal fluid and the blood system. In this respect, a quite large body of studies have been focused on cytokines, proteins representing the main signaling network that coordinates immune defense and the maintenance of homeostasis. At the same time, they are deeply involved in CNS development as regulatory factors. This dual role in the nervous system appears of particular relevance for CNS pathology, since cytokine dysregulation (occurring as a consequence of maternal infection, exposure to environmental factors or prenatal hypoxia) can profoundly impact on neurodevelopment and likely influence the response of the adult tissue during neuroinflammatory events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Guidolin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, via Gabelli 65, I-35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Caterina Fede
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, via Gabelli 65, I-35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Cinzia Tortorella
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, via Gabelli 65, I-35121, Padova, Italy
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115
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Romer-Seibert JS, Hartman NW, Moss EG. The RNA-binding protein LIN28 controls progenitor and neuronal cell fate during postnatal neurogenesis. FASEB J 2018; 33:3291-3303. [PMID: 30423261 PMCID: PMC6404560 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801118r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The RNA-binding protein LIN28 is known to regulate cell fate, tissue growth, and pluripotency; however, a unified understanding of its role at the cellular level has not been achieved. Here, we address its developmental activity in mammalian postnatal neurogenesis. Constitutive expression of LIN28 in progenitor cells of the mouse subventricular zone (SVZ) caused several distinct effects: 1) the number of differentiated neurons in the olfactory bulb was dramatically reduced, whereas the relative abundance of 2 neuronal subtypes was significantly altered, 2) the population of proliferating neural progenitors in the SVZ was reduced, whereas the proportion of neuroblasts was increased, and 3) the number of astrocytes was reduced, occasionally causing them to appear early. Thus, LIN28 acts at a poststem cell/predifferentiation step, and its continuous expression caused a precocious phenotype unlike in other experimental systems. Furthermore, for the first time in a vertebrate system, we separate the majority of the biologic role of LIN28 from its known activity of blocking the microRNA let-7 by using a circular RNA sponge. We find that although LIN28 has a multifaceted role in the number and types of cells produced during postnatal neurogenesis, it appears that its action through let-7 is responsible for only a fraction of these effects.—Romer-Seibert, J. S., Hartman, N. W., Moss, E. G. The RNA-binding protein LIN28 controls progenitor and neuronal cell fate during postnatal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Romer-Seibert
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, New Jersey, USA; and
| | - Nathaniel W Hartman
- School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Stockton University, Galloway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Eric G Moss
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, New Jersey, USA; and
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116
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Hisab AS. Effects of cyclic AMP on the differentiation and bioenergetics of rat C6 glioma cells. Int J Neurosci 2018; 129:230-244. [PMID: 30232914 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2018.1526798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Elevation in the level of intracellular cAMP is known to induce astrocytic differentiation of C6 glioma cells by unknown mechanisms. METHODS Therefore, cytoskeletal protein genes (phalloidin) fluorescents to investigate morphological changes, cell proliferation assay, MTT assay, flow cytometry, western blotting, in-cell western, immune-cytochemical (protein expression and localization), and oxygen electrodes (oxygen consumption rate) after a treatment with 0.25 mM dbcAMP were conducted. RESULTS Undifferentiated cells (media without dbcAMP) showed a flat polygonal appearance, whereas those cultured in the presence of 0.25 mM dbcAMP exhibited a more differentiated astrocytic morphology. They had more numerous neurite-like thin processes. The cell proliferation of differentiated c6 glioma reduced at day 2 and then started to increase at day 3 till day 5 compared to undifferentiated c6 glioma cells. In terms of flow-cytometry data, dbcAMP had no apoptotic effect on the C6 glioma cells. There was an increase in the protein expression GFAP (specific marker for astrocytes). There was no significant effect between undifferentiated and 5-day differentiation regarding their response to glucose 10 mM. In addition, there were no significant effects of glucose on the basal of 5-day differentiation of C6 glioma cells. However, there was a significant correlation between the concentration of glucose and inhibition of the basal oxygen consumption. Finally, glucose 10 mM did not stimulate NAD (P)H levels of C6 glioma cells. CONCLUSION The above results showed that cAMP induce C6 glioma cells differentiation without affecting its bioenergetics. Therefore cAMP is considered to be the best differentiating agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Hisab
- a School of life Sciences , Queens Medical Centre , Nottingham , UK.,b Department of internal medicine, Faculty of veterinary medicine , Basrah University , Basra , Iraq
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117
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Yale AR, Nourse JL, Lee KR, Ahmed SN, Arulmoli J, Jiang AYL, McDonnell LP, Botten GA, Lee AP, Monuki ES, Demetriou M, Flanagan LA. Cell Surface N-Glycans Influence Electrophysiological Properties and Fate Potential of Neural Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 11:869-882. [PMID: 30197120 PMCID: PMC6178213 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the cellular properties controlling neural stem and progenitor cell (NSPC) fate choice will improve their therapeutic potential. The electrophysiological measure whole-cell membrane capacitance reflects fate bias in the neural lineage but the cellular properties underlying membrane capacitance are poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that cell surface carbohydrates contribute to NSPC membrane capacitance and fate. We found NSPCs differing in fate potential express distinct patterns of glycosylation enzymes. Screening several glycosylation pathways revealed that the one forming highly branched N-glycans differs between neurogenic and astrogenic populations of cells in vitro and in vivo. Enhancing highly branched N-glycans on NSPCs significantly increases membrane capacitance and leads to the generation of more astrocytes at the expense of neurons with no effect on cell size, viability, or proliferation. These data identify the N-glycan branching pathway as a significant regulator of membrane capacitance and fate choice in the neural lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Yale
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jamison L Nourse
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Kayla R Lee
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Syed N Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Janahan Arulmoli
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Alan Y L Jiang
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Lisa P McDonnell
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Giovanni A Botten
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Abraham P Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Edwin S Monuki
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Michael Demetriou
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Lisa A Flanagan
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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118
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Zhang L, Xie H, Cui L. Activation of astrocytes and expression of inflammatory cytokines in rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:4401-4406. [PMID: 30546391 PMCID: PMC6256919 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate and discuss the activation of astrocytes and the expression of inflammatory cytokines in rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Twenty Wistar rats were randomly divided into the normal control (n=10) and EAE group (n=10). The rats in the EAE group were injected intraperitoneally with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35–55 emulsion, and those in the control group were injected with the equivalent volume of normal saline. Wear neurological function scale was applied to evaluate the neurological functions of the rats, and the weight changes were recorded. At 21 days after immunization, hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to detect the histomorphology, and immunofluorescence was used to measure the activation conditions of the brain astrocytes. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were utilized to detect the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels of inflammatory factors. The disease occurred in rats of the EAE group at 9 days after immunization, and the incidence rate was 80%. The Wear score of the rats in the EAE group was significantly increased compared with that in the control group (P<0.05). At 9 days after immunization, the weight of the rats in the EAE group was obviously lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). The inflammatory lesion of rats in the EAE group mainly occurred in the region of brain parenchyma. The glial fibrillary acidic protein level in the brain sections of the rats in the EAE group was markedly elevated compared with that in control group. The mRNA and protein levels of interleukin-10 in the rat brain in EAE group were decreased notably (P<0.05), while those of interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α were increased significantly (P<0.05). The significant increases in the activation level of astrocytes and inflammatory cytokine level have a close relationship with EAE progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhi Zhang
- Department of Internal Neurology, Daqing Longnan Hospital, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163001, P.R. China
| | - Hualei Xie
- Department of Emergency, The Second People's Hospital of Liaocheng, Liaocheng, Shandong 252601, P.R. China
| | - Lihai Cui
- Department of Neurology, The Second People's Hospital of Liaocheng, Liaocheng, Shandong 252601, P.R. China
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119
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Kawaguchi A. Temporal patterning of neocortical progenitor cells: How do they know the right time? Neurosci Res 2018; 138:3-11. [PMID: 30227161 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
During mammalian neocortical development, neural progenitor cells undergo sequential division to produce different types of progenies. Regulation of when and how many cells with a specific fate are produced from neural progenitor cells, i.e., 'temporal patterning' for cytogenesis, is crucial for the formation of the functional neocortex. Recently advanced techniques for transcriptome profiling at the single-cell level provide a solid basis to investigate the molecular nature underlying temporal patterning, including examining the necessity of cell-cycle progression. Evidence has indicated that cell-intrinsic programs and extrinsic cues coordinately regulate the timing of both the change in the division mode of neural progenitors from proliferative to neurogenic and their laminar fate transition from deep-layer to upper-layer neurons. Epigenetic modulation, transcriptional cascades, and post-transcriptional regulation are reported to function as cell-intrinsic programs, whereas extrinsic cues from the environment or surrounding cells supposedly function in a negative feedback or positive switching manner for temporal patterning. These findings suggest that neural progenitor cells have intrinsic temporal programs that can progress cell-autonomously and cell-cycle independently, while extrinsic cues play a critical role in tuning the temporal programs to let neural progenitor cells know the 'right' time to progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayano Kawaguchi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan.
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120
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Ramírez Martínez L, Vargas Mejía M, Espadamala J, Gomez N, Lizcano JM, López-Bayghen E. Neuronal Growth Factor regulates Brain Specific Kinase 1 expression by inhibiting promoter methylation and promoting Sp1 recruitment. Neurochem Int 2018; 120:213-223. [PMID: 30196145 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Brain specific kinases (BRSKs) are serine/threonine kinases, preferentially expressed in the brain after Embryonic Day 12. Although BRSKs are crucial neuronal development factors and regulation of their enzymatic activity has been widely explored, little is known of their transcriptional regulation. In this work, we show that Neuronal Growth Factor (NGF) increased the expression of Brsk1 in PC12 cells. Furthermore, during neuronal differentiation, Brsk1 mRNA increased through a MAPK-dependent Sp1 activation. To gain further insight into this regulation, we analyzed the transcriptional activity of the Brsk1 promoter in PC12 cells treated with NGF. Initially, we defined the minimal promoter region (-342 to +125 bp) responsive to NGF treatment. This region had multiple Sp1 binding sites, one of which was within a CpG island. In vitro binding assays showed that NGF-induced differentiation increased Sp1 binding to this site and that DNA methylation inhibited Sp1 binding. In vitro methylation of the Brsk1 promoter reduced its transcriptional activity and impaired the NGF effect. To evaluate the participation of DNA methyltransferases in Brsk1 gene regulation, the 5'Aza-dC inhibitor was used. 5'Aza-dC acted synergistically with NGF to promote Brsk1 promoter activity. Accordingly, DNMT3B overexpression abolished the response of the Brsk1 promoter to NGF. Surprisingly, we found Dnmt3b to be a direct target of NGF regulation, via the MAPK pathway. In conclusion, our results provide evidence of a novel mechanism of Brsk1 transcriptional regulation changing the promoter's methylation status, which was incited by the NGF-induced neuronal differentiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Ramírez Martínez
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Apartado Postal 14-740, Ciudad de México, 07360, Mexico; Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Apartado Postal 14-740, Ciudad de México, 07360, Mexico
| | - Miguel Vargas Mejía
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Apartado Postal 14-740, Ciudad de México, 07360, Mexico
| | - Josep Espadamala
- Institut de Neurociencies i Departament de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Néstor Gomez
- Institut de Neurociencies i Departament de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M Lizcano
- Institut de Neurociencies i Departament de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther López-Bayghen
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Apartado Postal 14-740, Ciudad de México, 07360, Mexico.
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Mine Y, Momiyama T, Hayashi T, Kawase T. Grafted Miniature-Swine Neural Stem Cells of Early Embryonic Mesencephalic Neuroepithelial Origin can Repair the Damaged Neural Circuitry of Parkinson's Disease Model Rats. Neuroscience 2018; 386:51-67. [PMID: 29932984 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although recent progress in the use of human iPS cell-derived midbrain dopaminergic progenitors is remarkable, alternatives are essential in the strategies of treatment of basal-ganglia-related diseases. Attention has been focused on neural stem cells (NSCs) as one of the possible candidates of donor material for neural transplantation, because of their multipotency and self-renewal characteristics. In the present study, miniature-swine (mini-swine) mesencephalic neuroepithelial stem cells (M-NESCs) of embryonic 17 and 18 days grafted in the parkinsonian rat striatum were assessed immunohistochemically, behaviorally and electrophysiologically to confirm their feasibility for the neural xenografting as a donor material. Grafted mini-swine M-NESCs survived in parkinsonian rat striatum at 8 weeks after transplantation and many of them differentiated into tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cells. The parkinsonian model rats grafted with mini-swine M-NESCs exhibited a functional recovery from their parkinsonian behavioral defects. The majority of donor-derived TH-positive cells exhibited a matured morphology at 8 weeks. Whole-cell recordings from donor-derived neurons in the host rat brain slices incorporating the graft revealed the presence of multiple types of neurons including dopaminergic. Glutamatergic and GABAergic post-synaptic currents were evoked in the donor-derived cells by stimulation of the host site, suggesting they receive both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs from host area. The present study shows that non-rodent mammalian M-NESCs can differentiate into functionally active neurons in the diseased xenogeneic environment and could improve the parkinsonian behavioral defects over the species. Neuroepithelial stem cells could be an attractive candidate as a source of donor material for neural transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Mine
- Department of Neurosurgery and Endovascular Surgery, Brain Nerve Center, Saiseikai Yokohamashi Tobu Hospital, Yokohama 230-8765, Japan; Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Clinical Research, Tochigi Medical Center, National Hospital Organization, Utsunomiya 320-8580, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Momiyama
- Division of Cerebral Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan.
| | - Takuro Hayashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Medical Center, National Hospital Organization, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawase
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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122
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Adams KV, Morshead CM. Neural stem cell heterogeneity in the mammalian forebrain. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 170:2-36. [PMID: 29902499 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The brain was long considered an organ that underwent very little change after development. It is now well established that the mammalian central nervous system contains neural stem cells that generate progeny that are capable of making new neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes throughout life. The field has advanced rapidly as it strives to understand the basic biology of these precursor cells, and explore their potential to promote brain repair. The purpose of this review is to present current knowledge about the diversity of neural stem cells in vitro and in vivo, and highlight distinctions between neural stem cell populations, throughout development, and within the niche. A comprehensive understanding of neural stem cell heterogeneity will provide insights into the cellular and molecular regulation of neural development and lifelong neurogenesis, and will guide the development of novel strategies to promote regeneration and neural repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey V Adams
- Institute of Medical Science, Terrence Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, M5S 3E2, Canada.
| | - Cindi M Morshead
- Institute of Medical Science, Terrence Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, M5S 3E2, Canada; Department of Surgery, Division of Anatomy, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Canada; Rehabilitation Science Institute, University of Toronto, Canada.
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123
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Gopurappilly R, Deb BK, Chakraborty P, Hasan G. Stable STIM1 Knockdown in Self-Renewing Human Neural Precursors Promotes Premature Neural Differentiation. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:178. [PMID: 29942250 PMCID: PMC6004407 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ signaling plays a significant role in the development of the vertebrate nervous system where it regulates neurite growth as well as synapse and neurotransmitter specification. Elucidating the role of Ca2+ signaling in mammalian neuronal development has been largely restricted to either small animal models or primary cultures. Here we derived human neural precursor cells (NPCs) from human embryonic stem cells to understand the functional significance of a less understood arm of calcium signaling, Store-operated Ca2+ entry or SOCE, in neuronal development. Human NPCs exhibited robust SOCE, which was significantly attenuated by expression of a stable shRNA-miR targeted toward the SOCE molecule, STIM1. Along with the plasma membrane channel Orai, STIM is an essential component of SOCE in many cell types, where it regulates gene expression. Therefore, we measured global gene expression in human NPCs with and without STIM1 knockdown. Interestingly, pathways down-regulated through STIM1 knockdown were related to cell proliferation and DNA replication processes, whereas post-synaptic signaling was identified as an up-regulated process. To understand the functional significance of these gene expression changes we measured the self-renewal capacity of NPCs with STIM1 knockdown. The STIM1 knockdown NPCs demonstrated significantly reduced neurosphere size and number as well as precocious spontaneous differentiation toward the neuronal lineage, as compared to control cells. These findings demonstrate that STIM1 mediated SOCE in human NPCs regulates gene expression changes, that in vivo are likely to physiologically modulate the self-renewal and differentiation of NPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjitha Gopurappilly
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Bipan Kumar Deb
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Pragnya Chakraborty
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Gaiti Hasan
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India
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124
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Lo Van A, Sakayori N, Hachem M, Belkouch M, Picq M, Fourmaux B, Lagarde M, Osumi N, Bernoud-Hubac N. Targeting the Brain with a Neuroprotective Omega-3 Fatty Acid to Enhance Neurogenesis in Hypoxic Condition in Culture. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:986-999. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1139-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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125
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Bai QR, Dong L, Hao Y, Chen X, Shen Q. Metabolic glycan labeling-assisted discovery of cell-surface markers for primary neural stem and progenitor cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:5486-5489. [PMID: 29756626 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc01535j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A chemical approach was developed for identifying cell-surface markers for primary neural stem cells (NSCs). Using an in vitro coculture system of primary NSCs combined with metabolic labeling of sialoglycans with bioorthogonal functional groups, we selectively enriched and identified a list of cell-surface sialoglycoproteins that were more abundantly expressed in neural stem and progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Ran Bai
- PTN Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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126
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Itzhak DN, Davies C, Tyanova S, Mishra A, Williamson J, Antrobus R, Cox J, Weekes MP, Borner GHH. A Mass Spectrometry-Based Approach for Mapping Protein Subcellular Localization Reveals the Spatial Proteome of Mouse Primary Neurons. Cell Rep 2018; 20:2706-2718. [PMID: 28903049 PMCID: PMC5775508 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously developed a mass spectrometry-based method, dynamic organellar maps, for the determination of protein subcellular localization and identification of translocation events in comparative experiments. The use of metabolic labeling for quantification (stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture [SILAC]) renders the method best suited to cells grown in culture. Here, we have adapted the workflow to both label-free quantification (LFQ) and chemical labeling/multiplexing strategies (tandem mass tagging [TMT]). Both methods are highly effective for the generation of organellar maps and capture of protein translocations. Furthermore, application of label-free organellar mapping to acutely isolated mouse primary neurons provided subcellular localization and copy-number information for over 8,000 proteins, allowing a detailed analysis of organellar organization. Our study extends the scope of dynamic organellar maps to any cell type or tissue and also to high-throughput screening. High-resolution organellar maps with label-free quantification (LFQ) High-throughput organellar maps with TMT-based multiplexing Deep mapping of EGF-induced protein localization changes with SILAC, LFQ, and TMT A quantitative spatial proteome from mouse primary neurons
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Itzhak
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Colin Davies
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Stefka Tyanova
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Archana Mishra
- Department of Molecules-Signaling-Development, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - James Williamson
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Robin Antrobus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Jürgen Cox
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Michael P Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Georg H H Borner
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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127
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Basuodan R, Basu AP, Clowry GJ. Human neural stem cells dispersed in artificial ECM form cerebral organoids when grafted in vivo. J Anat 2018; 233:155-166. [PMID: 29745426 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human neural stem cells (hNSC) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells can be differentiated into neurons that could be used for transplantation to repair brain injury. In this study we dispersed such hNSC in a three-dimensional artificial extracellular matrix (aECM) and compared their differentiation in vitro and following grafting into the sensorimotor cortex (SMC) of postnatal day (P)14 rat pups lesioned by localised injection of endothelin-1 at P12. After 10-43 days of in vitro differentiation, a few cells remained as PAX6+ neuroprogenitors but many more resembled post-mitotic neurons expressing doublecortin, β-tubulin and MAP2. These cells remained dispersed throughout the ECM, but with extended long processes for over 50 μm. In vivo, by 1 month post grafting, cells expressing human specific markers instead organised into cerebral organoids: columns of tightly packed PAX6 co-expressing progenitor cells arranged around small tubular lumen in rosettes, with a looser network of cells with processes around the outside co-expressing markers of immature neurons including doublecortin, and CTIP2 characteristic of corticofugal neurons. Host cells also invaded the graft including microglia, astrocytes and endothelial cells forming blood vessels. By 10 weeks post-grafting, the organoids had disappeared and the aECM had started to break down with fewer transplanted cells remaining. In vitro, cerebral organoids form in rotating incubators that force oxygen and nutrients to the centre of the structures. We have shown that cerebral organoids can form in vivo; intrinsic factors may direct their organisation including infiltration by host blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Basuodan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Noura bint Abdulrhman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anna P Basu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gavin J Clowry
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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128
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Ganapathi M, Boles NC, Charniga C, Lotz S, Campbell M, Temple S, Morse RH. Effect of Bmi1 over-expression on gene expression in adult and embryonic murine neural stem cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7464. [PMID: 29749381 PMCID: PMC5945652 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25921-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of isolated neural stem cells (NSCs) to proliferate as neurospheres is indicative of their competence as stem cells, and depends critically on the polycomb group (PcG) member Bmi1: knockdown of Bmi1 results in defective proliferation and self-renewal of isolated NSCs, whereas overexpression of Bmi1 enhances these properties. Here we report genome-wide changes in gene expression in embryonic and adult NSCs (eNSCs and aNSCs) caused by overexpression of Bmi1. We find that genes whose expression is altered by perturbations in Bmi1 levels in NSCs are mostly distinct from those affected in other multipotent stem/progenitor cells, such as those from liver and lung, aside from a small core of common targets that is enriched for genes associated with cell migration and mobility. We also show that genes differing in expression between prospectively isolated quiescent and activated NSCs are not affected by Bmi1 overexpression. In contrast, a comparison of genes showing altered expression upon Bmi1 overexpression in eNSCs and in aNSCs reveals considerable overlap, in spite of their different provenances in the brain and their differing developmental programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mythily Ganapathi
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Wadsworth Center, New York State Dept. of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Steven Lotz
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Randall H Morse
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Wadsworth Center, New York State Dept. of Health, Albany, NY, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Science, University at Albany School of Public Health, Albany, NY, USA.
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129
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Yoon KJ, Vissers C, Ming GL, Song H. Epigenetics and epitranscriptomics in temporal patterning of cortical neural progenitor competence. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:1901-1914. [PMID: 29666150 PMCID: PMC5987727 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201802117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Yoon et al. review epigenetic and epitranscriptomic mechanisms that regulate the lineage specification of neural progenitor cells in the developing brain. During embryonic brain development, neural progenitor/stem cells (NPCs) sequentially give rise to different subtypes of neurons and glia via a highly orchestrated process. To accomplish the ordered generation of distinct progenies, NPCs go through multistep transitions of their developmental competence. The molecular mechanisms driving precise temporal coordination of these transitions remains enigmatic. Epigenetic regulation, including changes in chromatin structures, DNA methylation, and histone modifications, has been extensively investigated in the context of cortical neurogenesis. Recent studies of chemical modifications on RNA, termed epitranscriptomics, have also revealed their critical roles in neural development. In this review, we discuss advances in understanding molecular regulation of the sequential lineage specification of NPCs in the embryonic mammalian brain with a focus on epigenetic and epitranscriptomic mechanisms. In particular, the discovery of lineage-specific gene transcripts undergoing rapid turnover in NPCs suggests that NPC developmental fate competence is determined much earlier, before the final cell division, and is more tightly controlled than previously appreciated. We discuss how multiple regulatory systems work in harmony to coordinate NPC behavior and summarize recent findings in the context of a model of epigenetic and transcriptional prepatterning to explain NPC developmental competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Jun Yoon
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Caroline Vissers
- The Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,The Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA .,The Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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130
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Mallard C, Ek CJ, Vexler ZS. The myth of the immature barrier systems in the developing brain: role in perinatal brain injury. J Physiol 2018. [PMID: 29528501 DOI: 10.1113/jp274938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system homeostasis is maintained by cellular barriers that protect the brain from external environmental changes and protect the CNS from harmful molecules and pathogens in the blood. Historically, for many years these barriers were thought of as immature, with limited functions, during brain development. In this review, we will present advances in the understanding of the barrier systems during development and evidence to show that in fact the barriers serve many important neurodevelopmental functions and that fetal and newborn brains are well protected. We will also discuss how ischaemic injury or systemic inflammation may breach the integrity of the barriers in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Mallard
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - C Joakim Ek
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zinaida S Vexler
- Department of Neurology, University California San Francisco, USA
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131
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Li H, Shuster SA, Li J, Luo L. Linking neuronal lineage and wiring specificity. Neural Dev 2018; 13:5. [PMID: 29653548 PMCID: PMC5899351 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-018-0102-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain function requires precise neural circuit assembly during development. Establishing a functional circuit involves multiple coordinated steps ranging from neural cell fate specification to proper matching between pre- and post-synaptic partners. How neuronal lineage and birth timing influence wiring specificity remains an open question. Recent findings suggest that the relationships between lineage, birth timing, and wiring specificity vary in different neuronal circuits. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the cellular, molecular, and developmental mechanisms linking neuronal lineage and birth timing to wiring specificity in a few specific systems in Drosophila and mice, and review different methods employed to explore these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Li
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S. Andrew Shuster
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Jiefu Li
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Liqun Luo
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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132
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Sokpor G, Castro-Hernandez R, Rosenbusch J, Staiger JF, Tuoc T. ATP-Dependent Chromatin Remodeling During Cortical Neurogenesis. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:226. [PMID: 29686607 PMCID: PMC5900035 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of individual neurons (neurogenesis) during cortical development occurs in discrete steps that are subtly regulated and orchestrated to ensure normal histogenesis and function of the cortex. Notably, various gene expression programs are known to critically drive many facets of neurogenesis with a high level of specificity during brain development. Typically, precise regulation of gene expression patterns ensures that key events like proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitors, specification of neuronal subtypes, as well as migration and maturation of neurons in the developing cortex occur properly. ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes regulate gene expression through utilization of energy from ATP hydrolysis to reorganize chromatin structure. These chromatin remodeling complexes are characteristically multimeric, with some capable of adopting functionally distinct conformations via subunit reconstitution to perform specific roles in major aspects of cortical neurogenesis. In this review, we highlight the functions of such chromatin remodelers during cortical development. We also bring together various proposed mechanisms by which ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers function individually or in concert, to specifically modulate vital steps in cortical neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin Sokpor
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ricardo Castro-Hernandez
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Joachim Rosenbusch
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tran Tuoc
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Goettingen, Germany
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133
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The Roles of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 2 mRNA-Binding Protein 2 in Cancer and Cancer Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:4217259. [PMID: 29736175 PMCID: PMC5874980 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4217259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) mediate the localization, stability, and translation of the target transcripts and fine-tune the physiological functions of the proteins encoded. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 2 mRNA-binding protein (IGF2BP, IMP) family comprises three RBPs, IGF2BP1, IGF2BP2, and IGF2BP3, capable of associating with IGF2 and other transcripts and mediating their processing. IGF2BP2 represents the least understood member of this family of RBPs; however, it has been reported to participate in a wide range of physiological processes, such as embryonic development, neuronal differentiation, and metabolism. Its dysregulation is associated with insulin resistance, diabetes, and carcinogenesis and may potentially be a powerful biomarker and candidate target for relevant diseases. This review summarizes the structural features, regulation, and functions of IGF2BP2 and their association with cancer and cancer stem cells.
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134
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Temporal downregulation of the polyubiquitin gene Ubb affects neuronal differentiation, but not maturation, in cells cultured in vitro. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2629. [PMID: 29422555 PMCID: PMC5805694 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21032-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced levels of cellular ubiquitin (Ub) pools due to disruption of the polyubiquitin gene Ubb lead to dysregulation of neural stem cell (NSC) differentiation and impaired neuronal maturation in cells isolated from Ubb−/− mouse embryonic brains. However, it is currently unknown whether Ub is required for the specific stage of neuronal development or whether it plays a pleiotropic role throughout the process. To answer this question, we aimed to downregulate Ubb expression temporally during neuronal development, which could not be achieved in Ubb−/− cells. Therefore, we exploited lentivirus-mediated knockdown (KD) of Ubb at different stages of neuronal development, and investigated their phenotypes. Here, we report the outcome of Ubb KD on two independent culture days in vitro (DIV): DIV1 and DIV7. We observed that NSCs did not differentiate properly via Ubb KD on DIV1, but the maturation of already differentiated neurons was intact via Ubb KD on DIV7. Intriguingly, Ubb KD activated Notch signaling when it had been suppressed, but exerted no effect when it had already been activated. Therefore, our study suggests that Ub plays a pivotal role in NSC differentiation to suppress Notch signaling, but not in the subsequent maturation stages of neurons that had already been differentiated.
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135
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Kawamura Y, Takouda J, Yoshimoto K, Nakashima K. New aspects of glioblastoma multiforme revealed by similarities between neural and glioblastoma stem cells. Cell Biol Toxicol 2018; 34:425-440. [PMID: 29383547 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-017-9420-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) undergo self-renewal and generate neurons and glial cells under the influence of specific signals from surrounding environments. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly lethal brain tumor arising from NSCs or glial precursor cells owing to dysregulation of transcriptional and epigenetic networks that control self-renewal and differentiation of NSCs. Highly tumorigenic glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) constitute a small subpopulation of GBM cells, which share several characteristic similarities with NSCs. GSCs exist atop a stem cell hierarchy and generate heterogeneous populations that participate in tumor propagation, drug resistance, and relapse. During multimodal treatment, GSCs de-differentiate and convert into cells with malignant characteristics, and thus play critical roles in tumor propagation. In contrast, differentiation therapy that induces GBM cells or GSCs to differentiate into a neuronal or glial lineage is expected to inhibit their proliferation. Since stem cell differentiation is specified by the cells' epigenetic status, understanding their stemness and the epigenomic situation in the ancestor, NSCs, is important and expected to be helpful for developing treatment modalities for GBM. Here, we review the current findings regarding the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms of NSC fate in the developing brain, as well as those of GBM and GSCs. Furthermore, considering the similarities between NSCs and GSCs, we also discuss potential new strategies for GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Kawamura
- Division of Basic Stem Cell Biology, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jun Takouda
- Division of Basic Stem Cell Biology, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Koji Yoshimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kinichi Nakashima
- Division of Basic Stem Cell Biology, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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136
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Itokazu Y, Wang J, Yu RK. Gangliosides in Nerve Cell Specification. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 156:241-263. [PMID: 29747816 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system is generated from progenitor cells that are recognized as neural stem cells (NSCs). NSCs are defined as undifferentiated neural cells that are characterized by the capacity for self-renewal and multipotency. Throughout neural development, NSCs undergo proliferation, migration, and cellular differentiation, and dynamic changes are observed in the composition of carbohydrate-rich molecules, including gangliosides. Gangliosides are sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids with essential and multifaceted functions in brain development and NSC maintenance, which reflects the complexity of brain development. Our group has pioneered research on the importance of gangliosides for growth factor receptor signaling and epigenetic regulation of ganglioside biosynthesis in NSCs. We found that GD3 is the predominant ganglioside species in NSCs (>80%) and modulates NSC proliferation by interacting with epidermal growth factor receptor signaling. In postnatal brain, GD3 is required for long-term maintenance of NSCs. Deficiency in GD3 leads to developmental and behavioral deficits, such as depression. The synthesis of GD3 is switched to the synthesis of complex, brain-type gangliosides, namely, GM1, GD1a, GD1b, and GT1b, resulting in terminal differentiation and loss of "stemness" of NSCs. In this process, GM1 is augmented by a novel GM1-modulated epigenetic gene regulation mechanism of glycosyltransferases at a later differentiation stage. Consequently, our research suggests that stage-specific gangliosides play specific roles in maintaining NSC activities and in cell fate determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Itokazu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Robert K Yu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, United States.
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137
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Adams TNG, Jiang AYL, Vyas PD, Flanagan LA. Separation of neural stem cells by whole cell membrane capacitance using dielectrophoresis. Methods 2018; 133:91-103. [PMID: 28864355 PMCID: PMC6058702 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole cell membrane capacitance is an electrophysiological property of the plasma membrane that serves as a biomarker for stem cell fate potential. Neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) that differ in ability to form neurons or astrocytes are distinguished by membrane capacitance measured by dielectrophoresis (DEP). Differences in membrane capacitance are sufficient to enable the enrichment of neuron- or astrocyte-forming cells by DEP, showing the separation of stem cells on the basis of fate potential by membrane capacitance. NSPCs sorted by DEP need not be labeled and do not experience toxic effects from the sorting procedure. Other stem cell populations also display shifts in membrane capacitance as cells differentiate to a particular fate, clarifying the value of sorting a variety of stem cell types by capacitance. Here, we describe methods developed by our lab for separating NSPCs on the basis of capacitance using several types of DEP microfluidic devices, providing basic information on the sorting procedure as well as specific advantages and disadvantages of each device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayloria N G Adams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Alan Y L Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Prema D Vyas
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Lisa A Flanagan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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138
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Montaner A, da Silva Santana TT, Schroeder T, Einicker-Lamas M, Girardini J, Costa MR, Banchio C. Specific Phospholipids Regulate the Acquisition of Neuronal and Astroglial Identities in Post-Mitotic Cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:460. [PMID: 29323239 PMCID: PMC5765016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18700-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hitherto, the known mechanisms underpinning cell-fate specification act on neural progenitors, affecting their commitment to generate neuron or glial cells. Here, we show that particular phospholipids supplemented in the culture media modify the commitment of post-mitotic neural cells in vitro. Phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho)-enriched media enhances neuronal differentiation at the expense of astroglial and unspecified cells. Conversely, phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn) enhances astroglial differentiation and accelerates astrocyte maturation. The ability of phospholipids to modify the fate of post-mitotic cells depends on its presence during a narrow time-window during cell differentiation and it is mediated by the selective activation of particular signaling pathways. While PtdCho-mediated effect on neuronal differentiation depends on cAMP-dependent kinase (PKA)/calcium responsive element binding protein (CREB), PtdEtn stimulates astrogliogenesis through the activation of the MEK/ERK signaling pathway. Collectively, our results provide an additional degree of plasticity in neural cell specification and further support the notion that cell differentiation is a reversible phenomenon. They also contribute to our understanding of neuronal and glial lineage specification in the central nervous system, opening up new avenues to retrieve neurogenic capacity in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneley Montaner
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR, CONICET) Ocampo y Esmeralda, Predio CONICET and Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | | | - Timm Schroeder
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Cell Systems Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcelo Einicker-Lamas
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21949-902, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Javier Girardini
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR, CONICET) Ocampo y Esmeralda, Predio CONICET and Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Marcos Romualdo Costa
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Nascimento de Castro 2155, 59056-450, Natal, Brazil.
| | - Claudia Banchio
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR, CONICET) Ocampo y Esmeralda, Predio CONICET and Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000, Rosario, Argentina.
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139
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Pombero A, Garcia-Lopez R, Estirado A, Martinez S. Vascular pattern of the dentate gyrus is regulated by neural progenitors. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:1971-1987. [PMID: 29306978 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1603-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenesis is a vital process that begins during early embryonic development and continues until adulthood, though in the latter case, it is restricted to the subventricular zone and the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus (DG). In particular, the DG's neurogenic properties are structurally and functionally unique, which may be related to its singular vascular pattern. Neurogenesis and angiogenesis share molecular signals and act synergistically, supporting the concept of a neurogenic niche as a functional unit between neural precursors cells and their environment, in which the blood vessels play an important role. Whereas it is well known that vascular development controls neural proliferation in the embryonary and in the adult brain, by releasing neurotrophic factors; the potential influence of neural cells on vascular components during angiogenesis is largely unknown. We have demonstrated that the reduction of neural progenitors leads to a significant impairment of vascular development. Since VEGF is a potential regulator in the neurogenesis-angiogenesis crosstalk, we were interested in assessing the possible role of this molecule in the hippocampal neurovascular development. Our results showed that VEGF is the molecule involved in the regulation of vascular development by neural progenitor cells in the DG.
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MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Blood Vessels/physiology
- CD13 Antigens/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Proliferation
- Dentate Gyrus/anatomy & histology
- Dentate Gyrus/embryology
- Dentate Gyrus/growth & development
- Embryo, Mammalian
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/physiology
- Ki-67 Antigen/metabolism
- Luminescent Proteins/genetics
- Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/physiology
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Nestin/genetics
- Nestin/metabolism
- Neural Stem Cells/physiology
- Neurogenesis/physiology
- RNA, Messenger
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pombero
- IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Av. Teniente Flomesta, 5, 30003, Murcia, Spain
| | - Raquel Garcia-Lopez
- IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Av. Teniente Flomesta, 5, 30003, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alicia Estirado
- IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Av. Teniente Flomesta, 5, 30003, Murcia, Spain
| | - Salvador Martinez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, UMH-CSIC, Campus de San Juan, 03550, Alicante, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.
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140
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Adnani L, Han S, Li S, Mattar P, Schuurmans C. Mechanisms of Cortical Differentiation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 336:223-320. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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141
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Abstract
Although autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has a strong genetic basis, its etiology is complex, with several genetic factors likely to be involved as well as environmental factors. Immune dysregulation has gained significant attention as a causal mechanism in ASD pathogenesis. ASD has been associated with immune abnormalities in the brain and periphery, including inflammatory disorders and autoimmunity in not only the affected individuals but also their mothers. Prenatal exposure to maternal immune activation (MIA) has been implicated as an environmental risk factor for ASD. In support of this notion, animal models have shown that MIA results in offspring with behavioral, neurological, and immunological abnormalities similar to those observed in ASD. This raises the question of how MIA exposure can lead to ASD in susceptible individuals. Recent evidence points to a potential inflammation pathway linking MIA-associated ASD with the activity of T helper 17 (Th17) lymphocytes and their effector cytokine interleukin-17A (IL-17A). IL-17A has been implicated from human studies and elevated IL-17A levels in the blood have been found to correlate with phenotypic severity in a subset of ASD individuals. In MIA model mice, elevated IL-17A levels also have been observed. Additionally, antibody blockade to inhibit IL-17A signaling was found to prevent ASD-like behaviors in offspring exposed to MIA. Therefore, IL-17A dysregulation may play a causal role in the development of ASD. The source of increased IL-17A in the MIA mouse model was attributed to maternal Th17 cells because genetic removal of the transcription factor RORγt to selectively inhibit Th17 differentiation in pregnant mice was able to prevent ASD-like behaviors in the offspring. Similar to ASD individuals, the MIA-exposed offspring also displayed cortical dysplasia which could be prevented by inhibition of IL-17A signaling in pregnant mice. This finding reveals one possible cellular mechanism through which ASD-related cognitive and behavioral deficits may emerge following maternal inflammation. IL-17A can exert strong effects on cell survival and differentiation and the activity of signal transduction cascades, which can have important consequences during cortical development on neural function. This review examines IL-17A signaling pathways in the context of both immunity and neural function that may contribute to the development of ASD associated with MIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Wong
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado-Boulder, CO 80303, United States; Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, United States; Linda Crnic Institute, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Charles Hoeffer
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado-Boulder, CO 80303, United States; Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, United States; Linda Crnic Institute, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
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142
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Srivastava RK, Bulte JWM, Walczak P, Janowski M. Migratory potential of transplanted glial progenitors as critical factor for successful translation of glia replacement therapy: The gap between mice and men. Glia 2017; 66:907-919. [PMID: 29266673 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neurological disorders are a major threat to public health. Stem cell-based regenerative medicine is now a promising experimental paradigm for its treatment, as shown in pre-clinical animal studies. Initial attempts have been on the replacement of neuronal cells only, but glial progenitors (GPs) are now becoming strong alternative cellular therapeutic candidates to replace oligodendrocytes and astrocytes as knowledge accumulates about their important emerging role in various disease processes. There are many examples of successful therapeutic outcomes for transplanted GPs in small animal models, but clinical translation has proved to be challenging due to the 1,000-fold larger volume of the human brain compared to mice. Human GPs transplanted into the mouse brain migrate extensively and can induce global cell replacement, but a similar extent of migration in the human brain would only allow for local rather than global cell replacement. We review here the mechanisms that govern cell migration, which could potentially be exploited to enhance the migratory properties of GPs through cell engineering pre-transplantation. We furthermore discuss the (dis)advantages of the various cell delivery routes that are available, with particular emphasis on intra-arterial injection as the most suitable route for achieving global cell distribution in the larger brain. Now that therapeutic success has proven to be feasible in small animal models, future efforts will need to be directed to enhance global cell delivery and migration to make bench-to-bedside translation a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit K Srivastava
- Division of MR Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jeff W M Bulte
- Division of MR Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Piotr Walczak
- Division of MR Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Janowski
- Division of MR Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of NeuroRepair, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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143
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Bonneaud N, Layalle S, Colomb S, Jourdan C, Ghysen A, Severac D, Dantec C, Nègre N, Maschat F. Control of nerve cord formation by Engrailed and Gooseberry-Neuro: A multi-step, coordinated process. Dev Biol 2017; 432:273-285. [PMID: 29097190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
One way to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the construction of a nervous system is to identify the downstream effectors of major regulatory proteins. We previously showed that Engrailed (EN) and Gooseberry-Neuro (GsbN) transcription factors act in partnership to drive the formation of posterior commissures in the central nervous system of Drosophila. In this report, we identified genes regulated by both EN and GsbN through chromatin immunoprecipitation ("ChIP on chip") and transcriptome experiments, combined to a genetic screen relied to the gene dose titration method. The genomic-scale approaches allowed us to define 175 potential targets of EN-GsbN regulation. We chose a subset of these genes to examine ventral nerve cord (VNC) defects and found that half of the mutated targets show clear VNC phenotypes when doubly heterozygous with en or gsbn mutations, or when homozygous. This strategy revealed new groups of genes never described for their implication in the construction of the nerve cord. Their identification suggests that, to construct the nerve cord, EN-GsbN may act at three levels, in: (i) sequential control of the attractive-repulsive signaling that ensures contralateral projection of the commissural axons, (ii) temporal control of the translation of some mRNAs, (iii) regulation of the capability of glial cells to act as commissural guideposts for developing axons. These results illustrate how an early, coordinated transcriptional control may orchestrate the various mechanisms involved in the formation of stereotyped neuronal networks. They also validate the overall strategy to identify genes that play crucial role in axonal pathfinding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Bonneaud
- MMDN, Univ. Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, U1198, Montpellier, F-34095 France; CNRS,UPR1142, Institut de Génétique Humaine, Montpellier, F-34094, France
| | - Sophie Layalle
- CNRS,UPR1142, Institut de Génétique Humaine, Montpellier, F-34094, France; CNRS - INSERM - Université de Montpellier, UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier F-34094, France
| | - Sophie Colomb
- CNRS,UPR1142, Institut de Génétique Humaine, Montpellier, F-34094, France
| | - Christophe Jourdan
- MMDN, Univ. Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, U1198, Montpellier, F-34095 France
| | - Alain Ghysen
- MMDN, Univ. Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, U1198, Montpellier, F-34095 France
| | - Dany Severac
- MGX - Montpellier GenomiX, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier F-34094, France
| | - Christelle Dantec
- MGX - Montpellier GenomiX, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier F-34094, France
| | - Nicolas Nègre
- DGIMI, INRA, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Florence Maschat
- MMDN, Univ. Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, U1198, Montpellier, F-34095 France; CNRS,UPR1142, Institut de Génétique Humaine, Montpellier, F-34094, France.
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144
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Zhu Y, Shen J, Sun T, Jiang H, Xu K, Samuthrat T, Xie Y, Weng Y, Li Y, Xie Q, Zhan R. Loss of Shp2 within radial glia is associated with cerebral cortical dysplasia, glial defects of cerebellum and impaired sensory‑motor development in newborn mice. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:3170-3177. [PMID: 29257282 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Radial glia are key neural progenitors involved in the development of the central nervous system. Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non‑receptor type 11 (Shp2) is a widely expressed intracellular enzyme with multiple cellular functions. Previous studies have revealed the critical role of Shp2 in a variety of neural cell types; however, further investigation into the function of Shp2 within radial glia is required. In the present study, a conditional knockout mouse was generated using a human glial fibrillary acidic protein (hGFAP)‑Cre driver, in which the Shp2 genes were deleted within radial glia. Loss of Shp2 within radial glia was associated with developmental retardation, postnatal lethality, reduced brain size and thinner cerebral cortices in newborn mice. Deletion of Shp2 also led to an increase in gliogenesis, a reduction in neural genesis and extracellular signal‑regulated kinase signaling within the cerebral cortex. Furthermore, glial cell defects within the cerebellum of Shp2 mutants were observed, with abnormal granular cell retention and glial cell alignment in the external granular layer. In addition, Shp2 mutants exhibited impaired sensory‑motor development. The results of the present study suggested that Shp2 may have an important role within radial glia, and regulate cerebral cortical and cerebellar development in newborn mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Jian Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Tianfu Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Kangli Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Thiti Samuthrat
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Yicheng Xie
- Department of Psychiatry, Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological Research and Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Yuxiang Weng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Yongda Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Qiangmin Xie
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of China Food and Drug Administration, Laboratory Animal Center of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - Renya Zhan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
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145
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Patel D, Mahimainathan L, Narasimhan M, Rathinam M, Henderson G. Ethanol (E) Impairs Fetal Brain GSH Homeostasis by Inhibiting Excitatory Amino-Acid Carrier 1 (EAAC1)-Mediated Cysteine Transport. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122596. [PMID: 29206135 PMCID: PMC5751199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Central among the fetotoxic responses to in utero ethanol (E) exposure is redox-shift related glutathione (GSH) loss and apoptosis. Previously, we reported that despite an E-generated Nrf2 upregulation, fetal neurons still succumb. In this study, we investigate if the compromised GSH results from an impaired inward transport of cysteine (Cys), a precursor of GSH in association with dysregulated excitatory amino acid carrier1 (EAAC1), a cysteine transporter. In utero binge model involves administration of isocaloric dextrose or 20% E (3.5 g/kg)/ by gavage at 12 h intervals to pregnant Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, starting gestation day (gd) 17 with a final dose on gd19, 2 h prior to sacrifice. Primary cerebral cortical neurons (PCNs) from embryonic day 16–17 fetal SD rats were the in vitro model. E reduced both PCN and cerebral cortical GSH and Cys up to 50% and the abridged GSH could be blocked by administration of N-acetylcysteine. E reduced EAAC1 protein expression in utero and in PCNs (p < 0.05). This was accompanied by a 60–70% decrease in neuron surface expression of EAAC1 along with significant reductions of EAAC1/Slc1a1 mRNA (p < 0.05). In PCNs, EAAC1 knockdown significantly decreased GSH but not oxidized glutathione (GSSG) illustrating that while not the sole provider of Cys, EAAC1 plays an important role in neuron GSH homeostasis. These studies strongly support the concept that in both E exposed intact fetal brain and cultured PCNs a mechanism underlying E impairment of GSH homeostasis is reduction of import of external Cys which is mediated by perturbations of EAAC1 expression/function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhyanesh Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
| | - Lenin Mahimainathan
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
| | - Madhusudhanan Narasimhan
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
| | - Marylatha Rathinam
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
| | - George Henderson
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
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146
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Beattie R, Hippenmeyer S. Mechanisms of radial glia progenitor cell lineage progression. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:3993-4008. [PMID: 29121403 PMCID: PMC5765500 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian cerebral cortex is responsible for higher cognitive functions such as perception, consciousness, and acquiring and processing information. The neocortex is organized into six distinct laminae, each composed of a rich diversity of cell types which assemble into highly complex cortical circuits. Radial glia progenitors (RGPs) are responsible for producing all neocortical neurons and certain glia lineages. Here, we discuss recent discoveries emerging from clonal lineage analysis at the single RGP cell level that provide us with an inaugural quantitative framework of RGP lineage progression. We further discuss the importance of the relative contribution of intrinsic gene functions and non‐cell‐autonomous or community effects in regulating RGP proliferation behavior and lineage progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Beattie
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Simon Hippenmeyer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
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147
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Floruta CM, Du R, Kang H, Stein JL, Weick JP. Default Patterning Produces Pan-cortical Glutamatergic and CGE/LGE-like GABAergic Neurons from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:1463-1476. [PMID: 29107596 PMCID: PMC5831028 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Default differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells has been promoted as a model of cortical development. In this study, a developmental transcriptome analysis of default-differentiated hPSNs revealed a gene expression program resembling in vivo CGE/LGE subpallial domains and GABAergic signaling. A combination of bioinformatic, functional, and immunocytochemical analysis further revealed that hPSNs consist of both cortical glutamatergic and CGE-like GABAergic neurons. This study provides a comprehensive characterization of the heterogeneous group of neurons produced by default differentiation and insight into future directed differentiation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crina M. Floruta
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico-Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Ruofei Du
- UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico-Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Huining Kang
- UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico-Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA,Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico-Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Jason L. Stein
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA,UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jason P. Weick
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico-Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA,Corresponding author
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148
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Wang A, Wang J, Liu Y, Zhou Y. Mechanisms of Long Non-Coding RNAs in the Assembly and Plasticity of Neural Circuitry. Front Neural Circuits 2017; 11:76. [PMID: 29109677 PMCID: PMC5660110 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2017.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying development processes and functional dynamics of neural circuits are far from understood. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as essential players in defining identities of neural cells, and in modulating neural activities. In this review, we summarized latest advances concerning roles and mechanisms of lncRNAs in assembly, maintenance and plasticity of neural circuitry, as well as lncRNAs' implications in neurological disorders. We also discussed technical advances and challenges in studying functions and mechanisms of lncRNAs in neural circuitry. Finally, we proposed that lncRNA studies would advance our understanding on how neural circuits develop and function in physiology and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junbao Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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149
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Govindan S, Jabaudon D. Coupling progenitor and neuronal diversity in the developing neocortex. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:3960-3977. [PMID: 28895133 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The adult neocortex is composed of several types of glutamatergic neurons, which are sequentially born from progenitors during development. The extent and nature of progenitor diversity, and how it relates to neuronal diversity, is still poorly understood. In this review, we discuss key features of neocortical progenitors across several species, including their morphological properties, cell cycling behaviour and molecular signatures, and how these features relate to the competence of these cells to generate distinct types of progenies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denis Jabaudon
- Department of Basic Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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Piltti KM, Cummings BJ, Carta K, Manughian-Peter A, Worne CL, Singh K, Ong D, Maksymyuk Y, Khine M, Anderson AJ. Live-cell time-lapse imaging and single-cell tracking of in vitro cultured neural stem cells - Tools for analyzing dynamics of cell cycle, migration, and lineage selection. Methods 2017; 133:81-90. [PMID: 29050826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cell (NSC) cultures have been considered technically challenging for time-lapse analysis due to high motility, photosensitivity, and growth at confluent densities. We have tested feasibility of long-term live-cell time-lapse analysis for NSC migration and differentiation studies. Here, we describe a method to study the dynamics of cell cycle, migration, and lineage selection in cultured multipotent mouse or human NSCs using single-cell tracking during a long-term, 7-14 day live-cell time-lapse analysis. We used in-house made PDMS inserts with five microwells on a glass coverslip petri-dish to constrain NSC into the area of acquisition during long-term live-cell imaging. In parallel, we have defined image acquisition settings for single-cell tracking of cell cycle dynamics using Fucci-reporter mouse NSC for 7 days as well as lineage selection and migration using human NSC for 14 days. Overall, we show that adjustments of live-cell analysis settings can extend the time period of single-cell tracking in mouse or human NSC from 24-72 h up to 7-14 days and potentially longer. However, we emphasize that experimental use of repeated fluorescence imaging will require careful consideration of controls during acquisition and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja M Piltti
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Physical & Medical Rehabilitation, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Memory Impairments & Neurological Disorders, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Brian J Cummings
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Physical & Medical Rehabilitation, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Memory Impairments & Neurological Disorders, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Krystal Carta
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ayla Manughian-Peter
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Colleen L Worne
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Kulbir Singh
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Danier Ong
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Yuriy Maksymyuk
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Michelle Khine
- Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Aileen J Anderson
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Physical & Medical Rehabilitation, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Memory Impairments & Neurological Disorders, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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