101
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Fu F, Du K, Li YS, Li LS, Xin Y, Wang D, Lei TY, Deng Q, Yu QX, Liao C. Identification of Alternative Splicing and LncRNA Genes in Brain Tissues of Fetal Mice at Different Developmental Stages. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2023; 26:58-82. [PMID: 35400338 DOI: 10.2174/1386207325666220408091206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain development is an extremely complex and precisely regulated process, with about one-third of genes expressed and precisely regulated during brain development. OBJECTIVE This study aims to explore the molecular mechanisms involved in brain development. METHODS We first established the expression profile of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and mRNAs in brain tissues of fetal mice at 12.5d, 14.5d and 16.5d through high-throughput sequencing. Second, the associated functions, pathways, and networks of the co-differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs were identified via Gene Ontology (GO), pathway analysis, and PPI network. After bioinformatic analysis and screening, 8 differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs with the same genetic origin were verified by RT-qPCR analysis in brain tissues of fetal mice at different developmental stages. RESULTS The data revealed that there were 972 co-differentially expressed lncRNAs and 992 codifferentially expressed mRNAs in brain tissues of fetal mice at 12.5d, 14.5d and 16.5d. And we discovered 125 differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs, which have the same genetic origin, in brain tissues of fetal mice at 12.5d, 14.5d and 16.5d through sequencing results and bioinformatics analysis. Besides, we proved that 8 lncRNAs, which have had the same genetic origin as differentially expressed mRNAs, were prominently downregulated, while their maternal genes were upregulated during brain development in fetal mice. CONCLUSION Our results preliminarily illustrated the differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs, both of which were derived from the same parent genes, during brain development in fetal mice, which suggests that alternative splicing of lncRNA exists during brain development. Besides, our study provides a perspective on critical genes for brain development, which might be the underlying therapeutic targets for developmental brain diseases in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Fu
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Kun Du
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Ying-Si Li
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Lu-Shan Li
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Yang Xin
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Ting-Ying Lei
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Qiong Deng
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Qiu-Xia Yu
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Can Liao
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
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102
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Zhou Y, Shao Y, Hu W, Zhang J, Shi Y, Kong X, Jiang J. A novel long noncoding RNA SP100-AS1 induces radioresistance of colorectal cancer via sponging miR-622 and stabilizing ATG3. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:111-124. [PMID: 35978049 PMCID: PMC9883267 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-01049-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although radiotherapy is an essential modality in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC), the incidence of radioresistance remains high clinically. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) reportedly play critical roles in CRC radioresistance by regulating genes or proteins at the transcriptional or post-translational levels. This study aimed to identify novel lncRNAs involved in radioresistance. We found that SP100-AS1 (lncRNA targeting antisense sequence of SP100 gene) was upregulated in radioresistant CRC patient tissues using RNA-seq analysis. Importantly, knockdown of SP100-AS1 significantly reduced radioresistance, cell proliferation, and tumor formation in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, mass spectrometry and bioinformatics analyses were used to identify the interacting proteins and microRNAs of SP100-AS1, respectively. Moreover, SP100-AS1 was found to interact with and stabilize ATG3 protein through the ubiquitination-dependent proteasome pathway. In addition, it could serve as a sponge for miR-622, which targeted ATG3 mRNA and affected autophagic activity. Thus, lncRNA SP100-AS1 could act as a radioresistance factor in CRC patients via RNA sponging and protein stabilizing mechanisms. In conclusion, the present study indicates that SP100-AS1/miR-622/ATG3 axis contributes to radioresistance and autophagic activity in CRC patients, suggesting it has huge prospects as a therapeutic target for improving CRC response to radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Zhou
- grid.452253.70000 0004 1804 524XTumor Biological Diagnosis and Treatment Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003 China ,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Changzhou, 213003 China ,grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694Institute of Cell Therapy, Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003 China
| | - Yingjie Shao
- grid.452253.70000 0004 1804 524XDepartment of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003 China
| | - Wenwei Hu
- grid.452253.70000 0004 1804 524XDepartment of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003 China
| | - Jinping Zhang
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Yufang Shi
- grid.429222.d0000 0004 1798 0228The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Xiangyin Kong
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Jingting Jiang
- Tumor Biological Diagnosis and Treatment Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China. .,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Changzhou, 213003, China. .,Institute of Cell Therapy, Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China.
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103
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Lee SY, Kweon H, Kang H, Kim E. Age-differential sexual dimorphisms in CHD8-S62X-mutant mouse synapses and transcriptomes. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1111388. [PMID: 36873104 PMCID: PMC9978779 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1111388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chd8+/N2373K mice with a human C-terminal-truncating mutation (N2373K) display autistic-like behaviors in juvenile and adult males but not in females. In contrast, Chd8+/S62X mice with a human N-terminal-truncating mutation (S62X) display behavioral deficits in juvenile males (not females) and adult males and females, indicative of age-differential sexually dimorphic behaviors. Excitatory synaptic transmission is suppressed and enhanced in male and female Chd8+/S62X juveniles, respectively, but similarly enhanced in adult male and female mutants. ASD-like transcriptomic changes are stronger in newborn and juvenile (but not adult) Chd8+/S62X males but in newborn and adult (not juvenile) Chd8+/S62X females. These results point to age-differential sexual dimorphisms in Chd8+/S62X mice at synaptic and transcriptomic levels, in addition to the behavioral level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Yeon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanseul Kweon
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojin Kang
- Division of National Supercomputing, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjoon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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104
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Ardesch DJ, Libedinsky I, Scholtens LH, Wei Y, van den Heuvel MP. Convergence of brain transcriptomic and neuroimaging patterns in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, autism spectrum disorder and major depression disorder. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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105
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Vakilzadeh G, Martinez-Cerdeño V. Pathology and Astrocytes in Autism. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2023; 19:841-850. [PMID: 37077706 PMCID: PMC10106330 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s390053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A distinct pathology for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) remains elusive. Human and animal studies have focused on investigating the role of neurons in ASD. However, recent studies have hinted that glial cell pathology could be a characteristic of ASD. Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cell in the brain and play an important role in neuronal function, both during development and in adult. They regulate neuronal migration, dendritic and spine development, and control the concentration of neurotransmitters at the synaptic cleft. They are also responsible for synaptogenesis, synaptic development, and synaptic function. Therefore, any change in astrocyte number and/or function could contribute to the impairment of connectivity that has been reported in ASD. Data available to date is scarce but indicates that while the number of astrocytes is reduced, their state of activation and their GFAP expression is increased in ASD. Disruption of astrocyte function in ASD may affect proper neurotransmitter metabolism, synaptogenesis, and the state of brain inflammation. Astrocytes alterations are common to ASD and other neurodevelopmental disorders. Future studies about the role of astrocytes in ASD are required to better understand this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gelareh Vakilzadeh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Veronica Martinez-Cerdeño
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA, USA
- MIND Institute, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Correspondence: Veronica Martinez-Cerdeño, 2425 Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA, Tel +916 453-2163, Email
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106
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The Role of Gut Dysbiosis in the Pathophysiology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010054. [PMID: 36611848 PMCID: PMC9818777 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence shows that the complex gut microbial ecosystem in the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract regulates the physiology of the central nervous system (CNS) via microbiota and the gut-brain (MGB) axis. The GI microbial ecosystem communicates with the brain through the neuroendocrine, immune, and autonomic nervous systems. Recent studies have bolstered the involvement of dysfunctional MGB axis signaling in the pathophysiology of several neurodegenerative, neurodevelopmental, and neuropsychiatric disorders (NPDs). Several investigations on the dynamic microbial system and genetic-environmental interactions with the gut microbiota (GM) have shown that changes in the composition, diversity and/or functions of gut microbes (termed "gut dysbiosis" (GD)) affect neuropsychiatric health by inducing alterations in the signaling pathways of the MGB axis. Interestingly, both preclinical and clinical evidence shows a positive correlation between GD and the pathogenesis and progression of NPDs. Long-term GD leads to overstimulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the neuroimmune system, along with altered neurotransmitter levels, resulting in dysfunctional signal transduction, inflammation, increased oxidative stress (OS), mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuronal death. Further studies on the MGB axis have highlighted the significance of GM in the development of brain regions specific to stress-related behaviors, including depression and anxiety, and the immune system in the early life. GD-mediated deregulation of the MGB axis imbalances host homeostasis significantly by disrupting the integrity of the intestinal and blood-brain barrier (BBB), mucus secretion, and gut immune and brain immune functions. This review collates evidence on the potential interaction between GD and NPDs from preclinical and clinical data. Additionally, we summarize the use of non-therapeutic modulators such as pro-, pre-, syn- and post-biotics, and specific diets or fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), which are promising targets for the management of NPDs.
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107
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Mendoza ML, Quigley LD, Dunham T, Volk LJ. KIBRA regulates activity-induced AMPA receptor expression and synaptic plasticity in an age-dependent manner. iScience 2022; 25:105623. [PMID: 36465112 PMCID: PMC9713372 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of human literature implicates KIBRA in memory and neurodevelopmental disorders. Memory and the cellular substrates supporting adaptive cognition change across development. Using an inducible KIBRA knockout mouse, we demonstrate that adult-onset deletion of KIBRA in forebrain neurons impairs long-term spatial memory and long-term potentiation (LTP). These LTP deficits correlate with adult-selective decreases in extrasynaptic AMPA receptors under basal conditions, and we identify a role for KIBRA in LTP-induced AMPAR upregulation. In contrast, juvenile-onset deletion of KIBRA in forebrain neurons did not affect LTP and had minimal effects on basal AMPAR expression. LTP did not increase AMPAR protein expression in juvenile WT mice, providing a potential explanation for juvenile resilience to KIBRA deletion. These data suggest that KIBRA serves a unique role in adult hippocampal function through regulation of basal and activity-dependent AMPAR proteostasis that supports synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Mendoza
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lilyana D. Quigley
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Thomas Dunham
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lenora J. Volk
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Peter O’ Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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108
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Chen HS, Wang J, Li HH, Wang X, Zhang SQ, Deng T, Li YK, Zou RS, Wang HJ, Zhu R, Xie WL, Zhao G, Wang F, Chen JG. Long noncoding RNA Gm2694 drives depressive-like behaviors in male mice by interacting with GRP78 to disrupt endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn2496. [PMID: 36459549 PMCID: PMC10936050 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn2496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in various biological processes and implicated in the regulation of neuronal activity, but the potential role of lncRNAs in depression remains largely unknown. Here, we identified that lncRNA Gm2694 was increased in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of male mice subjected to chronic social defeat stress (CSDS). The down-regulation of Gm2694 in the mPFC alleviated CSDS-induced depressive-like behaviors through enhanced excitatory synaptic transmission. Furthermore, we found that Gm2694 preferentially interacted with the carboxyl-terminal domain of 78-kilodalton glucose-regulated protein (GRP78), which abrogated GRP78 function and disrupted endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis, resulting in a reduction of the surface expression of AMPA receptors (AMPARs). Overexpression of GRP78 in the mPFC promoted the surface expression of AMPARs and attenuated the CSDS-induced depressive-like behaviors of mice. Together, our results unraveled a previously unknown role of Gm2694 in regulating endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis and excitatory synaptic transmission in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
- The Research Center for Depression, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science, 430030 Wuhan, China
- The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Ji Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Hou-Hong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Shao-Qi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Tan Deng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Ke Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Ruo-Si Zou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Hua-Jie Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Long Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
- The Research Center for Depression, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science, 430030 Wuhan, China
- The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, 430030 Wuhan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (HUST), Ministry of Education of China, 430030 Wuhan, China
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, The Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Guo Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
- The Research Center for Depression, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science, 430030 Wuhan, China
- The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, 430030 Wuhan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (HUST), Ministry of Education of China, 430030 Wuhan, China
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, The Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
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109
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Brandenburg C, Griswold AJ, Van Booven DJ, Kilander MBC, Frei JA, Nestor MW, Dykxhoorn DM, Pericak-Vance MA, Blatt GJ. Transcriptomic analysis of isolated and pooled human postmortem cerebellar Purkinje cells in autism spectrum disorders. Front Genet 2022; 13:944837. [PMID: 36437953 PMCID: PMC9683032 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.944837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, the neuronal mechanisms underlying the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have not been established. However, studies from human postmortem ASD brains have consistently revealed disruptions in cerebellar circuitry, specifically reductions in Purkinje cell (PC) number and size. Alterations in cerebellar circuitry would have important implications for information processing within the cerebellum and affect a wide range of human motor and non-motor behaviors. Laser capture microdissection was performed to obtain pure PC populations from a cohort of postmortem control and ASD cases and transcriptional profiles were compared. The 427 differentially expressed genes were enriched for gene ontology biological processes related to developmental organization/connectivity, extracellular matrix organization, calcium ion response, immune function and PC signaling alterations. Given the complexity of PCs and their far-ranging roles in response to sensory stimuli and motor function regulation, understanding transcriptional differences in this subset of cerebellar cells in ASD may inform on convergent pathways that impact neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Brandenburg
- Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore, MD, United States
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Anthony J. Griswold
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Derek J. Van Booven
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | | | | | | | - Derek M. Dykxhoorn
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | | | - Gene J. Blatt
- Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore, MD, United States
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110
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Gandal MJ, Haney JR, Wamsley B, Yap CX, Parhami S, Emani PS, Chang N, Chen GT, Hoftman GD, de Alba D, Ramaswami G, Hartl CL, Bhattacharya A, Luo C, Jin T, Wang D, Kawaguchi R, Quintero D, Ou J, Wu YE, Parikshak NN, Swarup V, Belgard TG, Gerstein M, Pasaniuc B, Geschwind DH. Broad transcriptomic dysregulation occurs across the cerebral cortex in ASD. Nature 2022; 611:532-539. [PMID: 36323788 PMCID: PMC9668748 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05377-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders classically lack defining brain pathologies, but recent work has demonstrated dysregulation at the molecular level, characterized by transcriptomic and epigenetic alterations1-3. In autism spectrum disorder (ASD), this molecular pathology involves the upregulation of microglial, astrocyte and neural-immune genes, the downregulation of synaptic genes, and attenuation of gene-expression gradients in cortex1,2,4-6. However, whether these changes are limited to cortical association regions or are more widespread remains unknown. To address this issue, we performed RNA-sequencing analysis of 725 brain samples spanning 11 cortical areas from 112 post-mortem samples from individuals with ASD and neurotypical controls. We find widespread transcriptomic changes across the cortex in ASD, exhibiting an anterior-to-posterior gradient, with the greatest differences in primary visual cortex, coincident with an attenuation of the typical transcriptomic differences between cortical regions. Single-nucleus RNA-sequencing and methylation profiling demonstrate that this robust molecular signature reflects changes in cell-type-specific gene expression, particularly affecting excitatory neurons and glia. Both rare and common ASD-associated genetic variation converge within a downregulated co-expression module involving synaptic signalling, and common variation alone is enriched within a module of upregulated protein chaperone genes. These results highlight widespread molecular changes across the cerebral cortex in ASD, extending beyond association cortex to broadly involve primary sensory regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Gandal
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Lifespan Brain Institute at Penn Medicine and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Jillian R Haney
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brie Wamsley
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chloe X Yap
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sepideh Parhami
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Prashant S Emani
- Computational Biology & Bioinformatics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nathan Chang
- Computational Biology & Bioinformatics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - George T Chen
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gil D Hoftman
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Diego de Alba
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gokul Ramaswami
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher L Hartl
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arjun Bhattacharya
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chongyuan Luo
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ting Jin
- Waisman Center and Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Daifeng Wang
- Waisman Center and Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Diana Quintero
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jing Ou
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ye Emily Wu
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Neelroop N Parikshak
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vivek Swarup
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Mark Gerstein
- Computational Biology & Bioinformatics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Bogdan Pasaniuc
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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111
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Kim IB, Lee T, Lee J, Kim J, Lee S, Koh IG, Kim JH, An JY, Lee H, Kim WK, Ju YS, Cho Y, Yu SJ, Kim SA, Oh M, Han DW, Kim E, Choi JK, Yoo HJ, Lee JH. Non-coding de novo mutations in chromatin interactions are implicated in autism spectrum disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:4680-4694. [PMID: 35840799 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01697-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional chromatin interactions regulate gene expressions. The significance of de novo mutations (DNMs) in chromatin interactions remains poorly understood for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We generated 813 whole-genome sequences from 242 Korean simplex families to detect DNMs, and identified target genes which were putatively affected by non-coding DNMs in chromatin interactions. Non-coding DNMs in chromatin interactions were significantly involved in transcriptional dysregulations related to ASD risk. Correspondingly, target genes showed spatiotemporal expressions relevant to ASD in developing brains and enrichment in biological pathways implicated in ASD, such as histone modification. Regarding clinical features of ASD, non-coding DNMs in chromatin interactions particularly contributed to low intelligence quotient levels in ASD probands. We further validated our findings using two replication cohorts, Simons Simplex Collection (SSC) and MSSNG, and showed the consistent enrichment of non-coding DNM-disrupted chromatin interactions in ASD probands. Generating human induced pluripotent stem cells in two ASD families, we were able to demonstrate that non-coding DNMs in chromatin interactions alter the expression of target genes at the stage of early neural development. Taken together, our findings indicate that non-coding DNMs in ASD probands lead to early neurodevelopmental disruption implicated in ASD risk via chromatin interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il Bin Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri, 11923, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyeop Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Junehawk Lee
- Center for Supercomputing Applications, Division of National Supercomputing, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghun Kim
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Suho Lee
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - In Gyeong Koh
- Industry-University Cooperation Foundation, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Kim
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,BK21FOUR R&E Center for Learning Health Systems, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Yong An
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,BK21FOUR R&E Center for Learning Health Systems, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunseong Lee
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05030, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Kyeong Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Seok Ju
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongseong Cho
- Center for Supercomputing Applications, Division of National Supercomputing, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Jong Yu
- Center for Supercomputing Applications, Division of National Supercomputing, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Ae Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Eulji University, Daejeon, 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Miae Oh
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Wook Han
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020, China.,Organoid sciences, Ltd., Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjoon Kim
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung Kyoon Choi
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hee Jeong Yoo
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, 13620, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong Ho Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea. .,Sovargen Co. Ltd., Daejeon, 34051, Republic of Korea.
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112
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Lin TL, Lu CC, Chen TW, Huang CW, Lu JJ, Lai WF, Wu TS, Lai CH, Lai HC, Chen YL. Amelioration of Maternal Immune Activation-Induced Autism Relevant Behaviors by Gut Commensal Parabacteroides goldsteinii. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113070. [PMID: 36361859 PMCID: PMC9657948 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by cognitive inflexibility and social deficits. Probiotics have been demonstrated to play a promising role in managing the severity of ASD. However, there are no effective probiotics for clinical use. Identifying new probiotic strains for ameliorating ASD is therefore essential. Using the maternal immune activation (MIA)-based offspring ASD-like mouse model, a probiotic-based intervention strategy was examined in female mice. The gut commensal microbe Parabacteroides goldsteinii MTS01, which was previously demonstrated to exert multiple beneficial effects on chronic inflammation-related-diseases, was evaluated. Prenatal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure induced leaky gut-related inflammatory phenotypes in the colon, increased LPS activity in sera, and induced autistic-like behaviors in offspring mice. By contrast, P. goldsteinii MTS01 treatment significantly reduced intestinal and systemic inflammation and ameliorated disease development. Transcriptomic analyses of MIA offspring indicated that in the intestine, P. goldsteinii MTS01 enhanced neuropeptide-related signaling and suppressed aberrant cell proliferation and inflammatory responses. In the hippocampus, P. goldsteinii MTS01 increased ribosomal/mitochondrial and antioxidant activities and decreased glutamate receptor signaling. Together, significant ameliorative effects of P. goldsteinii MTS01 on ASD relevant behaviors in MIA offspring were identified. Therefore, P. goldsteinii MTS01 could be developed as a next-generation probiotic for ameliorating ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Lung Lin
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Microbiota Research Center and Emerging Viral Infections Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Cha-Chen Lu
- Microbiota Research Center and Emerging Viral Infections Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Chest Medicine, Internal Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Wen Chen
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Center For Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-Devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Huang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Jang-Jih Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Fan Lai
- Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Shu Wu
- Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ho Lai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chih Lai
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Microbiota Research Center and Emerging Viral Infections Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine and Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan
- Medical Research Center, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen 361028, China
- Correspondence: (H.-C.L.); (Y.-L.C.)
| | - Ya-Lei Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung 82446, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.-C.L.); (Y.-L.C.)
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113
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Wang L, Mirabella VR, Dai R, Su X, Xu R, Jadali A, Bernabucci M, Singh I, Chen Y, Tian J, Jiang P, Kwan KY, Pak C, Liu C, Comoletti D, Hart RP, Chen C, Südhof TC, Pang ZP. Analyses of the autism-associated neuroligin-3 R451C mutation in human neurons reveal a gain-of-function synaptic mechanism. Mol Psychiatry 2022:10.1038/s41380-022-01834-x. [PMID: 36280753 PMCID: PMC10123180 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01834-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in many synaptic genes are associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), suggesting that synaptic dysfunction is a key driver of ASD pathogenesis. Among these mutations, the R451C substitution in the NLGN3 gene that encodes the postsynaptic adhesion molecule Neuroligin-3 is noteworthy because it was the first specific mutation linked to ASDs. In mice, the corresponding Nlgn3 R451C-knockin mutation recapitulates social interaction deficits of ASD patients and produces synaptic abnormalities, but the impact of the NLGN3 R451C mutation on human neurons has not been investigated. Here, we generated human knockin neurons with the NLGN3 R451C and NLGN3 null mutations. Strikingly, analyses of NLGN3 R451C-mutant neurons revealed that the R451C mutation decreased NLGN3 protein levels but enhanced the strength of excitatory synapses without affecting inhibitory synapses; meanwhile NLGN3 knockout neurons showed reduction in excitatory synaptic strengths. Moreover, overexpression of NLGN3 R451C recapitulated the synaptic enhancement in human neurons. Notably, the augmentation of excitatory transmission was confirmed in vivo with human neurons transplanted into mouse forebrain. Using single-cell RNA-seq experiments with co-cultured excitatory and inhibitory NLGN3 R451C-mutant neurons, we identified differentially expressed genes in relatively mature human neurons corresponding to synaptic gene expression networks. Moreover, gene ontology and enrichment analyses revealed convergent gene networks associated with ASDs and other mental disorders. Our findings suggest that the NLGN3 R451C mutation induces a gain-of-function enhancement in excitatory synaptic transmission that may contribute to the pathophysiology of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Wang
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey and Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, China
| | - Vincent R Mirabella
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey and Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Rujia Dai
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Xiao Su
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey and Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Ranjie Xu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Azadeh Jadali
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Matteo Bernabucci
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey and Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Ishnoor Singh
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey and Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, China
| | - Jianghua Tian
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Kevin Y Kwan
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - ChangHui Pak
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, China
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, 710000, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Davide Comoletti
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey and Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
| | - Ronald P Hart
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Chao Chen
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Thomas C Südhof
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Zhiping P Pang
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey and Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
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114
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Yoo YE, Yoo T, Kang H, Kim E. Brain region and gene dosage-differential transcriptomic changes in Shank2-mutant mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:977305. [PMID: 36311025 PMCID: PMC9612946 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.977305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shank2 is an abundant excitatory postsynaptic scaffolding protein that has been implicated in various neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), intellectual disability, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia. Shank2-mutant mice show ASD-like behavioral deficits and altered synaptic and neuronal functions, but little is known about how different brain regions and gene dosages affect the transcriptomic phenotypes of these mice. Here, we performed RNA-Seq-based transcriptomic analyses of the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum in adult Shank2 heterozygous (HT)- and homozygous (HM)-mutant mice lacking exons 6–7. The prefrontal cortical, hippocampal, and striatal regions showed distinct transcriptomic patterns associated with synapse, ribosome, mitochondria, spliceosome, and extracellular matrix (ECM). The three brain regions were also distinct in the expression of ASD-related and ASD-risk genes. These differential patterns were stronger in the prefrontal cortex where the HT transcriptome displayed increased synaptic gene expression and reverse-ASD patterns whereas the HM transcriptome showed decreased synaptic gene expression and ASD-like patterns. These results suggest brain region- and gene dosage-differential transcriptomic changes in Shank2-mutant mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Eun Yoo
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Taesun Yoo
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hyojin Kang
- Division of National Supercomputing, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eunjoon Kim
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Eunjoon Kim,
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115
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Thudium S, Palozola K, L'Her É, Korb E. Identification of a transcriptional signature found in multiple models of ASD and related disorders. Genome Res 2022; 32:1642-1654. [PMID: 36104286 PMCID: PMC9528985 DOI: 10.1101/gr.276591.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation plays a critical role in many neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In particular, many such disorders are the result of mutations in genes that encode chromatin-modifying proteins. However, although these disorders share many features, it is unclear whether they also share gene expression disruptions resulting from the aberrant regulation of chromatin. We examined five chromatin modifiers that are all linked to ASD despite their different roles in regulating chromatin. Specifically, we depleted ASH1L, CHD8, CREBBP, EHMT1, and NSD1 in parallel in a highly controlled neuronal culture system. We then identified sets of shared genes, or transcriptional signatures, that are differentially expressed following loss of multiple ASD-linked chromatin modifiers. We examined the functions of genes within the transcriptional signatures and found an enrichment in many neurotransmitter transport genes and activity-dependent genes. In addition, these genes are enriched for specific chromatin features such as bivalent domains that allow for highly dynamic regulation of gene expression. The down-regulated transcriptional signature is also observed within multiple mouse models of NDDs that result in ASD, but not those only associated with intellectual disability. Finally, the down-regulated transcriptional signature can distinguish between control and idiopathic ASD patient iPSC-derived neurons as well as postmortem tissue, demonstrating that this gene set is relevant to the human disorder. This work identifies a transcriptional signature that is found within many neurodevelopmental syndromes, helping to elucidate the link between epigenetic regulation and the underlying cellular mechanisms that result in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Thudium
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Katherine Palozola
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Éloïse L'Her
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Erica Korb
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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116
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Otero-Garcia M, Mahajani SU, Wakhloo D, Tang W, Xue YQ, Morabito S, Pan J, Oberhauser J, Madira AE, Shakouri T, Deng Y, Allison T, He Z, Lowry WE, Kawaguchi R, Swarup V, Cobos I. Molecular signatures underlying neurofibrillary tangle susceptibility in Alzheimer's disease. Neuron 2022; 110:2929-2948.e8. [PMID: 35882228 PMCID: PMC9509477 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tau aggregation in neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) is closely associated with neurodegeneration and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the molecular signatures that distinguish between aggregation-prone and aggregation-resistant cell states are unknown. We developed methods for the high-throughput isolation and transcriptome profiling of single somas with NFTs from the human AD brain, quantified the susceptibility of 20 neocortical subtypes for NFT formation and death, and identified both shared and cell-type-specific signatures. NFT-bearing neurons shared a marked upregulation of synaptic transmission-related genes, including a core set of 63 genes enriched for synaptic vesicle cycling. Oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial dysfunction were highly cell-type dependent. Apoptosis was only modestly enriched, and the susceptibilities of NFT-bearing and NFT-free neurons for death were highly similar. Our analysis suggests that NFTs represent cell-type-specific responses to stress and synaptic dysfunction. We provide a resource for biomarker discovery and the investigation of tau-dependent and tau-independent mechanisms of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Otero-Garcia
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sameehan U Mahajani
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Debia Wakhloo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Weijing Tang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yue-Qiang Xue
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Samuel Morabito
- Mathematical, Computational and Systems Biology Program, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jie Pan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jane Oberhauser
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Angela E Madira
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tamara Shakouri
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yongning Deng
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Thomas Allison
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Zihuai He
- Department Neurology and Neurological Sciences and Quantitative Sciences Unit, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - William E Lowry
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- Department of Psychiatry and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Vivek Swarup
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Inma Cobos
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Hinkle ER, Blue RE, Tsai YH, Combs M, Davi J, Coffey AR, Boriek AM, Taylor JM, Parker JS, Giudice J. Stretching muscle cells induces transcriptional and splicing transitions and changes in SR proteins. Commun Biol 2022; 5:987. [PMID: 36123433 PMCID: PMC9485123 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03915-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing is an RNA processing mechanism involved in skeletal muscle development and pathology. Muscular diseases exhibit splicing alterations and changes in mechanobiology leading us to investigate the interconnection between mechanical forces and RNA processing. We performed deep RNA-sequencing after stretching muscle cells. First, we uncovered transcriptional changes in genes encoding proteins involved in muscle function and transcription. Second, we observed that numerous mechanosensitive genes were part of the MAPK pathway which was activated in response to stretching. Third, we revealed that stretching skeletal muscle cells increased the proportion of alternatively spliced cassette exons and their inclusion. Fourth, we demonstrated that the serine and arginine-rich proteins exhibited stronger transcriptional changes than other RNA-binding proteins and that SRSF4 phosphorylation is mechanosensitive. Identifying SRSF4 as a mechanosensitive RNA-binding protein that might contribute to crosstalk between mechanotransduction, transcription, and splicing could potentially reveal novel insights into muscular diseases, particularly those with unknown etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Hinkle
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, NC, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology (GMB), The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, NC, USA
| | - R Eric Blue
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, NC, USA
| | - Yi-Hsuan Tsai
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, NC, USA
| | - Matthew Combs
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, NC, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Davi
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, NC, USA
| | - Alisha R Coffey
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, NC, USA
| | - Aladin M Boriek
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joan M Taylor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, NC, USA
- McAllister Heart Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, NC, USA
| | - Joel S Parker
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology (GMB), The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, NC, USA
| | - Jimena Giudice
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, NC, USA.
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology (GMB), The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, NC, USA.
- McAllister Heart Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, NC, USA.
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118
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Sullivan O, Ciernia AV. Work hard, play hard: how sexually differentiated microglia work to shape social play and reproductive behavior. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:989011. [PMID: 36172465 PMCID: PMC9510374 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.989011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are brain-resident immune cells that play a critical role in synaptic pruning and circuit fine-tuning during development. In the adult brain, microglia actively survey their local environment and mobilize inflammatory responses to signs of damage or infection. Sex differences in microglial gene expression and function across the lifespan have been identified, which play a key role in shaping brain function and behavior. The levels of sex hormones such as androgens, estrogens, and progesterone vary in an age-dependent and sex-dependent manner. Microglia respond both directly and indirectly to changes in hormone levels, altering transcriptional gene expression, morphology, and function. Of particular interest is the microglial function in brain regions that are highly sexually differentiated in development such as the amygdala as well as the pre-optic and ventromedial hypothalamic regions. With a focus on hormone-sensitive developmental windows, this review compares male and female microglia in the embryonic, developing, and adult brain with a particular interest in the influence of sex hormones on microglial wiring of social, reproductive, and disordered behavior circuits in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Sullivan
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Annie Vogel Ciernia
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Annie Vogel Ciernia
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119
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Baruah C, Nath P, Barah P. LncRNAs in neuropsychiatric disorders and computational insights for their prediction. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:11515-11534. [PMID: 36097122 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07819-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are 200 nucleotide extended transcripts that do not encode proteins or possess limited coding ability. LncRNAs epigenetically control several biological functions such as gene regulation, transcription, mRNA splicing, protein interaction, and genomic imprinting. Over the years, drastic progress in understanding the role of lncRNAs in diverse biological processes has been made. LncRNAs are reported to show tissue-specific expression patterns suggesting their potential as novel candidate biomarkers for diseases. Among all other non-coding RNAs, lncRNAs are highly expressed within the brain-enriched or brain-specific regions of the neural tissues. They are abundantly expressed in the neocortex and pre-mature frontal regions of the brain. LncRNAs are co-expressed with the protein-coding genes and have a significant role in the evolution of functions of the brain. Any deregulation in the lncRNAs contributes to disruptions in normal brain functions resulting in multiple neurological disorders. Neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disease, autism spectrum disorders, and anxiety are associated with the abnormal expression and regulation of lncRNAs. This review aims to highlight the understanding of lncRNAs concerning normal brain functions and their deregulation associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. We have also provided a survey on the available computational tools for the prediction of lncRNAs, their protein coding potentials, and sub-cellular locations, along with a section on existing online databases with known lncRNAs, and their interactions with other molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinmoyee Baruah
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, 784028, Napaam, Sonitpur, Assam, India
| | - Prangan Nath
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, 784028, Napaam, Sonitpur, Assam, India
| | - Pankaj Barah
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, 784028, Napaam, Sonitpur, Assam, India.
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Arjun McKinney A, Petrova R, Panagiotakos G. Calcium and activity-dependent signaling in the developing cerebral cortex. Development 2022; 149:276624. [PMID: 36102617 PMCID: PMC9578689 DOI: 10.1242/dev.198853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Calcium influx can be stimulated by various intra- and extracellular signals to set coordinated gene expression programs into motion. As such, the precise regulation of intracellular calcium represents a nexus between environmental cues and intrinsic genetic programs. Mounting genetic evidence points to a role for the deregulation of intracellular calcium signaling in neuropsychiatric disorders of developmental origin. These findings have prompted renewed enthusiasm for understanding the roles of calcium during normal and dysfunctional prenatal development. In this Review, we describe the fundamental mechanisms through which calcium is spatiotemporally regulated and directs early neurodevelopmental events. We also discuss unanswered questions about intracellular calcium regulation during the emergence of neurodevelopmental disease, and provide evidence that disruption of cell-specific calcium homeostasis and/or redeployment of developmental calcium signaling mechanisms may contribute to adult neurological disorders. We propose that understanding the normal developmental events that build the nervous system will rely on gaining insights into cell type-specific calcium signaling mechanisms. Such an understanding will enable therapeutic strategies targeting calcium-dependent mechanisms to mitigate disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpana Arjun McKinney
- University of California 1 Graduate Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology , , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California 2 , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
- University of California 3 Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California 4 , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
| | - Ralitsa Petrova
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California 2 , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
- University of California 3 Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California 4 , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
| | - Georgia Panagiotakos
- University of California 1 Graduate Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology , , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California 2 , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
- University of California 3 Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California 4 , San Francisco, CA 94143 , USA
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121
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Blagburn-Blanco SV, Chappell MS, De Biase LM, DeNardo LA. Synapse-specific roles for microglia in development: New horizons in the prefrontal cortex. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:965756. [PMID: 36003220 PMCID: PMC9394540 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.965756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of both microglia and circuitry in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) have been implicated in numerous neuropsychiatric disorders, but how microglia affect mPFC development in health and disease is not well understood. mPFC circuits undergo a prolonged maturation after birth that is driven by molecular programs and activity-dependent processes. Though this extended development is crucial to acquire mature cognitive abilities, it likely renders mPFC circuitry more susceptible to disruption by genetic and environmental insults that increase the risk of developing mental health disorders. Recent work suggests that microglia directly influence mPFC circuit maturation, though the biological factors underlying this observation remain unclear. In this review, we discuss these recent findings along with new studies on the cellular mechanisms by which microglia shape sensory circuits during postnatal development. We focus on the molecular pathways through which glial cells and immune signals regulate synaptogenesis and activity-dependent synaptic refinement. We further highlight how disruptions in these pathways are implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders associated with mPFC dysfunction, including schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Using these disorders as a framework, we discuss microglial mechanisms that could link environmental risk factors including infections and stress with ongoing genetic programs to aberrantly shape mPFC circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara V. Blagburn-Blanco
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Megan S. Chappell
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lindsay M. De Biase
- Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Lindsay M. De Biase,
| | - Laura A. DeNardo
- Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Laura A. DeNardo,
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122
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Buen Abad Najar CF, Burra P, Yosef N, Lareau LF. Identifying cell state-associated alternative splicing events and their coregulation. Genome Res 2022; 32:1385-1397. [PMID: 35858747 PMCID: PMC9341514 DOI: 10.1101/gr.276109.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing shapes the transcriptome and contributes to each cell's unique identity, but single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has struggled to capture the impact of alternative splicing. We previously showed that low recovery of mRNAs from single cells led to erroneous conclusions about the cell-to-cell variability of alternative splicing. Here, we present a method, Psix, to confidently identify splicing that changes across a landscape of single cells, using a probabilistic model that is robust against the data limitations of scRNA-seq. Its autocorrelation-inspired approach finds patterns of alternative splicing that correspond to patterns of cell identity, such as cell type or developmental stage, without the need for explicit cell clustering, labeling, or trajectory inference. Applying Psix to data that follow the trajectory of mouse brain development, we identify exons whose alternative splicing patterns cluster into modules of coregulation. We show that the exons in these modules are enriched for binding by distinct neuronal splicing factors and that their changes in splicing correspond to changes in expression of these splicing factors. Thus, Psix reveals cell type-dependent splicing patterns and the wiring of the splicing regulatory networks that control them. Our new method will enable scRNA-seq analysis to go beyond transcription to understand the roles of post-transcriptional regulation in determining cell identity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prakruthi Burra
- Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Nir Yosef
- Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Liana F Lareau
- Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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123
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Jiang CC, Lin LS, Long S, Ke XY, Fukunaga K, Lu YM, Han F. Signalling pathways in autism spectrum disorder: mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:229. [PMID: 35817793 PMCID: PMC9273593 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01081-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a prevalent and complex neurodevelopmental disorder which has strong genetic basis. Despite the rapidly rising incidence of autism, little is known about its aetiology, risk factors, and disease progression. There are currently neither validated biomarkers for diagnostic screening nor specific medication for autism. Over the last two decades, there have been remarkable advances in genetics, with hundreds of genes identified and validated as being associated with a high risk for autism. The convergence of neuroscience methods is becoming more widely recognized for its significance in elucidating the pathological mechanisms of autism. Efforts have been devoted to exploring the behavioural functions, key pathological mechanisms and potential treatments of autism. Here, as we highlight in this review, emerging evidence shows that signal transduction molecular events are involved in pathological processes such as transcription, translation, synaptic transmission, epigenetics and immunoinflammatory responses. This involvement has important implications for the discovery of precise molecular targets for autism. Moreover, we review recent insights into the mechanisms and clinical implications of signal transduction in autism from molecular, cellular, neural circuit, and neurobehavioural aspects. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives are discussed with regard to novel strategies predicated on the biological features of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chen Jiang
- International Joint Laboratory for Drug Target of Critical Illnesses; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Li-Shan Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Sen Long
- Department of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Mental Health Center Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Ke
- Child Mental Health Research Center, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Kohji Fukunaga
- Department of CNS Drug Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ying-Mei Lu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Feng Han
- International Joint Laboratory for Drug Target of Critical Illnesses; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China. .,Institute of Brain Science, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China. .,Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, 215002, China.
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124
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Liu J, Chen S, Liu M, Chen Y, Fan W, Lee S, Xiao H, Kudrna D, Li Z, Chen X, Peng Y, Tian K, Zhang B, Wing RA, Zhang J, Wang X. Full-Length Transcriptome Sequencing Reveals Alternative Splicing and lncRNA Regulation during Nodule Development in Glycine max. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7371. [PMID: 35806374 PMCID: PMC9266934 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) is a ubiquitous phenomenon among eukaryotic intron-containing genes, which greatly contributes to transcriptome and proteome diversity. Here we performed the isoform sequencing (Iso-Seq) of soybean underground tissues inoculated and uninoculated with Rhizobium and obtained 200,681 full-length transcripts covering 26,183 gene loci. It was found that 80.78% of the multi-exon loci produced more than one splicing variant. Comprehensive analysis of these identified 7874 differentially splicing events with highly diverse splicing patterns during nodule development, especially in defense and transport-related processes. We further profiled genes with differential isoform usage and revealed that 2008 multi-isoform loci underwent stage-specific or simultaneous major isoform switches after Rhizobium inoculation, indicating that AS is a vital way to regulate nodule development. Moreover, we took the lead in identifying 1563 high-confidence long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in soybean, and 157 of them are differentially expressed during nodule development. Therefore, our study uncovers the landscape of AS during the soybean-Rhizobium interaction and provides systematic transcriptomic data for future study of multiple novel directions in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.L.); (S.C.); (M.L.); (Y.C.); (W.F.); (Z.L.); (X.C.); (K.T.)
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China; (H.X.); (Y.P.); (B.Z.)
| | - Shengcai Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.L.); (S.C.); (M.L.); (Y.C.); (W.F.); (Z.L.); (X.C.); (K.T.)
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China; (H.X.); (Y.P.); (B.Z.)
| | - Min Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.L.); (S.C.); (M.L.); (Y.C.); (W.F.); (Z.L.); (X.C.); (K.T.)
| | - Yimian Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.L.); (S.C.); (M.L.); (Y.C.); (W.F.); (Z.L.); (X.C.); (K.T.)
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China; (H.X.); (Y.P.); (B.Z.)
| | - Wei Fan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.L.); (S.C.); (M.L.); (Y.C.); (W.F.); (Z.L.); (X.C.); (K.T.)
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China; (H.X.); (Y.P.); (B.Z.)
| | - Seunghee Lee
- Arizona Genomics Institute, School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (S.L.); (D.K.); (R.A.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Han Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China; (H.X.); (Y.P.); (B.Z.)
| | - Dave Kudrna
- Arizona Genomics Institute, School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (S.L.); (D.K.); (R.A.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Zixin Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.L.); (S.C.); (M.L.); (Y.C.); (W.F.); (Z.L.); (X.C.); (K.T.)
| | - Xu Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.L.); (S.C.); (M.L.); (Y.C.); (W.F.); (Z.L.); (X.C.); (K.T.)
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China; (H.X.); (Y.P.); (B.Z.)
| | - Yaqi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China; (H.X.); (Y.P.); (B.Z.)
| | - Kewei Tian
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.L.); (S.C.); (M.L.); (Y.C.); (W.F.); (Z.L.); (X.C.); (K.T.)
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China; (H.X.); (Y.P.); (B.Z.)
| | - Bao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China; (H.X.); (Y.P.); (B.Z.)
| | - Rod A. Wing
- Arizona Genomics Institute, School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (S.L.); (D.K.); (R.A.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jianwei Zhang
- Arizona Genomics Institute, School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (S.L.); (D.K.); (R.A.W.); (J.Z.)
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xuelu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China; (H.X.); (Y.P.); (B.Z.)
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125
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Hardwick SA, Hu W, Joglekar A, Fan L, Collier PG, Foord C, Balacco J, Lanjewar S, Sampson MM, Koopmans F, Prjibelski AD, Mikheenko A, Belchikov N, Jarroux J, Lucas AB, Palkovits M, Luo W, Milner TA, Ndhlovu LC, Smit AB, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VMY, Fedrigo O, Sloan SA, Tombácz D, Ross ME, Jarvis E, Boldogkői Z, Gan L, Tilgner HU. Single-nuclei isoform RNA sequencing unlocks barcoded exon connectivity in frozen brain tissue. Nat Biotechnol 2022; 40:1082-1092. [PMID: 35256815 PMCID: PMC9287170 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-022-01231-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Single-nuclei RNA sequencing characterizes cell types at the gene level. However, compared to single-cell approaches, many single-nuclei cDNAs are purely intronic, lack barcodes and hinder the study of isoforms. Here we present single-nuclei isoform RNA sequencing (SnISOr-Seq). Using microfluidics, PCR-based artifact removal, target enrichment and long-read sequencing, SnISOr-Seq increased barcoded, exon-spanning long reads 7.5-fold compared to naive long-read single-nuclei sequencing. We applied SnISOr-Seq to adult human frontal cortex and found that exons associated with autism exhibit coordinated and highly cell-type-specific inclusion. We found two distinct combination patterns: those distinguishing neural cell types, enriched in TSS-exon, exon-polyadenylation-site and non-adjacent exon pairs, and those with multiple configurations within one cell type, enriched in adjacent exon pairs. Finally, we observed that human-specific exons are almost as tightly coordinated as conserved exons, implying that coordination can be rapidly established during evolution. SnISOr-Seq enables cell-type-specific long-read isoform analysis in human brain and in any frozen or hard-to-dissociate sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon A Hardwick
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Neurogenetics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wen Hu
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Neurogenetics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anoushka Joglekar
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Neurogenetics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Li Fan
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul G Collier
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Neurogenetics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Careen Foord
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Neurogenetics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Samantha Lanjewar
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Frank Koopmans
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrey D Prjibelski
- Center for Algorithmic Biotechnology, Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alla Mikheenko
- Center for Algorithmic Biotechnology, Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natan Belchikov
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Neurogenetics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Physiology, Biophysics & Systems Biology Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julien Jarroux
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Neurogenetics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Miklós Palkovits
- Human Brain Tissue Bank, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Wenjie Luo
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Teresa A Milner
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lishomwa C Ndhlovu
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - August B Smit
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Virginia M Y Lee
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Steven A Sloan
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dóra Tombácz
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - M Elizabeth Ross
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Neurogenetics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Zsolt Boldogkői
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Li Gan
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hagen U Tilgner
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Center for Neurogenetics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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126
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Engal E, Baker M, Salton M. The chromatin roots of abnormal splicing in autism. Trends Genet 2022; 38:892-894. [PMID: 35750536 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal gene expression drives neurodevelopment. Therefore, abnormal expression during development results in atypical brain function. Alterations in gene expression have been described in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Here, we focus on one aspect of gene expression, pre-mRNA splicing, specifically, the mechanism of its regulation by chromatin and how this is altered in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eden Engal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Mai Baker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Maayan Salton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
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127
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The Role of Genetics, Epigenetics, and the Environment in ASD: A Mini Review. EPIGENOMES 2022; 6:epigenomes6020015. [PMID: 35735472 PMCID: PMC9222497 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes6020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
According to recent findings, variances in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) risk factors might be determined by several factors, including molecular genetic variants. Accumulated evidence has also revealed the important role of biological and chemical pathways in ASD aetiology. In this paper, we assess several reviews with regard to their quality of evidence and provide a brief outline of the presumed mechanisms of the genetic, epigenetic, and environmental risk factors of ASD. We also review some of the critical literature, which supports the basis of each factor in the underlying and specific risk patterns of ASD. Finally, we consider some of the implications of recent research regarding potential molecular targets for future investigations.
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128
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Zakutansky PM, Feng Y. The Long Non-Coding RNA GOMAFU in Schizophrenia: Function, Disease Risk, and Beyond. Cells 2022; 11:1949. [PMID: 35741078 PMCID: PMC9221589 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric diseases are among the most common brain developmental disorders, represented by schizophrenia (SZ). The complex multifactorial etiology of SZ remains poorly understood, which reflects genetic vulnerabilities and environmental risks that affect numerous genes and biological pathways. Besides the dysregulation of protein-coding genes, recent discoveries demonstrate that abnormalities associated with non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), also contribute to the pathogenesis of SZ. lncRNAs are an actively evolving family of non-coding RNAs that harbor greater than 200 nucleotides but do not encode for proteins. In general, lncRNA genes are poorly conserved. The large number of lncRNAs specifically expressed in the human brain, together with the genetic alterations and dysregulation of lncRNA genes in the SZ brain, suggests a critical role in normal cognitive function and the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric diseases. A particular lncRNA of interest is GOMAFU, also known as MIAT and RNCR2. Growing evidence suggests the function of GOMAFU in governing neuronal development and its potential roles as a risk factor and biomarker for SZ, which will be reviewed in this article. Moreover, we discuss the potential mechanisms through which GOMAFU regulates molecular pathways, including its subcellular localization and interaction with RNA-binding proteins, and how interruption to GOMAFU pathways may contribute to the pathogenesis of SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Zakutansky
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Developmental Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yue Feng
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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129
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Lim ET, Chan Y, Dawes P, Guo X, Erdin S, Tai DJC, Liu S, Reichert JM, Burns MJ, Chan YK, Chiang JJ, Meyer K, Zhang X, Walsh CA, Yankner BA, Raychaudhuri S, Hirschhorn JN, Gusella JF, Talkowski ME, Church GM. Orgo-Seq integrates single-cell and bulk transcriptomic data to identify cell type specific-driver genes associated with autism spectrum disorder. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3243. [PMID: 35688811 PMCID: PMC9187732 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30968-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral organoids can be used to gain insights into cell type specific processes perturbed by genetic variants associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. However, robust and scalable phenotyping of organoids remains challenging. Here, we perform RNA sequencing on 71 samples comprising 1,420 cerebral organoids from 25 donors, and describe a framework (Orgo-Seq) to integrate bulk RNA and single-cell RNA sequence data. We apply Orgo-Seq to 16p11.2 deletions and 15q11-13 duplications, two loci associated with autism spectrum disorder, to identify immature neurons and intermediate progenitor cells as critical cell types for 16p11.2 deletions. We further applied Orgo-Seq to identify cell type-specific driver genes. Our work presents a quantitative phenotyping framework to integrate multi-transcriptomic datasets for the identification of cell types and cell type-specific co-expressed driver genes associated with neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine T Lim
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA. .,Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA. .,NeuroNexus Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA. .,Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
| | - Yingleong Chan
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.,NeuroNexus Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Pepper Dawes
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.,NeuroNexus Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Xiaoge Guo
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineerin, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Serkan Erdin
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Derek J C Tai
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Songlei Liu
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineerin, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Julia M Reichert
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.,NeuroNexus Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Mannix J Burns
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.,NeuroNexus Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Ying Kai Chan
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineerin, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jessica J Chiang
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineerin, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Katharina Meyer
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Xiaochang Zhang
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,The Grossman Neuroscience Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Christopher A Walsh
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02115, USA.,Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Bruce A Yankner
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Soumya Raychaudhuri
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02115, USA.,Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Division of Rheumatology and Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Joel N Hirschhorn
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02115, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - James F Gusella
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02115, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Michael E Talkowski
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02115, USA
| | - George M Church
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineerin, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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130
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Targeting NMDA receptors in neuropsychiatric disorders by drug screening on human neurons derived from pluripotent stem cells. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:243. [PMID: 35680847 PMCID: PMC9184461 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02010-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
NMDA receptors (NMDARs), a prominent subtype of glutamatergic receptors, are implicated in the pathogenesis and development of neuropsychiatric disorders such as epilepsy, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, and schizophrenia, and are therefore a potential therapeutic target in treating these disorders. Neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have provided the opportunity to investigate human NMDARs in their native environment. In this review, we describe the expression, function, and regulation of NMDARs in human iPSC-derived neurons and discuss approaches for utilizing human neurons for identifying potential drugs that target NMDARs in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. A challenge in studying NMDARs in human iPSC-derived neurons is a predominance of those receptors containing the GluN2B subunit and low synaptic expression, suggesting a relatively immature phenotype of these neurons and delayed development of functional NMDARs. We outline potential approaches for improving neuronal maturation of human iPSC-derived neurons and accelerating the functional expression of NMDARs. Acceleration of functional expression of NMDARs in human iPSC-derived neurons will improve the modeling of neuropsychiatric disorders and facilitate the discovery and development of novel therapeutics targeting NMDARs for the treatment of these disorders.
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131
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Willsey HR, Willsey AJ, Wang B, State MW. Genomics, convergent neuroscience and progress in understanding autism spectrum disorder. Nat Rev Neurosci 2022; 23:323-341. [PMID: 35440779 PMCID: PMC10693992 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-022-00576-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
More than a hundred genes have been identified that, when disrupted, impart large risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Current knowledge about the encoded proteins - although incomplete - points to a very wide range of developmentally dynamic and diverse biological processes. Moreover, the core symptoms of ASD involve distinctly human characteristics, presenting challenges to interpreting evolutionarily distant model systems. Indeed, despite a decade of striking progress in gene discovery, an actionable understanding of pathobiology remains elusive. Increasingly, convergent neuroscience approaches have been recognized as an important complement to traditional uses of genetics to illuminate the biology of human disorders. These methods seek to identify intersection among molecular-level, cellular-level and circuit-level functions across multiple risk genes and have highlighted developing excitatory neurons in the human mid-gestational prefrontal cortex as an important pathobiological nexus in ASD. In addition, neurogenesis, chromatin modification and synaptic function have emerged as key potential mediators of genetic vulnerability. The continued expansion of foundational 'omics' data sets, the application of higher-throughput model systems and incorporating developmental trajectories and sex differences into future analyses will refine and extend these results. Ultimately, a systems-level understanding of ASD genetic risk holds promise for clarifying pathobiology and advancing therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Rankin Willsey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - A Jeremy Willsey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Belinda Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew W State
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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132
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Xie Y, Xu Z, Xia M, Liu J, Shou X, Cui Z, Liao X, He Y. Alterations in Connectome Dynamics in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Harmonized Mega- and Meta-analysis Study Using the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange Dataset. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 91:945-955. [PMID: 35144804 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroimaging studies have reported functional connectome aberrancies in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the time-varying patterns of connectome topology in individuals with ASD and the connection between these patterns and gene expression profiles remain unknown. METHODS To investigate case-control differences in dynamic connectome topology, we conducted mega- and meta-analyses of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data of 939 participants (440 patients with ASD and 499 healthy control subjects, all males) from 18 independent sites, selected from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange (ABIDE) dataset. Functional data were preprocessed and analyzed using harmonized protocols, and brain module dynamics was assessed using a multilayer network model. We further leveraged postmortem brain-wide gene expression data to identify transcriptomic signatures associated with ASD-related alterations in brain dynamics. RESULTS Compared with healthy control participants, individuals with ASD exhibited a higher global mean and lower standard deviation of whole-brain module dynamics, indicating an unstable and less regionally differentiated pattern. More specifically, individuals with ASD showed higher module switching, primarily in the medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate gyrus, and angular gyrus, and lower switching in the visual regions. These alterations in brain dynamics were predictive of social impairments in individuals with ASD and were linked with expression profiles of genes primarily involved in the regulation of neurotransmitter transport and secretion as well as with previously identified autism-related genes. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to identify consistent alterations in brain network dynamics in ASD and the transcriptomic signatures related to those alterations, furthering insights into the biological basis behind this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yapei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhilei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingrui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojing Shou
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zaixu Cui
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Xuhong Liao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; School of Systems Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yong He
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China.
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133
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Scala M, Drouot N, MacLennan SC, Wessels MW, Krygier M, Pavinato L, Telegrafi A, de Man SA, van Slegtenhorst M, Iacomino M, Madia F, Scudieri P, Uva P, Giacomini T, Nobile G, Mancardi MM, Balagura G, Galloni GB, Verrotti A, Umair M, Khan A, Liebelt J, Schmidts M, Langer T, Brusco A, Lipska-Ziętkiewicz BS, Saris JJ, Charlet-Berguerand N, Zara F, Striano P, Piton A. De novo truncating NOVA2 variants affect alternative splicing and lead to heterogeneous neurodevelopmental phenotypes. Hum Mutat 2022; 43:1299-1313. [PMID: 35607920 PMCID: PMC9543825 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) is crucial for cell-type specific gene transcription and plays a critical role in neuronal differentiation and synaptic plasticity. De novo frameshift variants in NOVA2, encoding a neuron-specific key splicing factor, have been recently associated with a new neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) with hypotonia, neurological features, and brain abnormalities. We investigated eight unrelated individuals by exome sequencing (ES) and identified seven novel pathogenic NOVA2 variants, including two with a novel localization at the KH1 and KH3 domains. In addition to a severe NDD phenotype, novel clinical features included psychomotor regression, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), dyspraxia, and urogenital and endocrinological manifestations. To test the effect of the variants on splicing regulation, we transfected HeLa cells with wildtype and mutant NOVA2 cDNA. The novel variants NM_002516.4: c.754_756delCTGinsTT p.(Leu252Phefs*144) and c.1329dup p.(Lys444Glnfs*82) all negatively affected AS events. The distal p.(Lys444Glnfs*82) variant, causing a partial removal of the KH3 domain, had a milder functional effect leading to an intermediate phenotype. Our findings expand the molecular and phenotypic spectrum of NOVA2-related NDD, supporting the pathogenic role of AS disruption by truncating variants and suggesting that this is a heterogeneous condition with variable clinical course. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Scala
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nathalie Drouot
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, 67400, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, 67400, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, 67400, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, 67400, France
| | - Suzanna C MacLennan
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Marja W Wessels
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Magdalena Krygier
- Department of Developmental Neurology, Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Dębinki 7 80-952, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Lisa Pavinato
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126, Turin, Italy.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Aida Telegrafi
- Clinical Genomics Program, GeneDx, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Stella A de Man
- Department of Pediatrics, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands
| | | | - Michele Iacomino
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Madia
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paolo Scudieri
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paolo Uva
- Clinical Bioinformatics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Thea Giacomini
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy, DINOGMI, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giulia Nobile
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy, DINOGMI, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Margherita Mancardi
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy, DINOGMI, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ganna Balagura
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Battista Galloni
- Struttura Complessa Neuropsichiatria Infantile Sud, Azienda Sanitaria Locale Città di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Muhammad Umair
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Khan
- Faculty of Biological Science, Department of Zoology, University of Lakki Marwat, Lakki Marwat, Pakistan
| | - Jan Liebelt
- South Australian Clinical Genetics Service, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Miriam Schmidts
- Department of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Langer
- Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscle Disorders, Center for Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alfredo Brusco
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126, Turin, Italy.,Unit of Medical Genetics, "Città della Salute e della Scienza" University Hospital, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Beata S Lipska-Ziętkiewicz
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.,27Centre for Rare Diseases, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jasper J Saris
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolas Charlet-Berguerand
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, 67400, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, 67400, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, 67400, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, 67400, France
| | - Federico Zara
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Amélie Piton
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, 67400, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, 67400, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, 67400, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, 67400, France.,Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostic, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 67000, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, Île-de-France, France
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134
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Liu Z, Wang J, Xu Q, Wu Z, You L, Hong Q, Zhu J, Chi X. Vitamin A supplementation ameliorates prenatal valproic acid-induced autism-like behaviors in rats. Neurotoxicology 2022; 91:155-165. [PMID: 35594946 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social deficits and repetitive stereotyped behaviors. Prenatal exposure to the anticonvulsant drug valproic acid (VPA) is reported to induce ASD in human and ASD-like phenotypes in rodents. Unfortunately, the etiology and pathogenesis of ASD remains unclear. METHODS Pregnant rats received an intraperitoneal injection of 600 mg/kg VPA on E12.5 to construct the ASD rat model in offspring. The different expression of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and mRNA profiles in the hippocampus were determined by RNA sequencing to investigate potential mechanisms of VPA-induced ASD. Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analysis were performed to predict the function of dysregulated lncRNAs. Co-expression network and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis were conducted to validate the potential regulatory lncRNA-mRNA network. RESULTS VPA increased the total distance, time spent in the central zone and self-grooming (open field test) in rats. Meanwhile, VPA induced social impairment (three-chamber sociability test) and repetitive behaviors (marble burying test). A total of 238 lncRNAs and 354 mRNAs were differentially expressed in the VPA group. In addition, the dysregulated lncRNAs were involved in neural function and developmental processes of ASD. 5 lncRNAs and 7 mRNAs were differently expressed and included in the lncRNA-mRNA co-expression network. RT-PCR confirmed the upregulation of 4 lncRNAs and 6 mRNAs, and identified a potential regulatory network of NONRATT021475.2 (lncRNA) and Desert hedgehog (Dhh). Moreover, VPA decreased the serum vitamin A (VA) levels in offspring rats on postnatal day (PND) 21 and 49. Importantly, VA supplementation significantly restored VPA-induced autism-related behaviors and upregulation of NONRATT021475.2 and Dhh in the hippocampus of ASD rats. CONCLUSION This study not only contributed to understand the importance of lncRNAs and mRNAs in the progression of ASD, but also identified VA as a potential therapy for the condition. DATA AVAILABILITY The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author with reasonable request.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghui Liu
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, 123 Tianfei Alley, Mochou Road, Nanjing 210004, PR China; Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, 123 Tianfei Alley, Mochou Road, Nanjing 210004, PR China; Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Qu Xu
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, 123 Tianfei Alley, Mochou Road, Nanjing 210004, PR China
| | - Zhenggang Wu
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, 123 Tianfei Alley, Mochou Road, Nanjing 210004, PR China
| | - Lianghui You
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, 123 Tianfei Alley, Mochou Road, Nanjing 210004, PR China
| | - Qin Hong
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, 123 Tianfei Alley, Mochou Road, Nanjing 210004, PR China
| | - Jiansheng Zhu
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, 123 Tianfei Alley, Mochou Road, Nanjing 210004, PR China.
| | - Xia Chi
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, 123 Tianfei Alley, Mochou Road, Nanjing 210004, PR China; Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China.
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135
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Komada M, Nishimura Y. Epigenetics and Neuroinflammation Associated With Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Microglial Perspective. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:852752. [PMID: 35646933 PMCID: PMC9133693 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.852752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a cause of neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders, fetal alcohol syndrome, and cerebral palsy. Converging lines of evidence from basic and clinical sciences suggest that dysregulation of the epigenetic landscape, including DNA methylation and miRNA expression, is associated with neuroinflammation. Genetic and environmental factors can affect the interaction between epigenetics and neuroinflammation, which may cause neurodevelopmental disorders. In this minireview, we focus on neuroinflammation that might be mediated by epigenetic dysregulation in microglia, and compare studies using mammals and zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munekazu Komada
- Mammalian Embryology, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuhei Nishimura
- Department of Integrative Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yuhei Nishimura,
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136
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Gupta C, Chandrashekar P, Jin T, He C, Khullar S, Chang Q, Wang D. Bringing machine learning to research on intellectual and developmental disabilities: taking inspiration from neurological diseases. J Neurodev Disord 2022; 14:28. [PMID: 35501679 PMCID: PMC9059371 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-022-09438-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDDs), such as Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, Rett syndrome, and autism spectrum disorder, usually manifest at birth or early childhood. IDDs are characterized by significant impairment in intellectual and adaptive functioning, and both genetic and environmental factors underpin IDD biology. Molecular and genetic stratification of IDDs remain challenging mainly due to overlapping factors and comorbidity. Advances in high throughput sequencing, imaging, and tools to record behavioral data at scale have greatly enhanced our understanding of the molecular, cellular, structural, and environmental basis of some IDDs. Fueled by the "big data" revolution, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies have brought a whole new paradigm shift in computational biology. Evidently, the ML-driven approach to clinical diagnoses has the potential to augment classical methods that use symptoms and external observations, hoping to push the personalized treatment plan forward. Therefore, integrative analyses and applications of ML technology have a direct bearing on discoveries in IDDs. The application of ML to IDDs can potentially improve screening and early diagnosis, advance our understanding of the complexity of comorbidity, and accelerate the identification of biomarkers for clinical research and drug development. For more than five decades, the IDDRC network has supported a nexus of investigators at centers across the USA, all striving to understand the interplay between various factors underlying IDDs. In this review, we introduced fast-increasing multi-modal data types, highlighted example studies that employed ML technologies to illuminate factors and biological mechanisms underlying IDDs, as well as recent advances in ML technologies and their applications to IDDs and other neurological diseases. We discussed various molecular, clinical, and environmental data collection modes, including genetic, imaging, phenotypical, and behavioral data types, along with multiple repositories that store and share such data. Furthermore, we outlined some fundamental concepts of machine learning algorithms and presented our opinion on specific gaps that will need to be filled to accomplish, for example, reliable implementation of ML-based diagnosis technology in IDD clinics. We anticipate that this review will guide researchers to formulate AI and ML-based approaches to investigate IDDs and related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirag Gupta
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Pramod Chandrashekar
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Ting Jin
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Chenfeng He
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Saniya Khullar
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Qiang Chang
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.,Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Daifeng Wang
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA. .,Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA. .,Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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Pretzsch CM, Schäfer T, Lombardo MV, Warrier V, Mann C, Bletsch A, Chatham CH, Floris DL, Tillmann J, Yousaf A, Jones E, Charman T, Ambrosino S, Bourgeron T, Dumas G, Loth E, Oakley B, Buitelaar JK, Cliquet F, Leblond CS, Baron-Cohen S, Beckmann CF, Banaschewski T, Durston S, Freitag CM, Murphy DGM, Ecker C. Neurobiological Correlates of Change in Adaptive Behavior in Autism. Am J Psychiatry 2022; 179:336-349. [PMID: 35331004 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.21070711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a lifelong neurodevelopmental condition that is associated with significant difficulties in adaptive behavior and variation in clinical outcomes across the life span. Some individuals with ASD improve, whereas others may not change significantly, or regress. Hence, the development of "personalized medicine" approaches is essential. However, this requires an understanding of the biological processes underpinning differences in clinical outcome, at both the individual and subgroup levels, across the lifespan. METHODS The authors conducted a longitudinal follow-up study of 483 individuals (204 with ASD and 279 neurotypical individuals, ages 6-30 years), with assessment time points separated by ∼12-24 months. Data collected included behavioral data (Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale-II), neuroanatomical data (structural MRI), and genetic data (DNA). Individuals with ASD were grouped into clinically meaningful "increasers," "no-changers," and "decreasers" in adaptive behavior. First, the authors compared neuroanatomy between outcome groups. Next, they examined whether deviations from the neurotypical neuroanatomical profile were associated with outcome at the individual level. Finally, they explored the observed neuroanatomical differences' potential genetic underpinnings. RESULTS Outcome groups differed in neuroanatomical features (cortical volume and thickness, surface area), including in "social brain" regions previously implicated in ASD. Also, deviations of neuroanatomical features from the neurotypical profile predicted outcome at the individual level. Moreover, neuroanatomical differences were associated with genetic processes relevant to neuroanatomical phenotypes (e.g., synaptic development). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates, for the first time, that variation in clinical (adaptive) outcome is associated with both group- and individual-level variation in anatomy of brain regions enriched for genes relevant to ASD. This may facilitate the move toward better targeted/precision medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M Pretzsch
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Tim Schäfer
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Michael V Lombardo
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Varun Warrier
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Caroline Mann
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Anke Bletsch
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Chris H Chatham
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Dorothea L Floris
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Julian Tillmann
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Afsheen Yousaf
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Emily Jones
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Tony Charman
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Sara Ambrosino
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Thomas Bourgeron
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Guillaume Dumas
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Eva Loth
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Bethany Oakley
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Freddy Cliquet
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Claire S Leblond
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Simon Baron-Cohen
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Christian F Beckmann
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Sarah Durston
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Christine M Freitag
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | -
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Declan G M Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
| | - Christine Ecker
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski)
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López-Aranda MF, Boxx GM, Phan M, Bach K, Mandanas R, Herrera I, Taloma S, Thadani C, Lu O, Bui R, Liu S, Li N, Zhou Y, Cheng G, Silva AJ. Role of type I interferon signaling and microglia in the abnormal long term potentiation and object place recognition deficits of male mice with a mutation of the Tuberous Sclerosis 2 gene. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2022. [PMID: 37519458 PMCID: PMC10382699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2022.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberous sclerosis complex is a genetic disorder associated with high rates of intellectual disability and autism. Mice with a heterozygous null mutation of the Tsc2 gene (Tsc2+/-) show deficits in hippocampal-dependent tasks and abnormal long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampal CA1 region. Although previous studies focused on the role of neuronal deficits in the memory phenotypes of rodent models of tuberous sclerosis complex, the results presented here demonstrate a role for microglia in these deficits. Methods To test the possible role of microglia and type I interferon in abnormal hippocampal-dependent memory and LTP of Tsc2+/- mice, we used field recordings in CA1 and the object place recognition (OPR) task. We used the colony stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor PLX5622 to deplete microglia in Tsc2+/- mice and interferon alpha/beta receptor alpha chain null mutation (Ifnar1-/-) to manipulate a signaling pathway known to modulate microglia function. Results Unexpectedly, we demonstrate that male, but not female, Tsc2+/- mice show OPR deficits. These deficits can be rescued by depletion of microglia and by the Ifnar1-/- mutation. In addition to rescuing OPR deficits, depletion of microglia also reversed abnormal LTP of the Tsc2+/- mice. Altogether, our results suggest that altered IFNAR1 signaling in microglia causes the abnormal LTP and OPR deficits of male Tsc2+/- mice. Conclusions Microglia and IFNAR1 signaling have a key role in the hippocampal-dependent memory deficits and abnormal hippocampal LTP of Tsc2+/- male mice.
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139
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Comprehensive evaluation of deconvolution methods for human brain gene expression. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1358. [PMID: 35292647 PMCID: PMC8924248 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28655-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptome deconvolution aims to estimate the cellular composition of an RNA sample from its gene expression data, which in turn can be used to correct for composition differences across samples. The human brain is unique in its transcriptomic diversity, and comprises a complex mixture of cell-types, including transcriptionally similar subtypes of neurons. Here, we carry out a comprehensive evaluation of deconvolution methods for human brain transcriptome data, and assess the tissue-specificity of our key observations by comparison with human pancreas and heart. We evaluate eight transcriptome deconvolution approaches and nine cell-type signatures, testing the accuracy of deconvolution using in silico mixtures of single-cell RNA-seq data, RNA mixtures, as well as nearly 2000 human brain samples. Our results identify the main factors that drive deconvolution accuracy for brain data, and highlight the importance of biological factors influencing cell-type signatures, such as brain region and in vitro cell culturing. Transcriptome deconvolution aims to estimate cellular composition based on gene expression data. Here the authors evaluate deconvolution methods for human brain transcriptome and conclude that partial deconvolution algorithms work best, but that appropriate cell-type signatures are also important.
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140
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Marques AR, Santos JX, Martiniano H, Vilela J, Rasga C, Romão L, Vicente AM. Gene Variants Involved in Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay Suggest a Role in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030665. [PMID: 35327467 PMCID: PMC8945030 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition with unclear etiology. Many genes have been associated with ASD risk, but the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. An important post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism that plays an essential role during neurodevelopment, the Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay (NMD) pathway, may contribute to ASD risk. In this study, we gathered a list of 46 NMD factors and regulators and investigated the role of genetic variants in these genes in ASD. By conducting a comprehensive search for Single Nucleotide Variants (SNVs) in NMD genes using Whole Exome Sequencing data from 1828 ASD patients, we identified 270 SNVs predicted to be damaging in 28.7% of the population. We also analyzed Copy Number Variants (CNVs) from two cohorts of ASD patients (N = 3570) and discovered 38 CNVs in 1% of cases. Importantly, we discovered 136 genetic variants (125 SNVs and 11 CNVs) in 258 ASD patients that were located within protein domains required for NMD. These gene variants are classified as damaging using in silico prediction tools, and therefore may interfere with proper NMD function in ASD. The discovery of NMD genes as candidates for ASD in large patient genomic datasets provides evidence supporting the involvement of the NMD pathway in ASD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Marques
- Departamento de Promoção da Saúde e Doenças Não Transmissíveis, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.R.M.); (J.X.S.); (H.M.); (J.V.); (C.R.)
- BioISI-Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande, C8, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - João Xavier Santos
- Departamento de Promoção da Saúde e Doenças Não Transmissíveis, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.R.M.); (J.X.S.); (H.M.); (J.V.); (C.R.)
- BioISI-Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande, C8, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Hugo Martiniano
- Departamento de Promoção da Saúde e Doenças Não Transmissíveis, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.R.M.); (J.X.S.); (H.M.); (J.V.); (C.R.)
- BioISI-Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande, C8, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Joana Vilela
- Departamento de Promoção da Saúde e Doenças Não Transmissíveis, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.R.M.); (J.X.S.); (H.M.); (J.V.); (C.R.)
- BioISI-Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande, C8, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Célia Rasga
- Departamento de Promoção da Saúde e Doenças Não Transmissíveis, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.R.M.); (J.X.S.); (H.M.); (J.V.); (C.R.)
- BioISI-Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande, C8, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Luísa Romão
- BioISI-Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande, C8, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Astrid Moura Vicente
- Departamento de Promoção da Saúde e Doenças Não Transmissíveis, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.R.M.); (J.X.S.); (H.M.); (J.V.); (C.R.)
- BioISI-Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande, C8, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Correspondence:
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141
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LaSalle JM. X Chromosome Inactivation Timing is Not e XACT: Implications for Autism Spectrum Disorders. Front Genet 2022; 13:864848. [PMID: 35356429 PMCID: PMC8959653 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.864848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is complex, involving different combinations of genetic and environmental factors. My lab's approach has been to investigate DNA methylation as a tractable genome-wide modification at the interface of these complex interactions, reflecting past and future events in the molecular pathogenesis of ASD. Since X-linked genes were enriched in DNA methylation differences discovered from cord blood from newborns later diagnosed with ASD, this has prompted me to review and revisit the recent advancements in the field of X chromosome inactivation (XCI), particularly in humans and other primates. In this Perspective, I compare XCI mechanisms in different mammalian species, including the finding of the noncoding transcript XACT associated with X chromosome erosion in human pluripotent stem cells and recent findings from non-human primate post-implantation embryos. I focus on the experimentally challenging peri- and post-implantation stages of human development when the timing of XCI is prolonged and imprecise in humans. Collectively, this research has raised some important unanswered questions involving biased sex ratios in human births and the male bias in the incidence of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine M. LaSalle
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Perinatal Origins of Disparities Center, MIND Institute, Genome Center, Environmental Health Sciences Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Kim J, Roh JD, Kim S, Kang H, Bae M, Kim E. Slc6a20a Heterozygous and Homozygous Mutant Mice Display Differential Behavioral and Transcriptomic Changes. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:857820. [PMID: 35321029 PMCID: PMC8936588 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.857820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
SLC6A20A is a proline and glycine transporter known to regulate glycine homeostasis and NMDA receptor (NMDAR) function in the brain. A previous study found increases in ambient glycine levels and NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in the brains of Slc6a20a-haploinsufficient mice, but it remained unknown whether Slc6a20a deficiency leads to disease-related behavioral deficits in mice. Here, we report that Slc6a20a heterozygous and homozygous mutant mice display differential behavioral phenotypes in locomotor, repetitive behavioral, and spatial and fear memory domains. In addition, these mice show differential transcriptomic changes in synapse, ribosome, mitochondria, autism, epilepsy, and neuron-related genes. These results suggest that heterozygous and homozygous Slc6a20a deletions in mice lead to differential changes in behaviors and transcriptomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhyung Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Junyeop Daniel Roh
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seongbin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hyojin Kang
- Division of National Supercomputing, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Mihyun Bae
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eunjoon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Eunjoon Kim,
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143
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Moderate Folic Acid Supplementation in Pregnant Mice Results in Altered Sex-Specific Gene Expression in Brain of Young Mice and Embryos. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14051051. [PMID: 35268026 PMCID: PMC8912750 DOI: 10.3390/nu14051051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Food fortification and increased vitamin intake have led to higher folic acid (FA) consumption by many pregnant women. We showed that FA-supplemented diet in pregnant mice (fivefold higher FA than the recommended level (5xFASD)) led to hyperactivity-like behavior and memory impairment in pups. Disturbed choline/methyl metabolism and altered placental gene expression were identified. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of 5xFASD on the brain at two developmental stages, postnatal day (P) 30 and embryonic day (E) 17.5. Female C57BL/6 mice were fed a control diet or 5xFASD for 1 month before mating. Diets were maintained throughout the pregnancy and lactation until P30 or during pregnancy until E17.5. The 5xFASD led to sex-specific transcription changes in P30 cerebral cortex and E17.5 cerebrum, with microarrays showing a total of 1003 and 623 changes, respectively. Enhanced mRNA degradation was observed in E17.5 cerebrum. Expression changes of genes involved in neurotransmission, neuronal growth and development, and angiogenesis were verified by qRT-PCR; 12 and 15 genes were verified at P30 and E17.5, respectively. Hippocampal collagen staining suggested decreased vessel density in FASD male embryos. This study provides insight into the mechanisms of neurobehavioral alterations and highlights potential deleterious consequences of moderate folate oversupplementation during pregnancy.
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Ecker C, Pretzsch CM, Bletsch A, Mann C, Schaefer T, Ambrosino S, Tillmann J, Yousaf A, Chiocchetti A, Lombardo MV, Warrier V, Bast N, Moessnang C, Baumeister S, Dell'Acqua F, Floris DL, Zabihi M, Marquand A, Cliquet F, Leblond C, Moreau C, Puts N, Banaschewski T, Jones EJH, Mason L, Bölte S, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Persico AM, Durston S, Baron-Cohen S, Spooren W, Loth E, Freitag CM, Charman T, Dumas G, Bourgeron T, Beckmann CF, Buitelaar JK, Murphy DGM. Interindividual Differences in Cortical Thickness and Their Genomic Underpinnings in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2022; 179:242-254. [PMID: 34503340 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.20050630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is accompanied by highly individualized neuroanatomical deviations that potentially map onto distinct genotypes and clinical phenotypes. This study aimed to link differences in brain anatomy to specific biological pathways to pave the way toward targeted therapeutic interventions. METHODS The authors examined neurodevelopmental differences in cortical thickness and their genomic underpinnings in a large and clinically diverse sample of 360 individuals with ASD and 279 typically developing control subjects (ages 6-30 years) within the EU-AIMS Longitudinal European Autism Project (LEAP). The authors also examined neurodevelopmental differences and their potential pathophysiological mechanisms between clinical ASD subgroups that differed in the severity and pattern of sensory features. RESULTS In addition to significant between-group differences in "core" ASD brain regions (i.e., fronto-temporal and cingulate regions), individuals with ASD manifested as neuroanatomical outliers within the neurotypical cortical thickness range in a wider neural system, which was enriched for genes known to be implicated in ASD on the genetic and/or transcriptomic level. Within these regions, the individuals' total (i.e., accumulated) degree of neuroanatomical atypicality was significantly correlated with higher polygenic scores for ASD and other psychiatric conditions, and it scaled with measures of symptom severity. Differences in cortical thickness deviations were also associated with distinct sensory subgroups, especially in brain regions expressing genes involved in excitatory rather than inhibitory neurotransmission. CONCLUSIONS The study findings corroborate the link between macroscopic differences in brain anatomy and the molecular mechanisms underpinning heterogeneity in ASD, and provide future targets for stratification and subtyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Ecker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Charlotte M Pretzsch
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Anke Bletsch
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Caroline Mann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Tim Schaefer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Sara Ambrosino
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Julian Tillmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Afsheen Yousaf
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Andreas Chiocchetti
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Michael V Lombardo
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Varun Warrier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Nico Bast
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Carolin Moessnang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Sarah Baumeister
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Flavio Dell'Acqua
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Dorothea L Floris
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Mariam Zabihi
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Andre Marquand
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Freddy Cliquet
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Claire Leblond
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Clara Moreau
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Nick Puts
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Emily J H Jones
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Luke Mason
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Sven Bölte
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Antonio M Persico
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Sarah Durston
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Simon Baron-Cohen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Will Spooren
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Eva Loth
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Christine M Freitag
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Tony Charman
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Guillaume Dumas
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Thomas Bourgeron
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Christian F Beckmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Declan G M Murphy
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
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Vakilzadeh G, Falcone C, Dufour B, Hong T, Noctor SC, Martínez-Cerdeño V. Decreased number and increased activation state of astrocytes in gray and white matter of the prefrontal cortex in autism. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:4902-4912. [PMID: 35212358 PMCID: PMC9627019 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex presents with alterations in the number of specific cell types in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Astrocytes have many functions in the brain including a role in higher cognitive functions and in inflammatory brain processes. Therefore, an alteration in number, function, and/or activation state of astrocytes, could be present in ASD. We quantified astrocyte number in the gray and white matter of the prefrontal cortex-BA9, BA46, and BA47-in 15 ASD and 15 age- and sex-matched control cases. We labeled astrocytes with antibodies against the protein GFAP and S100β, markers of astrocytes. We found a significant decrease in the number of astrocytes in the gray and white matter of all prefrontal areas of interest with both markers. We also found an increased state of activation of GFAP+ astrocytes in all areas. A reduced number of astrocytes in the cerebral cortex in ASD could lead to impaired synaptic function and disrupted connectivity. An increased astrocyte activation may indicate a chronic mild inflammatory state of the cerebral cortex in ASD. Overall, we found that astrocytes are disrupted in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gelareh Vakilzadeh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Carmen Falcone
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Brett Dufour
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Tiffany Hong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Stephen C Noctor
- MIND Institute, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Verónica Martínez-Cerdeño
- Address correspondence to Verónica Martínez-Cerdeño, 2425 Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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146
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Increased Monocyte Production of IL-6 after Toll-like Receptor Activation in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Is Associated with Repetitive and Restricted Behaviors. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12020220. [PMID: 35203983 PMCID: PMC8870658 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12020220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has starkly increased, instigating research into risk factors for ASD. This research has identified immune risk factors for ASD, along with evidence of immune dysfunction and excess inflammation frequently experienced by autistic individuals. Increased innate inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-6, are seen repeatedly in ASD; however, the origin of excess IL-6 in ASD has not been identified. Here we explore specific responses of circulating monocytes from autistic children. We isolated CD14+ monocytes from whole blood and stimulated them for 24 h under three conditions: media alone, lipoteichoic acid to activate TLR2, and lipopolysaccharide to activate TLR4. We then measured secreted cytokine concentrations in cellular supernatant using a human multiplex bead immunoassay. We found that after TLR4 activation, CD14+ monocytes from autistic children produce increased IL-6 compared to monocytes from children with typical development. IL-6 concentration also correlated with worsening restrictive and repetitive behaviors. These findings suggest dysfunctional activation of myeloid cells, and may indicate that other cells of this lineage, including macrophages, and microglia in the brain, might have a similar dysfunction. Further research on myeloid cells in ASD is warranted.
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Variants in ADD1 cause intellectual disability, corpus callosum dysgenesis, and ventriculomegaly in humans. Genet Med 2022; 24:319-331. [PMID: 34906466 PMCID: PMC8802223 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2021.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Adducins interconnect spectrin and actin filaments to form polygonal scaffolds beneath the cell membranes and form ring-like structures in neuronal axons. Adducins regulate mouse neural development, but their function in the human brain is unknown. METHODS We used exome sequencing to uncover ADD1 variants associated with intellectual disability (ID) and brain malformations. We studied ADD1 splice isoforms in mouse and human neocortex development with RNA sequencing, super resolution imaging, and immunoblotting. We investigated 4 variant ADD1 proteins and heterozygous ADD1 cells for protein expression and ADD1-ADD2 dimerization. We studied Add1 functions in vivo using Add1 knockout mice. RESULTS We uncovered loss-of-function ADD1 variants in 4 unrelated individuals affected by ID and/or structural brain defects. Three additional de novo copy number variations covering the ADD1 locus were associated with ID and brain malformations. ADD1 is highly expressed in the neocortex and the corpus callosum, whereas ADD1 splice isoforms are dynamically expressed between cortical progenitors and postmitotic neurons. Human variants impair ADD1 protein expression and/or dimerization with ADD2. Add1 knockout mice recapitulate corpus callosum dysgenesis and ventriculomegaly phenotypes. CONCLUSION Our human and mouse genetics results indicate that pathogenic ADD1 variants cause corpus callosum dysgenesis, ventriculomegaly, and/or ID.
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Hughes HK, Rowland ME, Onore CE, Rogers S, Ciernia AV, Ashwood P. Dysregulated gene expression associated with inflammatory and translation pathways in activated monocytes from children with autism spectrum disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:39. [PMID: 35082275 PMCID: PMC8791942 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01766-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex developmental disorder characterized by deficits in social interactions, communication, and stereotypical behaviors. Immune dysfunction is a common co-morbidity seen in ASD, with innate immune activation seen both in the brain and periphery. We previously identified significant differences in peripheral monocyte cytokine responses after stimulation with lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which activate toll-like receptors (TLR)-2 and 4 respectively. However, an unbiased examination of monocyte gene expression in response to these stimulants had not yet been performed. To identify how TLR activation impacts gene expression in ASD monocytes, we isolated peripheral blood monocytes from 26 children diagnosed with autistic disorder (AD) or pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDDNOS) and 22 typically developing (TD) children and cultured them with LTA or LPS for 24 h, then performed RNA sequencing. Activation of both TLR2 and TLR4 induced expression of immune genes, with a subset that were differentially regulated in AD compared to TD samples. In response to LPS, monocytes from AD children showed a unique increase in KEGG pathways and GO terms that include key immune regulator genes. In contrast, monocytes from TD children showed a consistent decrease in expression of genes associated with translation in response to TLR stimulation. This decrease was not observed in AD or PDDNOS monocytes, suggesting a failure to properly downregulate a prolonged immune response in monocytes from children with ASD. As monocytes are involved in early orchestration of the immune response, our findings will help elucidate the mechanisms regulating immune dysfunction in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather K Hughes
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Megan E Rowland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Charity E Onore
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sally Rogers
- M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Annie Vogel Ciernia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Paul Ashwood
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
- M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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149
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Tao H, Yang J, Zhang P, Zhang N, Suo X, Li X, Liu Y, Chen M. Characterization of XR_311113.2 as a MicroRNA Sponge for Pre-ovulatory Ovarian Follicles of Goats via Long Noncoding RNA Profile and Bioinformatics Analysis. Front Genet 2022; 12:760416. [PMID: 35046999 PMCID: PMC8762113 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.760416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) were identified recently as a large class of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) with a length ≥200 base pairs (bp). The function and mechanism of lncRNAs have been reported in a growing number of species and tissues. In contrast, the regulatory mechanism of lncRNAs in the goat reproductive system has rarely been reported. In the present study, we sequenced and analyzed the lncRNAs using bioinformatics to identify their expression profiles. As a result, 895 lncRNAs were predicted in the pre-ovulatory ovarian follicles of goats. Eighty-eight lncRNAs were differentially expressed in the Macheng black goat when compared with Boer goat. In addition, the lncRNA XR_311113.2 acted as a sponge of chi-miR-424-5p, as assessed via a luciferase activity assay. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that lncRNAs have potential effects in the ovarian follicles of goats and may represent a promising new research field to understand follicular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Tao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Pengpeng Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Nian Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojun Suo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingxin Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
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150
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Panagiotakos G, Pasca SP. A matter of space and time: Emerging roles of disease-associated proteins in neural development. Neuron 2022; 110:195-208. [PMID: 34847355 PMCID: PMC8776599 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent genetic studies of neurodevelopmental disorders point to synaptic proteins and ion channels as key contributors to disease pathogenesis. Although many of these proteins, such as the L-type calcium channel Cav1.2 or the postsynaptic scaffolding protein SHANK3, have well-studied functions in mature neurons, new evidence indicates that they may subserve novel, distinct roles in immature cells as the nervous system is assembled in prenatal development. Emerging tools and technologies, including single-cell sequencing and human cellular models of disease, are illuminating differential isoform utilization, spatiotemporal expression, and subcellular localization of ion channels and synaptic proteins in the developing brain compared with the adult, providing new insights into the regulation of developmental processes. We propose that it is essential to consider the temporally distinct and cell-specific roles of these proteins during development and maturity in our framework for understanding neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Panagiotakos
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Sergiu P Pasca
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Brain Organogenesis, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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