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DeGuzman M, Shott ME, Yang TT, Riederer J, Frank GKW. Association of Elevated Reward Prediction Error Response With Weight Gain in Adolescent Anorexia Nervosa. Am J Psychiatry 2017; 174:557-565. [PMID: 28231717 PMCID: PMC5607032 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16060671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anorexia nervosa is a psychiatric disorder of unknown etiology. Understanding associations between behavior and neurobiology is important in treatment development. Using a novel monetary reward task during functional magnetic resonance brain imaging, the authors tested how brain reward learning in adolescent anorexia nervosa changes with weight restoration. METHOD Female adolescents with anorexia nervosa (N=21; mean age, 16.4 years [SD=1.9]) underwent functional MRI (fMRI) before and after treatment; similarly, healthy female control adolescents (N=21; mean age, 15.2 years [SD=2.4]) underwent fMRI on two occasions. Brain function was tested using the reward prediction error construct, a computational model for reward receipt and omission related to motivation and neural dopamine responsiveness. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the anorexia nervosa group exhibited greater brain response 1) for prediction error regression within the caudate, ventral caudate/nucleus accumbens, and anterior and posterior insula, 2) to unexpected reward receipt in the anterior and posterior insula, and 3) to unexpected reward omission in the caudate body. Prediction error and unexpected reward omission response tended to normalize with treatment, while unexpected reward receipt response remained significantly elevated. Greater caudate prediction error response when underweight was associated with lower weight gain during treatment. Punishment sensitivity correlated positively with ventral caudate prediction error response. CONCLUSIONS Reward system responsiveness is elevated in adolescent anorexia nervosa when underweight and after weight restoration. Heightened prediction error activity in brain reward regions may represent a phenotype of adolescent anorexia nervosa that does not respond well to treatment. Prediction error response could be a neurobiological marker of illness severity that can indicate individual treatment needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa DeGuzman
- From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; and the Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco
| | - Megan E Shott
- From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; and the Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco
| | - Tony T Yang
- From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; and the Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco
| | - Justin Riederer
- From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; and the Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco
| | - Guido K W Frank
- From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; and the Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco
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102
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Core, social and moral disgust are bounded: A review on behavioral and neural bases of repugnance in clinical disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 80:185-200. [PMID: 28506923 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Disgust is a multifaceted experience that might affect several aspects of life. Here, we reviewed research on neurological and psychiatric disorders that are characterized by abnormal disgust processing to test the hypothesis of a shared neurocognitive architecture in the representation of three disgust domains: i) personal experience of 'core disgust'; ii) social disgust, i.e., sensitivity to others' expressions of disgust; iii) moral disgust, i.e., sensitivity to ethical violations. Our review provides some support to the shared neurocognitive hypothesis and suggests that the insula might be the "hub" structure linking the three domains of disgust sensitivity, while other brain regions may subserve specific facets of the multidimensional experience. Our review also suggests a role of serotonin core and moral disgust, supporting "neo-sentimentalist" theories of morality, which posit a causal role of affect in moral judgment.
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103
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Mathar D, Wilkinson L, Holl AK, Neumann J, Deserno L, Villringer A, Jahanshahi M, Horstmann A. The role of dopamine in positive and negative prediction error utilization during incidental learning – Insights from Positron Emission Tomography, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. Cortex 2017; 90:149-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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104
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Brain Stimulation Reward Supports More Consistent and Accurate Rodent Decision-Making than Food Reward. eNeuro 2017; 4:eN-NWR-0015-17. [PMID: 28466068 PMCID: PMC5411162 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0015-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models of decision-making rely on an animal's motivation to decide and its ability to detect differences among various alternatives. Food reinforcement, although commonly used, is associated with problematic confounds, especially satiety. Here, we examined the use of brain stimulation reward (BSR) as an alternative reinforcer in rodent models of decision-making and compared it with the effectiveness of sugar pellets. The discriminability of various BSR frequencies was compared to differing numbers of sugar pellets in separate free-choice tasks. We found that BSR was more discriminable and motivated greater task engagement and more consistent preference for the larger reward. We then investigated whether rats prefer BSR of varying frequencies over sugar pellets. We found that animals showed either a clear preference for sugar reward or no preference between reward modalities, depending on the frequency of the BSR alternative and the size of the sugar reward. Overall, these results suggest that BSR is an effective reinforcer in rodent decision-making tasks, removing food-related confounds and resulting in more accurate, consistent, and reliable metrics of choice.
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105
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Frank GK, Shott ME, Hagman JO, Schiel MA, Deguzman M, Rossi B. The partial dopamine D2 receptor agonist aripiprazole is associated with weight gain in adolescent anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2017; 50:447-450. [PMID: 28334444 PMCID: PMC5392387 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Finding medication to support treatment of anorexia nervosa has been difficult. Neuroscience-based approaches may help in this effort. Recent brain imaging studies in adults and adolescents with anorexia nervosa suggest that dopamine-related reward circuits are hypersensitive and could provide a treatment target. METHODS Here, we present a retrospective chart review of 106 adolescents with anorexia nervosa some of whom were treated with the dopamine D2 receptor partial agonist aripiprazole during treatment in a specialized eating disorder program. RESULTS The results show that aripiprazole treatment was associated with greater increase in body mass index (BMI) during treatment. DISCUSSION The use of dopamine receptor agonists may support treatment success in anorexia nervosa and should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido K.W. Frank
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado,Department of Neuroscience, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Megan E. Shott
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jennifer O. Hagman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Marissa A. Schiel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Marisa Deguzman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado,Department of Neuroscience, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Brogan Rossi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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106
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Foerde K, Steinglass JE. Decreased feedback learning in anorexia nervosa persists after weight restoration. Int J Eat Disord 2017; 50:415-423. [PMID: 28393399 PMCID: PMC5869029 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is a serious disorder, with a mortality rate the highest of any psychiatric illness. It is notoriously challenging to treat and mechanisms of illness are not well understood. Reward system abnormalities have been proposed across theoretical models of the persistence of AN. Feedback learning is an important component of how reward systems shape behavior and we hypothesized that individuals with AN would show poorer learning from feedback. METHODS We administered the acquired equivalence task to measure both learning from incremental feedback and generalization of that learning to novel stimuli. Participants were individuals with AN (n = 36) before and after intensive weight restoration treatment and healthy comparison participants (HC, n = 26) tested twice. Performance was assessed as accuracy during the Learning and Test phases, for both trained and novel stimuli. The relationship between task performance and eating disorder severity at baseline was also assessed. RESULTS Both before and after treatment, individuals with AN showed reduced learning from feedback in the Learning phase (F3,180 = 2.75, p = .048) and lower accuracy during the Test phase (F1,60 = 4.29, p = .043), as compared with HC. Individuals with AN did not differ from HC in accuracy for novel stimuli (F1,60 = 1.04, p = .312), indicating no deficit in generalization. Decreased acquisition of feedback learning was associated with longer illness duration and with greater eating disorder symptom severity at baseline. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with AN show reduced learning from feedback or reinforcement, which may contribute to difficulties in changing maladaptive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Foerde
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - Joanna E. Steinglass
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
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107
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Nakamura Y, Ikuta T. Caudate-Precuneus Functional Connectivity Is Associated with Obesity Preventive Eating Tendency. Brain Connect 2017; 7:211-217. [PMID: 28260392 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2016.0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There exists diversity among individuals in difficulty controlling body weight. Body weight control, or obesity prevention, requires cognitive control over ingestive behavior, which may account for the diverse ability of body weight control. The caudate nuclei, especially the dorsal area, have been shown to play critical roles in ingestive behaviors, which significantly influences body weight control. However, the practice of body weight control is dependent on the body weight status, because the current obesity status determines the need for body weight control. To elucidate the underlying neural mechanism that accounts for individual differences in obesity prevention, we aimed to isolate functional caudate connectivity responsible for the underlying tendency of obesity prevention, independent of the current obesity status, using resting state fMRI data, body mass index (BMI), and assessment of ingestive behavior from 185 individuals from the NKI-Rockland sample. The underlying tendency of obesity prevention was estimated from BMI and behavioral and cognitive components of food intake. Functional connectivities between the caudate head and the whole brain were tested as a function of the estimated tendency in a voxel-wise manner. The bilateral precuneus showed inverse association between its connectivity to the caudate and the estimated tendency. Caudate-precuneus connectivity may have significant implications to understanding personal differences that accounts for the success in body weight control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Nakamura
- 1 Center for Evolutionary Cognitive Science, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Ikuta
- 2 Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Mississippi , University, Mississippi
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108
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Stievenard A, Méquinion M, Andrews ZB, Destée A, Chartier-Harlin MC, Viltart O, Vanbesien-Mailliot CC. Is there a role for ghrelin in central dopaminergic systems? Focus on nigrostriatal and mesocorticolimbic pathways. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 73:255-275. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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109
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Schultz CC, Wagner G, de la Cruz F, Berger S, Reichenbach JR, Sauer H, Bär KJ. Evidence for alterations of cortical folding in anorexia nervosa. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2017; 267:41-49. [PMID: 26678081 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-015-0666-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is highly heritable, and the perspective on the etiology of AN has changed from a behavioral to a neurobiological and neurodevelopmental view. However, cortical folding as an important marker for deviations in brain development has yet rarely been explored in AN. Hence, in order to determine potential cortical folding alterations, we investigated fine-grained cortical folding in a cohort of 26 patients with AN, of whom 6 patients were recovered regarding their weight at the time point of MRI measurement. MRI-derived cortical folding was computed and compared between patients and healthy controls at about 150,000 points per hemisphere using a surface-based technique (FreeSurfer). Patients with AN exhibited highly significant increased cortical folding in a right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex region (DLPFC). Furthermore, a statistical trend in the same direction was found in the right visual cortex. We did not find a correlation of local cortical folding and current symptoms of the disease. In conclusion, our analyses provide first evidence that altered DLPFC cortical folding plays a role in the etiology of AN. The absence of correlations with clinical parameters implicates a relatively independence of cortical folding alterations from the current symptomatology and might thus be regarded as a trait characteristic of the disease potentially related to other neurobiological features of AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Christoph Schultz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07740, Jena, Germany.
| | - Gerd Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07740, Jena, Germany.,Psychiatric Brain & Body Research Group Jena, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Feliberto de la Cruz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07740, Jena, Germany.,Psychiatric Brain & Body Research Group Jena, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Sandy Berger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07740, Jena, Germany.,Psychiatric Brain & Body Research Group Jena, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen R Reichenbach
- Medical Physics Group, Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Heinrich Sauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07740, Jena, Germany
| | - Karl J Bär
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, 07740, Jena, Germany.,Psychiatric Brain & Body Research Group Jena, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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110
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Bentz M, Guldberg J, Vangkilde S, Pedersen T, Plessen KJ, Jepsen JRM. Heightened Olfactory Sensitivity in Young Females with Recent-Onset Anorexia Nervosa and Recovered Individuals. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169183. [PMID: 28060877 PMCID: PMC5218546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Olfaction may be related to food restriction and weight loss. However, reports regarding olfactory function in individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) have been inconclusive. Objective Characterize olfactory sensitivity and identification in female adolescents and young adults with first-episode AN and young females recovered from AN. Methods We used the Sniffin’ Sticks Odor Threshold Test and Odor Identification Test to assess 43 participants with first-episode AN, 27 recovered participants, and 39 control participants. Participants completed the Importance of Olfaction questionnaire, the Beck Youth Inventory and the Eating Disorder Inventory. We also conducted a psychiatric diagnostic interview and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule with participants. Results Both clinical groups showed heightened olfactory sensitivity. After excluding participants with depression, participants with first-episode AN identified more odors than recovered participants. Conclusion Heightened olfactory sensitivity in AN may be independent of clinical status, whereas only individuals with current AN and without depression show more accurate odor identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Bentz
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Johanne Guldberg
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Signe Vangkilde
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tine Pedersen
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Kerstin Jessica Plessen
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Richardt Moellegaard Jepsen
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Lundbeck Foundation Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS) and Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR), Psychiatric Center Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
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111
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Paradis J, Boureau P, Moyon T, Nicklaus S, Parnet P, Paillé V. Perinatal Western Diet Consumption Leads to Profound Plasticity and GABAergic Phenotype Changes within Hypothalamus and Reward Pathway from Birth to Sexual Maturity in Rat. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:216. [PMID: 28900415 PMCID: PMC5581815 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal maternal consumption of energy dense food increases the risk of obesity in children. This is associated with an overconsumption of palatable food that is consumed for its hedonic property. The underlying mechanism that links perinatal maternal diet and offspring preference for fat is still poorly understood. In this study, we aim at studying the influence of maternal high-fat/high-sugar diet feeding [western diet (WD)] during gestation and lactation on the reward pathways controlling feeding in the rat offspring from birth to sexual maturity. We performed a longitudinal follow-up of WD and Control offspring at three critical time periods (childhood, adolescence, and adulthood) and focus on investigating the influence of perinatal exposure to palatable diet on (i) fat preference, (ii) gene expression profile, and (iii) neuroanatomical/architectural changes of the mesolimbic dopaminergic networks. We showed that WD feeding restricted to the perinatal period has a clear long-lasting influence on the organization of homeostatic and hedonic brain circuits but not on fat preference. We demonstrated a period specific evolution of the preference for fat that we correlated with specific brain molecular signatures. In offspring from WD fed dams, we observed during childhood the existence of fat preference associated with a higher expression of key gene involved in the dopamine (DA) systems; at adolescence, a high-fat preference for both groups, progressively reduced during the 3 days test for the WD group and associated with a reduced expression of key gene involved in the DA systems for the WD group that could suggest a compensatory mechanism to protect them from further high-fat exposure; and finally at adulthood, a preference for fat that was identical to control rats but associated with profound modification in key genes involved in the γ-aminobutyric acid network, serotonin receptors, and polysialic acid-NCAM-dependent remodeling of the hypothalamus. Altogether, these data reveal that maternal WD, restricted to the perinatal period, has no sustained impact on energy homeostasis and fat preference later in life even though a strong remodeling of the hypothalamic homeostatic and reward pathway involved in eating behavior occurred. Further functional experiments would be needed to understand the relevance of these circuits remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Paradis
- UMR 1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles (PhAN), INRA, Université de Nantes, Institut des Maladies de l’Appareil Digestif (IMAD), Nantes, France
| | - Pierre Boureau
- UMR 1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles (PhAN), INRA, Université de Nantes, Institut des Maladies de l’Appareil Digestif (IMAD), Nantes, France
| | - Thomas Moyon
- UMR 1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles (PhAN), INRA, Université de Nantes, Institut des Maladies de l’Appareil Digestif (IMAD), Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Nicklaus
- UMR 1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation (CSGA), INRA, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Patricia Parnet
- UMR 1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles (PhAN), INRA, Université de Nantes, Institut des Maladies de l’Appareil Digestif (IMAD), Nantes, France
- *Correspondence: Patricia Parnet, ; Vincent Paillé,
| | - Vincent Paillé
- UMR 1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles (PhAN), INRA, Université de Nantes, Institut des Maladies de l’Appareil Digestif (IMAD), Nantes, France
- *Correspondence: Patricia Parnet, ; Vincent Paillé,
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112
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Peters SK, Dunlop K, Downar J. Cortico-Striatal-Thalamic Loop Circuits of the Salience Network: A Central Pathway in Psychiatric Disease and Treatment. Front Syst Neurosci 2016; 10:104. [PMID: 28082874 PMCID: PMC5187454 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2016.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The salience network (SN) plays a central role in cognitive control by integrating sensory input to guide attention, attend to motivationally salient stimuli and recruit appropriate functional brain-behavior networks to modulate behavior. Mounting evidence suggests that disturbances in SN function underlie abnormalities in cognitive control and may be a common etiology underlying many psychiatric disorders. Such functional and anatomical abnormalities have been recently apparent in studies and meta-analyses of psychiatric illness using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Of particular importance, abnormal structure and function in major cortical nodes of the SN, the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and anterior insula (AI), have been observed as a common neurobiological substrate across a broad spectrum of psychiatric disorders. In addition to cortical nodes of the SN, the network’s associated subcortical structures, including the dorsal striatum, mediodorsal thalamus and dopaminergic brainstem nuclei, comprise a discrete regulatory loop circuit. The SN’s cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical loop increasingly appears to be central to mechanisms of cognitive control, as well as to a broad spectrum of psychiatric illnesses and their available treatments. Functional imbalances within the SN loop appear to impair cognitive control, and specifically may impair self-regulation of cognition, behavior and emotion, thereby leading to symptoms of psychiatric illness. Furthermore, treating such psychiatric illnesses using invasive or non-invasive brain stimulation techniques appears to modulate SN cortical-subcortical loop integrity, and these effects may be central to the therapeutic mechanisms of brain stimulation treatments in many psychiatric illnesses. Here, we review clinical and experimental evidence for abnormalities in SN cortico-striatal-thalamic loop circuits in major depression, substance use disorders (SUD), anxiety disorders, schizophrenia and eating disorders (ED). We also review emergent therapeutic evidence that novel invasive and non-invasive brain stimulation treatments may exert therapeutic effects by normalizing abnormalities in the SN loop, thereby restoring the capacity for cognitive control. Finally, we consider a series of promising directions for future investigations on the role of SN cortico-striatal-thalamic loop circuits in the pathophysiology and treatment of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Peters
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Katharine Dunlop
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan Downar
- Institute of Medical Science, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada; Krembil Research Institute, University Health NetworkToronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada; MRI-Guided rTMS Clinic, University Health NetworkToronto, ON, Canada
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113
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Ho EV, Klenotich SJ, McMurray MS, Dulawa SC. Activity-Based Anorexia Alters the Expression of BDNF Transcripts in the Mesocorticolimbic Reward Circuit. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166756. [PMID: 27861553 PMCID: PMC5115804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a complex eating disorder with severe dysregulation of appetitive behavior. The activity-based anorexia (ABA) paradigm is an animal model in which rodents exposed to both running wheels and scheduled feeding develop aspects of AN including paradoxical hypophagia, dramatic weight loss, and hyperactivity, while animals exposed to only one condition maintain normal body weight. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), an activity-dependent modulator of neuronal plasticity, is reduced in the serum of AN patients, and is a known regulator of feeding and weight maintenance. We assessed the effects of scheduled feeding, running wheel access, or both on the expression of BDNF transcripts within the mesocorticolimbic pathway. We also assessed the expression of neuronal cell adhesion molecule 1 (NCAM1) to explore the specificity of effects on BDNF within the mesocorticolimbic pathway. Scheduled feeding increased the levels of both transcripts in the hippocampus (HPC), increased NCAM1 mRNA expression in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), and decreased BDNF mRNA levels in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). In addition, wheel running increased BDNF mRNA expression in the VTA. No changes in either transcript were observed in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Furthermore, no changes in either transcript were induced by the combined scheduled feeding and wheel access condition. These data indicate that scheduled feeding or wheel running alter BDNF and NCAM1 expression levels in specific regions of the mesocorticolimbic pathway. These findings contribute to our current knowledge of the molecular alterations induced by ABA and may help elucidate possible mechanisms of AN pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily V. Ho
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Stephanie J. Klenotich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Matthew S. McMurray
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Stephanie C Dulawa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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114
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Frank GKW, Shott ME, Riederer J, Pryor TL. Altered structural and effective connectivity in anorexia and bulimia nervosa in circuits that regulate energy and reward homeostasis. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e932. [PMID: 27801897 PMCID: PMC5314116 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia and bulimia nervosa are severe eating disorders that share many behaviors. Structural and functional brain circuits could provide biological links that those disorders have in common. We recruited 77 young adult women, 26 healthy controls, 26 women with anorexia and 25 women with bulimia nervosa. Probabilistic tractography was used to map white matter connectivity strength across taste and food intake regulating brain circuits. An independent multisample greedy equivalence search algorithm tested effective connectivity between those regions during sucrose tasting. Anorexia and bulimia nervosa had greater structural connectivity in pathways between insula, orbitofrontal cortex and ventral striatum, but lower connectivity from orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala to the hypothalamus (P<0.05, corrected for comorbidity, medication and multiple comparisons). Functionally, in controls the hypothalamus drove ventral striatal activity, but in anorexia and bulimia nervosa effective connectivity was directed from anterior cingulate via ventral striatum to the hypothalamus. Across all groups, sweetness perception was predicted by connectivity strength in pathways connecting to the middle orbitofrontal cortex. This study provides evidence that white matter structural as well as effective connectivity within the energy-homeostasis and food reward-regulating circuitry is fundamentally different in anorexia and bulimia nervosa compared with that in controls. In eating disorders, anterior cingulate cognitive-emotional top down control could affect food reward and eating drive, override hypothalamic inputs to the ventral striatum and enable prolonged food restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K W Frank
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA,Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA,Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Developmental Brain Research Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Children's Hospital Colorado, Gary Pavilion A036/B-130, 13123 East 16th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. E-mail:
| | - M E Shott
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - J Riederer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - T L Pryor
- Eating Disorders Center Denver, Denver, CO, USA
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Zhang A, Leow A, Zhan L, GadElkarim J, Moody T, Khalsa S, Strober M, Feusner JD. Brain connectome modularity in weight-restored anorexia nervosa and body dysmorphic disorder. Psychol Med 2016; 46:2785-2797. [PMID: 27429183 PMCID: PMC5305274 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291716001458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anorexia nervosa (AN) and body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) frequently co-occur, and have several overlapping phenomenological features. Little is known about their shared neurobiology. The aim of the study was to compare modular organization of brain structural connectivity. METHOD We acquired diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging data on unmedicated individuals with BDD (n = 29), weight-restored AN (n = 24) and healthy controls (HC) (n = 31). We constructed connectivity matrices using whole-brain white matter tractography, and compared modular structures across groups. RESULTS AN showed abnormal modularity involving frontal, basal ganglia and posterior cingulate nodes. There was a trend in BDD for similar abnormalities, but no significant differences compared with AN. In AN, poor insight correlated with longer path length in right caudal anterior cingulate and right posterior cingulate. CONCLUSIONS Abnormal network organization patterns in AN, partially shared with BDD, may have implications for understanding integration between reward and habit/ritual formation, as well as conflict monitoring/error detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - A Leow
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - L Zhan
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - J GadElkarim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - T Moody
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, CA
| | - S Khalsa
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, CA
| | - M Strober
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, CA
| | - JD Feusner
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, CA
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Olino TM. Future Research Directions in the Positive Valence Systems: Measurement, Development, and Implications for Youth Unipolar Depression. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2016; 45:681-705. [PMID: 26891100 PMCID: PMC5021627 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2015.1118694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Positive Valence Systems (PVS) have been introduced by the National Institute of Mental Health as a domain to help organize multiple constructs focusing on reward-seeking behaviors. However, the initial working model for this domain is strongly influenced by adult constructs and measures. Thus, the present review focuses on extending the PVS into a developmental context. Specifically, the review provides some hypotheses about the structure of the PVS, how PVS components may change throughout development, how family history of depression may influence PVS development, and potential means of intervening on PVS function to reduce onsets of depression. Future research needs in each of these areas are highlighted.
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Frank GK, Collier S, Shott ME, O’Reilly RC. Prediction error and somatosensory insula activation in women recovered from anorexia nervosa. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2016; 41:304-11. [PMID: 26836623 PMCID: PMC5008919 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.150103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research in patients with anorexia nervosa showed heightened brain response during a taste reward conditioning task and heightened sensitivity to rewarding and punishing stimuli. Here we tested the hypothesis that individuals recovered from anorexia nervosa would also experience greater brain activation during this task as well as higher sensitivity to salient stimuli than controls. METHODS Women recovered from restricting-type anorexia nervosa and healthy control women underwent fMRI during application of a prediction error taste reward learning paradigm. RESULTS Twenty-four women recovered from anorexia nervosa (mean age 30.3 ± 8.1 yr) and 24 control women (mean age 27.4 ± 6.3 yr) took part in this study. The recovered anorexia nervosa group showed greater left posterior insula activation for the prediction error model analysis than the control group (family-wise error- and small volume-corrected p < 0.05). A group × condition analysis found greater posterior insula response in women recovered from anorexia nervosa than controls for unexpected stimulus omission, but not for unexpected receipt. Sensitivity to punishment was elevated in women recovered from anorexia nervosa. LIMITATIONS This was a cross-sectional study, and the sample size was modest. CONCLUSION Anorexia nervosa after recovery is associated with heightened prediction error-related brain response in the posterior insula as well as greater response to unexpected reward stimulus omission. This finding, together with behaviourally increased sensitivity to punishment, could indicate that individuals recovered from anorexia nervosa are particularly responsive to punishment. The posterior insula processes somatosensory stimuli, including unexpected bodily states, and greater response could indicate altered perception or integration of unexpected or maybe unwanted bodily feelings. Whether those findings develop during the ill state or whether they are biological traits requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido K.W. Frank
- From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, CO, USA (Frank, Collier, Shott); the Department of Neuroscience, University of Colorado Denver; Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (Frank); and the Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA (O’Reilly)
| | - Shaleise Collier
- From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, CO, USA (Frank, Collier, Shott); the Department of Neuroscience, University of Colorado Denver; Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (Frank); and the Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA (O’Reilly)
| | - Megan E. Shott
- From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, CO, USA (Frank, Collier, Shott); the Department of Neuroscience, University of Colorado Denver; Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (Frank); and the Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA (O’Reilly)
| | - Randall C. O’Reilly
- From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, CO, USA (Frank, Collier, Shott); the Department of Neuroscience, University of Colorado Denver; Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (Frank); and the Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA (O’Reilly)
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Horndasch S, O'Keefe S, Lamond A, Brown K, McCabe C. Increased anticipatory but decreased consummatory brain responses to food in sisters of anorexia nervosa patients. BJPsych Open 2016; 2:255-261. [PMID: 27703784 PMCID: PMC4995168 DOI: 10.1192/bjpo.bp.115.002550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously shown increased anticipatory and consummatory neural responses to rewarding and aversive food stimuli in women recovered from anorexia nervosa (AN). AIMS To determine whether these differences are trait markers for AN, we examined the neural response in those with a familial history but no personal history of AN. METHOD Thirty-six volunteers were recruited: 15 who had a sister with anorexia nervosa (family history) and 21 control participants. Using fMRI we examined the neural response during an anticipatory phase (food cues, rewarding and aversive), an effort phase and a consummatory phase (rewarding and aversive tastes). RESULTS Family history (FH) volunteers showed increased activity in the caudate during the anticipation of both reward and aversive food and in the thalamus and amygdala during anticipation of aversive only. FH had decreased activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, the pallidum and the superior frontal gyrus during taste consumption. CONCLUSIONS Increased neural anticipatory but decreased consummatory responses to food might be a biomarker for AN. Interventions that could normalise these differences may help to prevent disorder onset. DECLARATION OF INTEREST C.M. has acted as a consultant to P1VITAL, Givaudan, GWPharma, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and Channel 4. COPYRIGHT AND USAGE © The Royal College of Psychiatrists 2016. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Non-Commercial, No Derivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Horndasch
- , MD, School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK, and Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sophie O'Keefe
- MSc, School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Anneka Lamond
- MSc, School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Katie Brown
- , MSc, School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Ciara McCabe
- , PhD, School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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Riederer JW, Shott ME, Deguzman M, Pryor TL, Frank GKW. Understanding Neuronal Architecture in Obesity through Analysis of White Matter Connection Strength. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:271. [PMID: 27375463 PMCID: PMC4893484 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the prevalence of obesity, our understanding of its neurobiological underpinnings is insufficient. Diffusion weighted imaging and calculation of white matter connection strength are methods to describe the architecture of anatomical white matter tracts. This study is aimed to characterize white matter architecture within taste-reward circuitry in a population of obese individuals. Obese (n = 18, age = 28.7 ± 8.3 years) and healthy control (n = 24, age = 27.4 ± 6.3 years) women underwent diffusion weighted imaging. Using probabilistic fiber tractography (FSL PROBTRACKX2 toolbox) we calculated connection strength within 138 anatomical white matter tracts. Obese women (OB) displayed lower and greater connectivity within taste-reward circuitry compared to controls (Wilks' λ < 0.001; p < 0.001). Connectivity was lower in white matter tracts connecting insula, amygdala, prefrontal cortex (PFC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and striatum. Connectivity was greater between the amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). This study indicates that lower white matter connectivity within white matter tracts of insula-fronto-striatal taste-reward circuitry are associated with obesity as well as greater connectivity within white matter tracts connecting the amygdala and ACC. The specificity of regions suggests sensory integration and reward processing are key associations that are altered in and might contribute to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin W Riederer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Megan E Shott
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Marisa Deguzman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAurora, CO, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical CampusAurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Guido K W Frank
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAurora, CO, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical CampusAurora, CO, USA
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Frank GK, Shott ME, Keffler C, Cornier MA. Extremes of eating are associated with reduced neural taste discrimination. Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:603-12. [PMID: 27083785 PMCID: PMC4900931 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Eating disorders are severe psychiatric disorders of unknown etiology. Understanding how neuronal function affects food choices could help personalize treatment based on brain function. Here we wanted to determine whether disordered eating behavior is associated with alterations in the primary taste cortex's ability to classify taste stimuli, which could interfere with taste reward processing. METHOD One-hundred and six women, 27 healthy comparison (age 26.15 ± 6.95 years), 21 with restricting-type anorexia nervosa (AN; age 23.10 ± 6.14 years), 19 recovered from restricting-type AN (recovered AN; age 26.95 ± 5.31 years), 20 with bulimia nervosa (BN; age 25.15 ± 5.31 years), and 19 with obesity (age 28.16 ± 8.13 years), received sucrose, control solution or no taste stimulation during functional magnetic resonance brain imaging. Multivariate Bayesian pattern analysis (decoding) and cross-validation tested taste classification accuracy (adjusted for comorbidity, medication use, taste perception, interoception, and brain activation volume). RESULTS For sucrose versus control solution, classification accuracy differed (F = 2.53, P < 0.041). Post hoc tests indicated higher classification accuracy in healthy comparison compared to women with AN (P < 0.016) or obesity (P < 0.027), and in recovered AN as compared to AN (P < 0.016) or obesity (P < 0.047) groups. Taste stimulation resulted in sparse insula voxel activation across all groups. DISCUSSION Reduced classification accuracy across stimuli in women with AN or obesity could indicate low brain encoding discrimination of stimulus quality, which could contribute to altered reward activation and eating drive that is not adjusted to nutritional needs. This deficit appears to normalize with recovery from AN, but adjusting food flavor intensity could aid in the treatment of individuals with AN or obesity. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.(Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:603-612).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido K.W. Frank
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus,Correspondence to: Guido K.W. Frank, Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Developmental Brain Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, The Children's Hospital Colorado, Gary Pavilion A036/B-130, 13123 East 16th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045.
| | - Megan E. Shott
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Carrie Keffler
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Marc-Andre Cornier
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
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121
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Gilbert JR, Burger KS. Neuroadaptive processes associated with palatable food intake: present data and future directions. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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122
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Décarie-Spain L, Hryhorczuk C, Fulton S. Dopamine signalling adaptations by prolonged high-fat feeding. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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123
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Farstad SM, McGeown LM, von Ranson KM. Eating disorders and personality, 2004–2016: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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124
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The Role of Psychotropic Medications in the Management of Anorexia Nervosa: Rationale, Evidence and Future Prospects. CNS Drugs 2016; 30:419-42. [PMID: 27106297 PMCID: PMC4873415 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-016-0335-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe psychiatric disorder without approved medication intervention. Every class of psychoactive medication has been tried to improve treatment outcome; however, randomized controlled trials have been ambiguous at best and across studies have not shown robust improvements in weight gain and recovery. Here we review the available literature on pharmacological interventions since AN came to greater public recognition in the 1960s, including a critical review of why those trials may not have been successful. We further provide a neurobiological background for the disorder and discuss how cognition, learning, and emotion-regulating circuits could become treatment targets in the future. Making every effort to develop effective pharmacological treatment options for AN is imperative as it continues to be a complex psychiatric disorder with high disease burden and mortality.
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Abstract
Theorists have proposed several neural vulnerability factors that may increase overeating and consequent weight gain. Early cross-sectional imaging studies could not determine whether aberrant neural responsivity was a precursor or consequence of overeating. However, recent prospective imaging studies examining predictors of future weight gain and response to obesity treatment, and repeated-measures imaging studies before and after weight gain and loss have advanced knowledge of etiologic processes and neural plasticity resulting from weight change. The present article reviews evidence from prospective studies using imaging and behavioral measures reflecting neural function, as well as randomized experiments with humans and animals that are consistent or inconsistent with 5 neural vulnerability theories for excessive weight gain. Extant data provide strong support for the incentive sensitization theory of obesity and moderate support for the reward surfeit theory, inhibitory control deficit theory, and dynamic vulnerability model of obesity, which attempted to synthesize the former theories into a single etiologic model. However, existing data provide only minimal support for the reward deficit theory. Findings are synthesized into a new working etiologic model that is based on current scientific knowledge. Important directions for future studies, which have the potential to support or refute this working etiologic model, are delineated. (PsycINFO Database Record
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126
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Fuel not fun: Reinterpreting attenuated brain responses to reward in obesity. Physiol Behav 2016; 162:37-45. [PMID: 27085908 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is a well-established literature linking obesity to altered dopamine signaling and brain response to food-related stimuli. Neuroimaging studies frequently report enhanced responses in dopaminergic regions during food anticipation and decreased responses during reward receipt. This has been interpreted as reflecting anticipatory "reward surfeit", and consummatory "reward deficiency". In particular, attenuated response in the dorsal striatum to primary food rewards is proposed to reflect anhedonia, which leads to overeating in an attempt to compensate for the reward deficit. In this paper, we propose an alternative view. We consider brain response to food-related stimuli in a reinforcement-learning framework, which can be employed to separate the contributions of reward sensitivity and reward-related learning that are typically entangled in the brain response to reward. Consequently, we posit that decreased striatal responses to milkshake receipt reflect reduced reward-related learning rather than reward deficiency or anhedonia because reduced reward sensitivity would translate uniformly into reduced anticipatory and consummatory responses to reward. By re-conceptualizing reward deficiency as a shift in learning about subjective value of rewards, we attempt to reconcile neuroimaging findings with the putative role of dopamine in effort, energy expenditure and exploration and suggest that attenuated brain responses to energy dense foods reflect the "fuel", not the fun entailed by the reward.
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127
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How can we Improve on Modeling Nicotine Addiction to Develop Better Smoking Cessation Treatments? INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 126:121-56. [PMID: 27055613 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Clinically effective smoking cessation treatments are few in number, mainly varenicline, bupropion, and nicotine replacement therapy being prescribed by health organizations. Of the many compounds tested for smoking cessation, a good proportion fail in human trials despite positive findings in rodents. This chapter aims to cover the uses and some pit falls of current methodologies employed to discover clinical treatments in the laboratory. Complicating factors include the complex nature of genetics in tobacco smoking and the comorbidity associated with other psychiatric disorders, which has not been addressed fully in the rodent laboratory. This chapter reviews the evidence from intravenous nicotine self-administration studies and proposes modifications on how we can improve the validity of the animal models by incorporating clinically relevant factors considered to be critical in tobacco smoking. For example, choice procedures that incorporate alternative reinforcers, use of reinstatement models, and second-order schedules of reinforcement are proposed to have better scientific validity that may lead to better clinical outcomes. Furthermore, improved experimental methods will also improve our chances of discovering effective treatments that ultimately may mitigate the effects of tobacco smoking with regard to health worldwide.
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128
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Frank GKW. The Perfect Storm - A Bio-Psycho-Social Risk Model for Developing and Maintaining Eating Disorders. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:44. [PMID: 27014006 PMCID: PMC4785136 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guido K W Frank
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora, CO, USA
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Burke MV, Small DM. Effects of the modern food environment on striatal function, cognition and regulation of ingestive behavior. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2016; 9:97-105. [PMID: 29619405 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence from human and animal studies suggest that consumption of palatable foods rich in fat and/or carbohydrates may produce deleterious influences on brain function independently of body weight or metabolic disease. Here we consider two mechanisms by which diet can impact striatal circuits to amplify food cue reactivity and impair inhibitory control. First, we review findings demonstrating that the energetic properties of foods regulate nucleus accumbens food cue reactivity, a demonstrated predictor of weight gain susceptibility, which is then sensitized by chronic consumption of an energy dense diet. Second, we consider evidence for diet-induced adaptations in dorsal striatal dopamine signaling that is associated with impaired inhibitory control and negative outcome learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary V Burke
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, U.S.,John B. Pierce Laboratory, 290 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT, U.S.,Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, 290 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT, U.S
| | - Dana M Small
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, U.S.,John B. Pierce Laboratory, 290 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT, U.S.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, U.S.,Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, U.S.,Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, 290 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT, U.S
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Moustafa AA, Phillips J, Kéri S, Misiak B, Frydecka D. On the Complexity of Brain Disorders: A Symptom-Based Approach. Front Comput Neurosci 2016; 10:16. [PMID: 26941635 PMCID: PMC4763073 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2016.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence shows that brain disorders involve multiple and different neural dysfunctions, including regional brain damage, change to cell structure, chemical imbalance, and/or connectivity loss among different brain regions. Understanding the complexity of brain disorders can help us map these neural dysfunctions to different symptom clusters as well as understand subcategories of different brain disorders. Here, we discuss data on the mapping of symptom clusters to different neural dysfunctions using examples from brain disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), schizophrenia, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In addition, we discuss data on the similarities of symptoms in different disorders. Importantly, computational modeling work may be able to shed light on plausible links between various symptoms and neural damage in brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Moustafa
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney UniversitySydney, NSW, Australia; Marcs Institute for Brain and Behavior, Western Sydney UniversitySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Joseph Phillips
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Szabolcs Kéri
- Nyírö Gyula Hospital, National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions Budapest, Hungary
| | - Blazej Misiak
- Department and Clinic of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical UniversityWroclaw, Poland; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical UniversityWroclaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Frydecka
- Department and Clinic of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University Wroclaw, Poland
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Dunlop KA, Woodside B, Downar J. Targeting Neural Endophenotypes of Eating Disorders with Non-invasive Brain Stimulation. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:30. [PMID: 26909013 PMCID: PMC4754427 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The term "eating disorders" (ED) encompasses a wide variety of disordered eating and compensatory behaviors, and so the term is associated with considerable clinical and phenotypic heterogeneity. This heterogeneity makes optimizing treatment techniques difficult. One class of treatments is non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS). NIBS, including repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), are accessible forms of neuromodulation that alter the cortical excitability of a target brain region. It is crucial for NIBS to be successful that the target is well selected for the patient population in question. Targets may best be selected by stepping back from conventional DSM-5 diagnostic criteria to identify neural substrates of more basic phenotypes, including behavior related to rewards and punishment, cognitive control, and social processes. These phenotypic dimensions have been recently laid out by the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative. Consequently, this review is intended to identify potential dimensions as outlined by the RDoC and the underlying behavioral and neurobiological targets associated with ED. This review will also identify candidate targets for NIBS based on these dimensions and review the available literature on rTMS and tDCS in ED. This review systematically reviews abnormal neural circuitry in ED within the RDoC framework, and also systematically reviews the available literature investigating NIBS as a treatment for ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine A. Dunlop
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
- MRI-Guided rTMS Clinic, University Health NetworkToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Blake Woodside
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University Health NetworkToronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
- Eating Disorders Program, University Health NetworkToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan Downar
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
- MRI-Guided rTMS Clinic, University Health NetworkToronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University Health NetworkToronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health NetworkToronto, ON, Canada
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132
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Olino TM, Horton LE, Versella MV. A comparison of psychometric and convergent validity for social anhedonia and social closeness. Psychol Assess 2016; 28:1465-1474. [PMID: 26882080 DOI: 10.1037/pas0000291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Social anhedonia is an important construct that describes individual differences in preferences for interacting in and experiencing pleasure from social interactions and has been a central construct in the schizotypy literature. The description of social anhedonia is very similar to that of social closeness from the personality literature. However, no published studies have directly compared associations between social anhedonia and social closeness with an array of other measures of anhedonia, personality, and depression. The present study examined the internal psychometrics of primary measures of social anhedonia and social closeness; the bivariate association between social anhedonia and social closeness; and the associations between these target constructs and measures of individual differences in a large sample of undergraduate students (mean age = 20.53 years; 76.3% were women). We found that (a) social anhedonia and social closeness were strongly correlated; (b) the unidimensional measurement model for social closeness was stronger than that for social anhedonia; (c) the pattern of associations for social closeness and social anhedonia with measures of physical anhedonia, personality, and depressive symptoms were substantively identical; and (d) a collection of items from both measures assessed information across a wider range of social anhedonia than either instrument alone. Thus, given the similar patterns of validity against multiple criteria social anhedonia and social closeness appear to be representing very similar constructs. The Social Closeness scale provides complementary information to the social anhedonia dimension. Our results provide recommendations for instrument selection when normative or elevated levels of social anhedonia are intended to be assessed. (PsycINFO Database Record
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133
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Fernández-Aranda F, Agüera Z, Fernández-García JC, Garrido-Sanchez L, Alcaide-Torres J, Tinahones FJ, Giner-Bartolomé C, Baños RM, Botella C, Cebolla A, de la Torre R, Fernández-Real JM, Ortega FJ, Frühbeck G, Gómez-Ambrosi J, Granero R, Islam MA, Jiménez-Murcia S, Tárrega S, Menchón JM, Fagundo AB, Sancho C, Estivill X, Treasure J, Casanueva FF. Smell-taste dysfunctions in extreme weight/eating conditions: analysis of hormonal and psychological interactions. Endocrine 2016. [PMID: 26198367 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0684-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
(1) The objective of this study is to analyze differences in smell-taste capacity between females in extreme weight/eating conditions (EWC) and (2) to explore the interaction between smell/taste capacity, gastric hormones, eating behavior and body mass index (BMI). The sample comprised 239 females in EWC [64 Anorexia nervosa (AN) and 80 age-matched healthy-weight controls, and 59 obese and 36 age-matched healthy-weight controls]. Smell and taste assessments were performed through "Sniffin' Sticks" and "Taste Strips," respectively. The assessment measures included the eating disorders inventory-2, the symptom check list 90-revised, and The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire, as well as peptides from the gastrointestinal tract [Ghrelin, peptide YY, cholecystokinin]. Smell capacity was differentially associated across EWC groups. Smell was clearly impaired in obese participants and increased in AN (hyposmia in Obesity was 54.3 and 6.4 % in AN), but taste capacity did not vary across EWC. Ghrelin levels were significantly decreased in obese subjects and were related to smell impairment. EWC individuals showed a distinct smell profile and circulating ghrelin levels compared to controls. Smell capacity and ghrelin may act as moderators of emotional eating and BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, c/Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Zaida Agüera
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, c/Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose C Fernández-García
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Lourdes Garrido-Sanchez
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Alcaide-Torres
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco J Tinahones
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Cristina Giner-Bartolomé
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, c/Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa M Baños
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychological, Personality, Evaluation and Treatment of the University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Botella
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Basic Psychology, Clinic and Psychobiology of the University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Ausias Cebolla
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Basic Psychology, Clinic and Psychobiology of the University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Health and Experimental Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Integrated Pharmacology and Systems Neurosciences Research Group, Neuroscience Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose M Fernández-Real
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdlBGi) Hospital Dr Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Francisco J Ortega
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdlBGi) Hospital Dr Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra - IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier Gómez-Ambrosi
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra - IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Roser Granero
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
- Departament of Psychobiology and Methodology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mohamed A Islam
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, c/Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, c/Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salomé Tárrega
- Departament of Psychobiology and Methodology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M Menchón
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, c/Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana B Fagundo
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, c/Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Sancho
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, c/Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Estivill
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Janet Treasure
- Eating Disorders Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK
| | - Felipe F Casanueva
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain.
- Endocrine Division, Department of Medicine, Complejo Hospitalario U. de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela University, Choupana Street sn, PO Box 563, 15780, Santiago, Spain.
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O’Hara CB, Keyes A, Renwick B, Leyton M, Campbell IC, Schmidt U. The Effects of Acute Dopamine Precursor Depletion on the Reinforcing Value of Exercise in Anorexia Nervosa. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145894. [PMID: 26808920 PMCID: PMC4726788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated whether dopaminergic systems are involved in the motivation to engage in behaviours associated with anorexia nervosa (AN), specifically, the drive to exercise. Women recovered from AN (AN REC, n = 17) and healthy controls (HC, n = 15) were recruited. The acute phenylalanine/tyrosine depletion (APTD) method was used to transiently decrease dopamine synthesis and transmission. The effect of dopamine precursor depletion on drive to exercise was measured using a progressive ratio (PR) exercise breakpoint task. Both groups worked for the opportunity to exercise, and, at baseline, PR breakpoint scores were higher in AN REC than HC. Compared to values on the experimental control session, APTD did not decrease PR breakpoint scores in AN REC, but significantly decreased scores in HC. These data show that women recovered from AN are more motivated to exercise than HC, although in both groups, activity is more reinforcing than inactivity. Importantly, decreasing dopamine does not reduce the motivation to exercise in people recovered from AN, but in contrast, does so in HC. It is proposed that in AN, drive to exercise develops into a behaviour that is largely independent of dopamine mediated reward processes and becomes dependent on cortico-striatal neurocircuitry that regulates automated, habit- or compulsive-like behaviours. These data strengthen the case for the involvement of reward, learning, habit, and dopaminergic systems in the aetiology of AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin B. O’Hara
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, Section of Eating Disorders, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: caitlin.b.o’
| | - Alexandra Keyes
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, Section of Eating Disorders, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bethany Renwick
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, Section of Eating Disorders, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Leyton
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Iain C. Campbell
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, Section of Eating Disorders, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, Section of Eating Disorders, London, United Kingdom
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135
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Adaptive decision making to eat is crucial for survival, but in anorexia nervosa, the brain persistently supports reduced food intake despite a growing need for energy. How the brain persists in reducing food intake, sometimes even to the point of death and despite the evolution of multiple mechanisms to ensure survival by governing adaptive eating behaviors, remains mysterious. Neural substrates belong to the reward-habit system, which could differ among the eating disorders. The present review provides an overview of neural circuitry of restrictive food choice, binge eating, and the contribution of specific serotonin receptors. One possibility is that restrictive food intake critically engages goal-directed (decision making) systems and "habit," supporting the view that persistent caloric restriction mimics some aspects of addiction to drugs of abuse. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT An improved understanding of the neural basis of eating disorders is a timely challenge because these disorders can be deadly. Up to 70 million of people in the world suffer from eating disorders. Anorexia nervosa affects 1-4% of women in United States and is the first cause of death among adolescents in Europe. Studies relying on animal models suggest that decision making to eat (or not) can prevail over actual energy requirements due to emotional disturbances resulting in abnormal habitual behavior, mimicking dependence. These recent studies provide a foundation for developing more specific and effective interventions for these disorders.
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136
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Sellitto M, Ciaramelli E, Mattioli F, di Pellegrino G. Reduced Sensitivity to Sooner Reward During Intertemporal Decision-Making Following Insula Damage in Humans. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 9:367. [PMID: 26793084 PMCID: PMC4709635 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During intertemporal choice, humans tend to prefer small-sooner rewards over larger-delayed rewards, reflecting temporal discounting (TD) of delayed outcomes. Functional neuroimaging (fMRI) evidence has implicated the insular cortex in time-sensitive decisions, yet it is not clear whether activity in this brain region is crucial for, or merely associated with, TD behavior. Here, patients with damage to the insula (Insular patients), control patients with lesions outside the insula, and healthy individuals chose between smaller-sooner and larger-later monetary rewards. Insular patients were less sensitive to sooner rewards than were the control groups, exhibiting reduced TD. A Voxel-based Lesion-Symptom Mapping (VLSM) analysis confirmed a statistically significant association between insular damage and reduced TD. These results indicate that the insular cortex is crucial for intertemporal choice. We suggest that he insula may be necessary to anticipate the bodily/emotional effects of receiving rewards at different delays, influencing the computation of their incentive value. Devoid of such input, insular patients' choices would be governed by a heuristic of quantity, allowing patients to wait for larger options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Sellitto
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di BolognaBologna, Italy
- Centro Studi e Ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Polo Scientifico-Didattico di CesenaCesena, Italy
| | - Elisa Ciaramelli
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di BolognaBologna, Italy
- Centro Studi e Ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Polo Scientifico-Didattico di CesenaCesena, Italy
| | - Flavia Mattioli
- Riabilitazione Neuropsicologica, Spedali Civili di BresciaBrescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe di Pellegrino
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di BolognaBologna, Italy
- Centro Studi e Ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Polo Scientifico-Didattico di CesenaCesena, Italy
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137
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Brand-Gothelf A, Parush S, Eitan Y, Admoni S, Gur E, Stein D. Sensory modulation disorder symptoms in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: A pilot study. Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:59-68. [PMID: 26354076 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) may exhibit reduced ability to modulate sensory, physiological, and affective responses. The aim of the present study is to assess sensory modulation disorder (SMD) symptoms in patients with AN and BN. METHOD We assessed female adolescent and young adult inpatients with restrictive type anorexia nervosa (AN-R; n = 20) and BN (n = 20) evaluated in the acute stage of their illness, and 27 female controls. Another group of 20 inpatients with AN-R was assessed on admission and discharge, upon achieving their required weight. Participants completed standardized questionnaires assessing the severity of their eating disorder (ED) and the sensory responsiveness questionnaire (SRQ). RESULTS Inpatients with AN-R demonstrated elevated overall sensory over-responsiveness as well as elevated scores on the taste/gustatory, vestibular/kinesthetic and somatosensory/tactile SRQ modalities compared with patients with BN and controls. Significant correlations between the severity of sensory over-responsiveness and ED-related symptomatology were found in acutely-ill patients with AN-R and to a lesser extent, following weight restoration. Elevated sensory over-responsiveness was retained in weight-restored inpatients with AN-R. Inpatients with BN demonstrated greater sensory under-responsiveness in the intensity subscale of the SRQ, but not in the frequency and combined SRQ dimensions. DISCUSSION Female inpatients with AN-R exhibited sensory over-responsiveness both in the acute stage of their illness and following weight restoration, suggesting that sensory over-responsiveness may represent a trait related to the illness itself above and beyond the influence of malnutrition. The finding for sensory under-responsiveness in BN is less consistent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shula Parush
- School of Occupational Therapy, the Hebrew University at Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yehudith Eitan
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Professions, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shai Admoni
- School of Occupational Therapy, the Hebrew University at Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eitan Gur
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, the Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Daniel Stein
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, the Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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138
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Fuglset TS, Landrø NI, Reas DL, Rø Ø. Functional brain alterations in anorexia nervosa: a scoping review. J Eat Disord 2016; 4:32. [PMID: 27933159 PMCID: PMC5125031 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-016-0118-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroimaging allows for the identification of brain abnormalities and alterations that are associated with anorexia nervosa (AN). We performed a scoping review to map out the extent and nature of recent research activity on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in individuals diagnosed with, or recovered from, AN (AN-REC). MAIN TEXT A literature search of PubMed, Psychinfo and Embase was conducted using the search terms "anorexia nervosa" AND "functional magnetic resonance imaging." We included fMRI studies that involved a comparison between individuals with AN or AN-REC and healthy controls published in English language between 2010 and 2015. A total of 49 papers were included, regardless of the experimental stimuli or paradigm. CONCLUSIONS Findings varied considerably across studies, reflecting methodological differences in study design, such as sample differences and experimental paradigms. Collectively, studies published during the past five years suggest altered activation in regions related to the fronto-striato and the limbic circuits, which are theorized to have an important role in the pathophysiology of AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tone Seim Fuglset
- Regional Department for Eating Disorders, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nils Inge Landrø
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Neuroscience Research Group, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Deborah Lynn Reas
- Regional Department for Eating Disorders, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway ; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øyvind Rø
- Regional Department for Eating Disorders, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway ; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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139
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Steinglass JE, Walsh BT. Neurobiological model of the persistence of anorexia nervosa. J Eat Disord 2016; 4:19. [PMID: 27195123 PMCID: PMC4870737 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-016-0106-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is characterized by the maintenance of an undernourished, or starved, state. Persistent restrictive eating, or the recurrent intake of a diet that is inadequate to sustain a healthy weight, is the central behavior maintaining AN. To understand this disturbance, we need to understand the neural mechanisms that allow or promote the persistent choice of inadequate caloric intake. While a range of neural disturbances have been reported in AN, abnormalities in systems relevant to reward processing and the development of habit systems have been consistently described in both structural and functional neuroimaging studies. Most recently, brain and behavior have been directly examined by investigating the neural underpinnings of restrictive food choice. These recent data suggest that, among individuals with AN, dorsal frontostriatal circuits play a greater role in guiding decisions regarding what to eat than among healthy individuals. This line of research attempts to leverage advances in the field of cognitive neuroscience to further our understanding of persistent maladaptive choices of individuals with AN, in the hope that such advances will help in the development of novel treatments for this potentially fatal disorder.
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140
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Greater Insula White Matter Fiber Connectivity in Women Recovered from Anorexia Nervosa. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:498-507. [PMID: 26076832 PMCID: PMC5130125 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa is a severe psychiatric disorder associated with reduced drive to eat. Altered taste-reward circuit white matter fiber organization in anorexia nervosa after recovery could indicate a biological marker that alters the normal motivation to eat. Women recovered from restricting-type anorexia (Recovered AN, n = 24, age = 30.3 ± 8.1 years) and healthy controls (n = 24, age = 27.4 ± 6.3 years) underwent diffusion weighted imaging of the brain. Probabilistic tractography analyses calculated brain white matter connectivity (streamlines) as an estimate of fiber connections in taste-reward-related white matter tracts, and microstructural integrity (fractional anisotropy, FA) was assessed using tract-based spatial statistics. Recovered AN showed significantly (range P<0.05-0.001, Bonferroni corrected) greater white matter connectivity between bilateral insula regions and ventral striatum, left insula and middle orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and right insula projecting to gyrus rectus and medial OFC. Duration of illness predicted connectivity of tracts projecting from the insula to ventral striatum and OFC. Microstructural integrity was lower in Recovered AN in most insula white matter tracts, as was whole-brain FA in parts of the anterior corona radiata, external capsule, and cerebellum (P<0.05, family-wise error-corrected). This study indicates higher structural white matter connectivity, an estimate of fibers connections, in anorexia after recovery in tracts that connect taste-reward processing regions. Greater connectivity together with less-fiber integrity could indicate altered neural activity between those regions, which could interfere with normal food-reward circuit function. Correlations between connectivity and illness duration suggest that connectivity could be a marker for illness severity. Whether greater connectivity can predict prognosis of the disorder requires further study.
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141
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Abstract
Obesity has reached epidemic prevalence, and much research has focused on homeostatic and nonhomeostatic mechanisms underlying overconsumption of food. Mesocorticolimbic circuitry, including dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA), is a key substrate for nonhomeostatic feeding. The goal of the present review is to compare changes in mesolimbic dopamine function in human obesity with diet-induced obesity in rodents. Additionally, we will review the literature to determine if dopamine signaling is altered with binge eating disorder in humans or binge eating modeled in rodents. Finally, we assess modulation of dopamine neurons by neuropeptides and peripheral peptidergic signals that occur with obesity or binge eating. We find that while decreased dopamine concentration is observed with obesity, there is inconsistency outside the human literature on the relationship between striatal D2 receptor expression and obesity. Finally, few studies have explored how orexigenic or anorexigenic peptides modulate dopamine neuronal activity or striatal dopamine in obese models. However, ghrelin modulation of dopamine neurons may be an important factor for driving binge feeding in rodents.
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142
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Maillard AM, Hippolyte L, Rodriguez-Herreros B, Chawner SJRA, Dremmel D, Agüera Z, Fagundo AB, Pain A, Martin-Brevet S, Hilbert A, Kurz S, Etienne R, Draganski B, Jimenez-Murcia S, Männik K, Metspalu A, Reigo A, Isidor B, Le Caignec C, David A, Mignot C, Keren B, van den Bree MBM, Munsch S, Fernandez-Aranda F, Beckmann JS, Reymond A, Jacquemont S. 16p11.2 Locus modulates response to satiety before the onset of obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 40:870-6. [PMID: 26620891 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 600 kb BP4-BP5 copy number variants (CNVs) at the 16p11.2 locus have been associated with a range of neurodevelopmental conditions including autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia. The number of genomic copies in this region is inversely correlated with body mass index (BMI): the deletion is associated with a highly penetrant form of obesity (present in 50% of carriers by the age of 7 years and in 70% of adults), and the duplication with being underweight. Mechanisms underlying this energy imbalance remain unknown. OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate eating behavior, cognitive traits and their relationships with BMI in carriers of 16p11.2 CNVs. METHODS We assessed individuals carrying a 16p11.2 deletion or duplication and their intrafamilial controls using food-related behavior questionnaires and cognitive measures. We also compared these carriers with cohorts of individuals presenting with obesity, binge eating disorder or bulimia. RESULTS Response to satiety is gene dosage-dependent in pediatric CNV carriers. Altered satiety response is present in young deletion carriers before the onset of obesity. It remains altered in adolescent carriers and correlates with obesity. Adult deletion carriers exhibit eating behavior similar to that seen in a cohort of obesity without eating disorders such as bulimia or binge eating. None of the cognitive measures are associated with eating behavior or BMI. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that abnormal satiety response is a strong contributor to the energy imbalance in 16p11.2 CNV carriers, and, akin to other genetic forms of obesity, altered satiety responsiveness in children precedes the increase in BMI observed later in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Maillard
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - L Hippolyte
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - B Rodriguez-Herreros
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,LREN-Département des Neurosciences Cliniques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S J R A Chawner
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - D Dremmel
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Z Agüera
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A B Fagundo
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Pain
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S Martin-Brevet
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,LREN-Département des Neurosciences Cliniques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Hilbert
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center Adiposity Diseases, Department of Medical Psychology and Medical SocCiology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - S Kurz
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - R Etienne
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - B Draganski
- LREN-Département des Neurosciences Cliniques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, Max-Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Science, Leipzig, Germany
| | - S Jimenez-Murcia
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,Clinical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain
| | - K Männik
- Estonian Genome Center, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia.,Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - A Reigo
- Estonian Genome Center, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - B Isidor
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU-Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - C Le Caignec
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU-Nantes, Nantes, France.,INSERM UMR957, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
| | - A David
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU-Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - C Mignot
- AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique, Unité Fonctionnelle de Génétique Clinique, Paris, France.,Centre de Référence Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, Paris, France.,Groupe de Recherche Clinique Déficience Intellectuelle et Autisme, UPMC, Paris, France
| | - B Keren
- Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Department of Genetics and Cytogenetics, Paris, France
| | | | - M B M van den Bree
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - S Munsch
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - F Fernandez-Aranda
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,Clinical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J S Beckmann
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Reymond
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S Jacquemont
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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143
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Moody TD, Sasaki MA, Bohon C, Strober MA, Bookheimer SY, Sheen CL, Feusner JD. Functional connectivity for face processing in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder and anorexia nervosa. Psychol Med 2015; 45:3491-3503. [PMID: 26219399 PMCID: PMC4879882 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291715001397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) and anorexia nervosa (AN) are both characterized by distorted perception of appearance. Previous studies in BDD suggest abnormalities in visual processing of own and others' faces, but no study has examined visual processing of faces in AN, nor directly compared the two disorders in this respect. METHOD We collected functional magnetic resonance imaging data on 60 individuals of equivalent age and gender in each of three groups--20 BDD, 20 weight-restored AN, and 20 healthy controls (HC)--while they viewed images of others' faces that contained only high or low spatial frequency information (HSF or LSF). We tested hypotheses about functional connectivity within specialized sub-networks for HSF and LSF visual processing, using psychophysiological interaction analyses. RESULTS The BDD group demonstrated increased functional connectivity compared to HC between left anterior occipital face area and right fusiform face area (FFA) for LSF faces, which was associated with symptom severity. Both BDD and AN groups had increased connectivity compared to HC between FFA and precuneous/posterior cingulate gyrus for LSF faces, and decreased connectivity between FFA and insula. In addition, we found that LSF connectivity between FFA and posterior cingulate gyrus was significantly associated with thoughts about own appearance in AN. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest similar abnormal functional connectivity within higher-order systems for face processing in BDD and AN, but distinct abnormal connectivity patterns within occipito-temporal visual networks. Findings may have implications for understanding relationships between these disorders, and the pathophysiology underlying perceptual distortions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. D. Moody
- Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M. A. Sasaki
- Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - C. Bohon
- Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - M. A. Strober
- Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S. Y. Bookheimer
- Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - C. L. Sheen
- Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J. D. Feusner
- Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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144
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Treasure J, Zipfel S, Micali N, Wade T, Stice E, Claudino A, Schmidt U, Frank GK, Bulik CM, Wentz E. Anorexia nervosa. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2015; 1:15074. [PMID: 27189821 DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2015.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric condition characterized by severe weight loss and secondary problems associated with malnutrition. AN predominantly develops in adolescence in the peripubertal period. Without early effective treatment, the course is protracted with physical, psychological and social morbidity and high mortality. Despite these effects, patients are noted to value the beliefs and behaviours that contribute to their illness rather than regarding them as problematic, which interferes with screening, prevention and early intervention. Involving the family to support interventions early in the course of the illness can produce sustained changes; however, those with a severe and/or protracted illness might require inpatient nursing support and/or outpatient psychotherapy. Prevention programmes aim to moderate the overvaluation of 'thinness' and body dissatisfaction as one of the proximal risk factors. The low prevalence of AN limits the ability to identify risk factors and to study the timing and sex distribution of the condition. However, genetic profiles, premorbid features, and brain structures and functions of patients with AN show similarities with other psychiatric disorders and contrast with obesity and metabolic disorders. Such studies are informing approaches to address the neuroadaptation to starvation and the other various physical and psychosocial deficits associated with AN. This Primer describes the epidemiology, diagnosis, screening and prevention, aetiology, treatment and quality of life of patients with AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Treasure
- King's College London, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Stephan Zipfel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Nadia Micali
- University College London, Institute of Child Health, Behavioural and Brain Sciences Unit, London, UK.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tracey Wade
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Eric Stice
- Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Angélica Claudino
- Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- King's College London, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Guido K Frank
- Eating Disorder Centre of Denver, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Cynthia M Bulik
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Wentz
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg Sweden
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145
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On Weight and Waiting: Delay Discounting in Anorexia Nervosa Pretreatment and Posttreatment. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 78:606-14. [PMID: 25641636 PMCID: PMC4478277 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) override the drive to eat, forgoing immediate rewards in favor of longer-term goals. We examined delay discounting and its neural correlates in AN before and after treatment to test a potential mechanism of illness persistence. METHODS Inpatients with AN (n = 59) and healthy control subjects (HC, n = 39) performed a delay discounting task at two time points. A subset (n = 30 AN, n = 22 HC) participated in functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning during the task. The task consisted of a range of monetary choices with variable delay times, yielding individual discount rates-the rate by which money loses value over time. RESULTS Before treatment, the AN group showed a preference for delayed over earlier rewards (i.e., less steep discount rates) compared with HC; after weight restoration, AN did not differ from HC. Underweight AN showed slower response times for earlier versus delayed choices; this reversed with treatment. Underweight AN showed abnormal neural activity in striatum and dorsal anterior cingulate; normalization of behavior was associated with increased activation in reward regions (striatum and dorsal anterior cingulate) and decision-making regions (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and parietal cortex). CONCLUSIONS The undernourished state of AN may amplify the tendency to forgo immediate rewards in favor of longer-term goals. The results suggest that behavior that looks phenotypically like excessive self-control does not correspond with enhanced prefrontal recruitment. Rather, the results point to alterations in cingulostriatal circuitry that offer new insights on the potential role of abnormalities in decision-making neural systems in the perpetuation of AN.
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146
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Abstract
Caloric intake and energy balance are highly regulated to maintain metabolic homeostasis and weight. However, hedonic-motivated food intake, in particular consumption of highly rewarding foods, may act to override hemostatic signaling and contribute to overconsumption, weight gain, and obesity. Here, we review human neuroimaging literature that has delivered valuable insight into the neural correlates of hedonic-motivated ingestive behavior, weight gain, weight loss, and metabolic status. Our primary focus is the brain regions that are thought to encode aspects of food hedonics, gustatory and somatosensory processing, and executive functioning. Further, we discuss the variability of regional brain response as a function of obesity, weight gain, behavioral and surgical weight loss, as well as in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S Burger
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2204 McGravran-Greenberg Hall, CB 7461, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | | | - Abigail J Sanders
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2204 McGravran-Greenberg Hall, CB 7461, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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147
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Horstmann A, Fenske WK, Hankir MK. Argument for a non-linear relationship between severity of human obesity and dopaminergic tone. Obes Rev 2015; 16:821-30. [PMID: 26098597 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in the dopaminergic system have been implicated in both animal and human obesity. However, to date, a comprehensive model on the nature and functional relevance of this relationship is missing. In particular, human data remain equivocal in that seemingly inconsistent reports exist of positive, negative or even no relationships between dopamine D2/D3 receptor availability in the striatum and measures of obesity. Further, data on receptor availability have been commonly interpreted as reflecting receptor density, despite the possibility of an alternative interpretation, namely alterations in the basal levels of endogenous dopaminergic tone. Here, we provide a unifying framework that is able to explain the seemingly contradictory findings and offer an alternative and novel perspective on existing data. In particular, we suggest (i) a quadratic relationship between alterations in the dopaminergic system and degree of obesity, and (ii) that the observed alterations are driven by shifts in the balance between general dopaminergic tone and phasic dopaminergic signalling. The proposed model consistently integrates human data on molecular and behavioural characteristics of overweight and obesity. Further, the model provides a mechanistic framework accounting not only for the consistent observation of altered (food) reward-responsivity but also for the differences in reinforcement learning, decision-making behaviour and cognitive performance associated with measures of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Horstmann
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany.,Department Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - W K Fenske
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - M K Hankir
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
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148
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Islam MA, Fagundo AB, Arcelus J, Agüera Z, Jiménez-Murcia S, Fernández-Real JM, Tinahones FJ, de la Torre R, Botella C, Frühbeck G, Casanueva FF, Menchón JM, Fernandez-Aranda F. Olfaction in eating disorders and abnormal eating behavior: a systematic review. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1431. [PMID: 26483708 PMCID: PMC4588114 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study provides a systematic review that explores the current literature on olfactory capacity in abnormal eating behavior. The objective is to present a basis for discussion on whether research in olfaction in eating disorders may offer additional insight with regard to the complex etiopathology of eating disorders (ED) and abnormal eating behaviors. Electronic databases (Medline, PsycINFO, PubMed, Science Direct, and Web of Science) were searched using the components in relation to olfaction and combining them with the components related to abnormal eating behavior. Out of 1352 articles, titles were first excluded by title (n = 64) and then by abstract and fulltext resulting in a final selection of 14 articles (820 patients and 385 control participants) for this review. The highest number of existing literature on olfaction in ED were carried out with AN patients (78.6%) followed by BN patients (35.7%) and obese individuals (14.3%). Most studies were only conducted on females. The general findings support that olfaction is altered in AN and in obesity and indicates toward there being little to no difference in olfactory capacity between BN patients and the general population. Due to the limited number of studies and heterogeneity this review stresses on the importance of more research on olfaction and abnormal eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Islam
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL Barcelona, Spain ; CIBER de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición -ISCIII Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana B Fagundo
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL Barcelona, Spain ; CIBER de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición -ISCIII Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jon Arcelus
- Leicester Eating Disorder Service, Bennion Centre, Leicester Glenfield Hospital Leicester, UK ; Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham Nottingham, UK
| | - Zaida Agüera
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL Barcelona, Spain ; CIBER de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición -ISCIII Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL Barcelona, Spain ; CIBER de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición -ISCIII Barcelona, Spain ; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M Fernández-Real
- CIBER de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición -ISCIII Barcelona, Spain ; Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdlBGi) Hospital Dr Josep Trueta Girona, Spain
| | - Francisco J Tinahones
- CIBER de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición -ISCIII Barcelona, Spain ; Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de Victoria Málaga, Spain
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- CIBER de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición -ISCIII Barcelona, Spain ; Facultat de Ciencies de la Salut i de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (CEXS-UPF) Barcelona, Spain ; Integrative Pharmacology and Neurosciences Systems Research Group, Neuroscience Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Botella
- CIBER de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición -ISCIII Barcelona, Spain ; Department of Basic Psychology, Clinic and Psychobiology, University Jaume I Castelló, Spain
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- CIBER de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición -ISCIII Barcelona, Spain ; Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, IdiSNA Pamplona, Spain
| | - Felipe F Casanueva
- CIBER de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición -ISCIII Barcelona, Spain ; Endocrine Division, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José M Menchón
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL Barcelona, Spain ; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain ; CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernandez-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL Barcelona, Spain ; CIBER de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición -ISCIII Barcelona, Spain ; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
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149
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Broft A, Slifstein M, Osborne J, Kothari P, Morim S, Shingleton R, Kenney L, Vallabhajosula S, Attia E, Martinez D, Timothy Walsh B. Striatal dopamine type 2 receptor availability in anorexia nervosa. Psychiatry Res 2015; 233:380-7. [PMID: 26272038 PMCID: PMC5055757 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The neurobiology of anorexia nervosa remains incompletely understood. Here we utilized PET imaging with the radiotracer [(11)C]raclopride to measure striatal dopamine type 2 (D2) receptor availability in patients with anorexia nervosa. 25 women with anorexia nervosa who were receiving treatment in an inpatient program participated, as well as 25 control subjects. Patients were scanned up to two times with the PET tracer [(11)C]raclopride: once while underweight, and once upon weight restoration. Control subjects underwent one PET scan. In the primary analyses, there were no significant differences between underweight patients (n=21) and control subjects (n=25) in striatal D2 receptor binding potential. Analysis of subregions (sensorimotor striatum, associative striatum, limbic striatum) did not reveal differences between groups. In patients completing both scans (n=15), there were no detectable changes in striatal D2 receptor binding potential after weight restoration. In this sample, there were no differences in striatal D2 receptor binding potential between patients with anorexia nervosa and control subjects. Weight restoration was not associated with a change in striatal D2 receptor binding. These findings suggest that disturbances in reward processing in this disorder are not attributable to abnormal D2 receptor characteristics, and that other reward-related neural targets may be of greater relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allegra Broft
- Columbia University Medical Center/New York State Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Mark Slifstein
- Columbia University Medical Center/New York State Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph Osborne
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Radiology, New York, NY, USA; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Radiology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paresh Kothari
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Radiology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Simon Morim
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Radiology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca Shingleton
- Columbia University Medical Center/New York State Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, USA; Boston University, Department of Psychology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lindsay Kenney
- Columbia University Medical Center/New York State Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Evelyn Attia
- Columbia University Medical Center/New York State Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, USA
| | - Diana Martinez
- Columbia University Medical Center/New York State Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, USA
| | - B Timothy Walsh
- Columbia University Medical Center/New York State Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, USA
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150
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Selby EA, Cornelius T, Fehling KB, Kranzler A, Panza EA, Lavender JM, Wonderlich SA, Crosby RD, Engel SG, Mitchell JE, Crow SJ, Peterson CB, Grange DL. A perfect storm: examining the synergistic effects of negative and positive emotional instability on promoting weight loss activities in anorexia nervosa. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1260. [PMID: 26379588 PMCID: PMC4553383 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that both positive and negative emotion potentially influence the development and maintenance of anorexia nervosa, through both positive and negative reinforcement of weight loss activities. Such reactive emotional experience may be characterized by frequent and intense fluctuations in emotion, a construct known as "emotional instability." The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between positive emotional instability and weight loss activities in anorexia nervosa, and to investigate the synergistic effects of positive and negative emotional instability on promoting weight loss activities. Using ecological momentary assessment methods, 118 participants with anorexia nervosa reported their emotional experiences and behaviors at least six times daily over 2 weeks using a portable digital device. Using generalized linear modeling, results indicated that high levels of both positive and negative emotional instability, and the interaction between the two, were associated with more frequent weight-loss activities, beyond anorexia subtype and mean levels of emotional intensity. These findings indicate that when women with anorexia exhibit both high levels of both positive and negative emotional instability they are more prone to a variety of weight loss activities. The importance of addressing the role of both positive and negative emotion in anorexia treatment is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A. Selby
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Talea Cornelius
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Kara B. Fehling
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Amy Kranzler
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Emily A. Panza
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jason M. Lavender
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND, USA
- School of Medicine, University of North Dakota, Bismarck, ND, USA
| | - Stephen A. Wonderlich
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND, USA
- School of Medicine, University of North Dakota, Bismarck, ND, USA
| | - Ross D. Crosby
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND, USA
- School of Medicine, University of North Dakota, Bismarck, ND, USA
| | - Scott G. Engel
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND, USA
- School of Medicine, University of North Dakota, Bismarck, ND, USA
| | - James E. Mitchell
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND, USA
- School of Medicine, University of North Dakota, Bismarck, ND, USA
| | - Scott J. Crow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Carol B. Peterson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Daniel Le Grange
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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