101
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Sriram G, Milling LE, Chen JK, Kong YW, Joughin BA, Abraham W, Swartwout S, Handly ED, Irvine DJ, Yaffe MB. The injury response to DNA damage in live tumor cells promotes antitumor immunity. Sci Signal 2021; 14:eabc4764. [PMID: 34665642 PMCID: PMC8791539 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abc4764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has strong clinical benefit for treating some tumor types, it fails in others, indicating a need for additional modalities to enhance the ICB effect. Here, we identified one such modality by using DNA damage to create a live, injured tumor cell adjuvant. Using an optimized ex vivo coculture system, we found that treating tumor cells with specific concentrations of etoposide, mitoxantrone, or doxorubicin markedly enhanced dendritic cell–mediated T cell activation. These immune-enhancing effects of DNA damage did not correlate with immunogenic cell death markers or with the extent of apoptosis or necroptosis; instead, these effects were mediated by live injured cells with activation of the DNA-PK, ATR, NF-κB, p38 MAPK, and RIPK1 signaling pathways. In mice, intratumoral injection of ex vivo etoposide–treated tumor cells in combination with systemic ICB (by anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA4 antibodies) increased the number of intratumoral CD103+ dendritic cells and circulating tumor-antigen–specific CD8+ T cells, decreased tumor growth, and improved survival. These effects were absent in Batf3−/− mice and in mice in which the DNA-damaging drug was injected directly into the tumor, due to DNA damage in the immune cells. The combination treatment induced complete tumor regression in a subset of mice that were then able to reject tumor rechallenge, indicating that the injured cell adjuvant treatment induced durable antitumor immunological memory. These results provide a strategy for enhancing the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibition in tumor types that do not respond to this treatment modality by itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganapathy Sriram
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- David. H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Lauren E. Milling
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- David. H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Jung-Kuei Chen
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- David. H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Yi Wen Kong
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- David. H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Brian A. Joughin
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- David. H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Wuhbet Abraham
- David. H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Susanne Swartwout
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- David. H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Erika D. Handly
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- David. H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Darrell J. Irvine
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- David. H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Michael B. Yaffe
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- David. H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Divisions of Acute Care Surgery, Trauma, and Surgical Critical Care and Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
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Wang W, Mevellec L, Liu A, Struble G, Miller R, Allen SJ, Federowicz K, Wroblowski B, Vialard J, Ahn K, Krosky D. Discovery of an Allosteric, Inactive Conformation-Selective Inhibitor of Full-Length HPK1 Utilizing a Kinase Cascade Assay. Biochemistry 2021; 60:3114-3124. [PMID: 34608799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Achieving selectivity across the human kinome is a major hurdle in kinase inhibitor drug discovery. Assays using active, phosphorylated protein kinases bias hits toward poorly selective inhibitors that bind within the highly conserved adenosine triphosphate (ATP) pocket. Targeting inactive (vs active) kinase conformations offers advantages in achieving selectivity because of their more diversified structures. Kinase cascade assays are typically initiated with target kinases in their unphosphorylated inactive forms, which are activated during the assays. Therefore, these assays are capable of identifying inhibitors that preferentially bind to the unphosphorylated form of the enzyme in addition to those that bind to the active form. We applied this cascade assay to the emerging cancer immunotherapy target hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1), a serine/threonine kinase that negatively regulates T cell receptor signaling. Using this approach, we discovered an allosteric, inactive conformation-selective triazolopyrimidinone HPK1 inhibitor, compound 1. Compound 1 binds to unphosphorylated HPK1 >24-fold more potently than active HPK1, is not competitive with ATP, and is highly selective against kinases critical for T cell signaling. Furthermore, compound 1 does not bind to the isolated HPK1 kinase domain alone but requires other domains. Together, these data indicate that 1 is an allosteric HPK1 inhibitor that attenuates kinase autophosphorylation by binding to a pocket consisting of residues within and outside of the kinase domain. Our study demonstrates that cascade assays can lead to the discovery of highly selective kinase inhibitors. The triazolopyrimidinone described in this study may represent a privileged chemical scaffold for further development of potent and selective HPK1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixue Wang
- Discovery Technologies and Molecular Pharmacology, Janssen Research and Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Laurence Mevellec
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Campus de Maigremont, Val de Reuil 27106, France
| | - Annie Liu
- Discovery Technologies and Molecular Pharmacology, Janssen Research and Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Geoff Struble
- Discovery Technologies and Molecular Pharmacology, Janssen Research and Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Robyn Miller
- Discovery Technologies and Molecular Pharmacology, Janssen Research and Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Samantha J Allen
- Discovery Technologies and Molecular Pharmacology, Janssen Research and Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Kelly Federowicz
- Discovery Technologies and Molecular Pharmacology, Janssen Research and Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Berthold Wroblowski
- Computational Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jorge Vialard
- Oncology Discovery Biology, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Kay Ahn
- Discovery Technologies and Molecular Pharmacology, Janssen Research and Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Daniel Krosky
- Discovery Technologies and Molecular Pharmacology, Janssen Research and Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
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Seifert C, Balz E, Herzog S, Korolev A, Gaßmann S, Paland H, Fink MA, Grube M, Marx S, Jedlitschky G, Tzvetkov MV, Rauch BH, Schroeder HWS, Bien-Möller S. PIM1 Inhibition Affects Glioblastoma Stem Cell Behavior and Kills Glioblastoma Stem-like Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011126. [PMID: 34681783 PMCID: PMC8541331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite comprehensive therapy and extensive research, glioblastoma (GBM) still represents the most aggressive brain tumor in adults. Glioma stem cells (GSCs) are thought to play a major role in tumor progression and resistance of GBM cells to radiochemotherapy. The PIM1 kinase has become a focus in cancer research. We have previously demonstrated that PIM1 is involved in survival of GBM cells and in GBM growth in a mouse model. However, little is known about the importance of PIM1 in cancer stem cells. Here, we report on the role of PIM1 in GBM stem cell behavior and killing. PIM1 inhibition negatively regulates the protein expression of the stem cell markers CD133 and Nestin in GBM cells (LN-18, U-87 MG). In contrast, CD44 and the astrocytic differentiation marker GFAP were up-regulated. Furthermore, PIM1 expression was increased in neurospheres as a model of GBM stem-like cells. Treatment of neurospheres with PIM1 inhibitors (TCS PIM1-1, Quercetagetin, and LY294002) diminished the cell viability associated with reduced DNA synthesis rate, increased caspase 3 activity, decreased PCNA protein expression, and reduced neurosphere formation. Our results indicate that PIM1 affects the glioblastoma stem cell behavior, and its inhibition kills glioblastoma stem-like cells, pointing to PIM1 targeting as a potential anti-glioblastoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Seifert
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (C.S.); (E.B.); (S.H.); (A.K.); (S.G.); (H.P.); (M.A.F.); (M.G.); (G.J.); (M.V.T.); (B.H.R.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (S.M.); (H.W.S.S.)
| | - Ellen Balz
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (C.S.); (E.B.); (S.H.); (A.K.); (S.G.); (H.P.); (M.A.F.); (M.G.); (G.J.); (M.V.T.); (B.H.R.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (S.M.); (H.W.S.S.)
| | - Susann Herzog
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (C.S.); (E.B.); (S.H.); (A.K.); (S.G.); (H.P.); (M.A.F.); (M.G.); (G.J.); (M.V.T.); (B.H.R.)
| | - Anna Korolev
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (C.S.); (E.B.); (S.H.); (A.K.); (S.G.); (H.P.); (M.A.F.); (M.G.); (G.J.); (M.V.T.); (B.H.R.)
| | - Sebastian Gaßmann
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (C.S.); (E.B.); (S.H.); (A.K.); (S.G.); (H.P.); (M.A.F.); (M.G.); (G.J.); (M.V.T.); (B.H.R.)
| | - Heiko Paland
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (C.S.); (E.B.); (S.H.); (A.K.); (S.G.); (H.P.); (M.A.F.); (M.G.); (G.J.); (M.V.T.); (B.H.R.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (S.M.); (H.W.S.S.)
| | - Matthias A. Fink
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (C.S.); (E.B.); (S.H.); (A.K.); (S.G.); (H.P.); (M.A.F.); (M.G.); (G.J.); (M.V.T.); (B.H.R.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (S.M.); (H.W.S.S.)
| | - Markus Grube
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (C.S.); (E.B.); (S.H.); (A.K.); (S.G.); (H.P.); (M.A.F.); (M.G.); (G.J.); (M.V.T.); (B.H.R.)
| | - Sascha Marx
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (S.M.); (H.W.S.S.)
| | - Gabriele Jedlitschky
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (C.S.); (E.B.); (S.H.); (A.K.); (S.G.); (H.P.); (M.A.F.); (M.G.); (G.J.); (M.V.T.); (B.H.R.)
| | - Mladen V. Tzvetkov
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (C.S.); (E.B.); (S.H.); (A.K.); (S.G.); (H.P.); (M.A.F.); (M.G.); (G.J.); (M.V.T.); (B.H.R.)
| | - Bernhard H. Rauch
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (C.S.); (E.B.); (S.H.); (A.K.); (S.G.); (H.P.); (M.A.F.); (M.G.); (G.J.); (M.V.T.); (B.H.R.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Henry W. S. Schroeder
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (S.M.); (H.W.S.S.)
| | - Sandra Bien-Möller
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (C.S.); (E.B.); (S.H.); (A.K.); (S.G.); (H.P.); (M.A.F.); (M.G.); (G.J.); (M.V.T.); (B.H.R.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (S.M.); (H.W.S.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-03834-865646
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Ayala-Aguilera CC, Valero T, Lorente-Macías Á, Baillache DJ, Croke S, Unciti-Broceta A. Small Molecule Kinase Inhibitor Drugs (1995-2021): Medical Indication, Pharmacology, and Synthesis. J Med Chem 2021; 65:1047-1131. [PMID: 34624192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The central role of dysregulated kinase activity in the etiology of progressive disorders, including cancer, has fostered incremental efforts on drug discovery programs over the past 40 years. As a result, kinase inhibitors are today one of the most important classes of drugs. The FDA approved 73 small molecule kinase inhibitor drugs until September 2021, and additional inhibitors were approved by other regulatory agencies during that time. To complement the published literature on clinical kinase inhibitors, we have prepared a review that recaps this large data set into an accessible format for the medicinal chemistry community. Along with the therapeutic and pharmacological properties of each kinase inhibitor approved across the world until 2020, we provide the synthesis routes originally used during the discovery phase, many of which were only available in patent applications. In the last section, we also provide an update on kinase inhibitor drugs approved in 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia C Ayala-Aguilera
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Valero
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
| | - Álvaro Lorente-Macías
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Baillache
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Croke
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
| | - Asier Unciti-Broceta
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
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105
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Chen YL, Ren Y, Rosa RH, Kuo L, Hein TW. Contributions of Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger 1 and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases to Enhanced Retinal Venular Constriction to Endothelin-1 in Diabetes. Diabetes 2021; 70:2353-2363. [PMID: 34353852 PMCID: PMC8576499 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes elevates endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the vitreous and enhances constriction of retinal venules to this peptide. However, mechanisms contributing to ET-1-induced constriction of retinal venules are incompletely understood. We examined roles of sodium-hydrogen exchanger 1 (NHE1), protein kinase C (PKC), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and extracellular calcium (Ca2+) in retinal venular constriction to ET-1 and the impact of diabetes on these signaling molecules. Retinal venules were isolated from control pigs and pigs with streptozocin-induced diabetes for in vitro studies. ET-1-induced vasoconstriction was abolished in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ and sensitive to c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor SP600125 but unaffected by extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor PD98059, p38 kinase inhibitor SB203580, or broad-spectrum PKC inhibitor Gö 6983. Diabetes (after 2 weeks) enhanced venular constriction to ET-1, which was insensitive to PD98059 and Gö 6983 but was prevented by NHE1 inhibitor cariporide, SB203580, and SP600125. In conclusion, extracellular Ca2+ entry and activation of JNK, independent of ERK and PKC, mediate constriction of retinal venules to ET-1. Diabetes activates p38 MAPK and NHE1, which cause enhanced venular constriction to ET-1. Treatments targeting these vascular molecules may lessen retinal complications in early diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Lin Chen
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX
| | - Robert H Rosa
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor Scott & White Eye Institute, Temple, TX
| | - Lih Kuo
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX
| | - Travis W Hein
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX
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106
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Valipour M, Zarghi A, Ebrahimzadeh MA, Irannejad H. Therapeutic potential of chelerythrine as a multi-purpose adjuvant for the treatment of COVID-19. Cell Cycle 2021; 20:2321-2336. [PMID: 34585628 PMCID: PMC8506812 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.1982509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multifunctional nature of phytochemicals and their chemical diversity has attracted attention to develop leads originated from nature to fight COVID-19. Pharmacological activities of chelerythrine and its congeners have been studied and reported in the literature. This compound simultaneously has two key therapeutic effects for the treatment of COVID-19, antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities. Chelerythrine can prevent hyper-inflammatory immune response through regulating critical signaling pathways involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection, such as alteration in Nrf2, NF-κB, and p38 MAPK activities. In addition, chelerythrine has a strong protein kinase C-α/-β inhibitory activity suitable for cerebral vasospasm prevention and eryptosis reduction, as well as beneficial effects in suppressing pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. In terms of antiviral activity, chelerythrine can fight with SARS-CoV-2 through various mechanisms, such as direct-acting mechanism, viral RNA-intercalation, and regulation of host-based antiviral targets. Although chelerythrine is toxic in vitro, the in vivo toxicity is significantly reduced due to its structural conversion to alkanolamine. Its multifunctional action makes chelerythrine a prominent compound for the treatment of COVID-19. Considering precautions related to the toxicity at higher doses, it is expected that this compound is useful in combination with proper antivirals to reduce the severity of COVID-19 symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Valipour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Afshin Zarghi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Ebrahimzadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hamid Irannejad
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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107
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Chen Y, Li Y, Guo H, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Dong X, Liu Y, Zhuang Y, Zhao Y. The Effects of Adoptively Transferred IL-23/IL-18-Polarized Neutrophils on Tumor and Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Mice. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:4669-4686. [PMID: 34557012 PMCID: PMC8453247 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s329528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neutrophils present great diverse phenotypes in various microenvironments and play different immune regulatory functions. Neutrophils generally classified into inflammatory phenotype N1 and anti-informatory phenotype N2. Our recent studies showed that IL-23 alone stimulated neutrophils to express IL-17A, IL-17F and IL-22 and displayed a gene transcriptional profile similar to Th17 cells. In the present study, we tried to identify potential cytokines to promote IL-23-induced neutrophil polarization. Methods Mouse bone marrow-derived neutrophils and human peripheral blood neutrophils were treated with IL-23 (10 ng/mL) plus IL-18 (25 ng/mL) to induce Th17-like subset in vitro and detected by real-time PCR, flow cytometry, ELISA, immunofluorescence and RNA-seq assays. In vivo, collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model and EL4 tumor-bearing mouse model were used to characterize the potential roles of N(IL-23+IL-18) in inflammation and tumor. Results Real-time PCR, ELISA and flow cytometry assays showed that IL-18 could significantly enhance IL-23-induced IL-17A, IL-17F and IL-22 expressions in mouse and human neutrophils in a synergistic way, although IL-18 alone failed to induce these cytokines expression. RNA-seq and molecular studies showed that the polarization of N(IL-23+IL-18) is mainly mediated by the JNK/p38-STAT3-BATF signaling pathway. Adoptive transfer of the induced N(IL-23+IL-18) neutrophils significantly accelerated the tumor growth in EL4 tumor-bearing mice and enhanced disease progression in the CIA mouse model. IL-17A-deficient N(IL-23+IL-18) neutrophils failed to enhance the CIA pathogenesis in this model, suggesting that IL-17A may be involved in the N(IL-23+IL-18) neutrophils-promoted arthritis in mice. Conclusion The Th17-type subpopulation N(IL-23+IL-18) has pro-tumor and pro-inflammatory properties. Recognizing the different functional polarization of neutrophils would significantly help us to understand the distinctive protective/pathological roles of neutrophils in physiological and different pathological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifang Chen
- Department of State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Guo
- Department of State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoqi Zhang
- Department of State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- Department of State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Dong
- Department of State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Department of State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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108
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Crosas-Molist E, Samain R, Kohlhammer L, Orgaz J, George S, Maiques O, Barcelo J, Sanz-Moreno V. RhoGTPase Signalling in Cancer Progression and Dissemination. Physiol Rev 2021; 102:455-510. [PMID: 34541899 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00045.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases are a family of small G proteins that regulate a wide array of cellular processes related to their key roles controlling the cytoskeleton. On the other hand, cancer is a multi-step disease caused by the accumulation of genetic mutations and epigenetic alterations, from the initial stages of cancer development when cells in normal tissues undergo transformation, to the acquisition of invasive and metastatic traits, responsible for a large number of cancer related deaths. In this review, we discuss the role of Rho GTPase signalling in cancer in every step of disease progression. Rho GTPases contribute to tumour initiation and progression, by regulating proliferation and apoptosis, but also metabolism, senescence and cell stemness. Rho GTPases play a major role in cell migration, and in the metastatic process. They are also involved in interactions with the tumour microenvironment and regulate inflammation, contributing to cancer progression. After years of intensive research, we highlight the importance of relevant models in the Rho GTPase field, and we reflect on the therapeutic opportunities arising for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Crosas-Molist
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Remi Samain
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leonie Kohlhammer
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jose Orgaz
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', CSIC-UAM, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Samantha George
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar Maiques
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jaume Barcelo
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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RSK1 vs. RSK2 Inhibitory Activity of the Marine β-Carboline Alkaloid Manzamine A: A Biochemical, Cervical Cancer Protein Expression, and Computational Study. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19090506. [PMID: 34564169 PMCID: PMC8467814 DOI: 10.3390/md19090506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Manzamines are complex polycyclic marine-derived β-carboline alkaloids with reported anticancer, immunostimulatory, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antimalarial, neuritogenic, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis suppression bioactivities, putatively associated with inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3, cyclin-dependent kinase 5, SIX1, and vacuolar ATPases. We hypothesized that additional, yet undiscovered molecular targets might be associated with Manzamine A's (MZA) reported pharmacological properties. We report here, for the first time, that MZA selectively inhibited a 90 kDa ribosomal protein kinase S6 (RSK1) when screened against a panel of 30 protein kinases, while in vitro RSK kinase assays demonstrated a 10-fold selectivity in the potency of MZA against RSK1 versus RSK2. The effect of MZA on inhibiting cellular RSK1 and RSK2 protein expression was validated in SiHa and CaSki human cervical carcinoma cell lines. MZA's differential binding and selectivity toward the two isoforms was also supported by computational docking experiments. Specifically, the RSK1-MZA (N- and C-termini) complexes appear to have stronger interactions and preferable energetics contrary to the RSK2-MZA ones. In addition, our computational strategy suggests that MZA binds to the N-terminal kinase domain of RSK1 rather than the C-terminal domain. RSK is a vertebrate family of cytosolic serine-threonine kinases that act downstream of the ras-ERK1/2 (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2) pathway, which phosphorylates substrates shown to regulate several cellular processes, including growth, survival, and proliferation. Consequently, our findings have led us to hypothesize that MZA and the currently known manzamine-type alkaloids isolated from several sponge genera may have novel pharmacological properties with unique molecular targets, and MZA provides a new tool for chemical-biology studies involving RSK1.
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Uehling DE, Joseph B, Chung KC, Zhang AX, Ler S, Prakesch MA, Poda G, Grouleff J, Aman A, Kiyota T, Leung-Hagesteijn C, Konda JD, Marcellus R, Griffin C, Subramaniam R, Abibi A, Strathdee CA, Isaac MB, Al-Awar R, Tiedemann RE. Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of 4-Aminoquinazolines as Potent Inhibitors of the G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 6 (GRK6) for the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma. J Med Chem 2021; 64:11129-11147. [PMID: 34291633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Both previous and additional genetic knockdown studies reported herein implicate G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6 (GRK6) as a critical kinase required for the survival of multiple myeloma (MM) cells. Therefore, we sought to develop a small molecule GRK6 inhibitor as an MM therapeutic. From a focused library of known kinase inhibitors, we identified two hits with moderate biochemical potencies against GRK6. From these hits, we developed potent (IC50 < 10 nM) analogues with selectivity against off-target kinases. Further optimization led to the discovery of an analogue (18) with an IC50 value of 6 nM against GRK6 and selectivity against a panel of 85 kinases. Compound 18 has potent cellular target engagement and antiproliferative activity against MM cells and is synergistic with bortezomib. In summary, we demonstrate that targeting GRK6 with small molecule inhibitors represents a promising approach for MM and identify 18 as a novel, potent, and selective GRK6 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Uehling
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Babu Joseph
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Kim Chan Chung
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, 101 College Street, Room 12-306, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Andrew X Zhang
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Spencer Ler
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Michael A Prakesch
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Gennady Poda
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada.,Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Julie Grouleff
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Ahmed Aman
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada.,Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Taira Kiyota
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Chungyee Leung-Hagesteijn
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, 101 College Street, Room 12-306, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - John David Konda
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, 101 College Street, Room 12-306, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Richard Marcellus
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Carly Griffin
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Ratheesh Subramaniam
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Ayome Abibi
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Craig A Strathdee
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Methvin B Isaac
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Rima Al-Awar
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Rodger E Tiedemann
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, 101 College Street, Room 12-306, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
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Chacón P, Vega-Rioja A, Doukkali B, Del Valle Rodríguez A, Bellido V, Puente Y, Alcañiz L, Rodríguez D, Palacios R, Cornejo-García JA, Monteseirín J, Rivas-Pérez D. Targeted inhibition of allergen-induced histamine production by neutrophils. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21483. [PMID: 33788304 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001912r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Histamine is a critical inflammatory mediator in allergic diseases. We showed in a previous work that neutrophils from allergic patients produce histamine in response to allergens to which the patients were sensitized. Here, we investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in this process using peripheral blood neutrophils. We challenged these cells in vitro with allergens and analyzed histamine release in the culture supernatants. We also explored the effect of common therapeutic drugs that ameliorate allergic symptoms, as well as allergen-specific immunotherapy. Additionally, we examined the expression of histidine decarboxylase and diamine oxidase, critical enzymes in the metabolism of histamine, under allergen challenge. We show that allergen-induced histamine release is dependent on the activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase p38, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 signaling pathways. We also found a contribution of the phosphatase calcineurin to lesser extent. Anti-histamines, glucocorticoids, anti-M3-muscarinic receptor antagonists, and mainly β2 -receptor agonists abolished the allergen-dependent histamine release. Interestingly, allergen-specific immunotherapy canceled the histamine release through the downregulation of histidine decarboxylase expression. Our observations describe novel molecular mechanisms involved in the allergen-dependent histamine release by human neutrophils and provide new targets to inhibit histamine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Chacón
- UGC de Alergología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio Vega-Rioja
- UGC de Alergología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Bouchra Doukkali
- UGC de Alergología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Virginia Bellido
- UGC de Alergología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Yolanda Puente
- UGC de Alergología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Lorena Alcañiz
- UGC de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Javier Monteseirín
- UGC de Alergología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain.,Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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112
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Palmer TM, Salt IP. Nutrient regulation of inflammatory signalling in obesity and vascular disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:1563-1590. [PMID: 34231841 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite obesity and diabetes markedly increasing the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie this association remain poorly characterised. In the last 20 years it has become apparent that chronic, low-grade inflammation in obese adipose tissue may contribute to the risk of developing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, increased vascular pro-inflammatory signalling is a key event in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Overnutrition exacerbates pro-inflammatory signalling in vascular and adipose tissues, with several mechanisms proposed to mediate this. In this article, we review the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which nutrients are proposed to regulate pro-inflammatory signalling in adipose and vascular tissues. In addition, we examine the potential therapeutic opportunities that these mechanisms provide for suppression of inappropriate inflammation in obesity and vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Palmer
- Centre for Atherothrombosis and Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Ian P Salt
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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113
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Singh RK, Kumar S, Tomar MS, Verma PK, Kumar A, Kumar S, Kumar N, Singh JP, Acharya A. Putative role of natural products as Protein Kinase C modulator in different disease conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 29:397-414. [PMID: 34216003 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-021-00401-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Protein kinase C (PKC) is a promising drug target for various therapeutic areas. Natural products derived from plants, animals, microorganisms, and marine organisms have been used by humans as medicine from prehistoric times. Recently, several compounds derived from plants have been found to modulate PKC activities through competitive binding with ATP binding site, and other allosteric regions of PKC. As a result fresh race has been started in academia and pharmaceutical companies to develop an effective naturally derived small-molecule inhibitor to target PKC activities. Herein, in this review, we have discussed several natural products and their derivatives, which are reported to have an impact on PKC signaling cascade. METHODS All information presented in this review article regarding the regulation of PKC by natural products has been acquired by a systematic search of various electronic databases, including ScienceDirect, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of science, ResearchGate, and PubMed. The keywords PKC, natural products, curcumin, rottlerin, quercetin, ellagic acid, epigallocatechin-3 gallate, ingenol 3 angelate, resveratrol, protocatechuic acid, tannic acid, PKC modulators from marine organism, bryostatin, staurosporine, midostaurin, sangivamycin, and other relevant key words were explored. RESULTS The natural products and their derivatives including curcumin, rottlerin, quercetin, ellagic acid, epigallocatechin-3 gallate, ingenol 3 angelate, resveratrol, bryostatin, staurosporine, and midostaurin play a major role in the management of PKC activity during various disease progression. CONCLUSION Based on the comprehensive literature survey, it could be concluded that various natural products can regulate PKC activity during disease progression. However, extensive research is needed to circumvent the challenge of isoform specific regulation of PKC by natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Kant Singh
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, BHU, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | | | - Munendra Singh Tomar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado, Denver, USA
| | | | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, BHU, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, BHU, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, BHU, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Jai Prakash Singh
- Department of Panchkarma, Institute of Medical Science, BHU, Varanasi, India, 221005
| | - Arbind Acharya
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, BHU, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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114
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Possible Therapeutic Strategy Involving the Purine Synthesis Pathway Regulated by ITK in Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133333. [PMID: 34283052 PMCID: PMC8269312 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor is the only available tyrosine kinase molecular target for treating oral cancer. To improve the prognosis of tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) patients, a novel molecular target for tyrosine kinases is thus needed. We examined the expression of interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) using immunohistochemistry, and the biological function of ITK was investigated using biochemical, phosphoproteomic, and metabolomic analyses. We found that ITK is overexpressed in TSCC patients with poor outcomes. The proliferation of oral cancer cell lines expressing ITK via transfection exhibited significant increases in three-dimensional culture assays and murine inoculation models with athymic male nude mice as compared with mock control cells. Suppressing the kinase activity using chemical inhibitors significantly reduced the increase in cell growth induced by ITK expression. Phosphoproteomic analyses revealed that ITK expression triggered phosphorylation of a novel tyrosine residue in trifunctional purine biosynthetic protein adenosine-3, an enzyme in the purine biosynthesis pathway. A significant increase in de novo biosynthesis of purines was observed in cells expressing ITK, which was abolished by the ITK inhibitor. ITK thus represents a potentially useful target for treating TSCC through modulation of purine biosynthesis.
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115
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Ramhormozi P, Ansari JM, Simorgh S, Asgari HR, Najafi M, Barati M, Babakhani A, Nobakht M. Simvastatin accelerates the healing process of burn wound in Wistar rats through Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Ann Anat 2021; 236:151652. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2020.151652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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116
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Cohen P, Cross D, Jänne PA. Kinase drug discovery 20 years after imatinib: progress and future directions. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:551-569. [PMID: 34002056 PMCID: PMC8127496 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00195-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 151.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases regulate nearly all aspects of cell life, and alterations in their expression, or mutations in their genes, cause cancer and other diseases. Here, we review the remarkable progress made over the past 20 years in improving the potency and specificity of small-molecule inhibitors of protein and lipid kinases, resulting in the approval of more than 70 new drugs since imatinib was approved in 2001. These compounds have had a significant impact on the way in which we now treat cancers and non-cancerous conditions. We discuss how the challenge of drug resistance to kinase inhibitors is being met and the future of kinase drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Cohen
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
| | | | - Pasi A Jänne
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
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117
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Kalb D, Vo HD, Adikari S, Hong-Geller E, Munsky B, Werner J. Visualization and modeling of inhibition of IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA transcription at the single-cell level. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13692. [PMID: 34211022 PMCID: PMC8249620 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92846-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-1β and TNF-α are canonical immune response mediators that play key regulatory roles in a wide range of inflammatory responses to both chronic and acute conditions. Here we employ an automated microscopy platform for the analysis of messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of IL-1β and TNF-α at the single-cell level. The amount of IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA expressed in a human monocytic leukemia cell line (THP-1) is visualized and counted using single-molecule fluorescent in-situ hybridization (smFISH) following exposure of the cells to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an outer-membrane component of Gram-negative bacteria. We show that the small molecule inhibitors MG132 (a 26S proteasome inhibitor used to block NF-κB signaling) and U0126 (a MAPK Kinase inhibitor used to block CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins C/EBP) successfully block IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA expression. Based upon this single-cell mRNA expression data, we screened 36 different mathematical models of gene expression, and found two similar models that capture the effects by which the drugs U0126 and MG132 affect the rates at which the genes transition into highly activated states. When their parameters were informed by the action of each drug independently, both models were able to predict the effects of the combined drug treatment. From our data and models, we postulate that IL-1β is activated by both NF-κB and C/EBP, while TNF-α is predominantly activated by NF-κB. Our combined single-cell experimental and modeling efforts show the interconnection between these two genes and demonstrates how the single-cell responses, including the distribution shapes, mean expression, and kinetics of gene expression, change with inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kalb
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Huy D Vo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Samantha Adikari
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | | | - Brian Munsky
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - James Werner
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA.
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118
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Regulation of mRNA Translation by Hormone Receptors in Breast and Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133254. [PMID: 34209750 PMCID: PMC8268847 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The estrogen and androgen receptors (ER, AR) are key oncogenic drivers and therapeutic targets in breast and prostate cancer, respectively. These receptors bind to DNA and regulate gene expression but emerging evidence indicates that they also play important roles in controlling the process of mRNA translation, which dictates cellular protein production. Here, we review the mechanisms by which abnormal activities of ER and AR can dysregulate mRNA translation in breast and prostate cancer cells. Specifically, we explore how the intricate cellular signalling pathways that keep mRNA translation in check are perturbed by aberrant ER and AR signalling, which can lead to enhanced cancer cell growth. We also discuss the potential of targeting mRNA translation as a strategy to treat patients with breast and prostate cancer. Abstract Breast and prostate cancer are the second and third leading causes of death amongst all cancer types, respectively. Pathogenesis of these malignancies is characterised by dysregulation of sex hormone signalling pathways, mediated by the estrogen receptor-α (ER) in breast cancer and androgen receptor (AR) in prostate cancer. ER and AR are transcription factors whose aberrant function drives oncogenic transcriptional programs to promote cancer growth and progression. While ER/AR are known to stimulate cell growth and survival by modulating gene transcription, emerging findings indicate that their effects in neoplasia are also mediated by dysregulation of protein synthesis (i.e., mRNA translation). This suggests that ER/AR can coordinately perturb both transcriptional and translational programs, resulting in the establishment of proteomes that promote malignancy. In this review, we will discuss relatively understudied aspects of ER and AR activity in regulating protein synthesis as well as the potential of targeting mRNA translation in breast and prostate cancer.
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Zhu S, Liao M, Tan H, Zhu L, Chen Y, He G, Liu B. Inhibiting Eukaryotic Elongation Factor 2 Kinase: An Update on Pharmacological Small-Molecule Compounds in Cancer. J Med Chem 2021; 64:8870-8883. [PMID: 34162208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase (eEF2K), a member of the atypical protein kinase family of alpha-kinases, is well-known as a negative regulator of protein synthesis by phosphorylating eEF2. Notably, eEF2K functions as a key regulator of several cellular processes, leading to tumorigenesis. To date, some small-molecule compounds have been reported as potential eEF2K inhibitors in cancer drug discovery. However, an ideal targeted drug design still faces huge challenges. Alternatively, other design strategies, such as repurposed drugs, dual-target drugs, and drug combination strategies, provide insights into the improvement of cancer treatment. Here, we summarize the crucial eEF2K-modulating pathways in cancer, including AMPK, REDD1, and Src. Moreover, we discuss the inhibition of eEF2K with single-target inhibitors, repurposed drugs, dual-target inhibitors, drug combination strategies, and other emerging technologies for therapeutic purposes. Together, these inspiring findings provide insights into a promising strategy for inhibiting eEF2K with small-molecule compounds to improve potential cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiou Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Minru Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Huidan Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lingjuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Gu He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Chemical and genetic rescue of in vivo progranulin-deficient lysosomal and autophagic defects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2022115118. [PMID: 34140407 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022115118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2006, GRN mutations were first linked to frontotemporal dementia (FTD), the leading cause of non-Alzheimer dementias. While much research has been dedicated to understanding the genetic causes of the disease, our understanding of the mechanistic impacts of GRN deficiency has only recently begun to take shape. With no known cure or treatment available for GRN-related FTD, there is a growing need to rapidly advance genetic and/or small-molecule therapeutics for this disease. This issue is complicated by the fact that, while lysosomal dysfunction seems to be a key driver of pathology, the mechanisms linking a loss of GRN to a pathogenic state remain unclear. In our attempt to address these key issues, we have turned to the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, to model, study, and find potential therapies for GRN-deficient FTD. First, we show that the loss of the nematode GRN ortholog, pgrn-1, results in several behavioral and molecular defects, including lysosomal dysfunction and defects in autophagic flux. Our investigations implicate the sphingolipid metabolic pathway in the regulation of many of the in vivo defects associated with pgrn-1 loss. Finally, we utilized these nematodes as an in vivo tool for high-throughput drug screening and identified two small molecules with potential therapeutic applications against GRN/pgrn-1 deficiency. These compounds reverse the biochemical, cellular, and functional phenotypes of GRN deficiency. Together, our results open avenues for mechanistic and therapeutic research into the outcomes of GRN-related neurodegeneration, both genetic and molecular.
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Kong D, Li J, Li N, Zhang S, Xu Y. Multiple bioanalytical methods reveal a thyroid-disrupting mechanism related to the membrane receptor integrin α vβ 3. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 279:116933. [PMID: 33773180 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a manufactured chemical, is suitable for large-scale production and has extensive applications. Although restricted for use, DEHP is still ubiquitous in the environment and shows potential to disrupt the structure or function of the thyroid system. However, its toxic mechanism is complex and not clearly understood. In this study, a battery of methods was employed to investigate DEHP-induced thyroid-disrupting effects and their mechanism of action, focusing on a newly discovered membrane receptor-mediated mechanism. The results showed that DEHP promoted rat pituitary tumor (GH3) cell proliferation and c-fos gene expression at environment level concentrations (2 and 5 μmol/L) in a manner similar to that of the natural thyroid hormone 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3). The macromolecule DEHP-BSA cannot pass through the cell membrane to interact with nuclear receptors but upregulated the c-fos gene expression when administered at concentrations comparable to DEHP concentrations; molecular docking demonstrated that DEHP has affinity for the membrane receptor integrin αvβ3; DEHP at 2 μmol/L upregulated the β3 gene expression in GH3 cells; after the addition of integrin αvβ3-inhibiting RGD peptide, DEHP-induced c-fos gene upregulation decreased. All of these findings support the supposition that DEHP-induced thyroid-disrupting effects might be mediated by the membrane receptor integrin αvβ3. Moreover, DEHP activated the downstream extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK1/2) pathway, upregulating the gene expression of raf-1, MEK-1 and MAPK1 and increasing the protein levels of p-ERK; interestingly, ERK1/2 activation and c-fos upregulation induced by DEHP were attenuated by PD98059 (an ERK1/2 inhibitor). Taken together, the data suggest that the membrane receptor integrin αvβ3 and the downstream ERK1/2 pathway might be involved in DEHP-induced thyroid-disrupting effects. This study provides new insight into the thyroid-disrupting effect and the underlying mechanism and will advance the effort to construct adverse outcome pathways of DEHP and other thyroid hormone disrupting chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Kong
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jian Li
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Shurong Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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Brian BF, Guerrero CR, Freedman TS. Immunopharmacology and Quantitative Analysis of Tyrosine Kinase Signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 130:e104. [PMID: 32931655 PMCID: PMC7583487 DOI: 10.1002/cpim.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this article we describe the use of pharmacological and genetic tools coupled with immunoblotting (Western blotting) and targeted mass spectrometry to quantify immune signaling and cell activation mediated by tyrosine kinases. Transfer of the ATP γ phosphate to a protein tyrosine residue activates signaling cascades regulating the differentiation, survival, and effector functions of all cells, with unique roles in immune antigen receptor, polarization, and other signaling pathways. Defining the substrates and scaffolding interactions of tyrosine kinases is critical for revealing and therapeutically manipulating mechanisms of immune regulation. Quantitative analysis of the amplitude and kinetics of these effects is becoming ever more accessible experimentally and increasingly important for predicting complex downstream effects of therapeutics and for building computational models. Secondarily, quantitative analysis is increasingly expected by reviewers and journal editors, and statistical analysis of biological replicates can bolster claims of experimental rigor and reproducibility. Here we outline methods for perturbing tyrosine kinase activity in cells and quantifying protein phosphorylation in lysates and immunoprecipitates. The immunoblotting techniques are a guide to probing the dynamics of protein abundance, protein–protein interactions, and changes in post‐translational modification. Immunoprecipitated protein complexes can also be subjected to targeted mass spectrometry to probe novel sites of modification and multiply modified or understudied proteins that cannot be resolved by immunoblotting. Together, these protocols form a framework for identifying the unique contributions of tyrosine kinases to cell activation and elucidating the mechanisms governing immune cell regulation in health and disease. © 2020 The Authors. Basic Protocol 1: Quantifying protein phosphorylation via immunoblotting and near‐infrared imaging Alternate Protocol: Visualizing immunoblots using chemiluminescence Basic Protocol 2: Enriching target proteins and isolation of protein complexes by immunoprecipitation Support Protocol: Covalent conjugation of antibodies to functionalized beads Basic Protocol 3: Quantifying proteins and post‐translational modifications by targeted mass spectrometry
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben F Brian
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Candace R Guerrero
- College of Biological Sciences Center for Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Tanya S Freedman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Center for Immunology, Masonic Cancer Center, Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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123
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Kitazawa T, Matsui T, Katsuki S, Goto A, Akagi K, Hatano N, Tokumitsu H, Takeya K, Eto M. A temporal Ca 2+-desensitization of myosin light chain kinase in phasic smooth muscles induced by CaMKKß/PP2A pathways. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 321:C549-C558. [PMID: 34106787 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00136.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell signaling pathways regulating myosin regulatory light chain (LC20) phosphorylation contribute to determining contractile responses in smooth muscles. Following excitation and contraction, phasic smooth muscles, such as digestive tract and urinary bladder, undergo a relaxation due to a decline of cellular [Ca2+] and a decreased Ca2+ sensitivity of LC20 phosphorylation, named Ca2+ desensitization. Here, we determined mechanisms underlying the temporal Ca2+ desensitization of LC20 phosphorylation in phasic smooth muscles using permeabilized strips of mouse ileum and urinary bladder. Upon the stimulation with pCa6.0 at 20°C, the contraction and the LC20 phosphorylation peaked within 30 sec and then declined to about 50% of the peak force at 2 min after stimulation. During the relaxation phase after the contraction, the LC20 kinase (MLCK) was inactivated, but no fluctuation in the LC20 phosphatase activity occurred, suggesting that the MLCK inactivation is a cause of the Ca2+-induced Ca2+-desensitization of LC20 phosphorylation. The MLCK inactivation was associated with phosphorylation at the calmodulin binding domain of the kinase. Treatment with antagonists for CaMKKß (STO-609 and TIM-063) attenuated both the phasic response of the contraction and MLCK phosphorylation, whereas neither CaMKII, AMPK nor PAK induced the MLCK inactivation in phasic smooth muscles. Conversely, PP2A inhibition amplified the phasic response. Signaling pathways through CaMKKß and PP2A may contribute to regulating the Ca2+ sensitivity of MLCK and the contractile response of phasic smooth muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Kitazawa
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Toshiyasu Matsui
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime, Japan
| | - Shuichi Katsuki
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime, Japan
| | - Akira Goto
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kai Akagi
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naoya Hatano
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tokumitsu
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kosuke Takeya
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masumi Eto
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia Pennsylvania, United States.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime, Japan
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Druggable binding sites in the multicomponent assemblies that characterise DNA double-strand-break repair through non-homologous end joining. Essays Biochem 2021; 64:791-806. [PMID: 32579168 PMCID: PMC7588668 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is one of the two principal damage repair pathways for DNA double-strand breaks in cells. In this review, we give a brief overview of the system including a discussion of the effects of deregulation of NHEJ components in carcinogenesis and resistance to cancer therapy. We then discuss the relevance of targeting NHEJ components pharmacologically as a potential cancer therapy and review previous approaches to orthosteric regulation of NHEJ factors. Given the limited success of previous investigations to develop inhibitors against individual components, we give a brief discussion of the recent advances in computational and structural biology that allow us to explore different targets, with a particular focus on modulating protein-protein interaction interfaces. We illustrate this discussion with three examples showcasing some current approaches to developing protein-protein interaction inhibitors to modulate the assembly of NHEJ multiprotein complexes in space and time.
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125
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Huang A, Binmahfouz L, Hancock DP, Anderson PH, Ward DT, Conigrave AD. Calcium-Sensing Receptors Control CYP27B1-Luciferase Expression: Transcriptional and Posttranscriptional Mechanisms. J Endocr Soc 2021; 5:bvab057. [PMID: 34337274 PMCID: PMC8317635 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvab057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
25-hydroxyvitamin D 1α-hydroxylase (encoded by CYP27B1), which catalyzes the synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, is subject to negative or positive modulation by extracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+o) depending on the tissue. However, the Ca2+ sensors and underlying mechanisms are unidentified. We tested whether calcium-sensing receptors (CaSRs) mediate Ca2+o-dependent control of 1α-hydroxylase using HEK-293 cells stably expressing the CaSR (HEK-CaSR cells). In HEK-CaSR cells, but not control HEK-293 cells, cotransfected with reporter genes for CYP27B1-Photinus pyralis (firefly) luciferase and control Renilla luciferase, an increase in Ca2+o from 0.5mM to 3.0mM induced a 2- to 3-fold increase in firefly luciferase activity as well as mRNA and protein levels. Surprisingly, firefly luciferase was specifically suppressed at Ca2+o ≥ 5.0mM, demonstrating biphasic Ca2+o control. Both phases were mediated by CaSRs as revealed by positive and negative modulators. However, Ca2+o induced simple monotonic increases in firefly luciferase and endogenous CYP27B1 mRNA levels, indicating that the inhibitory effect of high Ca2+o was posttranscriptional. Studies with inhibitors and the CaSR C-terminal mutant T888A identified roles for protein kinase C (PKC), phosphorylation of T888, and extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK)1/2 in high Ca2+o-dependent suppression of firefly luciferase. Blockade of both PKC and ERK1/2 abolished Ca2+o-stimulated firefly luciferase, demonstrating that either PKC or ERK1/2 is sufficient to stimulate the CYP27B1 promoter. A key CCAAT box (−74 bp to −68 bp), which is regulated downstream of PKC and ERK1/2, was required for both basal transcription and Ca2+o-mediated transcriptional upregulation. The CaSR mediates Ca2+o-dependent transcriptional upregulation of 1α-hydroxylase and an additional CaSR-mediated mechanism is identified by which Ca2+o can promote luciferase and possibly 1α-hydroxylase breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Huang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (D17), University of Sydney, NSW 2006Australia
| | - Lenah Binmahfouz
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dale P Hancock
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (D17), University of Sydney, NSW 2006Australia
| | - Paul H Anderson
- Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Donald T Ward
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Arthur D Conigrave
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (D17), University of Sydney, NSW 2006Australia
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126
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Nemska S, Daubeuf F, Obrecht A, Israel-Biet D, Stern M, Kessler R, Roux A, Tavakoli R, Villa P, Tissot A, Danger R, Reber L, Durand E, Foureau A, Brouard S, Magnan A, Frossard N. Overexpression of the MSK1 Kinase in Patients With Chronic Lung Allograft Dysfunction and Its Confirmed Role in a Murine Model. Transplantation 2021; 105:1212-1224. [PMID: 33560725 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) and its obstructive form, the obliterative bronchiolitis (OB), are the main long-term complications related to high mortality rate postlung transplantation. CLAD treatment lacks a significant success in survival. Here, we investigated a new strategy through inhibition of the proinflammatory mitogen- and stress-activated kinase 1 (MSK1) kinase. METHODS MSK1 expression was assessed in a mouse OB model after heterotopic tracheal allotransplantation. Pharmacological inhibition of MSK1 (H89, fasudil, PHA767491) was evaluated in the murine model and in a translational model using human lung primary fibroblasts in proinflammatory conditions. MSK1 expression was graded over time in biopsies from a cohort of CLAD patients. RESULTS MSK1 mRNA progressively increased during OB (6.4-fold at D21 posttransplantation). Inhibition of MSK1 allowed to counteract the damage to the epithelium (56% restoration for H89), and abolished the recruitment of MHCII+ (94%) and T cells (100%) at the early inflammatory phase of OB. In addition, it markedly decreased the late fibroproliferative obstruction in allografts (48%). MSK1 inhibitors decreased production of IL-6 (whose transcription is under the control of MSK1) released from human lung fibroblasts (96%). Finally, we confirmed occurrence of a 2.9-fold increased MSK1 mRNA expression in lung biopsies in patients at 6 months before CLAD diagnosis as compared to recipients with stable lung function. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest the overall interest of the MSK1 kinase either as a marker or as a potential therapeutic target in lung dysfunction posttransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Nemska
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique UMR 7200, LabEx Medalis, CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - François Daubeuf
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique UMR 7200, LabEx Medalis, CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
- Plateforme de Chimie Biologie Intégrative de Strasbourg (PCBIS) UMS 3286 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Labex Medalis, 300 Bld Brant, Illkirch, France
| | - Adeline Obrecht
- Plateforme de Chimie Biologie Intégrative de Strasbourg (PCBIS) UMS 3286 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Labex Medalis, 300 Bld Brant, Illkirch, France
| | | | - Marc Stern
- Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, INRAe UMR 0892, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Romain Kessler
- Service de Pneumologie, CHU Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Antoine Roux
- Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, INRAe UMR 0892, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Reza Tavakoli
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Villa
- Plateforme de Chimie Biologie Intégrative de Strasbourg (PCBIS) UMS 3286 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Labex Medalis, 300 Bld Brant, Illkirch, France
| | - Adrien Tissot
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, UMR 1064, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, Nantes Université, ITUN, Nantes, France
- Service de Pneumologie, L'institut du thorax, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Richard Danger
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, UMR 1064, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, Nantes Université, ITUN, Nantes, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique en Biothérapie, Centre de Ressources Biologiques (CRB), Labex IGO, Nantes, France
| | - Laurent Reber
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique UMR 7200, LabEx Medalis, CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Eugénie Durand
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, UMR 1064, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, Nantes Université, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - Aurore Foureau
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, UMR 1064, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, Nantes Université, ITUN, Nantes, France
- Service de Pneumologie, L'institut du thorax, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Brouard
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, UMR 1064, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, Nantes Université, ITUN, Nantes, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique en Biothérapie, Centre de Ressources Biologiques (CRB), Labex IGO, Nantes, France
| | - Antoine Magnan
- Service de Pneumologie, L'institut du thorax, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Nelly Frossard
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique UMR 7200, LabEx Medalis, CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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Ogazon del Toro A, Jimenez L, Serrano Rubi M, Castillo A, Hinojosa L, Martinez Rendon J, Cereijido M, Ponce A. Prostaglandin E2 Enhances Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication in Clonal Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5813. [PMID: 34071686 PMCID: PMC8198183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandins are a group of lipids that produce diverse physiological and pathological effects. Among them, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) stands out for the wide variety of functions in which it participates. To date, there is little information about the influence of PGE2 on gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) in any type of tissue, including epithelia. In this work, we set out to determine whether PGE2 influences GJIC in epithelial cells (MDCK cells). To this end, we performed dye (Lucifer yellow) transfer assays to compare GJIC of MDCK cells treated with PGE2 and untreated cells. Our results indicated that (1) PGE2 induces a statistically significant increase in GJIC from 100 nM and from 15 min after its addition to the medium, (2) such effect does not require the synthesis of new mRNA or proteins subunits but rather trafficking of subunits already synthesized, and (3) such effect is mediated by the E2 receptor, which, in turn, triggers a signaling pathway that includes activation of adenylyl cyclase and protein kinase A (PKA). These results widen the knowledge regarding modulation of gap junctional intercellular communication by prostaglandins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Arturo Ponce
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, CINVESTAV-IPN, CDMX, México C.P. 07360, Mexico; (A.O.d.T.); (L.J.); (M.S.R.); (A.C.); (L.H.); (J.M.R.); (M.C.)
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128
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Zhong GC, Zhao ZB, Cheng Y, Wang YB, Qiu C, Mao LH, Hu JJ, Cai D, Liu Y, Gong JP, Li SW. Epigenetic silencing of GCH1promotes hepatocellular carcinoma growth by activating superoxide anion-mediated ASK1/p38 signaling via inhibiting tetrahydrobiopterin de novo biosynthesis. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 168:81-94. [PMID: 33781891 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, its role in HCC remains to be elucidated. Herein, we identified GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1), the first rate-limiting enzyme in tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) de novo biosynthesis, as a novel metabolic regulator of HCC. GCH1 was frequently down-regulated in HCC tissues and cell lines by promoter methylation. Low GCH1 expression was associated with larger tumor size, increased tumor number, and worse prognosis in two independent cohorts of HCC patients. Functionally, GCH1 silencing promoted HCC growth in vitro and in vivo, while GCH1 overexpression exerted an opposite effect. The metabolite BH4 inhibited HCC growth in vitro and in vivo. GCH1 silencing exerted its growth-promoting effect through directly inhibiting BH4 de novo biosynthesis. Mechanistically, GCH1 silencing activated ASK1/p38 signaling; pharmacological or genetic inhibition of ASK1 or p38 abolished GCH1 silencing-induced growth-promoting effect. Further mechanistic studies found that GCH1 silencing-induced BH4 reduction resulted in an increase of intracellular superoxide anion levels in a dose-dependent manner, which mediated the activation of ASK1/p38 signaling. Collectively, our study reveals that epigenetic silencing of GCH1 promotes HCC growth by activating superoxide anion-mediated ASK1/p38 signaling via inhibiting BH4 de novo biosynthesis, suggesting that targeting GCH1/BH4 pathway may be a promising therapeutic strategy to combat HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Chao Zhong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi-Bo Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yao Cheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yun-Bing Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chan Qiu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin-Hong Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie-Jun Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dong Cai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian-Ping Gong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Sheng-Wei Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Gallego-Gutiérrez H, González-González L, Ramírez-Martínez L, López-Bayghen E, González-Mariscal L. Tight junction protein ZO-2 modulates the nuclear accumulation of transcription factor TEAD. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:1347-1358. [PMID: 34010016 PMCID: PMC8694039 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-07-0470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of tight junction protein zonula occludens 2 (ZO-2) at the nucleus inhibits the transcription of genes regulated by TEAD transcription factor. Here, we analyzed whether the movement of ZO-2 into the nucleus modulates the nuclear concentration of TEAD. In sparse cultures of ZO-2 knockdown Madin–Darby canine kidney cells, nuclear TEAD was diminished, as in parental cells transfected with a ZO-2 construct without nuclear localization signals, indicating that ZO-2 facilitates the entry of TEAD into the nucleus. Inhibition of nPKCδ in parental cells triggers the interaction between ZO-2 and TEAD at the cytoplasm and facilitates TEAD/ZO-2 complex nuclear importation. Using proximity ligation, immunoprecipitation, and pull-down assays, TEAD/ZO-2 interaction was confirmed. Nuclear TEAD is phosphorylated, and its exit in parental cells is enhanced by activation of a ZO-2 nuclear exportation signal by nPKCε, while the nuclear accumulation of ZO-2 triggered by the mutation of ZO-2 nuclear export signals induces no change in TEAD nuclear concentration. In summary, our results indicate that the movements of ZO-2 in and out of the nucleus modulate the intracellular traffic of TEAD through a process regulated by nPKCδ and ε and provide a novel role of ZO-2 as a nuclear translocator of TEAD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leticia Ramírez-Martínez
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Esther López-Bayghen
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City 07360, Mexico
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Control of Intestinal Epithelial Permeability by Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor 5. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:1073-1092. [PMID: 33975030 PMCID: PMC8350072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Epithelial cells form a monolayer at mucosal surface that functions as a highly selective barrier. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid that elicits a broad range of biological effects via cognate G protein-coupled receptors. LPA receptor 5 (LPA5) is highly expressed in intestinal epithelial cells, but its role in the intestine is not well-known. Here we determined the role of LPA5 in regulation of intestinal epithelial barrier. METHODS Epithelial barrier integrity was determined in mice with intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-specific LPA5 deletion, Lpar5ΔIEC. LPA was orally administered to mice, and intestinal permeability was measured. Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) was used to induce colitis. Human colonic epithelial cell lines were used to determine the LPA5-mediated signaling pathways that regulate epithelial barrier. RESULTS We observed increased epithelial permeability in Lpar5ΔIEC mice with reduced claudin-4 expression. Oral administration of LPA decreased intestinal permeability in wild-type mice, but the effect was greatly mitigated in Lpar5ΔIEC mice. Serum lipopolysaccharide level and bacterial loads in the intestine and liver were elevated in Lpar5ΔIEC mice. Lpar5ΔIEC mice developed more severe colitis induced with DSS. LPA5 transcriptionally regulated claudin-4, and this regulation was dependent on transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor, which induced localization of Rac1 at the cell membrane. LPA induced the translocation of Stat3 to the cell membrane and promoted the interaction between Rac1 and Stat3. Inhibition of Stat3 ablated LPA-mediated regulation of claudin-4. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies LPA5 as a regulator of the intestinal barrier. LPA5 promotes claudin-4 expression in IECs through activation of Rac1 and Stat3.
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Xu W, Dahlke SP, Emery AC, Sung M, Chepurny OG, Holz GG, Eiden LE. Cyclic AMP-dependent activation of ERK via GLP-1 receptor signalling requires the neuroendocrine cell-specific guanine nucleotide exchanger NCS-RapGEF2. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12974. [PMID: 33960038 PMCID: PMC8571116 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic AMP activation of the Rap-Braf-MEK-ERK pathway after signalling initiated by the neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), via the Gs -protein coupled receptor (Gs PCR) PAC1, occurs uniquely through the neuritogenic cAMP sensor Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 2 (NCS-RapGEF2) in Neuroscreen-1 (NS-1) neuroendocrine cells. We examined the expression of other Family B Gs PCRs in this cell line and assessed cAMP elevation and neuritogenesis after treatment with their cognate peptide ligands. Exposure of NS-1 cells to the VIPR1/2 agonist vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, or the GLP1R agonist exendin-4, did not induce neuritogenesis, or elevation of cAMP, presumably as a result of insufficient receptor protein expression. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and exendin-4 did induce neuritogenesis after transduction of human VIPR1, VIPR2 and GLP1R into NS-1 cells. Exendin-4/GLP1R-stimulated neuritogenesis was MEK-ERK-dependent (blocked by U0126), indicating its use of the cAMP→RapGEF2→ERK neuritogenic signalling pathway previously identified for PACAP/PAC1 signalling in NS-1 cells. NCS-RapGEF2 is expressed in the rodent insulinoma cell lines MIN6 and INS-1, as well as in human pancreatic islets. As in NS-1 cells, exendin-4 caused ERK phosphorylation in INS-1 cells. Reduction in RapGEF2 expression after RapGEF2-shRNA treatment reduced exendin-4-induced ERK phosphorylation. Transcriptome analysis of INS-1 cells after 1 hour of exposure to exendin-4 revealed an immediate early-gene response that was composed of both ERK-dependent and ERK-independent signalling targets. We propose that cAMP signalling initiated by glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) in pancreatic beta cells causes parallel activation of multiple cAMP effectors, including NCS-RapGEF2, Epac and protein kinase A, to separately control various facets of GLP-1 action, including insulin secretion and transcriptional modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqin Xu
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health – Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sam P. Dahlke
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health – Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew C. Emery
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health – Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michelle Sung
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health – Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Oleg G. Chepurny
- Department of Medicine, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - George G. Holz
- Department of Medicine, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Lee E. Eiden
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health – Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Hamilton AM, Balashova OA, Borodinsky LN. Non-canonical Hedgehog signaling regulates spinal cord and muscle regeneration in Xenopus laevis larvae. eLife 2021; 10:61804. [PMID: 33955353 PMCID: PMC8137141 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducing regeneration in injured spinal cord represents one of modern medicine’s greatest challenges. Research from a variety of model organisms indicates that Hedgehog (Hh) signaling may be a useful target to drive regeneration. However, the mechanisms of Hh signaling-mediated tissue regeneration remain unclear. Here, we examined Hh signaling during post-amputation tail regeneration in Xenopus laevis larvae. We found that while Smoothened (Smo) activity is essential for proper spinal cord and skeletal muscle regeneration, transcriptional activity of the canonical Hh effector Gli is repressed immediately following amputation, and inhibition of Gli1/2 expression or transcriptional activity has minimal effects on regeneration. In contrast, we demonstrate that protein kinase A is necessary for regeneration of both muscle and spinal cord, in concert with and independent of Smo, respectively, and that its downstream effector CREB is activated in spinal cord following amputation in a Smo-dependent manner. Our findings indicate that non-canonical mechanisms of Hh signaling are necessary for spinal cord and muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Hamilton
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, University of California, Sacramento, School of Medicine, Sacramento, United States
| | - Olga A Balashova
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, University of California, Sacramento, School of Medicine, Sacramento, United States
| | - Laura N Borodinsky
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, University of California, Sacramento, School of Medicine, Sacramento, United States
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133
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Giraud F, Pereira E, Anizon F, Moreau P. Recent Advances in Pain Management: Relevant Protein Kinases and Their Inhibitors. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092696. [PMID: 34064521 PMCID: PMC8124620 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to underline the protein kinases that have been established, either in fundamental approach or clinical trials, as potential biological targets in pain management. Protein kinases are presented according to their group in the human kinome: TK (Trk, RET, EGFR, JAK, VEGFR, SFK, BCR-Abl), CMGC (p38 MAPK, MEK, ERK, JNK, ASK1, CDK, CLK2, DYRK1A, GSK3, CK2), AGC (PKA, PKB, PKC, PKMζ, PKG, ROCK), CAMK, CK1 and atypical/other protein kinases (IKK, mTOR). Examples of small molecule inhibitors of these biological targets, demonstrating an analgesic effect, are described. Altogether, this review demonstrates the fundamental role that protein kinase inhibitors could play in the development of new pain treatments.
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134
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Lockhead S, Moskaleva A, Kamenz J, Chen Y, Kang M, Reddy AR, Santos SDM, Ferrell JE. The Apparent Requirement for Protein Synthesis during G2 Phase Is due to Checkpoint Activation. Cell Rep 2021; 32:107901. [PMID: 32668239 PMCID: PMC7802425 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein synthesis inhibitors (e.g., cycloheximide) block mitotic entry, suggesting that cell cycle progression requires protein synthesis until right before mitosis. However, cycloheximide is also known to activate p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), which can delay mitotic entry through a G2/M checkpoint. Here, we ask whether checkpoint activation or a requirement for protein synthesis is responsible for the cycloheximide effect. We find that p38 inhibitors prevent cycloheximide-treated cells from arresting in G2 phase and that G2 duration is normal in approximately half of these cells. The Wee1 inhibitor MK-1775 and Wee1/Myt1 inhibitor PD0166285 also prevent cycloheximide from blocking mitotic entry, raising the possibility that Wee1 and/or Myt1 mediate the cycloheximide-induced G2 arrest. Thus, protein synthesis during G2 phase is not required for mitotic entry, at least when the p38 checkpoint pathway is abrogated. However, M phase progression is delayed in cycloheximide-plus-kinase-inhibitor-treated cells, emphasizing the different requirements of protein synthesis for timely entry and completion of mitosis. Protein synthesis inhibitors have long been known to prevent G2 phase cells from entering mitosis. Lockhead et al. demonstrate that this G2 arrest is due to the activation of p38 MAPK, not insufficient protein synthesis, arguing that protein synthesis in G2 phase is not absolutely required for mitotic entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lockhead
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5174, USA
| | - Alisa Moskaleva
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5174, USA
| | - Julia Kamenz
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5174, USA.
| | - Yuxin Chen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5174, USA
| | - Minjung Kang
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5174, USA
| | - Anay R Reddy
- Department of Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Silvia D M Santos
- Quantitative Cell Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - James E Ferrell
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5174, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5307, USA.
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135
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Kilian LS, Voran J, Frank D, Rangrez AY. RhoA: a dubious molecule in cardiac pathophysiology. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:33. [PMID: 33906663 PMCID: PMC8080415 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00730-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA) is the founding member of Rho GTPase superfamily originally studied in cancer cells where it was found to stimulate cell cycle progression and migration. RhoA acts as a master switch control of actin dynamics essential for maintaining cytoarchitecture of a cell. In the last two decades, however, RhoA has been coined and increasingly investigated as an essential molecule involved in signal transduction and regulation of gene transcription thereby affecting physiological functions such as cell division, survival, proliferation and migration. RhoA has been shown to play an important role in cardiac remodeling and cardiomyopathies; underlying mechanisms are however still poorly understood since the results derived from in vitro and in vivo experiments are still inconclusive. Interestingly its role in the development of cardiomyopathies or heart failure remains largely unclear due to anomalies in the current data available that indicate both cardioprotective and deleterious effects. In this review, we aimed to outline the molecular mechanisms of RhoA activation, to give an overview of its regulators, and the probable mechanisms of signal transduction leading to RhoA activation and induction of downstream effector pathways and corresponding cellular responses in cardiac (patho)physiology. Furthermore, we discuss the existing studies assessing the presented results and shedding light on the often-ambiguous data. Overall, we provide an update of the molecular, physiological and pathological functions of RhoA in the heart and its potential in cardiac therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Sophie Kilian
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology, Intensive Care), University Medical Center Kiel, Rosalind-Franklin Str. 12, 24105, Kiel, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jakob Voran
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology, Intensive Care), University Medical Center Kiel, Rosalind-Franklin Str. 12, 24105, Kiel, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Derk Frank
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology, Intensive Care), University Medical Center Kiel, Rosalind-Franklin Str. 12, 24105, Kiel, Germany. .,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Ashraf Yusuf Rangrez
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology, Intensive Care), University Medical Center Kiel, Rosalind-Franklin Str. 12, 24105, Kiel, Germany. .,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 24105, Kiel, Germany. .,Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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136
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The μ-opioid receptor induces miR-21 expression and is ERK/PKCμ-dependent. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 356:577585. [PMID: 33940234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Micro RNA-21 (miR-21) is believed to perform an important role in the transition from inflammation to resolution in the innate immune response. The biochemical basis for the induction of miR-21 remains uncertain. However, the activation of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) induces the expression of miR-21. Our results show that human monocytes treated with μ-opioid agonists exhibit a significant increase in miR-21 expression. We found that MOR-induction of miR-21 requires the activation of the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signaling cascade, and to our surprise, the activation of PKCμ (PKD1). These results are significant given the role of miR-21 in the sensitivity to pain.
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137
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Peerzada MN, Hamel E, Bai R, Supuran CT, Azam A. Deciphering the key heterocyclic scaffolds in targeting microtubules, kinases and carbonic anhydrases for cancer drug development. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 225:107860. [PMID: 33895188 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Heterocyclic scaffolds are widely utilized for drug design by taking into account the molecular structure of therapeutic targets that are related to a broad spectrum of ailments, including tumors. Such compounds display various covalent and non-covalent interactions with the specific residues of the target proteins while causing their inhibition. There is a substantial number of heterocyclic compounds approved for cancer treatment, and these compounds function by interacting with different therapeutic targets involved in tumorogenesis. In this review, we trace and emphasize the privileged heterocyclic pharmacophores that have immense potency against several essential chemotherapeutic tumor targets: microtubules, kinases and carbonic anhydrases. Potent compounds currently undergoing pre-clinical and clinical studies have also been assessed for ascertaining the effective class of chemical scaffolds that have significant therapeutic potential against multiple malignancies. In addition, we also describe briefly the role of heterocyclic compounds in various chemotherapy regimens. The optimized molecular hybridization of delineated motifs may result in the discovery of more active anticancer therapeutics and circumvent the development of resistance by specific targets in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudasir Nabi Peerzada
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Ernest Hamel
- Molecular Pharmacology Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ruoli Bai
- Molecular Pharmacology Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - Amir Azam
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India.
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138
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Glucagon transiently stimulates mTORC1 by activation of an EPAC/Rap1 signaling axis. Cell Signal 2021; 84:110010. [PMID: 33872697 PMCID: PMC8169602 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the protein kinase mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) in both complexes 1 and 2 (mTORC1/2) in the liver is repressed during fasting and rapidly stimulated in response to a meal. The effect of feeding on hepatic mTORC1/2 is attributed to an increase in plasma levels of nutrients, such as amino acids, and insulin. By contrast, fasting is associated with elevated plasma levels of glucagon, which is conventionally viewed as having a counter-regulatory role to insulin. More recently an expanded role for glucagon action in post-prandial metabolism has been demonstrated. Herein we investigated the impact of insulin and glucagon on mTORC1/2 activation. In H4IIE and HepG2 cultures, insulin enhanced phosphorylation of the mTORC1 substrates S6K1 and 4E-BP1. Surprisingly, the effect of glucagon on mTORC1 was biphasic, wherein there was an acute increase in phosphorylation of S6K1 and 4E-BP1 over the first hour of exposure, followed by latent suppression. The transient stimulatory effect of glucagon on mTORC1 was not additive with insulin, suggesting convergent signaling. Glucagon enhanced cAMP levels and mTORC1 stimulation required activation of the glucagon receptor, PI3K/Akt, and exchange protein activated by cAMP (EPAC). EPAC acts as the guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the small GTPase Rap1. Rap1 expression enhanced S6K1 phosphorylation and glucagon addition to culture medium promoted Rap1-GTP loading. Signaling through mTORC1 acts to regulate protein synthesis and we found that glucagon promoted an EPAC-dependent increase in protein synthesis. Overall, the findings support that glucagon elicits acute activation of mTORC1/2 by an EPAC-dependent increase in Rap1-GTP.
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139
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Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway control of CD8+ T cell differentiation. Biochem J 2021; 478:79-98. [PMID: 33305809 PMCID: PMC7813476 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The integration of multiple signalling pathways that co-ordinate T cell metabolism and transcriptional reprogramming is required to drive T cell differentiation and proliferation. One key T cell signalling module is mediated by extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) which are activated in response to antigen receptor engagement. The activity of ERKs is often used to report antigen receptor occupancy but the full details of how ERKs control T cell activation is not understood. Accordingly, we have used mass spectrometry to explore how ERK signalling pathways control antigen receptor driven proteome restructuring in CD8+ T cells to gain insights about the biological processes controlled by ERKs in primary lymphocytes. Quantitative analysis of >8000 proteins identified 900 ERK regulated proteins in activated CD8+ T cells. The data identify both positive and negative regulatory roles for ERKs during T cell activation and reveal that ERK signalling primarily controls the repertoire of transcription factors, cytokines and cytokine receptors expressed by activated T cells. It was striking that a large proportion of the proteome restructuring that is driven by triggering of the T cell antigen receptor is not dependent on ERK activation. However, the selective targets of the ERK signalling module include the critical effector molecules and the cytokines that allow T cell communication with other immune cells to mediate adaptive immune responses.
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140
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Antolin AA, Workman P, Al-Lazikani B. Public resources for chemical probes: the journey so far and the road ahead. Future Med Chem 2021; 13:731-747. [PMID: 31778323 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2019-0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High-quality small molecule chemical probes are extremely valuable for biological research and target validation. However, frequent use of flawed small-molecule inhibitors produces misleading results and diminishes the robustness of biomedical research. Several public resources are available to facilitate assessment and selection of better chemical probes for specific protein targets. Here, we review chemical probe resources, discuss their current strengths and limitations, and make recommendations for further improvements. Expert review resources provide in-depth analysis but currently cover only a limited portion of the liganded proteome. Computational resources encompass more proteins and are regularly updated, but have limitations in data availability and curation. We show how biomedical scientists may use these resources to choose the best available chemical probes for their research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert A Antolin
- The Department of Data Science, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
- CRUK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
- CRUK ICR/Imperial Convergence Science Centre, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Paul Workman
- CRUK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
- CRUK ICR/Imperial Convergence Science Centre, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Bissan Al-Lazikani
- The Department of Data Science, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
- CRUK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
- CRUK ICR/Imperial Convergence Science Centre, London, SM2 5NG, UK
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141
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Colín-Val Z, López-Díazguerrero NE, López-Marure R. DHEA inhibits proliferation, migration and alters mesenchymal-epithelial transition proteins through the PI3K/Akt pathway in MDA-MB-231 cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 208:105818. [PMID: 33508440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and breast cancer is the most common among women. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), the most abundant steroid hormone in human serum, inhibits proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells, modulating the expression of proteins involved in mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. DHEA effects on the triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 (mesenchymal stem-like) could be exerted by binding to receptors tyrosine kinase (RTKs) and signaling through MEK/ERK and/or PI3K/Akt pathways. In this study, MDA-MB-231 cells were exposed to DHEA in the presence of pharmacological inhibitors of these pathways and a siRNA against PIK3CA gene, which blocks PI3K pathway. Cell proliferation was measured by crystal violet staining, migration by the wound healing and transwell assays, and MET protein expression by western blot. A xenograft tumor growth in nude mice (nu-/nu-) using a siRNA against PI3K was also performed. Results showed that neither of the inhibitors used reverted the antiproliferative activity of DHEA. However, wortmannin and LY294002, inhibitors of the PI3K/Akt pathway, abolished the up- and down-regulation of E- and N-cadherin expression respectively, and inhibition of migration induced by DHEA in MDA-MB-231 cells. The siRNA that blocks the PI3K pathway, abolished the effects of DHEA on proliferation, migration, MET proteins expression and the growth of tumors in nude mice. In conclusion, these results suggest that PI3K/Akt pathway participates in the effects of DHEA on breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaira Colín-Val
- Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Ciudad de México, Mexico; Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico
| | | | - Rebeca López-Marure
- Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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142
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Atkinson EL, Iegre J, Brear PD, Zhabina EA, Hyvönen M, Spring DR. Downfalls of Chemical Probes Acting at the Kinase ATP-Site: CK2 as a Case Study. Molecules 2021; 26:1977. [PMID: 33807474 PMCID: PMC8037657 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases are a large class of enzymes with numerous biological roles and many have been implicated in a vast array of diseases, including cancer and the novel coronavirus infection COVID-19. Thus, the development of chemical probes to selectively target each kinase is of great interest. Inhibition of protein kinases with ATP-competitive inhibitors has historically been the most widely used method. However, due to the highly conserved structures of ATP-sites, the identification of truly selective chemical probes is challenging. In this review, we use the Ser/Thr kinase CK2 as an example to highlight the historical challenges in effective and selective chemical probe development, alongside recent advances in the field and alternative strategies aiming to overcome these problems. The methods utilised for CK2 can be applied to an array of protein kinases to aid in the discovery of chemical probes to further understand each kinase's biology, with wide-reaching implications for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor L. Atkinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK; (E.L.A.); (J.I.)
| | - Jessica Iegre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK; (E.L.A.); (J.I.)
| | - Paul D. Brear
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK; (P.D.B.); (E.A.Z.); (M.H.)
| | - Elizabeth A. Zhabina
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK; (P.D.B.); (E.A.Z.); (M.H.)
| | - Marko Hyvönen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK; (P.D.B.); (E.A.Z.); (M.H.)
| | - David R. Spring
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK; (E.L.A.); (J.I.)
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143
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Zhu Y, Alqahtani S, Hu X. Aromatic Rings as Molecular Determinants for the Molecular Recognition of Protein Kinase Inhibitors. Molecules 2021; 26:1776. [PMID: 33810025 PMCID: PMC8005117 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases are key enzymes in many signal transduction pathways, and play a crucial role in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and various cell regulatory processes. However, aberrant function of kinases has been associated with cancers and many other diseases. Consequently, competitive inhibition of the ATP binding site of protein kinases has emerged as an effective means of curing these diseases. Over the past three decades, thousands of protein kinase inhibitors (PKIs) with varying molecular frames have been developed. Large-scale data mining of the Protein Data Bank resulted in a database of 2139 non-redundant high-resolution X-ray crystal structures of PKIs bound to protein kinases. This provided us with a unique opportunity to study molecular determinants for the molecular recognition of PKIs. A chemoinformatic analysis of 2139 PKIs resulted in findings that PKIs are "flat" molecules with high aromatic ring counts and low fractions of sp3 carbon. All but one PKI possessed one or more aromatic rings. More importantly, it was found that the average weighted hydrogen bond count is inversely proportional to the number of aromatic rings. Based on this linear relationship, we put forward the exchange rule of hydrogen bonding interactions and non-bonded π-interactions. Specifically, a loss of binding affinity caused by a decrease in hydrogen bonding interactions is compensated by a gain in binding affinity acquired by an increase in aromatic ring-originated non-bonded interactions (i.e., π-π stacking interactions, CH-π interactions, cation-π interactions, etc.), and vice versa. The very existence of this inverse relationship strongly suggests that both hydrogen bonding and aromatic ring-originated non-bonded interactions are responsible for the molecular recognition of PKIs. As an illustration, two representative PKI-kinase complexes were employed to examine the relative importance of different modes of non-bonded interactions for the molecular recognition of PKIs. For this purpose, two FDA-approved PKI drugs, ibrutinib and lenvatinib, were chosen. The binding pockets of both PKIs were thoroughly examined to identify all non-bonded intermolecular interactions. Subsequently, the strengths of interaction energies between ibrutinib and its interacting residues in tyrosine kinase BTK were quantified by means of the double hybrid DFT method B2PLYP. The resulting energetics for the binding of ibrutinib in tyrosine kinase BTK showed that CH-π interactions and π-π stacking interactions between aromatic rings of the drug and hydrophobic residues in its binding pocket dominate the binding interactions. Thus, this work establishes that, in addition to hydrogen bonding, aromatic rings function as important molecular determinants for the molecular recognition of PKIs. In conclusion, our findings support the following pharmacophore model for ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors: a small molecule features a scaffold of one or more aromatic rings which is linked with one or more hydrophilic functional groups. The former has the structural role of acting as a scaffold and the functional role of participating in aromatic ring-originated non-bonded interactions with multiple hydrophobic regions in the ATP binding pocket of kinases. The latter ensure water solubility and form hydrogen bonds with the hinge region and other hydrophilic residues of the ATP binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; (Y.Z.); (S.A.)
| | - Saad Alqahtani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; (Y.Z.); (S.A.)
- Department of Chemistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiche Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; (Y.Z.); (S.A.)
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144
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Chen W, McRoberts JA, Ennes HS, Marvizon JC. cAMP signaling through protein kinase A and Epac2 induces substance P release in the rat spinal cord. Neuropharmacology 2021; 189:108533. [PMID: 33744339 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Using neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) internalization to measure of substance P release in rat spinal cord slices, we found that it was induced by the adenylyl cyclase (AC) activator forskolin, by the protein kinase A (PKA) activators 6-Bnz-cAMP and 8-Br-cAMP, and by the activator of exchange protein activated by cAMP (Epac) 8-pCPT-2-O-Me-cAMP (CPTOMe-cAMP). Conversely, AC and PKA inhibitors decreased substance P release induced by electrical stimulation of the dorsal root. Therefore, the cAMP signaling pathway mediates substance P release in the dorsal horn. The effects of forskolin and 6-Bnz-cAMP were not additive with NMDA-induced substance P release and were decreased by the NMDA receptor blocker MK-801. In cultured dorsal horn neurons, forskolin increased NMDA-induced Ca2+ entry and the phosphorylation of the NR1 and NR2B subunits of the NMDA receptor. Therefore, cAMP-induced substance P release is mediated by the activating phosphorylation by PKA of NMDA receptors. Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, but not by TRPV1 or TRPA1, also contributed to cAMP-induced substance P release. Activation of PKA was required for the effects of forskolin and the three cAMP analogs. Epac2 contributed to the effects of forskolin and CPTOMe-cAMP, signaling through a Raf - mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway to activate Ca2+ channels. Epac1 inhibitors induced NK1R internalization independently of substance P release. In rats with latent sensitization to pain, the effect of 6-Bnz-cAMP was unchanged, whereas the effect of forskolin was decreased due to the loss of the stimulatory effect of Epac2. Hence, substance P release induced by cAMP decreases during pain hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenling Chen
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Veteran Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, 90073, USA
| | - James A McRoberts
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Helena S Ennes
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Marvizon
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Veteran Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, 90073, USA.
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145
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Activin A and Cell-Surface GRP78 Are Novel Targetable RhoA Activators for Diabetic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062839. [PMID: 33799579 PMCID: PMC8000060 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of kidney failure. RhoA/Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) signaling is a recognized mediator of its pathogenesis, largely through mediating the profibrotic response. While RhoA activation is not feasible due to the central role it plays in normal physiology, ROCK inhibition has been found to be effective in attenuating DKD in preclinical models. However, this has not been evaluated in clinical studies as of yet. Alternate means of inhibiting RhoA/ROCK signaling involve the identification of disease-specific activators. This report presents evidence showing the activation of RhoA/ROCK signaling both in vitro in glomerular mesangial cells and in vivo in diabetic kidneys by two recently described novel pathogenic mediators of fibrosis in DKD, activins and cell-surface GRP78. Neither are present in normal kidneys. Activin inhibition with follistatin and neutralization of cell-surface GRP78 using a specific antibody blocked RhoA activation in mesangial cells and in diabetic kidneys. These data identify two novel RhoA/ROCK activators in diabetic kidneys that can be evaluated for their efficacy in inhibiting the progression of DKD.
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Cordeiro Mitchell CN, Islam MS, Afrin S, Brennan J, Psoter KJ, Segars JH. Mechanical stiffness augments ligand-dependent progesterone receptor B activation via MEK 1/2 and Rho/ROCK-dependent signaling pathways in uterine fibroid cells. Fertil Steril 2021; 116:255-265. [PMID: 33676751 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test whether mechanical substrate stiffness would influence progesterone receptor B (PRB) signaling in fibroid cells. Uterine fibroids feature an excessive extracellular matrix, increased stiffness, and altered mechanical signaling. Fibroid growth is stimulated by progestins and opposed by anti-progestins, but a functional interaction between progesterone action and mechanical signaling has not been evaluated. DESIGN Laboratory studies. SETTING Translational science laboratory. PATIENT(S)/ANIMAL(S) Human fibroid cell lines and patient-matched fibroid and myometrial cell lines. INTERVENTION(S) Progesterone receptor B-dependent reporter assays and messenger RNA quantitation in cells cultured on stiff polystyrene plates (3GPa) or soft silicone plates (930KPa). Pharmacologic inhibitors of extracellular signal-related protein kinase (ERK) kinase 1/2 (MEK 1/2; PD98059), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (SB202190), receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs; nintedanib), RhoA (A13), and Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase (ROCK; Y27632). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Progesterone-responsive reporter activation. RESULT(S) Fibroid cells exhibited higher PRB-dependent reporter activity with progesterone (P4) in cells cultured on stiff vs. soft plates. Mechanically induced PRB activation with P4 was decreased 62% by PD98059, 78% by nintedanib, 38% by A13, and 50% by Y27632. Overexpression of the Rho-guanine nucleotide exchange factor (Rho-GEF), AKAP13, significantly increased PRB-dependent reporter activity. Collagen 1 messenger RNA levels were higher in fibroid cells grown on stiff vs. soft plates with P4. CONCLUSION(S) Cells cultured on mechanically stiff substrates had enhanced PRB activation via a mechanism that required MEK 1/2 and AKAP13/RhoA/ROCK signaling pathways. These studies provide a framework to explore the mechanisms by which mechanical stiffness affects progesterone receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina N Cordeiro Mitchell
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Sciences & Women's Health Research, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Md Soriful Islam
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Sciences & Women's Health Research, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sadia Afrin
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Sciences & Women's Health Research, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joshua Brennan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Sciences & Women's Health Research, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kevin J Psoter
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - James H Segars
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Sciences & Women's Health Research, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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147
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Ng K, Shea QT, Wong T, Luk ST, Tong M, Lo C, Man K, Yun J, Guan X, Lee TK, Zheng Y, Ma S. Chemotherapy-Enriched THBS2-Deficient Cancer Stem Cells Drive Hepatocarcinogenesis through Matrix Softness Induced Histone H3 Modifications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2002483. [PMID: 33717837 PMCID: PMC7927606 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The physical microenvironment is a critical mediator of tumor behavior. However, detailed biological and mechanistic insight is lacking. The present study reveals the role of chemotherapy-enriched CD133+ liver cancer stem cells (CSCs) with THBS2 deficiency. This subpopulation of cells contributes to a more aggressive cancer and functional stemness phenotype in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by remodeling the extracellular matrix (ECM) through the regulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, collagen degradation, and matrix stiffness. The local soft spots created by these liver CSCs can enhance stemness and drug resistance and provide a route of escape to facilitate HCC metastasis. Interestingly, a positive feed-forward loop is identified where a local soft spot microenvironment in the HCC tumor is enriched with CD133 expressing cells that secrete markedly less ECM-modifying THBS2 upon histone H3 modification at its promoter region, allowing the maintenance of a localized soft spot matrix. Clinically, THBS2 deficiency is also correlated with low HCC survival, where high levels of CSCs with low THBS2 expression in HCC are associated with decreased collagen fiber deposits and an invasive tumor front. The findings have implications for the treatment of cancer stemness and for the prevention of tumor outgrowth through disseminated tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai‐Yu Ng
- School of Biomedical SciencesLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong
| | - Queenie T. Shea
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong
| | - Tin‐Lok Wong
- School of Biomedical SciencesLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong
| | - Steve T. Luk
- School of Biomedical SciencesLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong
| | - Man Tong
- School of Biomedical SciencesLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Liver ResearchThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong
| | - Chung‐Mau Lo
- Department of SurgeryQueen Mary HospitalThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong
- The University of Hong Kong ‐ Shenzhen HospitalShenzhenGuangdong518009China
| | - Kwan Man
- Department of SurgeryQueen Mary HospitalThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong
- The University of Hong Kong ‐ Shenzhen HospitalShenzhenGuangdong518009China
| | - Jing‐Ping Yun
- Department of PathologySun Yat‐Sen University Cancer CentreGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Xin‐Yuan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Liver ResearchThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong
- The University of Hong Kong ‐ Shenzhen HospitalShenzhenGuangdong518009China
- Department of Clinical OncologyQueen Mary HospitalThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong
| | - Terence K. Lee
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical TechnologyThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong
| | - Yong‐Ping Zheng
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong
| | - Stephanie Ma
- School of Biomedical SciencesLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Liver ResearchThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong
- The University of Hong Kong ‐ Shenzhen HospitalShenzhenGuangdong518009China
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148
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Patt J, Alenfelder J, Pfeil EM, Voss JH, Merten N, Eryilmaz F, Heycke N, Rick U, Inoue A, Kehraus S, Deupi X, Müller CE, König GM, Crüsemann M, Kostenis E. An experimental strategy to probe Gq contribution to signal transduction in living cells. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100472. [PMID: 33639168 PMCID: PMC8024710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G protein subunits Gαq and Gα11 are inhibited by two cyclic depsipeptides, FR900359 (FR) and YM-254890 (YM), both of which are being used widely to implicate Gq/11 proteins in the regulation of diverse biological processes. An emerging major research question therefore is whether the cellular effects of both inhibitors are on-target, that is, mediated via specific inhibition of Gq/11 proteins, or off-target, that is, the result of nonspecific interactions with other proteins. Here we introduce a versatile experimental strategy to discriminate between these possibilities. We developed a Gαq variant with preserved catalytic activity, but refractory to FR/YM inhibition. A minimum of two amino acid changes were required and sufficient to achieve complete inhibitor resistance. We characterized the novel mutant in HEK293 cells depleted by CRISPR–Cas9 of endogenous Gαq and Gα11 to ensure precise control over the Gα-dependent cellular signaling route. Using a battery of cellular outcomes with known and concealed Gq contribution, we found that FR/YM specifically inhibited cellular signals after Gαq introduction via transient transfection. Conversely, both inhibitors were inert across all assays in cells expressing the drug-resistant variant. These findings eliminate the possibility that inhibition of non-Gq proteins contributes to the cellular effects of the two depsipeptides. We conclude that combined application of FR or YM along with the drug-resistant Gαq variant is a powerful in vitro strategy to discern on-target Gq against off-target non-Gq action. Consequently, it should be of high value for uncovering Gq input to complex biological processes with high accuracy and the requisite specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Patt
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Judith Alenfelder
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eva Marie Pfeil
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Hendrik Voss
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nicole Merten
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Funda Eryilmaz
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nina Heycke
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Uli Rick
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Stefan Kehraus
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Xavier Deupi
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research and Condensed Matter Theory Group, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabriele M König
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Max Crüsemann
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Evi Kostenis
- Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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149
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Lee S, Kim J, Jo J, Chang JW, Sim J, Yun H. Recent advances in development of hetero-bivalent kinase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 216:113318. [PMID: 33730624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Identifying a pharmacological agent that targets only one of more than 500 kinases present in humans is an important challenge. One potential solution to this problem is the development of bivalent kinase inhibitors, which consist of two connected fragments, each bind to a dissimilar binding site of the bisubstrate enzyme. The main advantage of bivalent (type V) kinase inhibitors is generating more interactions with target enzymes that can enhance the molecules' selectivity and affinity compared to single-site inhibitors. Earlier type V inhibitors were not suitable for the cellular environment and were mostly used in in vitro studies. However, recently developed bivalent compounds have high kinase affinity, high biological and chemical stability in vivo. This review summarized the hetero-bivalent kinase inhibitors described in the literature from 2014 to the present. We attempted to classify the molecules by serine/threonine and tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and then each target kinase and its hetero-bivalent inhibitor was assessed in depth. In addition, we discussed the analysis of advantages, limitations, and perspectives of bivalent kinase inhibitors compared with the monovalent kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungbeom Lee
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Pocheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 11160, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeyun Jo
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Won Chang
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jaehoon Sim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hwayoung Yun
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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150
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Coates MS, Alton EWFW, Rapeport GW, Davies JC, Ito K. Pseudomonas aeruginosa induces p38MAP kinase-dependent IL-6 and CXCL8 release from bronchial epithelial cells via a Syk kinase pathway. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246050. [PMID: 33524056 PMCID: PMC7850485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) infection is a major cause of airway inflammation in immunocompromised and cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) and tyrosine kinases are integral to inflammatory responses and are therefore potential targets for novel anti-inflammatory therapies. We have determined the involvement of specific kinases in Pa-induced inflammation. The effects of kinase inhibitors against p38MAPK, MEK 1/2, JNK 1/2, Syk or c-Src, a combination of a p38MAPK with Syk inhibitor, or a novel narrow spectrum kinase inhibitor (NSKI), were evaluated against the release of the proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine, IL-6 and CXCL8 from BEAS-2B and CFBE41o- epithelial cells by Pa. Effects of a Syk inhibitor against phosphorylation of the MAPKs were also evaluated. IL-6 and CXCL8 release by Pa were significantly inhibited by p38MAPK and Syk inhibitors (p<0.05). Phosphorylation of HSP27, but not ERK or JNK, was significantly inhibited by Syk kinase inhibition. A combination of p38MAPK and Syk inhibitors showed synergy against IL-6 and CXCL8 induction and an NSKI completely inhibited IL-6 and CXCL8 at low concentrations. Pa-induced inflammation is dependent on p38MAPK primarily, and Syk partially, which is upstream of p38MAPK. The NSKI suggests that inhibiting specific combinations of kinases is a potent potential therapy for Pa-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Coates
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Eric W. F. W. Alton
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Garth W. Rapeport
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Pulmocide Ltd, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jane C. Davies
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kazuhiro Ito
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Pulmocide Ltd, London, United Kingdom
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