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Sadler C, Schroll B, Zeisler V, Waßmann F, Franke R, Schreiber L. Wax and cutin mutants of Arabidopsis: Quantitative characterization of the cuticular transport barrier in relation to chemical composition. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1336-1344. [PMID: 26965486 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Using (14)C-labeled epoxiconazole as a tracer, cuticular permeability of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves was quantitatively measured in order to compare different wax and cutin mutants (wax2, cut1, cer5, att1, bdg, shn3 and shn1) to the corresponding wild types (Col-0 and Ws). Mutants were characterized by decreases or increases in wax and/or cutin amounts. Permeances [ms(-1)] of Arabidopsis cuticles either increased in the mutants compared to wild type or were not affected. Thus, genetic changes in wax and cutin biosynthesis in some of the investigated Arabidopsis mutants obviously impaired the coordinated cutin and wax deposition at the outer leaf epidermal cell wall. As a consequence, barrier properties of cuticles were significantly decreased. However, increasing cutin and wax amounts by genetic modifications, did not automatically lead to improved cuticular barrier properties. As an alternative approach to the radioactive transport assay, changes in chlorophyll fluorescence were monitored after foliar application of metribuzine, an herbicide inhibiting electron transport in chloroplasts. Since both, half-times of photosynthesis inhibition as well as times of complete inhibition, in fact correlated with (14)C-epoxiconazole permeances, different rates of decline of photosynthetic yield between mutants and wild type must be a function of foliar uptake of the herbicide across the cuticle. Thus, monitoring changes in chlorophyll fluorescence, instead of conducting radioactive transport assays, represents an easy-to-handle and fast alternative evaluating cuticular barrier properties of different genotypes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Plant Lipid Biology edited by Kent D. Chapman and Ivo Feussner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Sadler
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, Department of Ecophysiology, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bettina Schroll
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, Department of Ecophysiology, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Viktoria Zeisler
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, Department of Ecophysiology, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Friedrich Waßmann
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, Department of Ecophysiology, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Rochus Franke
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, Department of Ecophysiology, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, Department of Ecophysiology, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
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CFLAP1 and CFLAP2 Are Two bHLH Transcription Factors Participating in Synergistic Regulation of AtCFL1-Mediated Cuticle Development in Arabidopsis. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005744. [PMID: 26745719 PMCID: PMC4706423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The cuticle is a hydrophobic lipid layer covering the epidermal cells of terrestrial plants. Although many genes involved in Arabidopsis cuticle development have been identified, the transcriptional regulation of these genes is largely unknown. Previously, we demonstrated that AtCFL1 negatively regulates cuticle development by interacting with the HD-ZIP IV transcription factor HDG1. Here, we report that two bHLH transcription factors, AtCFL1 associated protein 1 (CFLAP1) and CFLAP2, are also involved in AtCFL1-mediated regulation of cuticle development. CFLAP1 and CFLAP2 interact with AtCFL1 both in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of either CFLAP1 or CFLAP2 led to expressional changes of genes involved in fatty acids, cutin and wax biosynthesis pathways and caused multiple cuticle defective phenotypes such as organ fusion, breakage of the cuticle layer and decreased epicuticular wax crystal loading. Functional inactivation of CFLAP1 and CFLAP2 by chimeric repression technology caused opposite phenotypes to the CFLAP1 overexpressor plants. Interestingly, we find that, similar to the transcription factor HDG1, the function of CFLAP1 in cuticle development is dependent on the presence of AtCFL1. Furthermore, both HDG1 and CFLAP1/2 interact with the same C-terminal C4 zinc finger domain of AtCFL1, a domain that is essential for AtCFL1 function. These results suggest that AtCFL1 may serve as a master regulator in the transcriptional regulation of cuticle development, and that CFLAP1 and CFLAP2 are involved in the AtCFL1-mediated regulation pathway, probably through competing with HDG1 to bind to AtCFL1. The cuticle is a continuous lipid layer covering the aerial parts of land plants. It is very important for the plants, especially for those in the drought area. The biosynthesis of cuticle have been studied well in past decades, however, the transcriptional regulation is still largely unknown. Here we found two new bHLH transcription factors, AtCFL1 associated protein 1 (CFLAP1) and its homolog CFLAP2, which could interact with AtCFL1, a previously identified negative regulator of Arabidopsis cuticle formation. Overexpression of CFLAP1 and CFLAP2 caused cuticle developmental defects, which are similar to the phenotypes of AtCFL1 overexpression plants. Functional inactivation of CFLAP1 in Arabidopsis presents opposite phenotypes to those of its overexpressor. Interestingly, the function of CFLAP1 is dependent on the presence of AtCFL1. These results suggest that CFLAP1 and CFLAP2 regulate cuticle development by interacting with AtCFL1, and that AtCFL1 may work as a master regulator in the transcriptional regulation network.
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103
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Narukawa H, Yokoyama R, Nishitani K. Possible pathways linking ploidy level to cell elongation and cuticular function in hypocotyls of dark-grown Arabidopsis seedlings. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1118597. [PMID: 26618780 PMCID: PMC4883887 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1118597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying correlations between ploidy level and cell size in eukaryotes remain unclear. Recently, we showed that cell length was higher in tetraploid than in diploid dark-grown Arabidopsis hypocotyls. Cuticular function was aberrant, and expression of genes of cuticle formation was reduced. Here, the links between cell elongation, cuticular function, and ploidy level in the etiolated hypocotyl were examined. Seedlings defective in cuticle formation exhibited shorter hypocotyls. This was due to inhibition of cell elongation rather than cell proliferation, indicating that the reduced cuticular function was a consequence of tetraploidy-induced cell elongation rather than its cause. Inhibition of hypocotyl elongation by impaired cuticles was lower in tetraploid than diploid, indicating that tetraploid hypocotyls were less sensitive to cuticular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Narukawa
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Yokoyama
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nishitani
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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104
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Fabre G, Garroum I, Mazurek S, Daraspe J, Mucciolo A, Sankar M, Humbel BM, Nawrath C. The ABCG transporter PEC1/ABCG32 is required for the formation of the developing leaf cuticle in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:192-201. [PMID: 26406899 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle is an essential diffusion barrier on aerial surfaces of land plants whose structural component is the polyester cutin. The PERMEABLE CUTICLE1/ABCG32 (PEC1) transporter is involved in plant cuticle formation in Arabidopsis. The gpat6 pec1 and gpat4 gapt8 pec1 double and triple mutants are characterized. Their PEC1-specific contributions to aliphatic cutin composition and cuticle formation during plant development are revealed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The composition of cutin changes during rosette leaf expansion in Arabidopsis. C16:0 monomers are in higher abundance in expanding than in fully expanded leaves. The atypical cutin monomer C18:2 dicarboxylic acid is more prominent in fully expanded leaves. Findings point to differences in the regulation of several pathways of cutin precursor synthesis. PEC1 plays an essential role during expansion of the rosette leaf cuticle. The reduction of C16 monomers in the pec1 mutant during leaf expansion is unlikely to cause permeability of the leaf cuticle because the gpat6 mutant with even fewer C16:0 monomers forms a functional rosette leaf cuticle at all stages of development. PEC1/ABCG32 transport activity affects cutin composition and cuticle structure in a specific and non-redundant fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Fabre
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Imène Garroum
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylwester Mazurek
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jean Daraspe
- Electron Microscopy Facility, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Mucciolo
- Electron Microscopy Facility, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martial Sankar
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bruno M Humbel
- Electron Microscopy Facility, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christiane Nawrath
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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105
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De Giorgi J, Piskurewicz U, Loubery S, Utz-Pugin A, Bailly C, Mène-Saffrané L, Lopez-Molina L. An Endosperm-Associated Cuticle Is Required for Arabidopsis Seed Viability, Dormancy and Early Control of Germination. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005708. [PMID: 26681322 PMCID: PMC4683086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cuticular layers and seeds are prominent plant adaptations to terrestrial life that appeared early and late during plant evolution, respectively. The cuticle is a waterproof film covering plant aerial organs preventing excessive water loss and protecting against biotic and abiotic stresses. Cutin, consisting of crosslinked fatty acid monomers, is the most abundant and studied cuticular component. Seeds are dry, metabolically inert structures promoting plant dispersal by keeping the plant embryo in an arrested protected state. In Arabidopsis thaliana seeds, the embryo is surrounded by a single cell endosperm layer itself surrounded by a seed coat layer, the testa. Whole genome analyses lead us to identify cutin biosynthesis genes as regulatory targets of the phytohormones gibberellins (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathways that control seed germination. Cutin-containing layers are present in seed coats of numerous species, including Arabidopsis, where they regulate permeability to outer compounds. However, the role of cutin in mature seed physiology and germination remains poorly understood. Here we identify in mature seeds a thick cuticular film covering the entire outer surface of the endosperm. This seed cuticle is defective in cutin-deficient bodyguard1 seeds, which is associated with alterations in endospermic permeability. Furthermore, mutants affected in cutin biosynthesis display low seed dormancy and viability levels, which correlates with higher levels of seed lipid oxidative stress. Upon seed imbibition cutin biosynthesis genes are essential to prevent endosperm cellular expansion and testa rupture in response to low GA synthesis. Taken together, our findings suggest that in the course of land plant evolution cuticular structures were co-opted to achieve key physiological seed properties. Seeds are remarkable plant structures that appeared late during land plant evolution. Indeed, within seeds plant embryos lie in a metabolic inert and highly resistant state. Seeds allow plants to disperse and find a favorable living environment. Remarkably as well, the “near-dead” embryo is able to germinate and turn into a fragile young seedling. The fragility of this transition is betrayed by the existence of control mechanisms that block germination in response to harmful environmental conditions. Seeds therefore transform plants into time and space travellers and largely explain land plant colonization by flowering plants. The key to this success lies in the seed’s physiological feats, a major yet unresolved question in plant biology. We show that mature seeds of the model plant Arabidopsis contain an earlier land plant evolutionary innovation: the cuticle, a waxy film covering the aerial parts of the plant preventing excessive transpiration. The seed cuticle, which contains cutin, a major lipid polymer component of the leaf cuticle, encloses all the living tissues within the seed. Seeds with cutin defects are highly oxidized and have low seed viability and dormancy. They are also unable to control their germination. Thus, land plants co-opted an ancient innovation to achieve the remarkable physiology of seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien De Giorgi
- Department of Plant Biology and Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Urszula Piskurewicz
- Department of Plant Biology and Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Loubery
- Department of Plant Biology and Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anne Utz-Pugin
- Department of Plant Biology and Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Bailly
- Developmental Biology Laboratory, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | | | - Luis Lopez-Molina
- Department of Plant Biology and Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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106
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La Rocca N, Manzotti PS, Cavaiuolo M, Barbante A, Dalla Vecchia F, Gabotti D, Gendrot G, Horner DS, Krstajic J, Persico M, Rascio N, Rogowsky P, Scarafoni A, Consonni G. The maize fused leaves1 (fdl1) gene controls organ separation in the embryo and seedling shoot and promotes coleoptile opening. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:5753-67. [PMID: 26093144 PMCID: PMC4566974 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The fdl1-1 mutation, caused by an Enhancer/Suppressor mutator (En/Spm) element insertion located in the third exon of the gene, identifies a novel gene encoding ZmMYB94, a transcription factor of the R2R3-MYB subfamily. The fdl1 gene was isolated through co-segregation analysis, whereas proof of gene identity was obtained using an RNAi strategy that conferred less severe, but clearly recognizable specific mutant traits on seedlings. Fdl1 is involved in the regulation of cuticle deposition in young seedlings as well as in the establishment of a regular pattern of epicuticular wax deposition on the epidermis of young leaves. Lack of Fdl1 action also correlates with developmental defects, such as delayed germination and seedling growth, abnormal coleoptile opening and presence of curly leaves showing areas of fusion between the coleoptile and the first leaf or between the first and the second leaf. The expression profile of ZmMYB94 mRNA-determined by quantitative RT-PCR-overlaps the pattern of mutant phenotypic expression and is confined to a narrow developmental window. High expression was observed in the embryo, in the seedling coleoptile and in the first two leaves, whereas RNA level, as well as phenotypic defects, decreases at the third leaf stage. Interestingly several of the Arabidopsis MYB genes most closely related to ZmMYB94 are also involved in the activation of cuticular wax biosynthesis, suggesting deep conservation of regulatory processes related to cuticular wax deposition between monocots and dicots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta La Rocca
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Priscilla S Manzotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali (DISAA), Produzione, Territorio, Energia Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Cavaiuolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali (DISAA), Produzione, Territorio, Energia Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Barbante
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali (DISAA), Produzione, Territorio, Energia Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Dalla Vecchia
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Damiano Gabotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali (DISAA), Produzione, Territorio, Energia Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Ghislaine Gendrot
- Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, INRA, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Unité Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, F-69364 Lyon, France
| | - David S Horner
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Jelena Krstajic
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali (DISAA), Produzione, Territorio, Energia Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Persico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali (DISAA), Produzione, Territorio, Energia Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Rascio
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Peter Rogowsky
- Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, INRA, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Unité Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, F-69364 Lyon, France
| | - Alessio Scarafoni
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali (DISAA), Produzione, Territorio, Energia Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, INRA, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Unité Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, F-69364 Lyon, France Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti la Nutrizione, l'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Consonni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali (DISAA), Produzione, Territorio, Energia Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
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107
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Narukawa H, Yokoyama R, Komaki S, Sugimoto K, Nishitani K. Stimulation of Cell Elongation by Tetraploidy in Hypocotyls of Dark-Grown Arabidopsis Seedlings. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134547. [PMID: 26244498 PMCID: PMC4526521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant size is largely determined by the size of individual cells. A number of studies showed a link between ploidy and cell size in land plants, but this link remains controversial. In this study, post-germination growth, which occurs entirely by cell elongation, was examined in diploid and autotetraploid hypocotyls of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Final hypocotyl length was longer in tetraploid plants than in diploid plants, particularly when seedlings were grown in the dark. The longer hypocotyl in the tetraploid seedlings developed as a result of enhanced cell elongation rather than by an increase in cell number. DNA microarray analysis showed that genes involved in the transport of cuticle precursors were downregulated in a defined region of the tetraploid hypocotyl when compared to the diploid hypocotyl. Cuticle permeability, as assessed by toluidine-blue staining, and cuticular structure, as visualized by electron microscopy, were altered in tetraploid plants. Taken together, these data indicate that promotion of cell elongation is responsible for ploidy-dependent size determination in the Arabidopsis hypocotyl, and that this process is directly or indirectly related to cuticular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Narukawa
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Yokoyama
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Komaki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Keiko Sugimoto
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nishitani
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Wall Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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108
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Nafisi M, Stranne M, Fimognari L, Atwell S, Martens HJ, Pedas PR, Hansen SF, Nawrath C, Scheller HV, Kliebenstein DJ, Sakuragi Y. Acetylation of cell wall is required for structural integrity of the leaf surface and exerts a global impact on plant stress responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:550. [PMID: 26257757 PMCID: PMC4510344 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The epidermis on leaves protects plants from pathogen invasion and provides a waterproof barrier. It consists of a layer of cells that is surrounded by thick cell walls, which are partially impregnated by highly hydrophobic cuticular components. We show that the Arabidopsis T-DNA insertion mutants of REDUCED WALL ACETYLATION 2 (rwa2), previously identified as having reduced O-acetylation of both pectins and hemicelluloses, exhibit pleiotrophic phenotype on the leaf surface. The cuticle layer appeared diffused and was significantly thicker and underneath cell wall layer was interspersed with electron-dense deposits. A large number of trichomes were collapsed and surface permeability of the leaves was enhanced in rwa2 as compared to the wild type. A massive reprogramming of the transcriptome was observed in rwa2 as compared to the wild type, including a coordinated up-regulation of genes involved in responses to abiotic stress, particularly detoxification of reactive oxygen species and defense against microbial pathogens (e.g., lipid transfer proteins, peroxidases). In accordance, peroxidase activities were found to be elevated in rwa2 as compared to the wild type. These results indicate that cell wall acetylation is essential for maintaining the structural integrity of leaf epidermis, and that reduction of cell wall acetylation leads to global stress responses in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majse Nafisi
- Copenhagen Plant Science CenterFrederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Maria Stranne
- Copenhagen Plant Science CenterFrederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lorenzo Fimognari
- Copenhagen Plant Science CenterFrederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Susanna Atwell
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Helle J. Martens
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Pai R. Pedas
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Sara F. Hansen
- Copenhagen Plant Science CenterFrederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Christiane Nawrath
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of LausanneLausanne, Switzerland
| | - Henrik V. Scheller
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, USA
| | - Daniel J. Kliebenstein
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
- Danish National Research Foundation Center DynaMOFrederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Yumiko Sakuragi
- Copenhagen Plant Science CenterFrederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
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109
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Liu F, Xiong X, Wu L, Fu D, Hayward A, Zeng X, Cao Y, Wu Y, Li Y, Wu G. BraLTP1, a lipid transfer protein gene involved in epicuticular wax deposition, cell proliferation and flower development in Brassica napus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110272. [PMID: 25314222 PMCID: PMC4196963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs) constitute large multigene families that possess complex physiological functions, many of which remain unclear. This study isolated and characterized the function of a lipid transfer protein gene, BraLTP1 from Brassica rapa, in the important oilseed crops Brassica napus. BraLTP1 encodes a predicted secretory protein, in the little known VI Class of nsLTP families. Overexpression of BnaLTP1 in B. napus caused abnormal green coloration and reduced wax deposition on leaves and detailed wax analysis revealed 17-80% reduction in various major wax components, which resulted in significant water-loss relative to wild type. BnaLTP1 overexpressing leaves exhibited morphological disfiguration and abaxially curled leaf edges, and leaf cross-sections revealed cell overproliferation that was correlated to increased cytokinin levels (tZ, tZR, iP, and iPR) in leaves and high expression of the cytokinin biosynthsis gene IPT3. BnaLTP1-overexpressing plants also displayed morphological disfiguration of flowers, with early-onset and elongated carpel development and outwardly curled stamen. This was consistent with altered expression of a a number of ABC model genes related to flower development. Together, these results suggest that BraLTP1 is a new nsLTP gene involved in wax production or deposition, with additional direct or indirect effects on cell division and flower development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojuan Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Donghui Fu
- The Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Agronomy College, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Alice Hayward
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Xinhua Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinglong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuhua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunjing Li
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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Edstam MM, Edqvist J. Involvement of GPI-anchored lipid transfer proteins in the development of seed coats and pollen in Arabidopsis thaliana. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 152:32-42. [PMID: 24460633 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs) constitute a large protein family specific for plants. Proteins from the family are found in all land plants but have not been identified in green algae. Their in vivo functions are still disputed although evidence is accumulating for a role of these proteins in cuticle development. In a previous study, we performed a co-expression analysis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored nsLTPs (LTPGs), which suggested that these proteins are also involved in the accumulation of suberin and sporopollenin. Here, we follow up the previous co-expression study by characterizing the phenotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana lines with insertions in LTPG genes. The observed phenotypes include an inability to limit tetrazolium salt uptake in seeds, development of hair-like structures on seeds, altered pollen morphologies and decreased levels of ω-hydroxy fatty acids in seed coats. The observed phenotypes give further support for a role in suberin and sporopollenin biosynthesis or deposition in A. thaliana.
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111
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The Half-Size ABC Transporter FOLDED PETALS 2/ABCG13 Is Involved in Petal Elongation through Narrow Spaces in Arabidopsis thaliana Floral Buds. PLANTS 2014; 3:348-58. [PMID: 27135508 PMCID: PMC4844351 DOI: 10.3390/plants3030348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Flowers are vital for attracting pollinators to plants and in horticulture for humans. Petal morphogenesis is a central process of floral development. Petal development can be divided into three main processes: the establishment of organ identity in a concentric pattern, primordia initiation at fixed positions within a whorl, and morphogenesis, which includes petal elongation through the narrow spaces within the bud. Here, we show that the FOLDED PETALS 2 (FOP2) gene, encoding a member of the half-size ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter family ABCG13, is involved in straight elongation of petals in Arabidopsis thaliana. In fop2 mutants, flowers open with folded petals, instead of straight-elongated ones found in the wild type. The epicuticular nanoridge structures are absent in many abaxial epidermal cells of fop2 petals, and surgical or genetic generation of space in young fop2 buds restores the straight elongation of petals, suggesting that the physical contact of sepals and petals causes the petal folding. Similar petal folding has been reported in the fop1 mutant, and the petals of fop2 fop1 double mutants resemble those of both the fop1 and fop2 single mutants, although the epidermal structure and permeability of the petal surface is more affected in fop2. Our results suggest that synthesis and transport of cutin or wax in growing petals play an important role for their smooth elongation through the narrow spaces of floral buds.
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112
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Xing S, van Deenen N, Magliano P, Frahm L, Forestier E, Nawrath C, Schaller H, Gronover CS, Prüfer D, Poirier Y. ATP citrate lyase activity is post-translationally regulated by sink strength and impacts the wax, cutin and rubber biosynthetic pathways. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 79:270-84. [PMID: 24844815 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic acetyl-CoA is involved in the synthesis of a variety of compounds, including waxes, sterols and rubber, and is generated by the ATP citrate lyase (ACL). Plants over-expressing ACL were generated in an effort to understand the contribution of ACL activity to the carbon flux of acetyl-CoA to metabolic pathways occurring in the cytosol. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants synthesizing the polyester polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) from cytosolic acetyl-CoA have reduced growth and wax content, consistent with a reduction in the availability of cytosolic acetyl-CoA to endogenous pathways. Increasing the ACL activity via the over-expression of the ACLA and ACLB subunits reversed the phenotypes associated with PHB synthesis while maintaining polymer synthesis. PHB production by itself was associated with an increase in ACL activity that occurred in the absence of changes in steady-state mRNA or protein level, indicating a post-translational regulation of ACL activity in response to sink strength. Over-expression of ACL in Arabidopsis was associated with a 30% increase in wax on stems, while over-expression of a chimeric homomeric ACL in the laticifer of roots of dandelion led to a four- and two-fold increase in rubber and triterpene content, respectively. Synthesis of PHB and over-expression of ACL also changed the amount of the cutin monomer octadecadien-1,18-dioic acid, revealing an unsuspected link between cytosolic acetyl-CoA and cutin biosynthesis. Together, these results reveal the complexity of ACL regulation and its central role in influencing the carbon flux to metabolic pathways using cytosolic acetyl-CoA, including wax and polyisoprenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufan Xing
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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113
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Go YS, Kim H, Kim HJ, Suh MC. Arabidopsis Cuticular Wax Biosynthesis Is Negatively Regulated by the DEWAX Gene Encoding an AP2/ERF-Type Transcription Factor. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:1666-1680. [PMID: 24692420 PMCID: PMC4036578 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.123307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The aerial parts of plants are protected from desiccation and other stress by surface cuticular waxes. The total cuticular wax loads and the expression of wax biosynthetic genes are significantly downregulated in Arabidopsis thaliana under dark conditions. We isolated Decrease Wax Biosynthesis (DEWAX), which encodes an AP2/ERF-type transcription factor that is preferentially expressed in the epidermis and induced by darkness. Disruption of DEWAX leads to an increase in total leaf and stem wax loads, and the excess wax phenotype of dewax was restored to wild type levels in complementation lines. Moreover, overexpression of DEWAX resulted in a reduction in total wax loads in leaves and stems compared with the wild type and altered the ultrastructure of cuticular layers. DEWAX negatively regulates the expression of alkane-forming enzyme, long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase, ATP citrate lyase A subunit, enoyl-CoA reductase, and fatty acyl-CoA reductase, and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis suggested that DEWAX directly interacts with the promoters of wax biosynthesis genes. Cuticular wax biosynthesis is negatively regulated twice a day by the expression of DEWAX, throughout the night and at stomata closing. Significantly higher levels (10- to 100-fold) of DEWAX transcripts were found in leaves than in stems, suggesting that DEWAX-mediated transcriptional repression may be an additional mechanism contributing to the different total wax loads in leaves and stems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Sam Go
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
| | - Hyojin Kim
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
| | - Hae Jin Kim
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
| | - Mi Chung Suh
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
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114
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Takizawa A, Hyodo H, Wada K, Ishii T, Satoh S, Iwai H. Regulatory specialization of xyloglucan (XG) and glucuronoarabinoxylan (GAX) in pericarp cell walls during fruit ripening in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). PLoS One 2014; 9:e89871. [PMID: 24587088 PMCID: PMC3935947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Disassembly of cell wall polysaccharides by various cell wall hydrolases during fruit softening causes structural changes in hemicellulose and pectin that affect the physical properties and softening of tomato fruit. In a previous study, we showed that the changes in pectin during tomato fruit ripening were unique in each fruit tissue. In this study, to clarify the changes in hemicellulose in tissues during tomato fruit ripening, we focused on glucuronoarabinoxylan (GAX) and xyloglucan (XG). GAX was detected only in the skin and inner epidermis of the pericarp using LM11 antibodies, whereas a large increase in XG was detected in all fruit tissues using LM15 antibodies. The activity of hemicellulose degradation enzymes, such as β-xylosidase and α-arabinofuranosidase, decreased gradually during fruit ripening, although the tomato fruits continued to soften. In contrast, GAX and XG biosynthesis-related genes were expressed in all tomato fruit tissues even during ripening, indicating that XG was synthesized throughout the fruit and that GAX may be synthesized only in the vascular bundles and the inner epidermis. Our results suggest that changes in the cell wall architecture and tissue-specific distribution of XG and GAX might be required for the regulation of fruit softening and the maintenance of fruit shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayami Takizawa
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiromi Hyodo
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kanako Wada
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tadashi Ishii
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shinobu Satoh
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Iwai
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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115
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Petit J, Bres C, Just D, Garcia V, Mauxion JP, Marion D, Bakan B, Joubès J, Domergue F, Rothan C. Analyses of tomato fruit brightness mutants uncover both cutin-deficient and cutin-abundant mutants and a new hypomorphic allele of GDSL lipase. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:888-906. [PMID: 24357602 PMCID: PMC3912114 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.232645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle is a protective layer synthesized by epidermal cells of the plants and consisting of cutin covered and filled by waxes. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit, the thick cuticle embedding epidermal cells has crucial roles in the control of pathogens, water loss, cracking, postharvest shelf-life, and brightness. To identify tomato mutants with modified cuticle composition and architecture and to further decipher the relationships between fruit brightness and cuticle in tomato, we screened an ethyl methanesulfonate mutant collection in the miniature tomato cultivar Micro-Tom for mutants with altered fruit brightness. Our screen resulted in the isolation of 16 glossy and 8 dull mutants displaying changes in the amount and/or composition of wax and cutin, cuticle thickness, and surface aspect of the fruit as characterized by optical and environmental scanning electron microscopy. The main conclusions on the relationships between fruit brightness and cuticle features were as follows: (1) screening for fruit brightness is an effective way to identify tomato cuticle mutants; (2) fruit brightness is independent from wax load variations; (3) glossy mutants show either reduced or increased cutin load; and (4) dull mutants display alterations in epidermal cell number and shape. Cuticle composition analyses further allowed the identification of groups of mutants displaying remarkable cuticle changes, such as mutants with increased dicarboxylic acids in cutin. Using genetic mapping of a strong cutin-deficient mutation, we discovered a novel hypomorphic allele of GDSL lipase carrying a splice junction mutation, thus highlighting the potential of tomato brightness mutants for advancing our understanding of cuticle formation in plants.
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116
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Nawrath C, Schreiber L, Franke RB, Geldner N, Reina-Pinto JJ, Kunst L. Apoplastic diffusion barriers in Arabidopsis. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2013; 11:e0167. [PMID: 24465172 PMCID: PMC3894908 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
During the development of Arabidopsis and other land plants, diffusion barriers are formed in the apoplast of specialized tissues within a variety of plant organs. While the cuticle of the epidermis is the primary diffusion barrier in the shoot, the Casparian strips and suberin lamellae of the endodermis and the periderm represent the diffusion barriers in the root. Different classes of molecules contribute to the formation of extracellular diffusion barriers in an organ- and tissue-specific manner. Cutin and wax are the major components of the cuticle, lignin forms the early Casparian strip, and suberin is deposited in the stage II endodermis and the periderm. The current status of our understanding of the relationships between the chemical structure, ultrastructure and physiological functions of plant diffusion barriers is discussed. Specific aspects of the synthesis of diffusion barrier components and protocols that can be used for the assessment of barrier function and important barrier properties are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Nawrath
- University of Lausanne, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- University of Bonn, Department of Ecophysiology of Plants, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Rochus Benni Franke
- University of Bonn, Department of Ecophysiology of Plants, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Niko Geldner
- University of Lausanne, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - José J. Reina-Pinto
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’ (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Department of Plant Breeding, Estación Experimental ‘La Mayora’. 29750 Algarrobo-Costa. Málaga. Spain
| | - Ljerka Kunst
- University of British Columbia, Department of Botany, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z4, Canada
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117
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Pu Y, Gao J, Guo Y, Liu T, Zhu L, Xu P, Yi B, Wen J, Tu J, Ma C, Fu T, Zou J, Shen J. A novel dominant glossy mutation causes suppression of wax biosynthesis pathway and deficiency of cuticular wax in Brassica napus. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:215. [PMID: 24330756 PMCID: PMC3881019 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aerial parts of land plants are covered with cuticular waxes that limit non-stomatal water loss and gaseous exchange, and protect plants from ultraviolet radiation and pathogen attack. This is the first report on the characterization and genetic mapping of a novel dominant glossy mutant (BnaA.GL) in Brassica napus. RESULTS Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the cuticle ultrastructure of GL mutant leaf and stem were altered dramatically compared with that of wide type (WT). Scanning electron microscopy corroborated the reduction of wax on the leaf and stem surface. A cuticular wax analysis of the GL mutant leaves further confirmed the drastic decrease in the total wax content, and a wax compositional analysis revealed an increase in aldehydes but a severe decrease in alkanes, ketones and secondary alcohols. These results suggested a likely blockage of the decarbonylation step in the wax biosynthesis pathway. Genetic mapping narrowed the location of the BnaA.GL gene to the end of A9 chromosome. A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip assay in combination with bulk segregant analysis (BSA) also located SNPs in the same region. Two SNPs, two single sequence repeat (SSR) markers and one IP marker were located on the flanking region of the BnaA.GL gene at a distance of 0.6 cM. A gene homologous to ECERIFERUM1 (CER1) was located in the mapped region. A cDNA microarray chip assay revealed coordinated down regulation of genes encoding enzymes of the cuticular wax biosynthetic pathway in the glossy mutant, with BnCER1 being one of the most severely suppressed genes. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that surface wax biosynthesis is broadly affected in the glossy mutant due to the suppression of the BnCER1 and other wax-related genes. These findings offer novel clues for elucidating the molecular basis of the glossy phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Pu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jie Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yanli Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lixia Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ping Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bin Yi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jing Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jinxing Tu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chaozhi Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tingdong Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jitao Zou
- National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0 W9, Canada
| | - Jinxiong Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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118
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Le Hir R, Sorin C, Chakraborti D, Moritz T, Schaller H, Tellier F, Robert S, Morin H, Bako L, Bellini C. ABCG9, ABCG11 and ABCG14 ABC transporters are required for vascular development in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 76:811-24. [PMID: 24112720 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In order to obtain insights into the regulatory pathways controlling phloem development, we characterized three genes encoding membrane proteins from the G sub-family of ABC transporters (ABCG9, ABCG11 and ABCG14), whose expression in the phloem has been confirmed. Mutations in the genes encoding these dimerizing 'half transporters' are semi-dominant and result in vascular patterning defects in cotyledons and the floral stem. Co-immunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation experiments demonstrated that these proteins dimerize, either by flexible pairing (ABCG11 and ABCG9) or by forming strict heterodimers (ABCG14). In addition, metabolome analyses and measurement of sterol ester contents in the mutants suggested that ABCG9, ABCG11 and ABCG14 are involved in lipid/sterol homeostasis regulation. Our results show that these three ABCG genes are required for proper vascular development in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozenn Le Hir
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-90187, Umeå, Sweden; Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, S-90183, Umeå, Sweden; UMR 1318, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre de Versailles, RD10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France
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119
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Oshima Y, Mitsuda N. The MIXTA-like transcription factor MYB16 is a major regulator of cuticle formation in vegetative organs. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e26826. [PMID: 24169067 PMCID: PMC4091352 DOI: 10.4161/psb.26826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cuticle secreted on the surface of the epidermis of aerial organs protects plants from the external environment. We recently found that Arabidopsis MIXTA-like R2R3-MYB family members MYB16 and MYB106 regulate cuticle formation in reproductive organs and trichomes. However, the artificial miRNA (amiRNA)-mediated knockdown plants showed no clear phenotypic abnormality in vegetative tissues. In this study, we used RNA interference (RNAi) targeting MYB16 to produce plants with reduced expression of both MYB16 and MYB106. The rosette leaves of RNAi plants showed more severe permeable cuticle phenotypes than the myb106 mutants expressing the MYB16 amiRNA in the previous study. The RNAi plants also showed reduced expression of cuticle biosynthesis genes LACERATA and ECERIFERUM1. By contrast, expression of a gain-of-function MYB16 construct induced over-accumulation of waxy substances on leaves. These results suggest that MYB16 functions as a major regulator of cuticle formation in vegetative organs, in addition to its effect in reproductive organs and trichomes.
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120
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Cheng AX, Gou JY, Yu XH, Yang H, Fang X, Chen XY, Liu CJ. Characterization and ectopic expression of a populus hydroxyacid hydroxycinnamoyltransferase. MOLECULAR PLANT 2013; 6:1889-903. [PMID: 23709341 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cutinized and suberized cell walls in plants constitute physiologically important environment interfaces. They act as barriers limiting the loss of water and nutrients and protecting against radiation and invasion of pathogens. The roles of cutin- and suberin polyesters are often attributed to their dominant aliphatic components, but the contribution of aromatic composition to their physiological function remains unclear. By functionally screening a subset of Populus trichocarpa BAHD/HXXXD acyltransferases, we identified a hydroxycinnamoyltransferase that shows specific transacylation activity on ω-hydroxyacids using both feruloyl- and p-coumaroyl- CoA as the acyl donors. We named this enzyme P. trichocarpa hydroxyacid/fatty alcohol hydroxycinnamoyltransferase 1 (PtFHT1). The ectopic expression of the PtFHT1 gene in Arabidopsis increased the incorporation of ferulate in root and seed suberins and in leaf cutin, but not that of p-coumarate, while the aliphatic load in both suberin and cutin polyesters essentially remained unaffected. The overaccumulation of ferulate in lipophilic polyester significantly increased the tolerance of transgenic plants to salt stress treatment; under sub-lethal conditions of salt stress, the ratios of their seed germination and seedling establishment were 50% higher than those of wild-type plants. Our study suggests that, although aromatics are the minor component of polyesters, they play important role in the sealing function of lipidic polymers in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Xia Cheng
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
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121
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Suo B, Seifert S, Kirik V. Arabidopsis GLASSY HAIR genes promote trichome papillae development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:4981-91. [PMID: 24014871 PMCID: PMC3830481 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Specialized plant cells form cell walls with distinct composition and properties pertinent to their function. Leaf trichomes in Arabidopsis form thick cell walls that support the upright growth of these large cells and, curiously, have strong light-reflective properties. To understand the process of trichome cell-wall maturation and the molecular origins of this optical property, mutants affected in trichome light reflection were isolated and characterized. It was found that GLASSY HAIR (GLH) genes are required for the formation of surface papillae structures at late stages of trichome development. Trichomes in these mutants appeared transparent due to unobstructed light transmission. Genetic analysis of the isolated mutants revealed seven different gene loci. Two--TRICHOME BIREFRINGENCE (TBR) and NOK (Noeck)--have been reported previously to have the glassy trichome mutant phenotype. The other five glh mutants were analysed for cell-wall-related phenotypes. A significant reduction was found in cellulose content in glh2 and glh4 mutant trichomes. In addition to the glassy trichome phenotype, the glh6 mutants showed defects in leaf cuticular wax, and glh6 was found to represent a new allele of the eceriferum 10 (cer10) mutation. Trichomes of the glh1 and glh3 mutants did not show any other phenotypes beside reduced papillae formation. These data suggest that the GLH1 and GLH3 genes may have specific functions in trichome papillae formation, whereas GLH2, GLH4, and GLH6 genes are also involved in deposition of other cell-wall components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangxia Suo
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790, USA
| | - Stephanie Seifert
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790, USA
| | - Viktor Kirik
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790, USA
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Post-embryonic induction of ATML1-SRDX alters the morphology of seedlings. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79312. [PMID: 24205380 PMCID: PMC3808298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana MERISTEM LAYER 1 (ATML1), an HD-ZIP class IV homeobox gene, is one of the key regulators promoting epidermal cell differentiation in Arabidopsis thaliana. We recently showed that ATML1 was able to confer an ectopic shoot epidermis cell fate to non-epidermal tissues of seedlings, suggesting that ATML1 is a master regulator of epidermal cell fate. To further assess the roles of ATML1 and its homologs in epidermal cell differentiation, I generated transgenic plants expressing ATML1 fused with a transcriptional repressor sequence (ATML1-SRDX). Estradiol-induced expression of ATML1-SRDX in the seedlings decreased transcript levels of several epidermis-related genes. Moreover, these transgenic plants exhibited phenotypes such as increased permeability to a hydrophilic dye and fusion of leaves and cotyledons, which are reminiscent of epidermis and/or cuticle-deficient mutants. Epidermal cell morphology was severely affected in the strong lines: filamentous protrusions were formed on the surface of the cotyledons. Marker gene analyses showed that these protrusions did not have epidermis, mesophyll, root hair, or trichome cell identity, suggesting that post-embryonic expression of ATML1-SRDX was sufficient to alter cell identity in pre-existing protodermal cells of the cotyledons. Taken together, these results suggest that ATML1 and/or its target genes are not only necessary for the initial specification of epidermal cell fate but also may be necessary for the maintenance of epidermal cells in later stages.
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123
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Kimbara J, Yoshida M, Ito H, Kitagawa M, Takada W, Hayashi K, Shibutani Y, Kusano M, Okazaki Y, Nakabayashi R, Mori T, Saito K, Ariizumi T, Ezura H. Inhibition of CUTIN DEFICIENT 2 Causes Defects in Cuticle Function and Structure and Metabolite Changes in Tomato Fruit. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 54:1535-48. [PMID: 23912028 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit cuticle has been extensively studied due to its effect on the biochemical and physiological properties of the fruit. To date, several tomato mutants defective in proper cuticle formation have been identified. To gain insight into tomato cuticle formation, we investigated one such mutant, sticky peel/light green (pe lg). We verified the responsible gene by fine mapping and obtained the same conclusion as a previous report. To elucidate the pleiotropic effects of cuticle deficiency caused by the cd2 mutation, CD2 suppression lines were constructed. As found in the pe lg mutant, the suppression lines showed enhanced water permeability and aberrant leaf and fruit cuticles. Water use efficiency of the suppression line was lower than that of the wild type. However, photosynthetic ability was not affected in the suppression line. Since these phenotypes are related to altered deposition of wax and cutin, other lipidic metabolites might be changed, too. To confirm this hypothesis, we conducted metabolite profiling. The metabolite profiling revealed that not only lipid but also sugar, flavonoid and glycoalkaloid metabolites in fruit were changed in the cd2 mutant. These results indicate that CD2 is essential both for normal cutin and wax deposition and for proper accumulation of specific metabolites in tomato fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Kimbara
- Research and Development Division, Kagome Co., Ltd., 17 Nishitomiyama, Nasushiobara, 329-2762 Japan
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124
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Nobusawa T, Okushima Y, Nagata N, Kojima M, Sakakibara H, Umeda M. Restriction of cell proliferation in internal tissues via the synthesis of very-long-chain fatty acids in the epidermis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:25232. [PMID: 23759551 PMCID: PMC4004614 DOI: 10.4161/psb.25232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are major components of cuticular wax and are also contained in seed storage triacylglycerols and sphingolipids. Arabidopsis mutants with severe defects in VLCFA synthesis produce fused leaves because of impaired cuticle formation. We recently reported that a small decrease in VLCFA content did not cause growth defects, but instead led to enhanced cell proliferation in internal tissues. We observed that this overproliferation was induced by elevated expression of cytokinin biosynthesis genes, which in turn increased the cytokinin level. Interestingly, VLCFAs are specifically synthesized in the epidermis for cuticular wax secretion, whereas cytokinin biosynthesis mainly occurs in the vasculature. Our results indicate the requirement of VLCFA synthesis in the epidermis for sending non-autonomous signals, thereby suppressing cytokinin biosynthesis in the vasculature. We propose that the interaction between the surface (epidermis) and axis (vasculature) of the plant body fine-tunes cell division activity and restricts organ size in determinate growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nobusawa
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences; Nara Institute of Science and Technology; Ikoma, Nara, Japan
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125
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Oshima Y, Shikata M, Koyama T, Ohtsubo N, Mitsuda N, Ohme-Takagi M. MIXTA-like transcription factors and WAX INDUCER1/SHINE1 coordinately regulate cuticle development in Arabidopsis and Torenia fournieri. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:1609-24. [PMID: 23709630 PMCID: PMC3694695 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.110783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The waxy plant cuticle protects cells from dehydration, repels pathogen attack, and prevents organ fusion during development. The transcription factor WAX INDUCER1/SHINE1 (WIN1/SHN1) regulates the biosynthesis of waxy substances in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we show that the MIXTA-like MYB transcription factors MYB106 and MYB16, which regulate epidermal cell morphology, also regulate cuticle development coordinately with WIN1/SHN1 in Arabidopsis and Torenia fournieri. Expression of a MYB106 chimeric repressor fusion (35S:MYB106-SRDX) and knockout/down of MYB106 and MYB16 induced cuticle deficiencies characterized by organ adhesion and reduction of epicuticular wax crystals and cutin nanoridges. A similar organ fusion phenotype was produced by expression of a WIN1/SHN1 chimeric repressor. Conversely, the dominant active form of MYB106 (35S:MYB106-VP16) induced ectopic production of cutin nanoridges and increased expression of WIN1/SHN1 and wax biosynthetic genes. Microarray experiments revealed that MYB106 and WIN1/SHN1 regulate similar sets of genes, predominantly those involved in wax and cutin biosynthesis. Furthermore, WIN1/SHN1 expression was induced by MYB106-VP16 and repressed by MYB106-SRDX. These results indicate that the regulatory cascade of MIXTA-like proteins and WIN1/SHN1 coordinately regulate cutin biosynthesis and wax accumulation. This study reveals an additional key aspect of MIXTA-like protein function and suggests a unique relationship between cuticle development and epidermal cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Oshima
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8562, Japan
| | - Masahito Shikata
- National Institute of Floricultural Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8519, Japan
| | - Tomotsugu Koyama
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8562, Japan
| | - Norihiro Ohtsubo
- National Institute of Floricultural Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8519, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Mitsuda
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8562, Japan
| | - Masaru Ohme-Takagi
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8562, Japan
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126
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Nobusawa T, Okushima Y, Nagata N, Kojima M, Sakakibara H, Umeda M. Synthesis of very-long-chain fatty acids in the epidermis controls plant organ growth by restricting cell proliferation. PLoS Biol 2013; 11:e1001531. [PMID: 23585732 PMCID: PMC3621670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) in the epidermis is essential for the proper control of cell growth in Arabidopsis. VLCFAs act via their ability to suppress cytokinin synthesis in the vasculature, thus preventing cell overproliferation in internal tissues. Plant organ growth is controlled by inter-cell-layer communication, which thus determines the overall size of the organism. The epidermal layer interfaces with the environment and participates in both driving and restricting growth via inter-cell-layer communication. However, it remains unknown whether the epidermis can send signals to internal tissue to limit cell proliferation in determinate growth. Very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are synthesized in the epidermis and used in the formation of cuticular wax. Here we found that VLCFA synthesis in the epidermis is essential for proper development of Arabidopsis thaliana. Wild-type plants treated with a VLCFA synthesis inhibitor and pasticcino mutants with defects in VLCFA synthesis exhibited overproliferation of cells in the vasculature or in the rib zone of shoot apices. The decrease of VLCFA content increased the expression of IPT3, a key determinant of cytokinin biosynthesis in the vasculature, and, indeed, elevated cytokinin levels. These phenotypes were suppressed in ipt3;5;7 triple mutants, and also by vasculature-specific expression of cytokinin oxidase, which degrades active forms of cytokinin. Our results imply that VLCFA synthesis in the epidermis is required to suppress cytokinin biosynthesis in the vasculature, thus fine-tuning cell division activity in internal tissue, and therefore that shoot growth is controlled by the interaction between the surface (epidermis) and the axis (vasculature) of the plant body. The epidermis functions as an important interface with the environment, but in plants it is also essential for establishing and maintaining the primary plant body. Recent studies have shown that the epidermis participates in both driving and restricting plant growth via inter-cell-layer communication. However, it remains an open question as to whether the epidermis can send signals to internal plant tissues to control cell proliferation during development. Here we report that the synthesis of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) in the epidermis is essential for the proper control of cell proliferation in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We find that defects in VLCFA synthesis cause cells in the vasculature or in the rib zone of shoot apices to overproliferate. When VLCFA levels decrease, we observe that the synthesis of the phytohormone cytokinin increases in the vasculature. We also find that when cytokinin is degraded by the expression of cytokinin oxidase in the vasculature, enhanced cell proliferation in internal tissues is suppressed, indicating that VLCFA synthesis in the epidermis is required to suppress cytokinin biosynthesis and thus cell overproliferation. Our results demonstrate that shoot growth is controlled by interactions between the surface (epidermis) and the axis (vasculature) of the plant body, and highlight a role for VLCFAs in this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nobusawa
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Yoko Okushima
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Noriko Nagata
- Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikiko Kojima
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Masaaki Umeda
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
- JST, CREST, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
- * E-mail:
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127
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Takeda S, Iwasaki A, Matsumoto N, Uemura T, Tatematsu K, Okada K. Physical interaction of floral organs controls petal morphogenesis in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:1242-50. [PMID: 23314942 PMCID: PMC3585593 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.212084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Flowering plants bear beautiful flowers to attract pollinators. Petals are the most variable organs in flowering plants, with their color, fragrance, and shape. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), petal primordia arise at a similar time to stamen primordia and elongate at later stages through the narrow space between anthers and sepals. Although many of the genes involved in regulating petal identity and primordia growth are known, the molecular mechanism for the later elongation process remains unknown. We found a mutant, folded petals1 (fop1), in which normal petal development is inhibited during their growth through the narrow space between sepals and anthers, resulting in formation of folded petals at maturation. During elongation, the fop1 petals contact the sepal surface at several sites. The conical-shaped petal epidermal cells are flattened in the fop1 mutant, as if they had been pressed from the top. Surgical or genetic removal of sepals in young buds restores the regular growth of petals, suggesting that narrow space within a bud is the cause of petal folding in the fop1 mutant. FOP1 encodes a member of the bifunctional wax ester synthase/diacylglycerol acyltransferase family, WSD11, which is expressed in elongating petals and localized to the plasma membrane. These results suggest that the FOP1/WSD11 products synthesized in the petal epidermis may act as a lubricant, enabling uninhibited growth of the petals as they extend between the sepals and the anthers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Takeda
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan (S.T., A.I., N.M., K.O.); Laboratory of Plant Organ Development, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444–8585, Japan (A.I., K.T., K.O.); Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University and Kyoto Prefectural Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seika, Kyoto 619–0244, Japan (S.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–0033, Japan (T.U.)
| | - Akira Iwasaki
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan (S.T., A.I., N.M., K.O.); Laboratory of Plant Organ Development, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444–8585, Japan (A.I., K.T., K.O.); Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University and Kyoto Prefectural Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seika, Kyoto 619–0244, Japan (S.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–0033, Japan (T.U.)
| | - Noritaka Matsumoto
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan (S.T., A.I., N.M., K.O.); Laboratory of Plant Organ Development, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444–8585, Japan (A.I., K.T., K.O.); Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University and Kyoto Prefectural Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seika, Kyoto 619–0244, Japan (S.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–0033, Japan (T.U.)
| | - Tomohiro Uemura
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan (S.T., A.I., N.M., K.O.); Laboratory of Plant Organ Development, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444–8585, Japan (A.I., K.T., K.O.); Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University and Kyoto Prefectural Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seika, Kyoto 619–0244, Japan (S.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–0033, Japan (T.U.)
| | - Kiyoshi Tatematsu
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan (S.T., A.I., N.M., K.O.); Laboratory of Plant Organ Development, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444–8585, Japan (A.I., K.T., K.O.); Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University and Kyoto Prefectural Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seika, Kyoto 619–0244, Japan (S.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–0033, Japan (T.U.)
| | - Kiyotaka Okada
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan (S.T., A.I., N.M., K.O.); Laboratory of Plant Organ Development, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444–8585, Japan (A.I., K.T., K.O.); Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University and Kyoto Prefectural Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seika, Kyoto 619–0244, Japan (S.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–0033, Japan (T.U.)
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128
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Li C, Wang A, Ma X, Pourkheirandish M, Sakuma S, Wang N, Ning S, Nevo E, Nawrath C, Komatsuda T, Chen G. An eceriferum locus, cer-zv, is associated with a defect in cutin responsible for water retention in barley (Hordeum vulgare) leaves. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2013; 126:637-46. [PMID: 23124432 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-012-2007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Drought limits plant growth and threatens crop productivity. A barley (Hordeum vulgare) ethylene imine-induced monogenic recessive mutant cer-zv, which is sensitive to drought, was characterized and genetically mapped in the present study. Detached leaves of cer-zv lost 34.2 % of their initial weight after 1 h of dehydration. The transpiration was much higher in cer-zv leaves than in wild-type leaves under both light and dark conditions. The stomata of cer-zv leaves functioned normally, but the cuticle of cer-zv leaves showed increased permeability to ethanol and toluidine blue dye. There was a 50-90 % reduction in four major cutin monomers, but no reduction in wax loads was found in the cer-zv mutant as compared with the wild type. Two F(2) mapping populations were established by the crosses of 23-19 × cer-zv and cer-zv × OUH602. More polymorphisms were found in EST sequences between cer-zv and OUH602 than between cer-zv and 23-19. cer-zv was located in a pericentromeric region on chromosome 4H in a 10.8 cM interval in the 23-19 × cer-zv map based on 186 gametes tested and a 1.7 cM interval in the cer-zv × OUH602 map based on 176 gametes tested. It co-segregated with EST marker AK251484 in both maps. The results indicated that the cer-zv mutant is defective in cutin, which might be responsible for the increased transpiration rate and drought sensitivity, and that the F(2) of cer-zv × OUH602 might better facilitate high resolution mapping of cer-zv.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Ecophysiology and Biotechnology, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donggang West Road 320, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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129
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Xing Q, Creff A, Waters A, Tanaka H, Goodrich J, Ingram GC. ZHOUPI controls embryonic cuticle formation via a signalling pathway involving the subtilisin protease ABNORMAL LEAF-SHAPE1 and the receptor kinases GASSHO1 and GASSHO2. Development 2013; 140:770-9. [PMID: 23318634 DOI: 10.1242/dev.088898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Seed production in angiosperms requires tight coordination of the development of the embryo and the endosperm. The endosperm-specific transcription factor ZHOUPI has previously been shown to play a key role in this process, by regulating both endosperm breakdown and the formation of the embryonic cuticle. To what extent these processes are functionally linked is, however, unclear. In order to address this issue we have concentrated on the subtilisin-like serine protease encoding gene ABNORMAL LEAF-SHAPE1. Expression of ABNORMAL LEAF-SHAPE1 is endosperm specific, and dramatically decreased in zhoupi mutants. We show that, although ABNORMAL LEAF-SHAPE1 is required for normal embryonic cuticle formation, it plays no role in regulating endosperm breakdown. Furthermore, we show that re-introducing ABNORMAL LEAF-SHAPE1 expression in the endosperm of zhoupi mutants partially rescues embryonic cuticle formation without rescuing their persistent endosperm phenotype. Thus, we conclude that ALE1 can normalize cuticle formation in the absence of endosperm breakdown, and that ZHOUPI thus controls two genetically separable developmental processes. Finally, our genetic study shows that ZHOUPI and ABNORMAL LEAF-SHAPE1 promotes formation of embryonic cuticle via a pathway involving embryonically expressed receptor kinases GASSHO1 and GASSHO2. We therefore provide a molecular framework of inter-tissue communication for embryo-specific cuticle formation during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xing
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK
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130
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Quesada V, Sarmiento-Mañús R, González-Bayón R, Hricová A, Ponce MR, Micol JL. PORPHOBILINOGEN DEAMINASE deficiency alters vegetative and reproductive development and causes lesions in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53378. [PMID: 23308205 PMCID: PMC3540089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsis rugosa1 (rug1) mutant has irregularly shaped leaves and reduced growth. In the absence of pathogens, leaves of rug1 plants have spontaneous lesions reminiscent of those seen in lesion-mimic mutants; rug1 plants also express cytological and molecular markers associated with defence against pathogens. These rug1 phenotypes are made stronger by dark/light transitions. The rug1 mutant also has delayed flowering time, upregulation of the floral repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) and downregulation of the flowering promoters FT and SOC1/AGL20. Vernalization suppresses the late flowering phenotype of rug1 by repressing FLC. Microarray analysis revealed that 280 nuclear genes are differentially expressed between rug1 and wild type; almost a quarter of these genes are involved in plant defence. In rug1, the auxin response is also affected and several auxin-responsive genes are downregulated. We identified the RUG1 gene by map-based cloning and found that it encodes porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD), also known as hydroxymethylbilane synthase, an enzyme of the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway, which produces chlorophyll, heme, siroheme and phytochromobilin in plants. PBGD activity is reduced in rug1 plants, which accumulate porphobilinogen. Our results indicate that Arabidopsis PBGD deficiency impairs the porphyrin pathway and triggers constitutive activation of plant defence mechanisms leading to leaf lesions and affecting vegetative and reproductive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Quesada
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, Elche, Spain
| | | | - Rebeca González-Bayón
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - Andrea Hricová
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - María Rosa Ponce
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - José Luis Micol
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, Elche, Spain
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131
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Müller K, Levesque-Tremblay G, Fernandes A, Wormit A, Bartels S, Usadel B, Kermode A. Overexpression of a pectin methylesterase inhibitor in Arabidopsis thaliana leads to altered growth morphology of the stem and defective organ separation. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e26464. [PMID: 24675171 PMCID: PMC4091240 DOI: 10.4161/psb.26464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The methylesterification status of cell wall pectins, mediated through the interplay of pectin methylesterases (PMEs) and pectin methylesterase inhibitors (PMEIs), influences the biophysical properties of plant cell walls. We found that the overexpression of a PMEI gene in Arabidopsis thaliana plants caused the stems to develop twists and loops, most strongly around points on the stem where leaves or inflorescences failed to separate from the main stem. Altered elasticity of the stem, underdevelopment of the leaf cuticle, and changes in the sugar composition of the cell walls of stems were evident in the PMEI overexpression lines. We discuss the mechanisms that potentially underlie the aberrant growth phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Müller
- Department of Biological Sciences; Simon Fraser University; Burnaby, BC Canada
| | | | - Anwesha Fernandes
- School of Physics and Astronomy; University of Nottingham; University Park; Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | - Bjoern Usadel
- Institute of Botany; University of Basel; Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences; IBG-2: Plant Sciences; Forschungszentrum Jülich; Jülich, Germany
| | - Allison Kermode
- Department of Biological Sciences; Simon Fraser University; Burnaby BC Canada
- Correspondence to: Allison Kermode,
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132
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To A, Joubès J, Barthole G, Lécureuil A, Scagnelli A, Jasinski S, Lepiniec L, Baud S. WRINKLED transcription factors orchestrate tissue-specific regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:5007-23. [PMID: 23243127 PMCID: PMC3556972 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.106120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Acyl lipids are essential constituents of all cells, but acyl chain requirements vary greatly and depend on the cell type considered. This implies a tight regulation of fatty acid production so that supply fits demand. Isolation of the Arabidopsis thaliana WRINKLED1 (WRI1) transcription factor established the importance of transcriptional regulation for modulating the rate of acyl chain production. Here, we report the isolation of two additional regulators of the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway, WRI3 and WRI4, which are closely related to WRI1 and belong to the APETALA2-ethylene-responsive element binding protein family of transcription factors. These three WRIs define a family of regulators capable of triggering sustained rates of acyl chain synthesis. However, expression patterns of the three WRIs differ markedly. Whereas only WRI1 activates fatty acid biosynthesis in seeds for triacylglycerol production, the three WRIs are required in floral tissues to provide acyl chains for cutin biosynthesis and prevent adherence of these developing organs and subsequent semisterility. The targets of these WRIs encode enzymes providing precursors (acyl chain and glycerol backbones) for various lipid biosynthetic pathways, but not the subsequent lipid-assembling enzymes. These results provide insights into the developmental regulation of fatty acid production in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra To
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78000 Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78000 Versailles, France
| | - Jérôme Joubès
- Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Guillaume Barthole
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78000 Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78000 Versailles, France
| | - Alain Lécureuil
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78000 Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78000 Versailles, France
| | - Aurélie Scagnelli
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78000 Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78000 Versailles, France
| | - Sophie Jasinski
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78000 Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78000 Versailles, France
| | - Loïc Lepiniec
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78000 Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78000 Versailles, France
| | - Sébastien Baud
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78000 Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78000 Versailles, France
- Address correspondence to
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133
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Kimbara J, Yoshida M, Ito H, Hosoi K, Kusano M, Kobayashi M, Ariizumi T, Asamizu E, Ezura H. A novel class of sticky peel and light green mutations causes cuticle deficiency in leaves and fruits of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). PLANTA 2012; 236:1559-70. [PMID: 22837053 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1719-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The plant cuticle consists of aliphatic wax and cutin, and covers all the aerial tissues, conferring resistance to both biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, we performed phenotypic characterizations of tomato mutants having both sticky peel (pe) and light green (lg) mutations. Our genetic analysis showed that these two mutations are tightly linked and behave like a monogenic recessive mutation. The double mutant (pe lg) produced glossy soft fruits with light green leaves, most likely due to defects in cuticle formation. Cytological analysis revealed that the thickness of the fruit cuticle layer was dramatically reduced in the pe lg mutant. The epidermal cells of the leaves were also deformed in the pe lg mutant, suggesting that leaf cuticle formation was also disrupted in the mutant. Consistent with this, transmission electron microscopic analysis showed that the electron density of the cuticle layer of the adaxial surface of the leaf was reduced in the pe lg mutant compared to WT, suggesting that there are changes in cuticle structure and/or composition in the pe lg mutant. Both physiological analysis to measure the rate of transpiration, and staining of the fruits and leaves with toluidine blue, revealed that water permeability was enhanced in the pe lg mutant, consistent with the reduced thickness of its cuticle layer. Taken together the preliminary analyses of the cuticle components, the PE LG is most likely involved in proper cuticle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Kimbara
- Research Institute, Kagome Co., Ltd., 17 Nishitomiyama, Nasushiobara, 329-2762, Japan.
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134
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Xia Y, Yu K, Gao QM, Wilson EV, Navarre D, Kachroo P, Kachroo A. Acyl CoA Binding Proteins are Required for Cuticle Formation and Plant Responses to Microbes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:224. [PMID: 23060893 PMCID: PMC3465942 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids (FA) and lipids are well known regulators of plant defense. Our previous studies have shown that components of prokaryotic (plastidal) FA biosynthesis pathway regulate various aspects of plant defense. Here, we investigated the defense related roles of the soluble acyl CoA binding proteins (ACBPs), which are thought to facilitate the intracellular transport of FA/lipids. We show that ACBP3 and 4 are required for maintaining normal lipid levels and that ACBP3 contributes to the lipid flux between the prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathways. We also show that loss of ACBP3, 4, or 6 impair normal development of the cuticle and affect both basal and resistance protein-mediated defense against bacterial and fungal pathogens. Loss of ACBP3, 4, or 6 also inhibits the induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) due to the plants inability to generate SAR inducing signal(s). Together, these data show that ACBP3, ACBP4, and ACBP6 are required for cuticle development as well as defense against microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xia
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, USA
| | - Keshun Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, USA
| | - Qing-ming Gao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, USA
| | - Ella V. Wilson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, USA
| | - Duroy Navarre
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Washington State UniversityProsser, WA, USA
| | - Pradeep Kachroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, USA
| | - Aardra Kachroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, USA
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135
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Buschhaus C, Jetter R. Composition and physiological function of the wax layers coating Arabidopsis leaves: β-amyrin negatively affects the intracuticular water barrier. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:1120-9. [PMID: 22885935 PMCID: PMC3461534 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.198473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants prevent dehydration by coating their aerial, primary organs with waxes. Wax compositions frequently differ between species, organs, and developmental stages, probably to balance limiting nonstomatal water loss with various other ecophysiological roles of surface waxes. To establish structure-function relationships, we quantified the composition and transpiration barrier properties of the gl1 mutant leaf waxes of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) to the necessary spatial resolution. The waxes coating the upper and lower leaf surfaces had distinct compositions. Moreover, within the adaxial wax, the epicuticular layer contained more wax and a higher relative quantity of alkanes, whereas the intracuticular wax had a higher percentage of alcohols. The wax formed a barrier against nonstomatal water loss, where the outer layer contributed twice as much resistance as the inner layer. Based on this detailed description of Arabidopsis leaf waxes, structure-function relationships can now be established by manipulating one cuticle component and assessing the effect on cuticle functions. Next, we ectopically expressed the triterpenoid synthase gene AtLUP4 (for lupeol synthase4 or β-amyrin synthase) to compare water loss with and without added cuticular triterpenoids in Arabidopsis leaf waxes. β-Amyrin accumulated solely in the intracuticular wax, constituting up to 4% of this wax layer, without other concomitant changes of wax composition. This triterpenoid accumulation caused a significant reduction in the water barrier effectiveness of the intracuticular wax.
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136
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Amid A, Lytovchenko A, Fernie AR, Warren G, Thorlby GJ. The sensitive to freezing3 mutation of Arabidopsis thaliana is a cold-sensitive allele of homomeric acetyl-CoA carboxylase that results in cold-induced cuticle deficiencies. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:5289-99. [PMID: 22791831 PMCID: PMC3431002 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The sfr3 mutation causes freezing sensitivity in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mapping, sequencing, and transgenic complementation showed sfr3 to be a missense mutation in ACC1, an essential gene encoding homomeric (multifunctional) acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Cuticle permeability was compromised in the sfr3 mutant when plants were grown in the cold but not in the warm. Wax deposition on the inflorescence stem of cold-grown sfr3 plants was inhibited and the long-chain components of their leaf cuticular wax were reduced compared with wild-type plants. Thus, freezing sensitivity of sfr3 appears, from these results, to be due to cuticular deficiencies that develop during cold acclimation. These observations demonstrated the essential role of the cuticle in tolerance to freezing and drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azura Amid
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX UK
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137
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Neumetzler L, Humphrey T, Lumba S, Snyder S, Yeats TH, Usadel B, Vasilevski A, Patel J, Rose JKC, Persson S, Bonetta D. The FRIABLE1 gene product affects cell adhesion in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42914. [PMID: 22916179 PMCID: PMC3419242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion in plants is mediated predominantly by pectins, a group of complex cell wall associated polysaccharides. An Arabidopsis mutant, friable1 (frb1), was identified through a screen of T-DNA insertion lines that exhibited defective cell adhesion. Interestingly, the frb1 plants displayed both cell and organ dissociations and also ectopic defects in organ separation. The FRB1 gene encodes a Golgi-localized, plant specific protein with only weak sequence similarities to known proteins (DUF246). Unlike other cell adhesion deficient mutants, frb1 mutants do not have reduced levels of adhesion related cell wall polymers, such as pectins. Instead, FRB1 affects the abundance of galactose- and arabinose-containing oligosaccharides in the Golgi. Furthermore, frb1 mutants displayed alteration in pectin methylesterification, cell wall associated extensins and xyloglucan microstructure. We propose that abnormal FRB1 action has pleiotropic consequences on wall architecture, affecting both the extensin and pectin matrices, with consequent changes to the biomechanical properties of the wall and middle lamella, thereby influencing cell-cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Neumetzler
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Golm/Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tania Humphrey
- Vineland Research and Innovation Centre, Vineland Station, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shelley Lumba
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen Snyder
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Trevor H. Yeats
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Björn Usadel
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Golm/Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Jignasha Patel
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jocelyn K. C. Rose
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Staffan Persson
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Golm/Potsdam, Germany
| | - Dario Bonetta
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
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138
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Beisson F, Li-Beisson Y, Pollard M. Solving the puzzles of cutin and suberin polymer biosynthesis. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 15:329-37. [PMID: 22465132 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cutin and suberin are insoluble lipid polymers that provide critical barrier functions to the cell wall of certain plant tissues, including the epidermis, endodermis and periderm. Genes that are specific to the biosynthesis of cutins and/or aliphatic suberins have been identified, mainly in Arabidopsis thaliana. They notably encode acyltransferases, oxidases and transporters, which may have either well-defined or more debatable biochemical functions. However, despite these advances, important aspects of cutin and suberin synthesis remain obscure. Central questions include whether fatty acyl monomers or oligomers are exported, and the extent of extracellular assembly and attachment to the cell wall. These issues are reviewed. Greater emphasis on chemistry and biochemistry will be required to solve these unknowns and link structure with function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Beisson
- Department of Environmental Plant Biology and Microbiology, CEA/CNRS/Aix-Marseille University, IBEB/UMR, Cadarache, France.
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139
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Lisso J, Schröder F, Schippers JH, Müssig C. NFXL2 modifies cuticle properties in Arabidopsis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2012; 7:551-5. [PMID: 22516817 PMCID: PMC3419017 DOI: 10.4161/psb.19838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Loss of the Arabidopsis NFX1-LIKE2 (NFXL2) gene (At5g05660) results in elevated ABA levels, elevated hydrogen peroxide levels, reduced stomatal aperture, and enhanced drought stress tolerance. Introduction of the NFXL2-78 isoform into the nfxl2-1 mutant is largely sufficient for complementation of the phenotype. We show here that cuticular properties are altered in the nfxl2-1 mutant. The NFXL2-78 protein binds to the SHINE1 (SHN1), SHN2, SHN3, and BODYGUARD1 (BDG1) promoters and mediates weaker expression of these genes. The SHN AP2 domain transcription factors influence cuticle properties. Stronger SHN1, SHN2, and SHN3 expression in the nfxl2-1 mutant may cause altered cuticle properties including reduced stomatal density, and partly explain the enhanced drought stress tolerance. The BDG1 protein also controls cuticle development and is essential for osmotic stress regulation of ABA biosynthesis. Stronger BDG1 expression in nfxl2-1 plants may allow elevated ABA accumulation under drought stress. We conclude that the NFXL2-78 protein is part of a regulatory network that integrates the biosynthesis and action of ABA, ROS, and cuticle components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Lisso
- Lothar Willmitzer Department; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology; Universität Potsdam; Golm, Germany
| | - Florian Schröder
- Lothar Willmitzer Department; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology; Universität Potsdam; Golm, Germany
| | | | - Carsten Müssig
- Lothar Willmitzer Department; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology; Universität Potsdam; Golm, Germany
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140
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Leide J, Hildebrandt U, Hartung W, Riederer M, Vogg G. Abscisic acid mediates the formation of a suberized stem scar tissue in tomato fruits. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 194:402-415. [PMID: 22296281 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.04047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
During harvest, fleshy berry tomato fruits (Solanum lycopersicum) were wounded at their stem scar. Within 3 d, this wound was rapidly sealed by a process covering the wound site with a membranous layer which effectively protects the tomato fruit from excessive water loss, nutrient elution and the entry of pathogens. Chemical analysis of the de novo synthesized stem scar tissue revealed the presence of aromatic and aliphatic components characteristic of the biopolyester suberin. Gene expression patterns associated with suberization were identified at the stem scar region. Changes in the relative abundance of different transcripts suggested a potential involvement of the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) in the wound-healing processes. The amount of ABA present in the stem scar tissue showed a significantly increased level during wound healing, whereas ABA-deficient mutants notabilis, flacca and sitiens were largely devoid of this rise in ABA levels. The mutant fruits showed a retarded and less efficient suberization response at the stem scar wound, whereas the rate and strength of this response were positively correlated with ABA content. These results clearly indicate in vivo the involvement of ABA in the suberization-based wound-healing processes at the stem scar tissue of tomato fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Leide
- Universität Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Hildebrandt
- Universität Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wolfram Hartung
- Universität Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Riederer
- Universität Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gerd Vogg
- Universität Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
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141
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Tresch S, Heilmann M, Christiansen N, Looser R, Grossmann K. Inhibition of saturated very-long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis by mefluidide and perfluidone, selective inhibitors of 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthases. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 76:162-71. [PMID: 22284369 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The trifluoromethanesulphonanilides mefluidide and perfluidone are used in agriculture as plant growth regulators and herbicides. Despite the fact that mefluidide and perfluidone have been investigated experimentally for decades, their mode of action is still unknown. In this study, we used a cascade approach of different methods to clarify the mode of action and target site of mefluidide and perfluidone. Physiological profiling using an array of biotests and metabolic profiling in treated plants of Lemna paucicostata suggested a common mode of action in very-long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) synthesis similar to the known 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (KCS) inhibitor metazachlor. Detailed analysis of fatty acid composition in Lemna plants showed a decrease of saturated VLCFAs after treatment with mefluidide and perfluidone. To study compound effects on enzyme level, recombinant KCSs from Arabidopsis thaliana were expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Enzyme activities of seven KCS proteins from 17 tested were characterized by their fatty acid substrate and product spectrum. For the KCS CER6, the VLCFA product spectrum in vivo, which consists of tetracosanoic acid, hexacosanoic acid and octacosanoic acid, is reported here for the first time. Similar to metazachlor, mefluidide and perfluidone were able to inhibit KCS1, CER6 and CER60 enzyme activities in vivo. FAE1 and KCS2 were inhibited by mefluidide only slightly, whereas metazachlor and perfluidone were strong inhibitors of these enzymes with IC(50) values in μM range. This suggests that KCS enzymes in VLCFA synthesis are the primary herbicide target of mefluidide and perfluidone.
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142
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Matas AJ, Yeats TH, Buda GJ, Zheng Y, Chatterjee S, Tohge T, Ponnala L, Adato A, Aharoni A, Stark R, Fernie AR, Fei Z, Giovannoni JJ, Rose JK. Tissue- and cell-type specific transcriptome profiling of expanding tomato fruit provides insights into metabolic and regulatory specialization and cuticle formation. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:3893-910. [PMID: 22045915 PMCID: PMC3246317 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.091173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is the primary model for the study of fleshy fruits, and research in this species has elucidated many aspects of fruit physiology, development, and metabolism. However, most of these studies have involved homogenization of the fruit pericarp, with its many constituent cell types. Here, we describe the coupling of pyrosequencing technology with laser capture microdissection to characterize the transcriptomes of the five principal tissues of the pericarp from tomato fruits (outer and inner epidermal layers, collenchyma, parenchyma, and vascular tissues) at their maximal growth phase. A total of 20,976 high-quality expressed unigenes were identified, of which more than half were ubiquitous in their expression, while others were cell type specific or showed distinct expression patterns in specific tissues. The data provide new insights into the spatial distribution of many classes of regulatory and structural genes, including those involved in energy metabolism, source-sink relationships, secondary metabolite production, cell wall biology, and cuticle biogenesis. Finally, patterns of similar gene expression between tissues led to the characterization of a cuticle on the inner surface of the pericarp, demonstrating the utility of this approach as a platform for biological discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J. Matas
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Trevor H. Yeats
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Gregory J. Buda
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Yi Zheng
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Subhasish Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, City College of New York, City University of New York Graduate Center and Institute for Macromolecular Assemblies, New York, New York 10031
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Lalit Ponnala
- Computational Biology Service Unit, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Avital Adato
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ruth Stark
- Department of Chemistry, City College of New York, City University of New York Graduate Center and Institute for Macromolecular Assemblies, New York, New York 10031
| | - Alisdair R. Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
- U.S. Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - James J. Giovannoni
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
- U.S. Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Jocelyn K.C. Rose
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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143
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Lü S, Zhao H, Parsons EP, Xu C, Kosma DK, Xu X, Chao D, Lohrey G, Bangarusamy DK, Wang G, Bressan RA, Jenks MA. The glossyhead1 allele of ACC1 reveals a principal role for multidomain acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase in the biosynthesis of cuticular waxes by Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 157:1079-92. [PMID: 21949210 PMCID: PMC3252135 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.185132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel mutant of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), having highly glossy inflorescence stems, postgenital fusion in floral organs, and reduced fertility, was isolated from an ethyl methanesulfonate-mutagenized population and designated glossyhead1 (gsd1). The gsd1 locus was mapped to chromosome 1, and the causal gene was identified as a new allele of Acetyl-Coenzyme A Carboxylase1 (ACC1), a gene encoding the main enzyme in cytosolic malonyl-coenzyme A synthesis. This, to our knowledge, is the first mutant allele of ACC1 that does not cause lethality at the seed or early germination stage, allowing for the first time a detailed analysis of ACC1 function in mature tissues. Broad lipid profiling of mature gsd1 organs revealed a primary role for ACC1 in the biosynthesis of the very-long-chain fatty acids (C(20:0) or longer) associated with cuticular waxes and triacylglycerols. Unexpectedly, transcriptome analysis revealed that gsd1 has limited impact on any lipid metabolic networks but instead has a large effect on environmental stress-responsive pathways, especially senescence and ethylene synthesis determinants, indicating a possible role for the cytosolic malonyl-coenzyme A-derived lipids in stress response signaling.
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144
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Wu R, Li S, He S, Waßmann F, Yu C, Qin G, Schreiber L, Qu LJ, Gu H. CFL1, a WW domain protein, regulates cuticle development by modulating the function of HDG1, a class IV homeodomain transcription factor, in rice and Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:3392-411. [PMID: 21954461 PMCID: PMC3203440 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.088625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants have a chemically heterogeneous lipophilic layer, the cuticle, which protects them from biotic and abiotic stresses. The mechanisms that regulate cuticle development are poorly understood. We identified a rice (Oryza sativa) dominant curly leaf mutant, curly flag leaf1 (cfl1), and cloned CFL1, which encodes a WW domain protein. We overexpressed both rice and Arabidopsis CFL1 in Arabidopsis thaliana; these transgenic plants showed severely impaired cuticle development, similar to that in cfl1 rice. Reduced expression of At CFL1 resulted in reinforcement of cuticle structure. At CFL1 was predominantly expressed in specialized epidermal cells and in regions where dehiscence and abscission occur. Biochemical evidence showed that At CFL1 interacts with HDG1, a class IV homeodomain-leucine zipper transcription factor. Suppression of HDG1 function resulted in similar defective cuticle phenotypes in wild-type Arabidopsis but much alleviated phenotypes in At cfl1-1 mutants. The expression of two cuticle development-associated genes, BDG and FDH, was downregulated in At CFL1 overexpressor and HDG1 suppression plants. HDG1 binds to the cis-element L1 box, which exists in the regulatory regions of BDG and FDH. Our results suggest that rice and Arabidopsis CFL1 negatively regulate cuticle development by affecting the function of HDG1, which regulates the downstream genes BDG and FDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renhong Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shibai Li
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shan He
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Friedrich Waßmann
- Institut für Zelluläre and Molekulare Botanik, Universität Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Caihong Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Genji Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- Institut für Zelluläre and Molekulare Botanik, Universität Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Li-Jia Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
- The National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongya Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
- The National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China
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145
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Kojima S, Iwasaki M, Takahashi H, Imai T, Matsumura Y, Fleury D, Van Lijsebettens M, Machida Y, Machida C. Asymmetric leaves2 and Elongator, a histone acetyltransferase complex, mediate the establishment of polarity in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 52:1259-73. [PMID: 21700721 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcr083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Leaf primordia are generated around the shoot apical meristem. Mutation of the ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 (AS2) gene of Arabidopsis thaliana results in defects in repression of the meristematic and indeterminate state, establishment of adaxial-abaxial polarity and left-right symmetry in leaves. AS2 represses transcription of meristem-specific class 1 KNOX homeobox genes and of the abaxial-determinant genes ETTIN/ARF3, KANADI2 and YABBY5. To clarify the role of AS2 in the establishment of leaf polarity, we isolated mutations that enhanced the polarity defects associated with as2. We describe here the enhancer-of-asymmetric-leaves-two1 (east1) mutation, which caused the formation of filamentous leaves with abaxialized epidermis on the as2-1 background. Levels of transcripts of class 1 KNOX and abaxial-determinant genes were markedly higher in as2-1 east1-1 mutant plants than in the wild-type and corresponding single-mutant plants. EAST1 encodes the histone acetyltransferase ELONGATA3 (ELO3), a component of the Elongator complex. Genetic analysis, using mutations in genes involved in the biogenesis of a trans-acting small interfering RNA (ta-siRNA), revealed that ELO3 mediated establishment of leaf polarity independently of AS2 and the ta-siRNA-related pathway. Treatment with an inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDACs) caused additive polarity defects in as2-1 east1-1 mutant plants, suggesting the operation of an ELO3 pathway, independent of the HDAC pathway, in the determination of polarity. We propose that multiple pathways play important roles in repression of the expression of class 1 KNOX and abaxial-determinant genes in the development of the adaxial domain of leaves and, thus, in the establishment of leaf polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Kojima
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi, 487-8501 Japan
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146
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An ATP-binding cassette subfamily G full transporter is essential for the retention of leaf water in both wild barley and rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:12354-9. [PMID: 21737747 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1108444108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Land plants have developed a cuticle preventing uncontrolled water loss. Here we report that an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) subfamily G (ABCG) full transporter is required for leaf water conservation in both wild barley and rice. A spontaneous mutation, eibi1.b, in wild barley has a low capacity to retain leaf water, a phenotype associated with reduced cutin deposition and a thin cuticle. Map-based cloning revealed that Eibi1 encodes an HvABCG31 full transporter. The gene was highly expressed in the elongation zone of a growing leaf (the site of cutin synthesis), and its gene product also was localized in developing, but not in mature tissue. A de novo wild barley mutant named "eibi1.c," along with two transposon insertion lines of rice mutated in the ortholog of HvABCG31 also were unable to restrict water loss from detached leaves. HvABCG31 is hypothesized to function as a transporter involved in cutin formation. Homologs of HvABCG31 were found in green algae, moss, and lycopods, indicating that this full transporter is highly conserved in the evolution of land plants.
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147
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Ballmann C, De Oliveira S, Gutenberger A, Wassmann F, Schreiber L. A radioactive assay allowing the quantitative measurement of cuticular permeability of intact Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. PLANTA 2011; 234:9-20. [PMID: 21344313 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1381-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular penetration of five different ¹⁴C-labeled chemicals (benzoic acid, bitertanole, carbaryl, epoxiconazole and 4-nitrophenol) into Arabidopsis thaliana leaves was measured and permeances P (ms⁻¹) were calculated. Thus, cuticular barrier properties of A. thaliana leaves have been characterized quantitatively. Epoxiconazole permeance of A. thaliana was 2.79 × 10⁻⁸ ms⁻¹. When compared with cuticular permeances measured with intact stomatous and astomatous leaf sides of Prunus laurocerasus, frequently used in the past as a model species studying cuticular permeability, A. thaliana has a 48- to 66-fold higher permeance. When compared with epoxiconazole permeability of isolated cuticles of different species (Citrus aurantium, Hedera helix and P. laurocerasus) A. thaliana permeability is between 17- to 199-fold higher. Co-permeability experiments, simultaneously measuring ¹⁴C-epoxiconazole and ³H₂O permeability of isolated cuticles of three species (C. aurantium, H. helix and P. laurocerasus) showed that ³H₂O permeability was highly correlated with epoxiconazole permeability. The regression equation of this correlation can be used predicting cuticular transpiration of intact stomatous leaves of A. thaliana, where a direct measurement of cuticular permeation using ³H₂O is impossible. Water permeance estimated for A. thaliana was 4.55 × 10⁻⁸ m⁻¹, which is between 12- and 91-fold higher than water permeances measured with isolated cuticles of C. aurantium, H. helix and P. laurocerasus. This indicates that cuticular water permeability of the intact stomatous leaves of the annual species A. thaliana is fairly high and in the upper range compared with most P values of perennial species published in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Ballmann
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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148
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Ito Y, Kimura F, Hirakata K, Tsuda K, Takasugi T, Eiguchi M, Nakagawa K, Kurata N. Fatty acid elongase is required for shoot development in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 66:680-8. [PMID: 21309865 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04530.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Organisms are covered extracellularly with cuticular waxes that consist of various fatty acids. In higher plants, extracellular waxes act as indispensable barriers to protect the plants from physical and biological stresses such as drought and pathogen attacks. However, the effect of fatty acid composition on plant development under normal growth conditions is not well understood. Here we show that the ONION1 (ONI1) gene, which encodes a fatty acid elongase (β-ketoacyl CoA synthase) involved in the synthesis of very-long-chain fatty acids, is required for correct fatty acid composition and normal shoot development in rice. oni1 mutants containing a reduced amount of very-long-chain fatty acids produced very small shoots, with an aberrant outermost epidermal cell layer, and ceased to grow soon after germination. These mutants also showed abnormal expression of a KNOX family homeobox gene. ONI1 was specifically expressed in the outermost cell layer of the shoot apical meristem and developing lateral organs. These results show that fatty acid elongase is required for formation of the outermost cell layer, and this layer is indispensable for entire shoot development in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Ito
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan.
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149
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Shi JX, Malitsky S, De Oliveira S, Branigan C, Franke RB, Schreiber L, Aharoni A. SHINE transcription factors act redundantly to pattern the archetypal surface of Arabidopsis flower organs. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1001388. [PMID: 21637781 PMCID: PMC3102738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Floral organs display tremendous variation in their exterior that is essential for organogenesis and the interaction with the environment. This diversity in surface characteristics is largely dependent on the composition and structure of their coating cuticular layer. To date, mechanisms of flower organ initiation and identity have been studied extensively, while little is known regarding the regulation of flower organs surface formation, cuticle composition, and its developmental significance. Using a synthetic microRNA approach to simultaneously silence the three SHINE (SHN) clade members, we revealed that these transcription factors act redundantly to shape the surface and morphology of Arabidopsis flowers. It appears that SHNs regulate floral organs' epidermal cell elongation and decoration with nanoridges, particularly in petals. Reduced activity of SHN transcription factors results in floral organs' fusion and earlier abscission that is accompanied by a decrease in cutin load and modified cell wall properties. SHN transcription factors possess target genes within four cutin- and suberin-associated protein families including, CYP86A cytochrome P450s, fatty acyl-CoA reductases, GSDL-motif lipases, and BODYGUARD1-like proteins. The results suggest that alongside controlling cuticular lipids metabolism, SHNs act to modify the epidermis cell wall through altering pectin metabolism and structural proteins. We also provide evidence that surface formation in petals and other floral organs during their growth and elongation or in abscission and dehiscence through SHNs is partially mediated by gibberellin and the DELLA signaling cascade. This study therefore demonstrates the need for a defined composition and structure of the cuticle and cell wall in order to form the archetypal features of floral organs surfaces and control their cell-to-cell separation processes. Furthermore, it will promote future investigation into the relation between the regulation of organ surface patterning and the broader control of flower development and biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xin Shi
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sergey Malitsky
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Lukas Schreiber
- Department of Ecophysiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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150
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Chen X, Truksa M, Snyder CL, El-Mezawy A, Shah S, Weselake RJ. Three homologous genes encoding sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 4 exhibit different expression patterns and functional divergence in Brassica napus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 155:851-65. [PMID: 21173024 PMCID: PMC3032471 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.169482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Brassica napus is an allotetraploid (AACC) formed from the fusion of two diploid progenitors, Brassica rapa (AA) and Brassica oleracea (CC). Polyploidy and genome-wide rearrangement during the evolution process have resulted in genes that are present as multiple homologs in the B. napus genome. In this study, three B. napus homologous genes encoding endoplasmic reticulum-bound sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 4 (GPAT4) were identified and characterized. Although the three GPAT4 homologs share a high sequence similarity, they exhibit different expression patterns and altered epigenetic features. Heterologous expression in yeast further revealed that the three BnGPAT4 homologs encoded functional GPAT enzymes but with different levels of polypeptide accumulation. Complementation of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) gpat4 gpat8 double mutant line with individual BnGPAT4 homologs suggested their physiological roles in cuticle formation. Analysis of gpat4 RNA interference lines of B. napus revealed that the BnGPAT4 deficiency resulted in reduced cutin content and altered stomatal structures in leaves. Our results revealed that the BnGPAT4 homologs have evolved into functionally divergent forms and play important roles in cutin synthesis and stomatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Randall J. Weselake
- Agricultural Lipid Biotechnology Program, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6H 2P5 (X.C., M.T., C.L.S., R.J.W.); Plant Biotechnology, Alberta Innovates-Technology Futures, Vegreville, Alberta, Canada T9C 1T4 (A.E.-M., S.S.)
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