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Kim JH, Yoon JE, Nikapitiya C, Kim TH, Uddin MB, Lee HC, Kim YH, Hwang JH, Chathuranga K, Chathuranga WAG, Choi HS, Kim CJ, Jung JU, Lee CH, Lee JS. Small Heterodimer Partner Controls the Virus-Mediated Antiviral Immune Response by Targeting CREB-Binding Protein in the Nucleus. Cell Rep 2020; 27:2105-2118.e5. [PMID: 31091449 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Small heterodimer partner (SHP) is an orphan nuclear receptor that acts as a transcriptional co-repressor by interacting with nuclear receptors and transcription factors. Although SHP plays a negative regulatory function in various signaling pathways, its role in virus infection has not been studied. Here, we report that SHP is a potent negative regulator of the virus-mediated type I IFN signaling that maintains homeostasis within the antiviral innate immune system. Upon virus infection, SHP interacts specifically with CREB-binding protein (CBP) in the nucleus, thereby obstructing CBP/β-catenin interaction competitively. Consequently, SHP-deficient cells enhance antiviral responses, including transcription of the type I IFN gene, upon virus infection. Furthermore, SHP-deficient mice show higher levels of IFN production and are more resistant to influenza A virus infection. Our results suggest that SHP is a nuclear regulator that blocks transcription of the type I IFN gene to inhibit excessive innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Yoon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chamilani Nikapitiya
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hwan Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Bashir Uddin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Science, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100, Bangladesh
| | - Hyun-Cheol Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Hwang
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiramage Chathuranga
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - W A Gayan Chathuranga
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hueng-Sik Choi
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals and Hormone Research Center, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Joong Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae U Jung
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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102
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Lin H, Cao X. Nuclear innate sensors for nucleic acids in immunity and inflammation. Immunol Rev 2020; 297:162-173. [PMID: 32564422 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Innate sensors recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) to initiate innate immune response by activating downstream signaling. These evolutionarily conserved innate sensors usually locate in the plasma membrane or cytoplasm. However, the nucleus-localized innate sensors are recently found to detect pathogenic nucleic acids for initiating innate response, demonstrating a complicated crosstalk with cytoplasmic sensors and signaling molecules to form an elaborate tiered innate signaling network between nucleus and cytoplasm. Furthermore, these nuclear innate sensors evolve varied mechanisms for discriminating self from non-self nucleic acids to maintain immune homeostasis and avoid autoinflammatory immune response. In this review, we summarize the recent findings on the identification of nuclear innate sensors for nucleic acids, such as hnRNPA2B1, IFI16, SAFA, and their roles in host defense and inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Lin
- Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuetao Cao
- Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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103
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Gu T, Li G, Tian Y, Chen L, Wu X, Zeng T, Xu Q, Vladyslav S, Chen G, Lu L. Structural features and antiviral function of the MDA5 gene in ducks ( Anas platyrhynchos). CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2019-0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) is an important cytoplasmic RNA sensor that detects viral double-stranded RNA in innate immunity. The objective of this study was to characterize the structure and function of the MDA5 gene in the duck. In this study, full-length duck MDA5 (duMDA5) complementary DNA (cDNA) was obtained using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and rapid amplification of the cDNA ends. The cDNA consisted of a 123 nucleotide 5′ untranslated region (UTR), a 735 nucleotide 3′ UTR, and a 3012 nucleotide open-reading frame, encoding 1003 amino acids. Multiple sequence alignments showed that duMDA5 had 91.18% and 83.11% amino acid sequence similarity with geese and chicken MDA5, respectively, as well as 59.76%–61.26% sequence identity with mammalian homologs. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that MDA5 has been highly conserved throughout vertebrate evolution. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated that the duMDA5 mRNA is scarcely detected in healthy tissues and the highest relative transcript level of duMDA5 was induced during poly(I:C) stimulation. Furthermore, knockdown duMDA5 significantly inhibited the transcription of poly(I:C)-induced beta interferons, nuclear factor kappa-B, interferon regulatory factor 7, translocated intimin receptor domain-containing adaptor protein inducing beta interferons, interferon-induced GTP-binding protein, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 and 2 mRNA. Taken together, these results suggest that duMDA5 is an important receptor for inducing antiviral activity in the duck’s innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Gu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Molecular Design, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoqin Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Hangzhou 310021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Tian
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Hangzhou 310021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Hangzhou 310021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinsheng Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Molecular Design, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Molecular Design, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Spyrydonov Vladyslav
- National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 03041, Ukraine
| | - Guohong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Molecular Design, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lizhi Lu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, People’s Republic of China
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Cai C, Liu J, Tan Y, Wei J, Yang X, Xiao J, Feng H. Black carp NAP1 positively regulates MDA5-mediated antiviral signaling during the innate immune activation. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 107:103659. [PMID: 32081717 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
NAK-associated protein 1 (NAP1) is involved in NF-κB activation and interferon (IFN) induction in human and mammal; however, the role of teleost NAP1 in innate immunity remains unknown. In this paper, NAP1 homologue of black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) has been cloned and characterized. Black carp NAP1 (bcNAP1) migrated around 47 kDa in immunoblot assay and was identified as a cytosolic protein by immunofluorescent staining. bcNAP1 showed little IFN promoter-inducing ability in the reporter assay and bcNAP1 presented no antiviral activity against either grass carp reovirus (GCRV) or spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) in the plaque assay. However, when co-expressed with black carp MDA5 (bcMDA5), bcNAP1 enhanced bcMDA5-mediated IFN promoter induction in the reporter assay. Accordingly, the plaque assay data demonstrated that the antiviral activity of bcMDA5 against both GCRV and SVCV was upregulated by bcNAP1. Additionally, the association between bcNAP1 and bcMDA5 has been identified through immunofluorescent staining and co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) assay. Thus, the data generated in this study support the conclusion that bcNAP1 interacts with bcMDA5 and up-regulates bcMDA5-mediated antiviral signaling during host innate immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Ji Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Yaqi Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Jing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.
| | - Hao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.
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105
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Tan JX, Finkel T. Mitochondria as intracellular signaling platforms in health and disease. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e202002179. [PMID: 32320464 PMCID: PMC7199861 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202002179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria, long viewed solely in the context of bioenergetics, are increasingly emerging as critical hubs for intracellular signaling. Due to their bacterial origin, mitochondria possess their own genome and carry unique lipid components that endow these organelles with specialized properties to help orchestrate multiple signaling cascades. Mitochondrial signaling modulates diverse pathways ranging from metabolism to redox homeostasis to cell fate determination. Here, we review recent progress in our understanding of how mitochondria serve as intracellular signaling platforms with a particular emphasis on lipid-mediated signaling, innate immune activation, and retrograde signaling. We further discuss how these signaling properties might potentially be exploited to develop new therapeutic strategies for a range of age-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay X. Tan
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine/University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Toren Finkel
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine/University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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106
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Lee SB, Park YH, Chungu K, Woo SJ, Han ST, Choi HJ, Rengaraj D, Han JY. Targeted Knockout of MDA5 and TLR3 in the DF-1 Chicken Fibroblast Cell Line Impairs Innate Immune Response Against RNA Ligands. Front Immunol 2020; 11:678. [PMID: 32425931 PMCID: PMC7204606 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system, which senses invading pathogens, plays a critical role as the first line of host defense. After recognition of foreign RNA ligands (e.g., RNA viruses), host cells generate an innate immune or antiviral response via the interferon-mediated signaling pathway. Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-1) acts as a major sensor that recognizes a broad range of RNA ligands in mammals; however, chickens lack a RIG-1 homolog, meaning that RNA ligands should be recognized by other cellular sensors such as melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) and toll-like receptors (TLRs). However, it is unclear which of these cellular sensors compensates for the loss of RIG-1 to act as the major sensor for RNA ligands. Here, we show that chicken MDA5 (cMDA5), rather than chicken TLRs (cTLRs), plays a pivotal role in the recognition of RNA ligands, including poly I:C and influenza virus. First, we used a knockdown approach to show that both cMDA5 and cTLR3 play roles in inducing interferon-mediated innate immune responses against RNA ligands in chicken DF-1 cells. Furthermore, targeted knockout of cMDA5 or cTLR3 in chicken DF-1 cells revealed that loss of cMDA5 impaired the innate immune responses against RNA ligands; however, the responses against RNA ligands were retained after loss of cTLR3. In addition, double knockout of cMDA5 and cTLR3 in chicken DF-1 cells abolished the innate immune responses against RNA ligands, suggesting that cMDA5 is the major sensor whereas cTLR3 is a secondary sensor. Taken together, these findings provide an understanding of the functional role of cMDA5 in the recognition of RNA ligands in chicken DF-1 cells and may facilitate the development of an innate immune-deficient cell line or chicken model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Bin Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Hyun Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kelly Chungu
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Je Woo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soo Taek Han
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hee Jung Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Deivendran Rengaraj
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Yong Han
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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107
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Stephens LM, Varga SM. Function and Modulation of Type I Interferons during Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020177. [PMID: 32290326 PMCID: PMC7349809 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory infections in infants and young children, accounting for an estimated 3 million hospitalizations annually worldwide. Despite the major health burden, there is currently no licensed RSV vaccine. RSV is recognized by a range of cellular receptors including both toll-like receptors (TLR) and retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors (RIG-I). This interaction initiates signaling through mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) and interferon regulatory factor (IRF) proteins, resulting in the induction of type I interferons (IFN). Early viral control is mediated by either IFN-α or IFN-β signaling through the IFN receptor (IFNAR), inducing the production of antiviral interferon-stimulating genes (ISGs). Type I IFNs also initiate the early production of proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and IFN-γ. Type I IFN levels correlate with age, and inadequate production may be a critical factor in facilitating the increased RSV disease severity observed in infants. Here, we review the current literature on the function of type I IFNs in RSV pathogenesis, as well as their involvement in the differential immune responses observed in infants and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Stephens
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Steven M. Varga
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-319-335-7784
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108
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Xu W, Yan Z, Hu F, Wei W, Yang C, Sun Z. Long non-coding RNA GAS5 accelerates oxidative stress in melanoma cells by rescuing EZH2-mediated CDKN1C downregulation. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:116. [PMID: 32308561 PMCID: PMC7146881 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The significance of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in mediating oxidative stress of cancers has been implicated recently. This study proposed a potential therapeutic target lncRNA growth arrest-specific transcript 5 (GAS5) for melanoma, due to its crucial role in oxidative stress and apoptosis of melanoma cells by regulating the enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)-mediated CDKN1C expression. Methods The lncRNA GAS5 expression pattern was examined in melanoma tissues and cells. The correlation of lncRNA GAS5, EZH2, and CDKN1C with survival rate of melanoma patients was analyzed. In melanoma cell lines, lncRNA GAS5 expression was overexpressed or knocked down to clarify its effects on cell viability, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. The interaction between lncRNA GAS5 and EZH2 was examined by RIP and RNA pull-down assays followed by verification of the target relationship between EZH2 and CDKN1C. Results High expression of EZH2 and poor expression of lncRNA GAS5 and CDKN1C was observed in melanoma tissues and found to be correlated with the reduction in survival expectancy of melanoma patients. Overexpression of lncRNA GAS5 or CDKN1C or EZH2 knockdown could inhibit cell viability but enhance melanoma cell apoptosis and oxidative stress. Importantly, lncRNA GAS5 attenuated EZH2 expression by recruiting E2F4 to the EZH2 promoter region and knockdown of EZH2 upregulated CDKN1C expression by inhibiting the H3K27me3. Conclusion The evidence provided by our study highlighted the involvement of lncRNA GAS5 in the translational suppression of EZH2 as well as the upregulation of CDKN1C, resulting in the promotion of melanoma cell apoptosis and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- 1Department of Dermatology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441021 People's Republic of China
| | - Zeqiang Yan
- 2Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441021 People's Republic of China
| | - Fen Hu
- 3Department of Oncology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Dongjin District, Xiangyang, 441021 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wei
- 3Department of Oncology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Dongjin District, Xiangyang, 441021 People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Yang
- 3Department of Oncology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Dongjin District, Xiangyang, 441021 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihua Sun
- 3Department of Oncology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Dongjin District, Xiangyang, 441021 People's Republic of China
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109
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Melanoma Differentiation-Associated Gene 5 Positively Modulates TNF-α-Induced CXCL10 Expression in Cultured HuH-7 and HLE Cells. Inflammation 2020; 42:2095-2104. [PMID: 31440940 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-01073-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of innate immunity are closely associated with the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). TNF-α is a key cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic inflammation like NAFLD. Melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) is a member of the intracellular RNA helicase family proteins that play a pivotal role in an antiviral immune response. Previous studies have demonstrated that TNF-α induces the expression of MDA5 in some types of cells. However, the correlation between TNF-α and the expression of MDA5 in hepatocytes remains unknown. In the present study, we used two human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines, HuH-7 and HLE, and examined the expression of MDA5 in these cells upon stimulation with TNF-α. The expression of MDA5 induced by TNF-α was analyzed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR and western blotting. Next, RNA interference against MDA5 was performed and the expressions of CXCL10 and STAT1 were examined. We found that the expression of MDA5 had increased upon stimulation with TNF-α in a concentration-dependent manner. Gene silencing against MDA5 suppressed the expression of TNF-α-induced CXCL10 in both cells. In HLE cells, gene silencing of MDA5 impaired STAT1 phosphorylation 24 h after stimulation with TNF-α. On the other hand, TNF-α-induced STAT1 phosphorylation was not detected in HuH-7 cells. These results indicated that MDA5 positively modulated the TNF-α-induced expression of CXCL10 in both STAT1-dependent and -independent manner and may be associated with metabolic inflammation in the liver.
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110
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Coronavirus endoribonuclease targets viral polyuridine sequences to evade activating host sensors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:8094-8103. [PMID: 32198201 PMCID: PMC7149396 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1921485117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells carry sensors that are primed to detect invading viruses. To avoid being recognized, coronaviruses express factors that interfere with host immune sensing pathways. Previous studies revealed that a coronavirus endoribonuclease (EndoU) delays activation of the host sensor system, but the mechanism was not known. Here, we report that EndoU cleaves a viral polyuridine sequence that would otherwise activate host immune sensors. This information may be used in developing inhibitors that target EndoU activity and prevent diseases caused by coronaviruses. Coronaviruses (CoVs) are positive-sense RNA viruses that can emerge from endemic reservoirs and infect zoonotically, causing significant morbidity and mortality. CoVs encode an endoribonuclease designated EndoU that facilitates evasion of host pattern recognition receptor MDA5, but the target of EndoU activity was not known. Here, we report that EndoU cleaves the 5′-polyuridines from negative-sense viral RNA, termed PUN RNA, which is the product of polyA-templated RNA synthesis. Using a virus containing an EndoU catalytic-inactive mutation, we detected a higher abundance of PUN RNA in the cytoplasm compared to wild-type−infected cells. Furthermore, we found that transfecting PUN RNA into cells stimulates a robust, MDA5-dependent interferon response, and that removal of the polyuridine extension on the RNA dampens the response. Overall, the results of this study reveal the PUN RNA to be a CoV MDA5-dependent pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP). We also establish a mechanism for EndoU activity to cleave and limit the accumulation of this PAMP. Since EndoU activity is highly conserved in all CoVs, inhibiting this activity may serve as an approach for therapeutic interventions against existing and emerging CoV infections.
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Abstract
Bacterial pathogens can be very efficient at causing disease and are the cause of some of the worst epidemics that have affected humanity. However, most infections are prevented by the actions of our immune system. Immune activation depends on the rapid detection of bacteria by a diverse family of sensory proteins known as pattern recognition receptors. These receptors detect conserved features of bacteria that are not found in humans but are often necessary for survival within the host or environment. In this review, we discuss the strategies used by pattern recognition receptors to detect bacteria and their products. We also discuss emerging evidence that some pattern recognition receptors can be activated by bacterial pathogens specifically, through the surveillance of host activities that are commonly targeted by virulence factors. This collection of surveillance mechanisms provides an interconnected network of defense, which is important to maintain the germ-free environment of the inner organs of humans and other multicellular organisms.
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112
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Gao J, Wu L, Wang S, Chen X. Role of Chemokine (C-X-C Motif) Ligand 10 (CXCL10) in Renal Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:6194864. [PMID: 32089645 PMCID: PMC7025113 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6194864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine C-X-C ligand 10 (CXCL10), also known as interferon-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), exerts biological function mainly through binding to its specific receptor, CXCR3. Studies have shown that renal resident mesangial cells, renal tubular epithelial cells, podocytes, endothelial cells, and infiltrating inflammatory cells express CXCL10 and CXCR3 under inflammatory conditions. In the last few years, strong experimental and clinical evidence has indicated that CXCL10 is involved in the development of renal diseases through the chemoattraction of inflammatory cells and facilitation of cell growth and angiostatic effects. In addition, CXCL10 has been shown to be a significant biomarker of disease severity, and it can be used as a prognostic indicator for a variety of renal diseases, such as renal allograft dysfunction and lupus nephritis. In this review, we summarize the structures and biological functions of CXCL10 and CXCR3, focusing on the important role of CXCL10 in the pathogenesis of kidney disease, and provide a theoretical basis for CXCL10 as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in human kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Fuxing Road 28, Beijing 100853, China
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jingwu Road 324, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Lingling Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Fuxing Road 28, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Siyang Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Fuxing Road 28, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Fuxing Road 28, Beijing 100853, China
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113
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Gut bacteria characteristic of the infant microbiota down-regulate inflammatory transcriptional responses in HT-29 cells. Anaerobe 2020; 61:102112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.102112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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114
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Zharkov MI, Zenkova MA, Vlassov VV, Chernolovskaya EL. Molecular Mechanism of the Antiproliferative Activity of Short Immunostimulating dsRNA. Front Oncol 2020; 9:1454. [PMID: 31921696 PMCID: PMC6933605 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Small double-stranded RNAs with certain sequence motifs are able to interact with pattern-recognition receptors and activate the innate immune system. Recently, we identified a set of short double-stranded 19-bp RNA molecules with 3-nucleotide 3′-overhangs that exhibited pronounced antiproliferative activity against cancer cells in vitro, and antitumor and antimetastatic activities in mouse models in vivo. The main objectives of this study were to identify the pattern recognition receptors that mediate the antiproliferative action of immunostimulating RNA (isRNA). Two cell lines, epidermoid carcinoma KB-3-1 cells and lung cancer A549 cells, were used in the study. These lines respond to the action of isRNA by a decrease in the growth rate, and in the case of A549 cells, also by a secretion of IL-6. Two sets of cell lines with selectively silenced genes encoding potential sensors and signal transducers of isRNA action were obtained on the basis of KB-3-1 and A549 cells. It was found that the selective silencing of PKR and RIG-I genes blocked the antiproliferative effect of isRNA, both in KB-3-1 and A549 cells, whereas the expression of MDA5 and IRF3 was not required for the antiproliferative action of isRNA. It was shown that, along with PKR and RIG-I genes, the expression of IRF3 also plays a role in isRNA mediated IL-6 synthesis in A549 cells. Thus, PKR and RIG-I sensors play a major role in the anti-proliferative signaling triggered by isRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail I Zharkov
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acids Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Marina A Zenkova
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acids Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valentin V Vlassov
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acids Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena L Chernolovskaya
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acids Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
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115
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Shaheen ZR, Stafford JD, Voss MG, Oleson BJ, Stancill JS, Corbett JA. The location of sensing determines the pancreatic β-cell response to the viral mimetic dsRNA. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:2385-2397. [PMID: 31915247 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infection is an environmental trigger that has been suggested to initiate pancreatic β-cell damage, leading to the development of autoimmune diabetes. Viruses potently activate the immune system and can damage β cells by either directly infecting them or stimulating the production of secondary effector molecules (such as proinflammatory cytokines) during bystander activation. However, how and where β cells recognize viruses is unclear, and the antiviral responses that are initiated following virus recognition are incompletely understood. In this study, we show that the β-cell response to dsRNA, a viral replication intermediate known to activate antiviral responses, is determined by the cellular location of sensing (intracellular versus extracellular) and differs from the cellular response to cytokine treatment. Using biochemical and immunological methods, we show that β cells selectively respond to intracellular dsRNA by expressing type I interferons (IFNs) and inducing apoptosis, but that they do not respond to extracellular dsRNA. These responses differ from the activities of cytokines on β cells, which are mediated by inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and β-cell production of nitric oxide. These findings provide evidence that the antiviral activities of type I IFN production and apoptosis are elicited in β cells via the recognition of intracellular viral replication intermediates and that β cells lack the capacity to respond to extracellular viral intermediates known to activate innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Shaheen
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Joshua D Stafford
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Michael G Voss
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Bryndon J Oleson
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Jennifer S Stancill
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - John A Corbett
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226.
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116
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Wawrusiewicz-Kurylonek N, Gościk J, Chorąży M, Siewko K, Posmyk R, Zajkowska A, Citko A, Maciulewski R, Szelachowska M, Myśliwiec J, Jastrzębska I, Kułakowska A, Kochanowicz J, Krętowski AJ. The interferon-induced helicase C domain-containing protein 1 gene variant (rs1990760) as an autoimmune-based pathology susceptibility factor. Immunobiology 2020; 225:151864. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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117
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FOXO3a regulates rhinovirus-induced innate immune responses in airway epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18180. [PMID: 31796819 PMCID: PMC6890790 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54567-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead transcription factor class O (FOXO)3a, which plays a critical role in a wide variety of cellular processes, was also found to regulate cell-type-specific antiviral responses. Airway epithelial cells express FOXO3a and play an important role in clearing rhinovirus (RV) by mounting antiviral type I and type III interferon (IFN) responses. To elucidate the role of FOXO3a in regulating antiviral responses, we generated airway epithelial cell-specific Foxo3a knockout (Scga1b1-Foxo3a−/−) mice and a stable FOXO3a knockout human airway epithelial cell line. Compared to wild-type, Scga1b1-Foxo3a−/− mice show reduced IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-λ2/3 in response to challenge with RV or double-stranded (ds)RNA mimic, Poly Inosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) indicating defective dsRNA receptor signaling. RV-infected Scga1b1-Foxo3a−/− mice also show viral persistence, enhanced lung inflammation and elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. FOXO3a K/O airway epithelial cells show attenuated IFN responses to RV infection and this was associated with conformational change in mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) but not with a reduction in the expression of dsRNA receptors under unstimulated conditions. Pretreatment with MitoTEMPO, a mitochondrial-specific antioxidant corrects MAVS conformation and restores antiviral IFN responses to subsequent RV infection in FOXO3a K/O cells. Inhibition of oxidative stress also reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine responses to RV in FOXO3a K/O cells. Together, our results indicate that FOXO3a plays a critical role in regulating antiviral responses as well as limiting pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. Based on these results, we conclude that FOXO3a contributes to optimal viral clearance and prevents excessive lung inflammation following RV infection.
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118
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Cao L, Ji Y, Zeng L, Liu Q, Zhang Z, Guo S, Guo X, Tong Y, Zhao X, Li CM, Chen Y, Guo D. P200 family protein IFI204 negatively regulates type I interferon responses by targeting IRF7 in nucleus. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008079. [PMID: 31603949 PMCID: PMC6818788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-inducible p200 family protein IFI204 was reported to be involved in DNA sensing, and subsequently induces the production of type I interferons and proinflammatory mediators. However, its function in the regulation of antiviral innate immune signaling pathway remains unclear. Here we reported a novel role of IFI204 that specifically inhibits the IRF7-mediated type I interferons response during viral infection. IFI204 and other p200 family proteins are highly expressed in mouse hepatitis coronavirus-infected bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. The abundant IFI204 could significantly interact with IRF7 in nucleus by its HIN domain and prevent the binding of IRF7 with its corresponding promoter. Moreover, other p200 family proteins that possess HIN domain could also inhibit the IRF7-mediated type I interferons. These results reveal that, besides the positive regulation function in type I interferon response at the early stage of DNA virus infection, the interferon-inducible p200 family proteins such as IFI204 could also negatively regulate the IRF7-mediated type I interferon response after RNA virus infection to avoid unnecessary host damage from hyper-inflammatory responses. The regulation of type I interferon signaling pathway is dynamic sequential processes and must be tightly regulated to keep balance between antiviral immune and hyper-inflammatory responses. The precise regulation mechanisms of the innate immune signaling pathway are still worth studying. Here, we found a novel role of the interferon-inducible p200 family protein IFI204 that specifically inhibits the IRF7-mediated type I interferon production by negative control of the transcriptional activity of IRF7 in the nucleus at the late stage of RNA virus infection. Previous studies showed that IFI204 is involved in DNA sensing during DNA virus infection to initiate antiviral immune responses. We demonstrate that IFI204 can inhibit IRF7-mediated activation of type I IFN responses induced by RNA virus infection, which is in contrast with its role in IRF3 activation in cGAS-STING DNA sensing pathway during DNA virus infection. Such negative regulation may help to avoid hyper-inflammatory responses induced by the over-activated IRF7-mediated type I interferons at late stage of the viral infection. Thus, the current study sheds light on the regulation roles of p200 family proteins and the accurate regulation system of type I interferons signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanxi Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lanyi Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qianyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuting Guo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolong Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongjia Tong
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chun-Mei Li
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (YC); (DG)
| | - Deyin Guo
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (YC); (DG)
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119
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Murakami S, Morimoto N, Kono T, Sakai M, Hikima JI. Molecular characterization and expression of the teleost cytosolic DNA sensor genes cGAS, LSm14A, DHX9, and DHX36 in Japanese medaka, Oryzias latipes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 99:103402. [PMID: 31141705 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Numerous cytosolic DNA sensors (CDSs), which are very important for recognizing cytosolic dsDNA derived from intracellular viruses and bacteria, exist in mammals. However, teleost CDSs are poorly understood. In this study, four CDSs, including the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), Sm-like protein 14 homolog A (LSm14A), DEAH-box helicase (DHX) 9, and DHX36 genes were identified in Japanese medaka, Oryzias latipes, and their expression patterns were elucidated. The expression of these genes was upregulated in the intestines and kidney of CpG-ODN-stimulated medaka. The cGAS and LSm14A genes were significantly induced in the intestines, kidney, and spleen of formalin-killed Edwardsiella tarda-treated medaka; the DHX9 and DHX36 genes were not. cGAS gene expression was induced only in the intestines of live E. tarda-treated medaka. These results suggest that the transcription of four CDS genes of medaka responds to dsDNA stimulation, and cGAS is probably more important for the immune response against E. tarda infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Murakami
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Gakuenkibanadai-nishi 1-1, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Natsuki Morimoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Gakuenkibanadai-nishi 1-1, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kono
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Gakuenkibanadai-nishi 1-1, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sakai
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Gakuenkibanadai-nishi 1-1, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Hikima
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Gakuenkibanadai-nishi 1-1, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan.
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120
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Majzoub K, Wrensch F, Baumert TF. The Innate Antiviral Response in Animals: An Evolutionary Perspective from Flagellates to Humans. Viruses 2019; 11:v11080758. [PMID: 31426357 PMCID: PMC6723221 DOI: 10.3390/v11080758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal cells have evolved dedicated molecular systems for sensing and delivering a coordinated response to viral threats. Our understanding of these pathways is almost entirely defined by studies in humans or model organisms like mice, fruit flies and worms. However, new genomic and functional data from organisms such as sponges, anemones and mollusks are helping redefine our understanding of these immune systems and their evolution. In this review, we will discuss our current knowledge of the innate immune pathways involved in sensing, signaling and inducing genes to counter viral infections in vertebrate animals. We will then focus on some central conserved players of this response including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) and cGAS-STING, attempting to put their evolution into perspective. To conclude, we will reflect on the arms race that exists between viruses and their animal hosts, illustrated by the dynamic evolution and diversification of innate immune pathways. These concepts are not only important to understand virus-host interactions in general but may also be relevant for the development of novel curative approaches against human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Majzoub
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Florian Wrensch
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas F Baumert
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle Hépato-digestif, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, 75231 Paris, France.
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121
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Brisse M, Ly H. Comparative Structure and Function Analysis of the RIG-I-Like Receptors: RIG-I and MDA5. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1586. [PMID: 31379819 PMCID: PMC6652118 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RIG-I (Retinoic acid-inducible gene I) and MDA5 (Melanoma Differentiation-Associated protein 5), collectively known as the RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), are key protein sensors of the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in the form of viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) motifs to induce expression of type 1 interferons (IFN1) (IFNα and IFNβ) and other pro-inflammatory cytokines during the early stage of viral infection. While RIG-I and MDA5 share many genetic, structural and functional similarities, there is increasing evidence that they can have significantly different strategies to recognize different pathogens, PAMPs, and in different host species. This review article discusses the similarities and differences between RIG-I and MDA5 from multiple perspectives, including their structures, evolution and functional relationships with other cellular proteins, their differential mechanisms of distinguishing between host and viral dsRNAs and interactions with host and viral protein factors, and their immunogenic signaling. A comprehensive comparative analysis can help inform future studies of RIG-I and MDA5 in order to fully understand their functions in order to optimize potential therapeutic approaches targeting them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Brisse
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Hinh Ly
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
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122
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Lai JKH, Gagalova KK, Kuenne C, El-Brolosy MA, Stainier DYR. Induction of interferon-stimulated genes and cellular stress pathways by morpholinos in zebrafish. Dev Biol 2019; 454:21-28. [PMID: 31201802 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The phenotypes caused by morpholino-mediated interference of gene function in zebrafish are often not observed in the corresponding mutant(s). We took advantage of the availability of a relatively large collection of transcriptomic datasets to identify common signatures that characterize morpholino-injected animals (morphants). In addition to the previously reported activation of tp53 expression, we observed increased expression of the interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), isg15 and isg20, the cell death pathway gene casp8, and other cellular stress response genes including phlda3, mdm2 and gadd45aa. Studies involving segmentation stage embryos were more likely to show upregulation of these genes. We also found that the expression of these genes could be upregulated by increasing doses of an egfl7 morpholino, or even high doses of the standard control morpholino. Thus, these data show that morpholinos can induce the expression of ISGs in zebrafish embryos and further our understanding of morpholino effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason K H Lai
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Kristina K Gagalova
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Carsten Kuenne
- ECCPS Bioinformatics and Deep Sequencing Platform, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Mohamed A El-Brolosy
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany.
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123
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Wiatrek DM, Candela ME, Sedmík J, Oppelt J, Keegan LP, O'Connell MA. Activation of innate immunity by mitochondrial dsRNA in mouse cells lacking p53 protein. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 25:713-726. [PMID: 30894411 PMCID: PMC6521600 DOI: 10.1261/rna.069625.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Viral and cellular double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is recognized by cytosolic innate immune sensors, including RIG-I-like receptors. Some cytoplasmic dsRNA is commonly present in cells, and one source is mitochondrial dsRNA, which results from bidirectional transcription of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Here we demonstrate that Trp53 mutant mouse embryonic fibroblasts contain immune-stimulating endogenous dsRNA of mitochondrial origin. We show that the immune response induced by this dsRNA is mediated via RIG-I-like receptors and leads to the expression of type I interferon and proinflammatory cytokine genes. The mitochondrial dsRNA is cleaved by RNase L, which cleaves all cellular RNA including mitochondrial mRNAs, increasing activation of RIG-I-like receptors. When mitochondrial transcription is interrupted there is a subsequent decrease in this immune-stimulatory dsRNA. Our results reveal that the role of p53 in innate immunity is even more versatile and complex than previously anticipated. Our study, therefore, sheds new light on the role of endogenous RNA in diseases featuring aberrant immune responses.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Adenosine Deaminase/deficiency
- Adenosine Deaminase/genetics
- Adenosine Deaminase/immunology
- Animals
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/immunology
- DEAD Box Protein 58/genetics
- DEAD Box Protein 58/immunology
- Embryo, Mammalian
- Endoribonucleases/genetics
- Endoribonucleases/immunology
- Fibroblasts/cytology
- Fibroblasts/immunology
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-7/genetics
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-7/immunology
- Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1/genetics
- Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1/immunology
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Proteins/genetics
- Proteins/immunology
- RNA, Double-Stranded/genetics
- RNA, Double-Stranded/immunology
- RNA, Mitochondrial/genetics
- RNA, Mitochondrial/immunology
- RNA-Binding Proteins
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/deficiency
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jiří Sedmík
- CEITEC Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Oppelt
- CEITEC Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Liam P Keegan
- CEITEC Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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124
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Inflammation research sails through the sea of immunology to reach immunometabolism. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 73:128-145. [PMID: 31096130 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation occurs as a result of acute trauma, invasion of the host by different pathogens, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or chronic cellular stress generating damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Thus inflammation may occur under both sterile inflammatory conditions including certain cancers, autoimmune or autoinflammatory diseases (Rheumatic arthritis (RA)) and infectious diseases including sepsis, pneumonia-associated acute lung inflammation (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The pathogenesis of inflammation involves dysregulation of an otherwise protective immune response comprising of various innate and adaptive immune cells and humoral (cytokines and chemokines) mediators secreted by these immune cells upon the activation of signaling mechanisms regulated by the activation of different pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). However, the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory action of these immune cells is determined by the metabolic stage of the immune cells. The metabolic process of immune cells is called immunometabolism and its shift determined by inflammatory stimuli is called immunometabolic reprogramming. The article focuses on the involvement of various immune cells generating the inflammation, their interaction, immunometabolic reprogramming, and the therapeutic targeting of the immunometabolism to manage inflammation.
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125
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Nguyen TA, Smith BRC, Elgass KD, Creed SJ, Cheung S, Tate MD, Belz GT, Wicks IP, Masters SL, Pang KC. SIDT1 Localizes to Endolysosomes and Mediates Double-Stranded RNA Transport into the Cytoplasm. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:3483-3492. [PMID: 31061008 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
dsRNA is a common by-product of viral replication and acts as a potent trigger of antiviral immunity. SIDT1 and SIDT2 are closely related members of the SID-1 transmembrane family. SIDT2 functions as a dsRNA transporter and is required to traffic internalized dsRNA from endocytic compartments into the cytosol for innate immune activation, but the role of SIDT1 in dsRNA transport and in the innate immune response to viral infection is unclear. In this study, we show that Sidt1 expression is upregulated in response to dsRNA and type I IFN exposure and that SIDT1 interacts with SIDT2. Moreover, similar to SIDT2, SIDT1 localizes to the endolysosomal compartment, interacts with the long dsRNA analog poly(I:C), and, when overexpressed, enhances endosomal escape of poly(I:C) in vitro. To elucidate the role of SIDT1 in vivo, we generated SIDT1-deficient mice. Similar to Sidt2-/- mice, SIDT1-deficient mice produced significantly less type I IFN following infection with HSV type 1. In contrast to Sidt2-/- mice, however, SIDT1-deficient animals showed no impairment in survival postinfection with either HSV type 1 or encephalomyocarditis virus. Consistent with this, we observed that, unlike SIDT2, tissue expression of SIDT1 was relatively restricted, suggesting that, whereas SIDT1 can transport extracellular dsRNA into the cytoplasm following endocytosis in vitro, the transport activity of SIDT2 is likely to be functionally dominant in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan A Nguyen
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Blake R C Smith
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Kirstin D Elgass
- Monash Micro Imaging, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Sarah J Creed
- Monash Micro Imaging, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Shane Cheung
- Monash Micro Imaging, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Michelle D Tate
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia; and
| | - Gabrielle T Belz
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ian P Wicks
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Seth L Masters
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ken C Pang
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; .,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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126
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Role of Enteroviral RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase in Regulation of MDA5-Mediated Beta Interferon Activation. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00132-19. [PMID: 30814289 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00132-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection by enteroviruses can cause severe neurological complications in humans. The interactions between the enteroviral and host proteins may facilitate the virus replication and be involved in the pathogenicity of infected individuals. It has been shown that human enteroviruses possess various mechanisms to suppress host innate immune responses in infected cells. Previous studies showed that infection by enterovirus 71 (EV71) causes the degradation of MDA5, which is a critical cytoplasmic pathogen sensor in the recognition of picornaviruses for initiating transcription of type I interferons. In the present study, we demonstrated that the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP; also denoted 3Dpol) encoded by EV71 interacts with the caspase activation and recruitment domains (CARDs) of MDA5 and plays a role in the inhibition of MDA5-mediated beta interferon (IFN-β) promoter activation and mRNA expression. In addition, we found that the 3Dpol protein encoded by coxsackievirus B3 also interacted with MDA5 and downregulated the antiviral signaling initiated by MDA5. These findings indicate that enteroviral RdRP may function as an antagonist against the host antiviral innate immune response.IMPORTANCE Infection by enteroviruses causes severe neurological complications in humans. Human enteroviruses possess various mechanisms to suppress the host type I interferon (IFN) response in infected cells to establish viral replication. In the present study, we found that the enteroviral 3Dpol protein (or RdRP), which is a viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase for replicating viral RNA, plays a role in the inhibition of MDA5-mediated beta interferon (IFN-β) promoter activation. We further demonstrated that enteroviral 3Dpol protein interacts with the caspase activation and recruitment domains (CARDs) of MDA5. These findings indicate that enteroviral RdRP functions as an antagonist against the host antiviral response.
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127
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Lazarte JMS, Thompson KD, Jung TS. Pattern Recognition by Melanoma Differentiation-Associated Gene 5 (Mda5) in Teleost Fish: A Review. Front Immunol 2019; 10:906. [PMID: 31080451 PMCID: PMC6497758 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Teleost fish, as with other vertebrates, rely on their innate immune system as a first line of defense against invading pathogens. A very important characteristic of the innate immune response is its ability to recognize conserved molecular structures, such as viral dsRNA and ssRNA. Mda5 is one of the three pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize cytoplasmic viral ligands. Teleost Mda5 is widely conserved among several fish species and possesses the same structural domains as those seen in their mammalian counterparts. Fish Mda5 has been shown to be capable of initiating an inflammatory response both in vitro (in different fish cell lines) and in vivo using synthetic viral analogs or virus. The interferon (IFN) pathway is triggered as a result of Mda5 activation, leading to the expression of type I IFNs, IFN- stimulated genes and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Although it is known that Mda5 acts as a receptor for virally-produced ligands, it has been shown more recently that it can also initiate an immune response against bacterial challenges. This review discusses recent advances in the characterization of teleost Mda5 and its potential role in antiviral and antibacterial immunity in teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jassy Mary S Lazarte
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Kim D Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Tae Sung Jung
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
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128
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Rout AK, Udgata SR, Dehury B, Pradhan SP, Swain HS, Behera BK, Das BK. Structural bioinformatics insights into the CARD‐CARD interaction mediated by the mitochondrial antiviral‐signaling protein of black carp. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:12534-12543. [PMID: 30912187 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajaya K. Rout
- Biotechnology Laboratory ICAR—Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute Kolkata West Bengal India
| | - Sheela R. Udgata
- Department of Bioinformatics Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology Bhubaneswar Odisha India
| | - Budheswar Dehury
- Biomedical Informatics Centre ICMR—Regional Medical Research Centre Bhubaneswar Odisha India
- Department of Chemistry Technical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Smruti P. Pradhan
- Department of Bioinformatics Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology Bhubaneswar Odisha India
| | - Himanshu S. Swain
- Biotechnology Laboratory ICAR—Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute Kolkata West Bengal India
| | - Bijay K. Behera
- Biotechnology Laboratory ICAR—Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute Kolkata West Bengal India
| | - Basanta K. Das
- Biotechnology Laboratory ICAR—Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute Kolkata West Bengal India
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129
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Igase M, Shousu K, Fujiki N, Sakurai M, Bonkobara M, Hwang CC, Coffey M, Noguchi S, Nemoto Y, Mizuno T. Anti-tumour activity of oncolytic reovirus against canine histiocytic sarcoma cells. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 17:184-193. [PMID: 30761736 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Canine histiocytic sarcoma is an aggressive, fatal neoplastic disease with a poor prognosis. Lomustine is generally accepted as the first-line systemic therapy, although this compound does not provide complete regression. Therefore, research into a novel approach against canine histiocytic sarcoma is needed. However, anti-tumour effects of oncolytic therapy using reovirus against histiocytic sarcoma are unknown. Here, we showed that reovirus has oncolytic activity in canine histiocytic sarcoma cell lines in vitro and in vivo. We found that reovirus can replicate and induce caspase-dependent apoptosis in canine histiocytic sarcoma cell lines. A single intra-tumoural injection of reovirus completely suppressed the growth of subcutaneously grafted tumours in NOD/SCID mice. Additionally, we demonstrated that susceptibility to reovirus-induced cell death was attributable to the extent of expression of type I interferons induced by reovirus infection in vitro. In conclusion, oncolytic reovirus appears to be an effective treatment option for histiocytic sarcoma, and therefore warrants further investigation in early clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Igase
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Kazuha Shousu
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Fujiki
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Masashi Sakurai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Makoto Bonkobara
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chung C Hwang
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Matt Coffey
- Oncolytics Biotech Inc., Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shunsuke Noguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Nemoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Takuya Mizuno
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
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130
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Ke F, Zhang QY. Aquatic animal viruses mediated immune evasion in their host. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 86:1096-1105. [PMID: 30557608 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are important and lethal pathogens that hamper aquatic animals. The result of the battle between host and virus would determine the occurrence of diseases. The host will fight against virus infection with various responses such as innate immunity, adaptive immunity, apoptosis, and so on. On the other hand, the virus also develops numerous strategies such as immune evasion to antagonize host antiviral responses. Here, We review the research advances on virus mediated immune evasions to host responses containing interferon response, NF-κB signaling, apoptosis, and adaptive response, which are executed by viral genes, proteins, and miRNAs from different aquatic animal viruses including Alloherpesviridae, Iridoviridae, Nimaviridae, Birnaviridae, Reoviridae, and Rhabdoviridae. Thus, it will facilitate the understanding of aquatic animal virus mediated immune evasion and potentially benefit the development of novel antiviral applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Qi-Ya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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131
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Shaheen ZR, Christmann BS, Stafford JD, Moran JM, Buller RML, Corbett JA. CCR5 is a required signaling receptor for macrophage expression of inflammatory genes in response to viral double-stranded RNA. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 316:R525-R534. [PMID: 30811246 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00019.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Double-stranded (ds) RNA, both synthetic and produced during virus replication, rapidly stimulates MAPK and NF-κB signaling that results in expression of the inflammatory genes inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase 2, and IL-1β by macrophages. Using biochemical and genetic approaches, we have identified the chemokine ligand-binding C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) as a cell surface signaling receptor required for macrophage expression of inflammatory genes in response to dsRNA. Activation of macrophages by synthetic dsRNA does not require known dsRNA receptors, as poly(inosinic:cytidylic) acid [poly(I:C)] activates signaling pathways leading to expression of inflammatory genes to similar levels in wild-type and Toll-like receptor 3- or melanoma differentiation antigen 5-deficient macrophages. In contrast, macrophage activation in response to poly(I:C) is attenuated in macrophages isolated from mice lacking CCR5. These findings support a role for CCR5 as a cell surface signaling receptor that participates in activation of inflammatory genes in macrophages in response to the viral dsRNA mimetic poly(inosinic:cytidylic) acid by pathways that are distinct from classical dsRNA receptor-mediated responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Shaheen
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Benjamin S Christmann
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Joshua D Stafford
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Jason M Moran
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - R Mark L Buller
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - John A Corbett
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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132
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Fan X, Jin T. Structures of RIG-I-Like Receptors and Insights into Viral RNA Sensing. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1172:157-188. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9367-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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133
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Nucleic Acid Induced Interferon and Inflammasome Responses in Regulating Host Defense to Gastrointestinal Viruses. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 345:137-171. [PMID: 30904192 PMCID: PMC7104954 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The gut bacterial and fungal communities residing in the gastrointestinal tract have undisputed far-reaching effects in regulating host health. In the meantime, however, metagenomic sequencing efforts are revealing enteric viruses as the most abundant dimension of the intestinal gut ecosystem, and the first gut virome-wide association studies showed that inflammatory bowel disease as well as type 1 diabetes could be linked to the presence or absence of particular viral inhabitants in the intestine. In line with the genetic component of these human diseases, mouse model studies demonstrated how beneficial functions of a resident virus can switch to detrimental inflammatory effects in a genetically predisposed host. Such viral-induced intestinal immune disturbances are also recapitulated by several gastrointestinal infectious viruses such as rotavirus and human norovirus. This wide range of viral effects on intestinal immunity emphasizes the need for understanding the innate immune responses to gastrointestinal viruses. Numerous nucleic acid sensors such as DexD/H helicases and AIM2 serve as cytosolic viral guardians to induce antiviral interferon and/or pro-inflammatory inflammasome responses. In both cases, pioneering examples are emerging in which RNA helicases cooperate with particular Nod-like receptors to trigger these cellular responses to enteric viruses. Here we summarize the reported beneficial versus detrimental effects of enteric viruses in the intestinal immune system, and we zoom in on the mechanisms through which sensing of nucleic acids from these enteric viruses trigger interferon and inflammasome responses.
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134
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Truncated chicken MDA5 enhances the immune response to inactivated NDV vaccine. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 208:44-52. [PMID: 30712791 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma Differentiation-Associated protein 5 (MDA5) is a cytoplasmic sensor for viral invasion and plays an important role in regulation of the immune response against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in chickens. MDA5 was used as an adjuvant to enhance the humoral immune response against influenza virus. In the current study, truncated chicken MDA5 [1-483 aa, chMDA5(483aa)] expressed by recombinant adenovirus was administered to specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens to improve the immune response induced by inactivated NDV vaccine. A total of 156 SPF chickens were divided into six groups, and after two rounds of immunization, the humoral immune response, cell-mediated immune (CMI) response and the protective efficacy of the vaccines against NDV challenge were evaluated. The results showed that co-administration of chMDA5(483aa) expressed by adenovirus increased the NDV-specific antibody response by 1.7 times and chickens received chMDA5(483aa) also gained a higher level of CMI response. Consistently, the protective efficacy of the inactivated NDV vaccine against virulent NDV (vNDV) challenge was improved by co-administrate with chMDA5(483aa), as indicated by the reduced morbidity and pathological lesions, lower levels of viral load in organs and reduced virus shedding. Our study demonstrated that chMDA5(433aa) expressed by adenovirus could enhance the immune efficacy of inactivated NDV vaccine in chickens and could be a potential adjuvant candidate in developing chicken NDV vaccines.
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135
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Khan S, Godfrey V, Zaki MH. Cytosolic Nucleic Acid Sensors in Inflammatory and Autoimmune Disorders. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 344:215-253. [PMID: 30798989 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity employs germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to sense microbial pattern molecules. Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by various PPRs located on the cell membrane or in the cytosol leads to the activation of cell signaling pathways and production of inflammatory mediators. Nucleic acids including DNA, RNA, and their derivatives are potent PAMPs which can be recognized by multiple PRRs to induce inflammatory responses. While nucleic acid sensors can also sense endogenous nucleic acids, they are capable of discriminating self from non-self. However, defects in nucleic acid sensing PRRs or dysregulation of nucleic acid sensing signaling pathways may cause excessive activation of the immune system resulting in the development of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. This review will discuss the major pathways for sensing intracellular nucleic acids and how defects in these nucleic acid sensing are associated with different kinds of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahanshah Khan
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Victoria Godfrey
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Md Hasan Zaki
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.
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136
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Lewis TC, Metitiri EE, Mentz GB, Ren X, Carpenter AR, Goldsmith AM, Wicklund KE, Eder BN, Comstock AT, Ricci JM, Brennan SR, Washington GL, Owens KB, Mukherjee B, Robins TG, Batterman SA, Hershenson MB. Influence of viral infection on the relationships between airway cytokines and lung function in asthmatic children. Respir Res 2018; 19:228. [PMID: 30463560 PMCID: PMC6249926 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0922-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few longitudinal studies examine inflammation and lung function in asthma. We sought to determine the cytokines that reduce airflow, and the influence of respiratory viral infections on these relationships. METHODS Children underwent home collections of nasal lavage during scheduled surveillance periods and self-reported respiratory illnesses. We studied 53 children for one year, analyzing 392 surveillance samples and 203 samples from 85 respiratory illnesses. Generalized estimated equations were used to evaluate associations between nasal lavage biomarkers (7 mRNAs, 10 proteins), lung function and viral infection. RESULTS As anticipated, viral infection was associated with increased cytokines and reduced FVC and FEV1. However, we found frequent and strong interactions between biomarkers and virus on lung function. For example, in the absence of viral infection, CXCL10 mRNA, MDA5 mRNA, CXCL10, IL-4, IL-13, CCL4, CCL5, CCL20 and CCL24 were negatively associated with FVC. In contrast, during infection, the opposite relationship was frequently found, with IL-4, IL-13, CCL5, CCL20 and CCL24 levels associated with less severe reductions in both FVC and FEV1. CONCLUSIONS In asthmatic children, airflow obstruction is driven by specific pro-inflammatory cytokines. In the absence of viral infection, higher cytokine levels are associated with decreasing lung function. However, with infection, there is a reversal in this relationship, with cytokine abundance associated with reduced lung function decline. While nasal samples may not reflect lower airway responses, these data suggest that some aspects of the inflammatory response may be protective against viral infection. This study may have ramifications for the treatment of viral-induced asthma exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby C. Lewis
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Building MSRB2, Room 3570B, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5688 USA
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Health Behavior/Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Ediri E. Metitiri
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Building MSRB2, Room 3570B, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5688 USA
| | - Graciela B. Mentz
- Health Behavior/Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Xiaodan Ren
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Ashley R. Carpenter
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Building MSRB2, Room 3570B, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5688 USA
| | - Adam M. Goldsmith
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Building MSRB2, Room 3570B, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5688 USA
| | - Kyra E. Wicklund
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Building MSRB2, Room 3570B, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5688 USA
- Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Breanna N. Eder
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Building MSRB2, Room 3570B, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5688 USA
| | - Adam T. Comstock
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Building MSRB2, Room 3570B, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5688 USA
| | - Jeannette M. Ricci
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Building MSRB2, Room 3570B, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5688 USA
| | - Sean R. Brennan
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Building MSRB2, Room 3570B, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5688 USA
| | - Ginger L. Washington
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Building MSRB2, Room 3570B, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5688 USA
| | - Kendall B. Owens
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Building MSRB2, Room 3570B, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5688 USA
| | - Bhramar Mukherjee
- Departments of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Thomas G. Robins
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Stuart A. Batterman
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Marc B. Hershenson
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Building MSRB2, Room 3570B, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5688 USA
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - the Community Action Against Asthma Steering Committee
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Building MSRB2, Room 3570B, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5688 USA
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA
- Departments of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- Health Behavior/Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
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137
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Medina GN, Segundo FDS, Stenfeldt C, Arzt J, de Los Santos T. The Different Tactics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus to Evade Innate Immunity. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2644. [PMID: 30483224 PMCID: PMC6241212 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Like all pathogens, foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is recognized by the immune system inducing a heightened immune response mainly mediated by type I and type III IFNs. To overcome the strong antiviral response induced by these cytokines, FMDV has evolved many strategies exploiting each region of its small RNA genome. These include: (a) inhibition of IFN induction at the transcriptional and translational level, (b) inhibition of protein trafficking; (c) blockage of specific post-translational modifications in proteins that regulate innate immune signaling; (d) modulation of autophagy; (e) inhibition of stress granule formation; and (f) in vivo modulation of immune cell function. Here, we summarize and discuss FMDV virulence factors and the host immune footprint that characterize infection in cell culture and in the natural hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisselle N Medina
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Orient, NY, United States.,Codagenix Inc., Farmingdale, NY, United States
| | - Fayna Díaz-San Segundo
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Orient, NY, United States.,Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Orient, NY, United States
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Orient, NY, United States.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Orient, NY, United States
| | - Teresa de Los Santos
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Orient, NY, United States
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138
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Li L, Fan H, Song Z, Liu X, Bai J, Jiang P. Encephalomyocarditis virus 2C protein antagonizes interferon-β signaling pathway through interaction with MDA5. Antiviral Res 2018; 161:70-84. [PMID: 30312637 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) is one of the most important picornavirus. It infects many mammalian species and causes encephalitis, myocarditis, neurologic diseases, diabetes and reproductive disorders in pigs. And it evolves mechanisms for escaping innate immune responses. But the viral pathogenesis has not been understood completely. In this study, we firstly found that EMCV protein 2C is a strong IFN-β antagonist that interacts with MDA5 to inhibit induction of the IFN-β signal pathway. The mutations in amino acid residue V26 of 2C decrease the inhibition of IFN-β promoter activity and lost the ability to interact with MDA5, compared with wild type 2C protein. The rescued viruses with mutations in 2C (rV26A and rK25-3A) induced significantly higher IFN-β mRNA and protein levels in PK-15, HEK-293A and N2a cells, compared to wild type EMCV and the repaired viruses rV26A(R) and rK25-3A(R). These data indicate that the amino acid residue V26 of EMCV 2C plays important roles in inhibiting type I IFN production by interacting with MDA5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hui Fan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhongbao Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xuewei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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139
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Marques M, Ferreira AR, Ribeiro D. The Interplay between Human Cytomegalovirus and Pathogen Recognition Receptor Signaling. Viruses 2018; 10:v10100514. [PMID: 30241345 PMCID: PMC6212889 DOI: 10.3390/v10100514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular antiviral innate immune response is triggered upon recognition of specific viral components by a set of the host’s cytoplasmic or membrane-bound receptors. This interaction induces specific signaling cascades that culminate with the production of interferons and the expression of interferon-stimulated genes and pro-inflammatory cytokines that act as antiviral factors, suppressing viral replication and restricting infection. Here, we review and discuss the different mechanisms by which each of these receptors is able to recognize and signal infection by the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), an important human pathogen mainly associated with severe brain defects in newborns and disabilities in immunocompromised individuals. We further present and discuss the many sophisticated strategies developed by HCMV to evade these different signaling mechanisms and counteract the cellular antiviral response, in order to support cell viability and sustain its slow replication cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Marques
- Institute of Biomedicine-iBiMED-and Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Ana Rita Ferreira
- Institute of Biomedicine-iBiMED-and Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Daniela Ribeiro
- Institute of Biomedicine-iBiMED-and Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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140
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Matveeva OV, Chumakov PM. Defects in interferon pathways as potential biomarkers of sensitivity to oncolytic viruses. Rev Med Virol 2018; 28:e2008. [PMID: 30209859 PMCID: PMC6906582 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Increased sensitivity of cancer cells to viruses is a prerequisite for the success of oncolytic virotherapy. One of the major causes of such a phenotype is the disruption of innate antiviral defenses associated with dysfunction of type 1 interferons (IFNs) that permits unlimited replication of viruses in cancer cells. Defects in IFN pathways help cancer progression by providing additional advantages to tumor cells. However, while these defects promote the survival and accelerated proliferation of malignant cells, they facilitate viral replication and thus enhance the efficiency of viral oncolysis. This review describes a broad spectrum of defects in genes that participate in IFN induction and IFN response pathways. Expression levels and/or functional activities of these genes are frequently low or absent in cancer cells, making them sensitive to virus infection. Therefore, certain specific defects in IFN signaling cascades might serve as potential biomarkers to help in identifying individual cancer patients who are likely to benefit from oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter M Chumakov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Moscow, Russia.,Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Moscow, Russia
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141
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Tan X, Sun L, Chen J, Chen ZJ. Detection of Microbial Infections Through Innate Immune Sensing of Nucleic Acids. Annu Rev Microbiol 2018; 72:447-478. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-102215-095605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microbial infections are recognized by the innate immune system through germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). As most microbial pathogens contain DNA and/or RNA during their life cycle, nucleic acid sensing has evolved as an essential strategy for host innate immune defense. Pathogen-derived nucleic acids with distinct features are recognized by specific host PRRs localized in endolysosomes and the cytosol. Activation of these PRRs triggers signaling cascades that culminate in the production of type I interferons and proinflammatory cytokines, leading to induction of an antimicrobial state, activation of adaptive immunity, and eventual clearance of the infection. Here, we review recent progress in innate immune recognition of nucleic acids upon microbial infection, including pathways involving endosomal Toll-like receptors, cytosolic RNA sensors, and cytosolic DNA sensors. We also discuss the mechanisms by which infectious microbes counteract host nucleic acid sensing to evade immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Tan
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9148, USA;, , , ,
- Center for Inflammation Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Lijun Sun
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9148, USA;, , , ,
- Center for Inflammation Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9148, USA
| | - Jueqi Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9148, USA;, , , ,
- Center for Inflammation Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Zhijian J. Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9148, USA;, , , ,
- Center for Inflammation Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9148, USA
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142
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Dias Junior AG, Sampaio NG, Rehwinkel J. A Balancing Act: MDA5 in Antiviral Immunity and Autoinflammation. Trends Microbiol 2018; 27:75-85. [PMID: 30201512 PMCID: PMC6319154 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Induction of interferons during viral infection is mediated by cellular proteins that recognise viral nucleic acids. MDA5 is one such sensor of virus presence and is activated by RNA. MDA5 is required for immunity against several classes of viruses, including picornaviruses. Recent work showed that mutations in the IFIH1 gene, encoding MDA5, lead to interferon-driven autoinflammatory diseases. Together with observations made in cancer cells, this suggests that MDA5 detects cellular RNAs in addition to viral RNAs. It is therefore important to understand the properties of the RNAs which activate MDA5. New data indicate that RNA length and secondary structure are features sensed by MDA5. We review these developments and discuss how MDA5 strikes a balance between antiviral immunity and autoinflammation. MDA5 is a pattern-recognition receptor for RNA and induces a type I interferon response. MDA5 is activated in a variety of clinically relevant settings. This includes infection with ssRNA, dsRNA, and dsDNA viruses; several autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases, such as type 1 diabetes and Aicardi–Goutières syndrome; and some forms of cancer treatment. Synthetic, viral, and cellular RNAs can all activate MDA5. The latter may include transcripts from endogenous retroelements such as Alu repeats. Length and secondary structure are important features that determine whether an RNA molecule is detected by MDA5. Indeed, long, base-paired RNA molecules potently activate MDA5 in the test tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gregorio Dias Junior
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK. https://twitter.com/GregorioDias1
| | - Natalia G Sampaio
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Jan Rehwinkel
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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143
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Koba R, Shoji S, Yoshimura S, Tohya Y. Molecular characterization and immune responsive expression of feline MDA5 gene. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1266-1270. [PMID: 29973480 PMCID: PMC6115252 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptor (RLR) family is a group of cytosolic RNA
helicase proteins that play an important role in sensing viral RNAs. Melanoma
differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), an RLR protein, recognizes viral double-stranded
RNA and 5’-triphosphate single-stranded RNA in the cytoplasm for the expression of type I
interferon (IFN). The expression of MDA5 is also induced by type I IFN. In the present
study, we determined the complete coding sequence of the feline MDA5 gene, and analyzed
its structure. In addition, we examined tissue expression patterns, inducibilities of the
feline MDA5 by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid and type I IFN, and a functional role of
feline MDA5 on type I IFN expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Koba
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Sakurako Shoji
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Sawami Yoshimura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Yukinobu Tohya
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
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144
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Ammour YI, Ryabaya OO, Milovanova AV, Sidorov AV, Shohin IE, Zverev VV, Nasedkina TV. Oncolytic Properties of a Mumps Virus Vaccine Strain in Human Melanoma Cell Lines. Mol Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893318040027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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145
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Elion DL, Cook RS. Harnessing RIG-I and intrinsic immunity in the tumor microenvironment for therapeutic cancer treatment. Oncotarget 2018; 9:29007-29017. [PMID: 29989043 PMCID: PMC6034747 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies that remove checkpoint restraints on adaptive immunity are gaining clinical momentum. Approaches aimed at intrinsic cellular immunity in the tumor microenvironment are less understood, but are of intense interest, based on their ability to induce tumor cell apoptosis while orchestrating innate and adaptive immune responses against tumor antigens. The intrinsic immune response is initiated by ancient, highly conserved intracellular proteins that detect viral infection. For example, the RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), a family of related RNA helicases, detect viral oligonucleotide patterns of certain RNA viruses. RLR activation induces immunogenic cell death of virally infected cells, accompanied by increased inflammatory cytokine production, antigen presentation, and antigen-directed immunity against virus antigens. Approaches aimed at non-infectious RIG-I activation in cancers are being tested as a treatment option, with the goal of inducing immunogenic tumor cell death, stimulating production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, enhancing tumor neoantigen presentation, and potently increasing cytotoxic activity of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. These studies are finding success in several pre-clinical models, and are entering early phases of clinical trial. Here, we review pre-clinical studies of RLR agonists, including the successes and challenges currently faced RLR agonists on the path to clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Elion
- Cancer Biology Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rebecca S Cook
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University School of Engineering, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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146
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Imaizumi T, Arai A, Kawaguchi S, Hayakari R, Matsumiya T, Seya K, Yoshida H, Tanaka H. Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I, melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 are induced by a Toll-like receptor 3 agonist in human brain microvascular endothelial cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/cen3.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tadaatsu Imaizumi
- Department of Vascular Biology; Institute of Brain Science; Hirosaki Japan
| | - Akine Arai
- Department of Vascular Biology; Institute of Brain Science; Hirosaki Japan
| | - Shogo Kawaguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology; Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine; Hirosaki Japan
| | - Ryo Hayakari
- Department of Vascular Biology; Institute of Brain Science; Hirosaki Japan
| | - Tomoh Matsumiya
- Department of Vascular Biology; Institute of Brain Science; Hirosaki Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Seya
- Department of Vascular Biology; Institute of Brain Science; Hirosaki Japan
| | - Hidemi Yoshida
- Department of Vascular Biology; Institute of Brain Science; Hirosaki Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics; Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine; Hirosaki Japan
- Department of School Health Science; Hirosaki University; Faculty of Education; Hirosaki Japan
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147
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Gall B, Pryke K, Abraham J, Mizuno N, Botto S, Sali TM, Broeckel R, Haese N, Nilsen A, Placzek A, Morrison T, Heise M, Streblow D, DeFilippis V. Emerging Alphaviruses Are Sensitive to Cellular States Induced by a Novel Small-Molecule Agonist of the STING Pathway. J Virol 2018; 92:e01913-17. [PMID: 29263267 PMCID: PMC5827377 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01913-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The type I interferon (IFN) system represents an essential innate immune response that renders cells resistant to virus growth via the molecular actions of IFN-induced effector proteins. IFN-mediated cellular states inhibit growth of numerous and diverse virus types, including those of known pathogenicity as well as potentially emerging agents. As such, targeted pharmacologic activation of the IFN response may represent a novel therapeutic strategy to prevent infection or spread of clinically impactful viruses. In light of this, we employed a high-throughput screen to identify small molecules capable of permeating the cell and of activating IFN-dependent signaling processes. Here we report the identification and characterization of N-(methylcarbamoyl)-2-{[5-(4-methylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]sulfanyl}-2-phenylacetamide (referred to as C11), a novel compound capable of inducing IFN secretion from human cells. Using reverse genetics-based loss-of-function assays, we show that C11 activates the type I IFN response in a manner that requires the adaptor protein STING but not the alternative adaptors MAVS and TRIF. Importantly, treatment of cells with C11 generated a cellular state that potently blocked replication of multiple emerging alphavirus types, including chikungunya, Ross River, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Mayaro, and O'nyong-nyong viruses. The antiviral effects of C11 were subsequently abrogated in cells lacking STING or the type I IFN receptor, indicating that they are mediated, at least predominantly, by way of STING-mediated IFN secretion and subsequent autocrine/paracrine signaling. This work also allowed characterization of differential antiviral roles of innate immune signaling adaptors and IFN-mediated responses and identified MAVS as being crucial to cellular resistance to alphavirus infection.IMPORTANCE Due to the increase in emerging arthropod-borne viruses, such as chikungunya virus, that lack FDA-approved therapeutics and vaccines, it is important to better understand the signaling pathways that lead to clearance of virus. Here we show that C11 treatment makes human cells refractory to replication of a number of these viruses, which supports its value in increasing our understanding of the immune response and viral pathogenesis required to establish host infection. We also show that C11 depends on signaling through STING to produce antiviral type I interferon, which further supports its potential as a therapeutic drug or research tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Gall
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Kara Pryke
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jinu Abraham
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Nobuyo Mizuno
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Sara Botto
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Tina M Sali
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Rebecca Broeckel
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Nicole Haese
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Aaron Nilsen
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Thomas Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Mark Heise
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daniel Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Victor DeFilippis
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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148
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Wu H, Liu L, Wu S, Wang C, Feng C, Xiao J, Feng H. IFNb of black carp functions importantly in host innate immune response as an antiviral cytokine. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 74:1-9. [PMID: 29284145 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-Is) play an important role in the antiviral immune response in teleost fishes. In this study, one type I interferon (bcIFNb) from black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) has been cloned and characterized. The full-length cDNA of bcIFNb gene consists of 806 nucleotides and the predicted bcIFNb protein contains 188 amino acids. Basing on the cysteine number and evolutionary position, bcIFNb was classified into group II type I IFN. q-PCR analysis demonstrated that bcIFNb mRNA level varied in vivo and ex vivo in response to different stimuli. bcIFNb was detected in both the whole cell lysate and the supernatant media of HEK293T cells or EPC cells transfected with bcIFNb through immunoblot assay. IFN stimulated genes (ISGs) were greatly upregulated when the host cells were treated with the bcIFNb-containing conditioned media. EPC cells showed greatly enhanced antiviral ability when the cells were transfected with bcIFNb or treated with the bcIFNb-containing conditioned media before GCRV or SVCV infection. Glycosidase digestion analysis determined that bcIFNb was modified with N-linked glycosylation, which occurred on the Asn (N) of 92 site of this cytokine. The un-glycosylated mutant bcIFNb-N92Q presented the similar antiviral ability as that of wild type bcIFNb, which demonstrated that N-linked glycosylation did not contribute directly to the antiviral property of this fish cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Liqun Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Sizhong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Chanyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Chaoliang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Hao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.
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149
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Sun Y, Yang Q, Zhao X, Liu X, Xu T. Identification and functional characterization of interferon regulatory factor 7 involved in activation JAK/STAT pathway in miiuy croaker. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 73:50-56. [PMID: 29208498 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family is a transcription factor family which plays an important role in the regulation of natural immunity and immune cell differentiation. IRF7 is important to regulate the response of type I interferon (IFN) to viral infection. Thus, more researches of the characteristic and functions of IRF7 should be done to get better understanding of the mechanisms underlying immune reactions. Here, the characterization of full-length cDNA of IRF7 was reported from miiuy croaker. Gene characterization analysis of mmiIRF7 showed conservative with other fish and inferred that the difference of tryptophan residues in IRF7 may occurred in the period of fish-specific genome duplication (FSGD) or earlier. Syntenic analysis of IRF7 showed that fish IRF7 had more highly conserved synteny than the higher vertebrates IRF7. Luciferase reporter assays result showed the ability of mmiIRF7 for activation of IFNα, IFNβ, IFNγ and ISRE luciferase reporter. In this study, we systematically and comprehensively analyzed evolution and function of mmiIRF7, which will provide the basis for future research on fish IRF family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuena Sun
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Qiong Yang
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Xueyan Zhao
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Xuezhu Liu
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China.
| | - Tianjun Xu
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China.
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150
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Yamamura Y, Morizane S, Yamamoto T, Wada J, Iwatsuki K. High calcium enhances the expression of double-stranded RNA sensors and antiviral activity in epidermal keratinocytes. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:129-134. [PMID: 29087009 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) sensors including TLR3, MDA5 and RIG-I are expressed in epidermal keratinocytes and play an important immunological role by enhancing various innate and adaptive immune responses. Although the role of elevated extracellular calcium concentration in keratinocyte differentiation is well understood, the effect of high calcium on dsRNA sensors is not well studied. We investigated alterations in dsRNA sensor expression and antiviral activity induced by a high extracellular concentration of calcium in epidermal keratinocytes. Normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) were stimulated with high calcium and/or synthetic dsRNA, poly (I:C). TLR3, IFIH1 (MDA5) and DDX58 (RIG-I) expression were measured via qPCR, and IFN-β and human beta-defensin 2 (HBD2) levels were measured using ELISA. TLR3 localization was evaluated with immunocytofluorescence. Antiviral activity was quantified with virus plaque assays using herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). High calcium significantly upregulated mRNA expression of TLR3, IFIH1 and DDX58 in NHEKs. In addition, high calcium significantly enhanced poly (I:C)-induced anti-HSV-1 activity in NHEKs. The antiviral molecule HBD2 but not IFN-β induction by poly (I:C) was enhanced by high calcium. Our findings indicate that high levels of extracellular calcium enhance the expression of dsRNA sensors and augment antiviral activity in epidermal keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriko Yamamura
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shin Morizane
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Jun Wada
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Keiji Iwatsuki
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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