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Wakuta S, Fujikawa T, Naito S, Takano J. Tolerance to Excess-Boron Conditions Acquired by Stabilization of a BOR1 Variant with Weak Polarity in Arabidopsis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:4. [PMID: 26870730 PMCID: PMC4737877 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Boron (B) is a metalloid that is essential for plant growth but is toxic when present in excess. Arabidopsis BOR1 is a borate exporter, facilitating B translocation from root to shoot under limited-B conditions. BOR1 shows stele side polar localization in the plasma membrane of various root cells, presumably to support B translocation toward the stele. BOR1 is degraded under high-B supply through vacuolar sorting via ubiquitination at the K590 residue to prevent the accumulation of B to a toxic level in shoots. A previous study showed that overexpression of BOR1 under control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S RNA promoter improved the growth of Arabidopsis under limited-B conditions without affecting the growth under sufficient-to-excess-B conditions. In this study, we unexpectedly found that ubiquitous expression of a stabilized BOR1 variant improved tolerance to excess-B in Arabidopsis. We established transgenic plants expressing BOR1-GFP fused with hygromycin phosphotransferase (HPT) and BOR1(K590A)-GFP-HPT under control of the ubiquitin 10 promoter. BOR1-GFP-HPT and BOR1(K590A)-GFP-HPT were expressed in various cell types in leaves and roots and showed weak polar localization in root tip cells. BOR1-GFP-HPT, but not BOR1(K590A)-GFP-HPT, was degraded through an endocytic pathway under high-B conditions. Transgenic plants with the stabilized variant BOR1(K590A)-GFP-HPT showed improved root and shoot growth under excess-B conditions. The concentration of B was greater in the shoots of plants with BOR1(K590A)-GFP-HPT or BOR1-GFP-HPT than in those of untransformed wild-type plants. These results suggest that BOR1(K590A)-GFP-HPT confers tolerance to excess-B by excluding B from the cytosol of shoot cells. Results from this study indicate the potential for engineering the trafficking properties of a transporter to produce plants that are tolerant to mineral stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Wakuta
- Division of Fundamental AgriScience Research, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University Sapporo, Japan
| | - Teppei Fujikawa
- Division of Agrobiology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Naito
- Division of Fundamental AgriScience Research, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido UniversitySapporo, Japan; Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido UniversitySapporo, Japan
| | - Junpei Takano
- Division of Fundamental AgriScience Research, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido UniversitySapporo, Japan; Division of Agrobiology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido UniversitySapporo, Japan
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102
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Wang N, Yang C, Pan Z, Liu Y, Peng S. Boron deficiency in woody plants: various responses and tolerance mechanisms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:916. [PMID: 26579163 PMCID: PMC4621400 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Boron (B) is an essential microelement for higher plants, and its deficiency is widespread around the world and constrains the productivity of both agriculture and forestry. In the last two decades, numerous studies on model or herbaceous plants have contributed greatly to our understanding of the complex network of B-deficiency responses and mechanisms for tolerance. In woody plants, however, fewer studies have been conducted and they have not well been recently synthesized or related to the findings on model species on B transporters. Trees have a larger body size, longer lifespan and more B reserves than do herbaceous plants, indicating that woody species might undergo long-term or mild B deficiency more commonly and that regulation of B reserves helps trees cope with B deficiency. In addition, the highly heterozygous genetic background of tree species suggests that they may have more complex mechanisms of response and tolerance to B deficiency than do model plants. Boron-deficient trees usually exhibit two key visible symptoms: depression of growing points (root tip, bud, flower, and young leaf) and deformity of organs (root, shoot, leaf, and fruit). These symptoms may be ascribed to B functioning in the cell wall and membrane, and particularly to damage to vascular tissues and the suppression of both B and water transport. Boron deficiency also affects metabolic processes such as decreased leaf photosynthesis, and increased lignin and phenol content in trees. These negative effects will influence the quality and quantity of wood, fruit and other agricultural products. Boron efficiency probably originates from a combined effect of three processes: B uptake, B translocation and retranslocation, and B utilization. Root morphology and mycorrhiza can affect the B uptake efficiency of trees. During B translocation from the root to shoot, differences in B concentration between root cell sap and xylem exudate, as well as water use efficiency, may play key roles in tolerance to B deficiency. In addition, B retranslocation efficiency primarily depends on the extent of xylem-to-phloem transfer and the variety and amount of cis-diol moieties in the phloem. The B requirement for cell wall construction also contribute to the B use efficiency in trees. The present review will provide an update on the physiological and molecular responses and tolerance mechanisms to B deficiency in woody plants. Emphasis is placed on the roles of B reserves that are more important for tolerance to B deficiency in trees than in herbaceous plants and the possible physiological and molecular mechanisms of differential B efficiency in trees. We propose that B may be used to study the relationship between the cell wall and the membrane via the B-bridge. Transgenic B-efficient tree cultivars have considerable potential for forestry or fruit rootstock production on low B soils in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shu’ang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
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103
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Pollen Morphology and Boron Concentration in Floral Tissues as Factors Triggering Natural and GA-Induced Parthenocarpic Fruit Development in Grapevine. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139503. [PMID: 26440413 PMCID: PMC4595136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parthenocarpic fruit development (PFD) reduces fruit yield and quality in grapevine. Parthenocarpic seedless berries arise from fruit set without effective fertilization due to defective pollen germination. PFD has been associated to micronutrient deficiency but the relation of this phenomenon with pollen polymorphism has not been reported before. In this work, six grapevine cultivars with different tendency for PFD and grown under micronutrient-sufficient conditions were analyzed to determine pollen structure and germination capability as well as PFD rates. Wide variation in non-germinative abnormal pollen was detected either among cultivars as well as for the same cultivar in different growing seasons. A straight correlation with PFD rates was found (R2 = 0.9896), suggesting that natural parthenocarpy is related to defective pollen development. Such relation was not observed when PFD was analyzed in grapevine plants exposed to exogenous gibberellin (GA) or abscissic acid (ABA) applications at pre-anthesis. Increase (GA treatment) or reduction (ABA treatment) in PFD rates without significative changes in abnormal pollen was determined. Although these plants were maintained at sufficient boron (B) condition, a down-regulation of the floral genes VvBOR3 and VvBOR4 together with a reduction of floral B content in GA-treated plants was established. These results suggest that impairment in B mobility to reproductive tissues and restriction of pollen tube growth could be involved in the GA-induced parthenocarpy.
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104
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Wang S, Ito T, Uehara M, Naito S, Takano J. UDP-D-galactose synthesis by UDP-glucose 4-epimerase 4 is required for organization of the trans-Golgi network/early endosome in Arabidopsis thaliana root epidermal cells. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2015; 128:863-873. [PMID: 26013532 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-015-0737-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Endomembrane organization is essential for cell physiology. We previously identified an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant in which a plasma membrane (PM) marker GFP-NIP5;1 and trans-Golgi network/early endosome (TGN/EE) markers were accumulated in intracellular aggregates in epidermal cells of the root elongation zone. The mutant was identified as an allele of UDP-glucose epimerase 4 (UGE4)/root hair defective 1/root epidermal bulgar 1, which was previously described as a mutant with swollen root epidermal cells and has an altered sugar composition in cell wall polysaccharides. Importantly, these defects including aggregate formation were restored by supplementation of D-galactose in the medium. These results suggested that UDP-D-galactose synthesis by UGE4 is important for endomembrane organization in addition to cell wall structure. Here, we further investigated the nature of the aggregates using various markers of endomembrane compartments and BOR1-GFP, which traffics from PM to vacuole in response to high-B supply. The markers of multi-vesicular bodies/late endosomes (MVB/LEs) and BOR1-GFP were strongly accumulated in the intracellular aggregates, while those of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the vacuolar membrane, and the Golgi were only slightly affected in the uge4 mutant. The abnormal localizations of these markers in the uge4 mutant differed from the effects of inhibitors of actin and microtubule polymerization, although they also affected endomembrane organization. Furthermore, electron microscopy analysis revealed accumulation of abnormal high-electron-density vesicles in elongating epidermal cells. The abnormal vesicles were often associated or interconnected with TGN/EEs and contained ADP-ribosylation factor 1, which is usually localized to the Golgi and the TGN/EEs. On the other hand, structures of the ER, Golgi apparatus, and MVB/LEs were apparently normal in uge4 cells. Together, our data indicate the importance of UDP-D-galactose synthesis by UGE4 for the organization and function of endomembranes, especially TGN/EEs, which are a sorting station of the secretory and vacuolar pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheliang Wang
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
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105
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Baral A, Shruthi KS, Mathew MK. Vesicular trafficking and salinity responses in plants. IUBMB Life 2015; 67:677-86. [PMID: 26314939 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Research spanning three decades has demonstrated that vesicles pinch off from the plasma membrane and traffic through the cytoplasm of plant cells, much as previously reported in animal cells. Although the well-conserved clathrin-mediated mechanism of endocytosis has been well characterized, relatively little is known about clathrin-independent pathways in plants. Modulation of endocytosis by both physical stimuli and chemical ligands has been reported in plants. Here, we review the effect of salinity-one of the most deleterious environmental assaults-on endocytosis and intracellular trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Baral
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (Tata Institute of Fundamental Research), Bellary Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - K S Shruthi
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (Tata Institute of Fundamental Research), Bellary Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.,School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M K Mathew
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (Tata Institute of Fundamental Research), Bellary Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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106
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Martínez-Cuenca MR, Martínez-Alcántara B, Quiñones A, Ruiz M, Iglesias DJ, Primo-Millo E, Forner-Giner MÁ. Physiological and Molecular Responses to Excess Boron in Citrus macrophylla W. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134372. [PMID: 26225859 PMCID: PMC4520451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This work provides insight into several mechanisms involved in boron (B) regulation pathway in response to high B conditions in Citrus. The study was carried out in Citrus macrophylla W. (Cm) seedlings cultured "in vitro" in media with 50 or 400 μM H3BO3 (control, Ct, and B-excess, +B, plants, respectively). Growth parameters, B concentration, leaf chlorophyll (Chl) concentration, the expression of the main putative genes involved in B transport and distribution, and leaf and root proline and malonaldehyde (MDA) concentrations, were assessed. Excess B led to high B concentration in +B plants (3.8- and 1.4-fold in leaves and roots, respectively) when compared with Ct ones. However, a minor effect was recorded in the plant (incipient visual symptoms, less than 27% reduction in root growth and 26% decrease in Chl b concentration). B toxicity down-regulated by half the expression level of putative B transporter genes NIP5 and PIP1. CmBOR1 gene was not repressed in +B plants and B accumulated in the shoots. High B level increased the transcripts of putative gene TIP5, involved in B transport across the tonoplast, by 3.3- and 2.4-fold in leaves and roots, respectively. The activity of V-PPiase proton pump, related with the electrochemical gradient in the vacuole, was also enhanced in +B organs. B toxicity up-regulated putative BOR4 gene (2.1- and 2.7-fold in roots and leaves, respectively), which codifies for an active efflux B transporter. Accordingly, B was located in +B plants preferently in an insoluble form on cell walls. Finally, excess B caused a significant rise in proline concentration (51% and 34% in roots and leaves, respectively), while the MDA level did not exceed 20%. In conclusion, Cm tolerance to a high B level is likely based on the synergism of several specific mechanisms against B toxicity, including: 1/ down-regulation of NIP5 and PIP1 boron transporters; 2/ activation of B efflux from cells due to the up-regulation of putative BOR4 gene; 3/ compartmentation of B in the vacuole through TIP5 transporter activation and the acidification of the organelle; 4/ insolubilisation of B and deposition in cell walls preventing from cytoplasm damage; and, 5/ induction of an efficient antioxidant system through proline accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Rus Martínez-Cuenca
- Department of Citriculture and Vegetal Production, Valencian Institute of Agrarian Research, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Belén Martínez-Alcántara
- Department of Citriculture and Vegetal Production, Valencian Institute of Agrarian Research, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Quiñones
- Department of Citriculture and Vegetal Production, Valencian Institute of Agrarian Research, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz
- Department of Vegetal Protection and Biotechnology, Valencian Institute of Agrarian Research, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Domingo J. Iglesias
- Department of Citriculture and Vegetal Production, Valencian Institute of Agrarian Research, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eduardo Primo-Millo
- Department of Citriculture and Vegetal Production, Valencian Institute of Agrarian Research, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - M. Ángeles Forner-Giner
- Department of Citriculture and Vegetal Production, Valencian Institute of Agrarian Research, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
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107
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Liu K, Liu LL, Ren YL, Wang ZQ, Zhou KN, Liu X, Wang D, Zheng M, Cheng ZJ, Lin QB, Wang JL, Wu FQ, Zhang X, Guo XP, Wang CM, Zhai HQ, Jiang L, Wan JM. Dwarf and tiller-enhancing 1 regulates growth and development by influencing boron uptake in boron limited conditions in rice. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 236:18-28. [PMID: 26025517 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Boron (B) is essential for plant growth, and B deficiency causes severe losses in crop yield. Here we isolated and characterized a rice (Oryza sativa L.) mutant named dwarf and tiller-enhancing 1 (dte1), which exhibits defects under low-B conditions, including retarded growth, increased number of tillers and impaired pollen fertility. Map-based cloning revealed that dte1 encodes a NOD26-LIKE INTRINSIC PROTEIN orthologous to known B channel proteins AtNIP5;1 in Arabidopsis and TASSEL-LESS1 in maize. Its identity was verified by transgenic complementation and RNA-interference. Subcellular localization showed DTE1 is mainly localized in the plasma membrane. The accumulation of DTE1 transcripts both in roots and shoots significantly increased within 3h of the onset of B starvation, but decreased within 1h of B replenishment. GUS staining indicated that DTE1s are expressed abundantly in exodermal cells in roots, as well as in nodal region of adult leaves. Although the dte1 mutation apparently reduces the total B content in plants, it does not affect in vivo B concentrations under B-deficient conditions. These data provide evidence that DTE1 is critical for vegetative growth and reproductive development in rice grown under B-deficient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Ling-Long Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yu-Long Ren
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Zhi-Quan Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Kun-Neng Zhou
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xi Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Dan Wang
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Ming Zheng
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Zhi-Jun Cheng
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Qi-Bing Lin
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Jiu-Lin Wang
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Fu-Qing Wu
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Xiu-Ping Guo
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Chun-Ming Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Hu-Qu Zhai
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Ling Jiang
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jian-Min Wan
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China.
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108
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Bellaloui N, Turley RB, Stetina SR. Water Stress and Foliar Boron Application Altered Cell Wall Boron and Seed Nutrition in Near-Isogenic Cotton Lines Expressing Fuzzy and Fuzzless Seed Phenotypes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130759. [PMID: 26098564 PMCID: PMC4476688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous research, conducted under well-watered conditions without fertilizer application, showed that fuzziness cottonseed trait resulted in cottonseed nutrition differences between fuzzy (F) and fuzzless (N) cottonseed. Under water stress conditions, B mobility is further limited, inhibiting B movement within the plant, affecting seed nutrition (quality). Therefore, we hypothesized that both foliar B and water stress can affect B mobility, altering cottonseed protein, oil, and mineral nutrition. The objective of the current research was to evaluate the effects of the fuzziness seed trait on boron (B) and seed nutrition under water stress and foliar B application using near-isogenic cotton lines (NILs) grown in a repeated greenhouse experiment. Plants were grown under-well watered conditions (The soil water potential was kept between -15 to -20 kPa, considered field capacity) and water stress conditions (soil water potential between -100 and -150 kPa, stressed conditions). Foliar B was applied at a rate of 1.8 kg B ha(-1) as H3BO3. Under well-watered conditions without B the concentrations of seed oil in N lines were higher than in F lines, and seed K and N levels were lower in N lines than in F lines. Concentrations of K, N, and B in leaves were higher in N lines than in F lines, opposing the trend in seeds. Water-stress resulted in higher seed protein concentrations, and the contribution of cell wall (structural) B to the total B exceeded 90%, supporting the structural role of B in plants. Foliar B application under well-watered conditions resulted in higher seed protein, oil, C, N, and B in only some lines. This research showed that cottonseed nutrition differences can occur due to seed fuzziness trait, and water stress and foliar B application can alter cottonseed nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nacer Bellaloui
- Crop Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Stoneville, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Rickie B. Turley
- Crop Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Stoneville, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Salliana R. Stetina
- Crop Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Stoneville, Mississippi, United States of America
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109
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Chevalier AS, Chaumont F. Trafficking of plant plasma membrane aquaporins: multiple regulation levels and complex sorting signals. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:819-29. [PMID: 25520405 PMCID: PMC7107115 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporins are small channel proteins which facilitate the diffusion of water and small neutral molecules across biological membranes. Compared with animals, plant genomes encode numerous aquaporins, which display a large variety of subcellular localization patterns. More specifically, plant aquaporins of the plasma membrane intrinsic protein (PIP) subfamily were first described as plasma membrane (PM)-resident proteins, but recent research has demonstrated that the trafficking and subcellular localization of these proteins are complex and highly regulated. In the past few years, PIPs emerged as new model proteins to study subcellular sorting and membrane dynamics in plant cells. At least two distinct sorting motifs (one cytosolic, the other buried in the membrane) are required to direct PIPs to the PM. Hetero-oligomerization and interaction with SNAREs (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor protein attachment protein receptors) also influence the subcellular trafficking of PIPs. In addition to these constitutive processes, both the progression of PIPs through the secretory pathway and their dynamics at the PM are responsive to changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien S Chevalier
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4, L7.07.14, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - François Chaumont
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4, L7.07.14, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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110
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Wakuta S, Mineta K, Amano T, Toyoda A, Fujiwara T, Naito S, Takano J. Evolutionary Divergence of Plant Borate Exporters and Critical Amino Acid Residues for the Polar Localization and Boron-Dependent Vacuolar Sorting of AtBOR1. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:852-862. [PMID: 25619824 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Boron (B) is an essential micronutrient for plants but is toxic when accumulated in excess. The plant BOR family encodes plasma membrane-localized borate exporters (BORs) that control translocation and homeostasis of B under a wide range of conditions. In this study, we examined the evolutionary divergence of BORs among terrestrial plants and showed that the lycophyte Selaginella moellendorffii and angiosperms have evolved two types of BOR (clades I and II). Clade I includes AtBOR1 and homologs previously shown to be involved in efficient transport of B under conditions of limited B availability. AtBOR1 shows polar localization in the plasma membrane and high-B-induced vacuolar sorting, important features for efficient B transport under low-B conditions, and rapid down-regulation to avoid B toxicity. Clade II includes AtBOR4 and barley Bot1 involved in B exclusion for high-B tolerance. We showed, using yeast complementation and B transport assays, that three genes in S. moellendorffii, SmBOR1 in clade I and SmBOR3 and SmBOR4 in clade II, encode functional BORs. Furthermore, amino acid sequence alignments identified an acidic di-leucine motif unique in clade I BORs. Mutational analysis of AtBOR1 revealed that the acidic di-leucine motif is required for the polarity and high-B-induced vacuolar sorting of AtBOR1. Our data clearly indicated that the common ancestor of vascular plants had already acquired two types of BOR for low- and high-B tolerance, and that the BOR family evolved to establish B tolerance in each lineage by adapting to their environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Wakuta
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589 Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Mineta
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Taro Amano
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589 Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Toru Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Satoshi Naito
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589 Japan Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589 Japan
| | - Junpei Takano
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589 Japan
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111
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Leitner J, Retzer K, Malenica N, Bartkeviciute R, Lucyshyn D, Jäger G, Korbei B, Byström A, Luschnig C. Meta-regulation of Arabidopsis auxin responses depends on tRNA maturation. Cell Rep 2015; 11:516-26. [PMID: 25892242 PMCID: PMC4416960 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Polar transport of the phytohormone auxin throughout plants shapes morphogenesis and is subject to stringent and specific control. Here, we identify basic cellular activities connected to translational control of gene expression as sufficient to specify auxin-mediated development. Mutants in subunits of Arabidopsis Elongator, a protein complex modulating translational efficiency via maturation of tRNAs, exhibit defects in auxin-controlled developmental processes, associated with reduced abundance of PIN-formed (PIN) auxin transport proteins. Similar anomalies are observed upon interference with tRNA splicing by downregulation of RNA ligase (AtRNL), pointing to a general role of tRNA maturation in auxin signaling. Elongator Protein 6 (ELP6) and AtRNL expression patterns underline an involvement in adjusting PIN protein levels, whereas rescue of mutant defects by auxin indicates rate-limiting activities in auxin-controlled organogenesis. This emphasizes mechanisms in which auxin serves as a bottleneck for plant morphogenesis, translating common cellular activities into defined developmental readouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Leitner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Katarzyna Retzer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Nenad Malenica
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Rasa Bartkeviciute
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Doris Lucyshyn
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Gunilla Jäger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Barbara Korbei
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Anders Byström
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christian Luschnig
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria.
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112
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Heard W, Sklenář J, Tomé DFA, Robatzek S, Jones AME. Identification of Regulatory and Cargo Proteins of Endosomal and Secretory Pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana by Proteomic Dissection. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:1796-813. [PMID: 25900983 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.050286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell's endomembranes comprise an intricate, highly dynamic and well-organized system. In plants, the proteins that regulate function of the various endomembrane compartments and their cargo remain largely unknown. Our aim was to dissect subcellular trafficking routes by enriching for partially overlapping subpopulations of endosomal proteomes associated with endomembrane markers. We selected RABD2a/ARA5, RABF2b/ARA7, RABF1/ARA6, and RABG3f as markers for combinations of the Golgi, trans-Golgi network (TGN), early endosomes (EE), secretory vesicles, late endosomes (LE), multivesicular bodies (MVB), and the tonoplast. As comparisons we used Golgi transport 1 (GOT1), which localizes to the Golgi, clathrin light chain 2 (CLC2) labeling clathrin-coated vesicles and pits and the vesicle-associated membrane protein 711 (VAMP711) present at the tonoplast. We developed an easy-to-use method by refining published protocols based on affinity purification of fluorescent fusion constructs to these seven subcellular marker proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. We present a total of 433 proteins, only five of which were shared among all enrichments, while many proteins were common between endomembrane compartments of the same trafficking route. Approximately half, 251 proteins, were assigned to one enrichment only. Our dataset contains known regulators of endosome functions including small GTPases, SNAREs, and tethering complexes. We identify known cargo proteins such as PIN3, PEN3, CESA, and the recently defined TPLATE complex. The subcellular localization of two GTPase regulators predicted from our enrichments was validated using live-cell imaging. This is the first proteomic dataset to discriminate between such highly overlapping endomembrane compartments in plants and can be used as a general proteomic resource to predict the localization of proteins and identify the components of regulatory complexes and provides a useful tool for the identification of new protein markers of the endomembrane system.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Heard
- From the ‡The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jan Sklenář
- From the ‡The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Daniel F A Tomé
- §The School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Silke Robatzek
- From the ‡The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Alexandra M E Jones
- From the ‡The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK; §The School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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113
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Baral A, Irani NG, Fujimoto M, Nakano A, Mayor S, Mathew MK. Salt-induced remodeling of spatially restricted clathrin-independent endocytic pathways in Arabidopsis root. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:1297-315. [PMID: 25901088 PMCID: PMC4558706 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosis is a ubiquitous cellular process that is characterized well in animal cells in culture but poorly across intact, functioning tissue. Here, we analyze endocytosis throughout the Arabidopsis thaliana root using three classes of probes: a lipophilic dye, tagged transmembrane proteins, and a lipid-anchored protein. We observe a stratified distribution of endocytic processes. A clathrin-dependent endocytic pathway that internalizes transmembrane proteins functions in all cell layers, while a sterol-dependent, clathrin-independent pathway that takes up lipid and lipid-anchored proteins but not transmembrane proteins is restricted to the epidermal layer. Saline stress induces a third pathway that is clathrin-independent, nondiscriminatory in its choice of cargo, and operates across all layers of the root. Concomitantly, small acidic compartments in inner cell layers expand to form larger vacuole-like structures. Plants lacking function of the Rab-GEF (guanine nucleotide exchange factor) VPS9a (vacuolar protein sorting 9A) neither induce the third endocytic pathway nor expand the vacuolar system in response to salt stress. The plants are also hypersensitive to salt. Thus, saline stress reconfigures clathrin-independent endocytosis and remodels endomembrane systems, forming large vacuoles in the inner cell layers, both processes correlated by the requirement of VPS9a activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Baral
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India
| | - Niloufer G Irani
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India
| | - Masaru Fujimoto
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan Live Cell Molecular Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Satyajit Mayor
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India
| | - M K Mathew
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India
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114
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Kasai K, Takano J, Fujiwara T. Analysis of endocytosis and ubiquitination of the BOR1 transporter. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1209:203-17. [PMID: 25117286 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1420-3_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Endocytosis and membrane trafficking are the major factors controlling the abundance of plasma membrane proteins, such as transporters and receptors. We have found that Arabidopsis borate transporter BOR1 is polarly localized to the inner (stele-facing) plasma membrane domain of various root cells under boron limitation, and when boron is supplied in excess, BOR1 is rapidly transferred to the vacuole for immediate degradation. The BOR1 polarity and degradation are controlled by membrane trafficking including endocytosis. In this chapter, we describe methods for observation of endocytic trafficking of BOR1, and detection of BOR1 ubiquitination that is required for vacuolar sorting for degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kasai
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan,
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115
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Martins S, Dohmann EMN, Cayrel A, Johnson A, Fischer W, Pojer F, Satiat-Jeunemaître B, Jaillais Y, Chory J, Geldner N, Vert G. Internalization and vacuolar targeting of the brassinosteroid hormone receptor BRI1 are regulated by ubiquitination. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6151. [PMID: 25608221 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids are plant steroid hormones that control many aspects of plant growth and development, and are perceived at the cell surface by the plasma membrane-localized receptor kinase BRI1. Here we show that BRI1 is post-translationally modified by K63 polyubiquitin chains in vivo. Using both artificial ubiquitination of BRI1 and generation of an ubiquitination-defective BRI1 mutant form, we demonstrate that ubiquitination promotes BRI1 internalization from the cell surface and is essential for its recognition at the trans-Golgi network/early endosomes (TGN/EE) for vacuolar targeting. Finally, we demonstrate that the control of BRI1 protein dynamics by ubiquitination is an important control mechanism for brassinosteroid responses in plants. Altogether, our results identify ubiquitination and K63-linked polyubiquitin chain formation as a dual targeting signal for BRI1 internalization and sorting along the endocytic pathway, and highlight its role in hormonally controlled plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Martins
- 1] Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud University, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France [2] Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Unité Propre de Recherche 2355, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Saclay Plant Sciences, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Esther M N Dohmann
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne Cayrel
- 1] Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud University, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France [2] Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Unité Propre de Recherche 2355, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Saclay Plant Sciences, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Alexander Johnson
- 1] Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud University, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France [2] Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Unité Propre de Recherche 2355, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Saclay Plant Sciences, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Wolfgang Fischer
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Florence Pojer
- Protein Crystallography Core Facility, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, SV 3827 Station 19, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Béatrice Satiat-Jeunemaître
- 1] Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud University, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France [2] Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Unité Propre de Recherche 2355, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Saclay Plant Sciences, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Yvon Jaillais
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, INRA, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon 07, France
| | - Joanne Chory
- 1] The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Niko Geldner
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, UNIL-Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégory Vert
- 1] Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS, CEA, Paris-Sud University, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France [2] Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Unité Propre de Recherche 2355, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Saclay Plant Sciences, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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116
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Rigal A, Doyle SM, Robert S. Live cell imaging of FM4-64, a tool for tracing the endocytic pathways in Arabidopsis root cells. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1242:93-103. [PMID: 25408447 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1902-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Confocal live imaging of the amphiphilic styryl dye FM4-64 is a valuable technique to monitor organelle dynamics and in particular endocytic pathways. After application in plants, FM4-64 immediately stains the plasma membrane and is then integrated on vesicles following endomembrane system-dependent internalization processes. Over time, FM4-64 becomes distributed throughout the full vesicular network from the plasma membrane to the vacuole, including the components of the secretory pathways. Here we provide succinct examples of the many important developmental processes in plants that rely on endocytosis and describe two suitable methods to trace the endocytic pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana root cells based on the uptake of FM4-64.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Rigal
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
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117
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Aibara I, Miwa K. Strategies for Optimization of Mineral Nutrient Transport in Plants: Multilevel Regulation of Nutrient-Dependent Dynamics of Root Architecture and Transporter Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 55:2027-36. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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118
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Abstract
Nutrient and water uptake from the soil is essential for plant growth and development. In the root, absorption and radial transport of nutrients and water toward the vascular tissues is achieved by a battery of specialized transporters and channels. Modulating the amount and the localization of these membrane transport proteins appears as a way to drive their activity and is essential to maintain nutrient homeostasis in plants. This control first involves the delivery of newly synthesized proteins to the plasma membrane by establishing check points along the secretory pathway, especially during the export from the endoplasmic reticulum. Plasma membrane-localized transport proteins are internalized through endocytosis followed by recycling to the cell surface or targeting to the vacuole for degradation, hence constituting another layer of control. These intricate mechanisms are often regulated by nutrient availability, stresses, and endogenous cues, allowing plants to rapidly adjust to their environment and adapt their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enric Zelazny
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2355, Saclay Plant Sciences, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Grégory Vert
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2355, Saclay Plant Sciences, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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119
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Abstract
Plants are permanently situated in a fixed location and thus are well adapted to sense and respond to environmental stimuli and developmental cues. At the cellular level, several of these responses require delicate adjustments that affect the activity and steady-state levels of plasma membrane proteins. These adjustments involve both vesicular transport to the plasma membrane and protein internalization via endocytic sorting. A substantial part of our current knowledge of plant plasma membrane protein sorting is based on studies of PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin transport proteins, which are found at distinct plasma membrane domains and have been implicated in directional efflux of the plant hormone auxin. Here, we discuss the mechanisms involved in establishing such polar protein distributions, focusing on PINs and other key plant plasma membrane proteins, and we highlight the pathways that allow for dynamic adjustments in protein distribution and turnover, which together constitute a versatile framework that underlies the remarkable capabilities of plants to adjust growth and development in their ever-changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Luschnig
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Grégory Vert
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, CNRS UPR 2355, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, Bâtiment 23A, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France
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120
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Aggarwal C, Banaś AK, Kasprowicz-Maluśki A, Borghetti C, Labuz J, Dobrucki J, Gabryś H. Blue-light-activated phototropin2 trafficking from the cytoplasm to Golgi/post-Golgi vesicles. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:3263-76. [PMID: 24821953 PMCID: PMC4071840 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Phototropins are plasma membrane-localized UVA/blue light photoreceptors which mediate phototropism, inhibition of primary hypocotyl elongation, leaf positioning, chloroplast movements, and stomatal opening. Blue light irradiation activates the C-terminal serine/threonine kinase domain of phototropin which autophosphorylates the receptor. Arabidopsis thaliana encodes two phototropins, phot1 and phot2. In response to blue light, phot1 moves from the plasma membrane into the cytosol and phot2 translocates to the Golgi complex. In this study the molecular mechanism and route of blue-light-induced phot2 trafficking are demonstrated. It is shown that Atphot2 behaves in a similar manner when expressed transiently under 35S or its native promoter. The phot2 kinase domain but not blue-light-mediated autophosphorylation is required for the receptor translocation. Using co-localization and western blotting, the receptor was shown to move from the cytoplasm to the Golgi complex, and then to the post-Golgi structures. The results were confirmed by brefeldin A (an inhibitor of the secretory pathway) which disrupted phot2 trafficking. An association was observed between phot2 and the light chain2 of clathrin via bimolecular fluorescence complementation. The fluorescence was observed at the plasma membrane. The results were confirmed using co-immunoprecipitation. However, tyrphostin23 (an inhibitor of clathrin-mediated endocytosis) and wortmannin (a suppressor of receptor endocytosis) were not able to block phot2 trafficking, indicating no involvement of receptor endocytosis in the formation of phot2 punctuate structures. Protein turnover studies indicated that the receptor was continuously degraded in both darkness and blue light. The degradation of phot2 proceeded via a transport route different from translocation to the Golgi complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhavi Aggarwal
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Katarzyna Banaś
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Kasprowicz-Maluśki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Carolina Borghetti
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Justyna Labuz
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy Dobrucki
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Halina Gabryś
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
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Chatterjee M, Tabi Z, Galli M, Malcomber S, Buck A, Muszynski M, Gallavotti A. The boron efflux transporter ROTTEN EAR is required for maize inflorescence development and fertility. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:2962-77. [PMID: 25035400 PMCID: PMC4145125 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.125963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Although boron has a relatively low natural abundance, it is an essential plant micronutrient. Boron deficiencies cause major crop losses in several areas of the world, affecting reproduction and yield in diverse plant species. Despite the importance of boron in crop productivity, surprisingly little is known about its effects on developing reproductive organs. We isolated a maize (Zea mays) mutant, called rotten ear (rte), that shows distinct defects in vegetative and reproductive development, eventually causing widespread sterility in its inflorescences, the tassel and the ear. Positional cloning revealed that rte encodes a membrane-localized boron efflux transporter, co-orthologous to the Arabidopsis thaliana BOR1 protein. Depending on the availability of boron in the soil, rte plants show a wide range of phenotypic defects that can be fully rescued by supplementing the soil with exogenous boric acid, indicating that rte is crucial for boron transport into aerial tissues. rte is expressed in cells surrounding the xylem in both vegetative and reproductive tissues and is required for meristem activity and organ development. We show that low boron supply to the inflorescences results in widespread defects in cell and cell wall integrity, highlighting the structural importance of boron in the formation of fully fertile reproductive organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithu Chatterjee
- Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8020
| | - Zara Tabi
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116
| | - Mary Galli
- Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8020
| | - Simon Malcomber
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, California 90840 Division of Environmental Biology, National Science Foundation, Arlington, Virginia 22230
| | - Amy Buck
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116
| | - Michael Muszynski
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Iowa 50011-2156
| | - Andrea Gallavotti
- Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8020 Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
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Hanaoka H, Uraguchi S, Takano J, Tanaka M, Fujiwara T. OsNIP3;1, a rice boric acid channel, regulates boron distribution and is essential for growth under boron-deficient conditions. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 78:890-902. [PMID: 24654769 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Boron is an essential micronutrient for higher plants. Boron deficiency is an important agricultural issue because it results in loss of yield quality and/or quantity in cereals and other crops. To understand boron transport mechanisms in cereals, we characterized OsNIP3;1, a member of the major intrinsic protein family in rice (Oryza sativa L.), because OsNIP3;1 is the most similar rice gene to the Arabidopsis thaliana boric acid channel genes AtNIP5;1 and AtNIP6;1. Yeast cells expressing OsNIP3;1 imported more boric acid than control cells. GFP-tagged OsNIP3;1 expressed in tobacco BY2 cells was localized to the plasma membrane. The accumulation of OsNIP3;1 transcript increased fivefold in roots within 6 h of the onset of boron starvation, but not in shoots. Promoter-GUS analysis suggested that OsNIP3;1 is expressed mainly in exodermal cells and steles in roots, as well as in cells around the vascular bundles in leaf sheaths and pericycle cells around the xylem in leaf blades. The growth of OsNIP3;1 RNAi plants was impaired under boron limitation. These results indicate that OsNIP3;1 functions as a boric acid channel, and is required for acclimation to boron limitation. Boron distribution among shoot tissues was altered in OsNIP3;1 knockdown plants, especially under boron-deficient conditions. This result demonstrates that OsNIP3;1 regulates boron distribution among shoot tissues, and that the correct boron distribution is crucial for plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Hanaoka
- Biotechnology Research Center, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
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123
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Richter S, Kientz M, Brumm S, Nielsen ME, Park M, Gavidia R, Krause C, Voss U, Beckmann H, Mayer U, Stierhof YD, Jürgens G. Delivery of endocytosed proteins to the cell-division plane requires change of pathway from recycling to secretion. eLife 2014; 3:e02131. [PMID: 24714496 PMCID: PMC3979144 DOI: 10.7554/elife.02131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane trafficking is essential to fundamental processes in eukaryotic life, including cell growth and division. In plant cytokinesis, post-Golgi trafficking mediates a massive flow of vesicles that form the partitioning membrane but its regulation remains poorly understood. Here, we identify functionally redundant Arabidopsis ARF guanine-nucleotide exchange factors (ARF-GEFs) BIG1–BIG4 as regulators of post-Golgi trafficking, mediating late secretion from the trans-Golgi network but not recycling of endocytosed proteins to the plasma membrane, although the TGN also functions as an early endosome in plants. In contrast, BIG1-4 are absolutely required for trafficking of both endocytosed and newly synthesized proteins to the cell–division plane during cytokinesis, counteracting recycling to the plasma membrane. This change from recycling to secretory trafficking pathway mediated by ARF-GEFs confers specificity of cargo delivery to the division plane and might thus ensure that the partitioning membrane is completed on time in the absence of a cytokinesis-interphase checkpoint. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02131.001 Cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane, and when a cell divides to create two new cells, it must grow a new membrane to keep the two new cells apart. Animal cells and plant cells tackle this challenge in different ways: in animal cells the new membrane grows inwards from the surface of the cell, whereas the new membrane grows outwards from the centre of the cell in plant cells. The materials needed to make the plasma membrane are delivered in packages called vesicles: most of these materials arrive from a structure within the cell called the trans-Golgi network, but some materials are recycled from the existing plasma membrane. In plants the formation of the new cell membrane is orchestrated by scaffold-like structure that forms in the plant cell called the ‘phragmoplast’. It is widely thought that this structure guides the vesicles bringing materials from the trans-Golgi network, but the details of this process are not fully understood. Now, Richter et al. have discovered four proteins, called BIG1 to BIG4, that control the formation of the new cell membrane in the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana, a species that is routinely studied by plant biologists. These four proteins belong to a larger family of proteins that control the trafficking of vesicles within a cell. Richter et al show that a plant cell can lose up to three of these four proteins and still divide, as the plant can still grow and develop as normal. Thus, BIG1 to BIG4 appear to perform essentially the same role in the plant. Richter et al. also show that, when a plant cell is not dividing, these proteins are involved in controlling the delivery of new materials to surface membrane, and not the recycling of material. However, when a cell is dividing, these proteins switch to regulate both processes, but direct all the material to a new destination—the newly forming membrane, instead of the established surface membrane. Richter et al. suggest that this switch is important to stop any recycling to the plasma membrane that might move material away from the new membrane. The next challenge will be to identify the molecular signals and mechanisms that enable the proteins BIG1 to BIG4 to re-route the recycling of membrane material during cell division. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02131.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Richter
- Department of Developmental Genetics, The Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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124
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A node-based switch for preferential distribution of manganese in rice. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2442. [PMID: 24048172 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Mineral nutrients, such as manganese, are required for the development of plants and their reproductive organs, but these can be toxic if accumulated at high concentrations. Therefore, plants must have a system for preferentially delivering an adequate amount of minerals to these organs for active growth and development, while preventing mineral overaccumulation in the face of changing environments. Here we show that a member of the Nramp transporter family, OsNramp3, functions as a switch in response to environmental Mn changes. OsNramp3 is constitutively expressed in the node, a junction of vasculatures connecting leaves, stems and panicles. At low Mn concentration, OsNramp3 preferentially transports Mn to young leaves and panicles. However, at high Mn concentration, the OsNramp3 protein is rapidly degraded within a few hours, resulting in the distribution of Mn to old tissues. Our results reveal the OsNramp3-mediated strategy of rice for adapting to a wide change of Mn in the environment.
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125
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Lim HS, Nam J, Seo EY, Nam M, Vaira AM, Bae H, Jang CY, Lee CH, Kim HG, Roh M, Hammond J. The coat protein of Alternanthera mosaic virus is the elicitor of a temperature-sensitive systemic necrosis in Nicotiana benthamiana, and interacts with a host boron transporter protein. Virology 2014; 452-453:264-78. [PMID: 24606704 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Different isolates of Alternanthera mosaic virus (AltMV; Potexvirus), including four infectious clones derived from AltMV-SP, induce distinct systemic symptoms in Nicotiana benthamiana. Virus accumulation was enhanced at 15 °C compared to 25 °C; severe clone AltMV 3-7 induced systemic necrosis (SN) and plant death at 15 °C. No interaction with potexvirus resistance gene Rx was detected, although SN was ablated by silencing of SGT1, as for other cases of potexvirus-induced necrosis. Substitution of AltMV 3-7 coat protein (CPSP) with that from AltMV-Po (CP(Po)) eliminated SN at 15 °C, and ameliorated symptoms in Alternanthera dentata and soybean. Substitution of only two residues from CP(Po) [either MN(13,14)ID or LA(76,77)IS] efficiently ablated SN in N. benthamiana. CPSP but not CP(Po) interacted with Arabidopsis boron transporter protein AtBOR1 by yeast two-hybrid assay; N. benthamiana homolog NbBOR1 interacted more strongly with CPSP than CP(Po) in bimolecular fluorescence complementation, and may affect recognition of CP as an elicitor of SN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoun-Sub Lim
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jiryun Nam
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun-Young Seo
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea.
| | - Moon Nam
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea.
| | - Anna Maria Vaira
- Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, US National Arboretum, USDA-ARS, 10300 Baltimore Avenue B-010A, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; Istituto di Virologia Vegetale, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, Torino 10135, Italy.
| | - Hanhong Bae
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Geongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chan-Yong Jang
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea.
| | - Cheol Ho Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seokyoung University, Seoul 136-704, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hong Gi Kim
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mark Roh
- Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, US National Arboretum, USDA-ARS, 10300 Baltimore Avenue B-010A, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; Laboratory of Floriculture and Plant Physiology, School of Bio-Resource Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 330-714, Republic of Korea.
| | - John Hammond
- Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, US National Arboretum, USDA-ARS, 10300 Baltimore Avenue B-010A, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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Uehara M, Wang S, Kamiya T, Shigenobu S, Yamaguchi K, Fujiwara T, Naito S, Takano J. Identification and Characterization of an Arabidopsis Mutant with Altered Localization of NIP5;1, a Plasma Membrane Boric Acid Channel, Reveals the Requirement for d-Galactose in Endomembrane Organization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 55:704-14. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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127
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Uraguchi S, Kato Y, Hanaoka H, Miwa K, Fujiwara T. Generation of boron-deficiency-tolerant tomato by overexpressing an Arabidopsis thaliana borate transporter AtBOR1. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:125. [PMID: 24744768 PMCID: PMC3978247 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient deficiency in soil poses a widespread agricultural problem. Boron (B) is an essential micronutrient in plants, and its deficiency causes defects in both vegetative and reproductive growth in various crops in the field. In Arabidopsis thaliana, increased expression of a major borate transporter gene AtBOR1 or boric acid channel gene AtNIP5;1 improves plant growth under B-deficient conditions. In this study, we examined whether high expression of a borate transporter gene increases B accumulation in shoots and improves the growth of tomato plant, a model of fruit-bearing crops, under B-deficient conditions. We established three independent transgenic tomato plants lines expressing AtBOR1 using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Micro-Tom). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis confirmed that two lines (Line 1 and Line 2) more strongly expressed AtBOR1 than Line 3. Wild-type plants and the transgenic plants were grown hydroponically under B-sufficient and B-deficient conditions. Wild-type and Line 3 (weakly expressing transgenic line) showed a defect in shoot growth under B-deficient conditions, especially in the development of new leaves. However, seedlings of Line 1 and Line 2, the transgenic lines showing strong AtBOR1 expression, did not show the B-deficiency phenotype in newly developing leaves. In agreement with this phenotype, shoot biomass under low-B conditions was higher in the strongly expressing AtBOR1 line. B concentrations in leaves or fruits were also higher in Line 2 and Line 1. The present study demonstrates that strong expression of AtBOR1 improved growth in tomato under B-deficient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimpei Uraguchi
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kato
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Hanaoka
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Miwa
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
- Creative Research Institution, Hokkaido University, SapporoJapan
| | - Toru Fujiwara
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Toru Fujiwara, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan e-mail:
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Chemical genomics: characterizing target pathways for bioactive compounds using the endomembrane trafficking network. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1174:317-28. [PMID: 24947392 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0944-5_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The plant endomembrane trafficking system is a highly complex set of processes. This complexity presents a challenge for its study. Classical plant genetics often struggles with loss-of-function lethality and gene redundancy. Chemical genomics allows overcoming many of these issues by using small molecules of natural or synthetic origin to inhibit specific trafficking proteins thereby affecting the processes in a tunable and reversible manner. Bioactive chemicals identified by high-throughput phenotype screens must be characterized in detail starting with understanding of the specific trafficking pathways affected. Here, we describe approaches to characterize bioactive compounds that perturb vesicle trafficking. This should equip researchers with practical knowledge on how to identify endomembrane-specific trafficking pathways that may be perturbed by specific compounds and will help to eventually identify molecular targets for these small molecules.
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Tovar-Mendez A, Miernyk JA, Hoyos E, Randall DD. A functional genomic analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana PP2C clade D. PROTOPLASMA 2014; 251:265-271. [PMID: 23832523 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-013-0526-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In the reference dicot plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the PP2C family of P-protein phosphatases includes the products of 80 genes that have been separated into ten multi-protein clades plus six singletons. Clade D includes the products of nine genes distributed among three chromosomes (APD1, At3g12620; APD2, At3g17090; APD3, At3g51370; APD4, At3g55050; APD5, At4g33920; APD6, At4g38520; APD7, At5g02760; APD8, At5g06750; and APD9, At5g66080). As part of a functional genomics analysis of protein phosphorylation, we retrieved expression data from public databases and determined the subcellular protein localization of the members of clade D. While the nine proteins have been grouped together based upon primary sequence alignments, we observed no obvious common patterns in expression or localization. We found chimera with the GFP associated with the nucleus, plasma membrane, the endomembrane system, and mitochondria in transgenic plants.
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Zhou GF, Liu YZ, Sheng O, Wei QJ, Yang CQ, Peng SA. Transcription profiles of boron-deficiency-responsive genes in citrus rootstock root by suppression subtractive hybridization and cDNA microarray. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:795. [PMID: 25674093 PMCID: PMC4309116 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Boron (B) deficiency has seriously negative effect on citrus production. Carrizo citrange (CC) has been reported as a B-deficiency tolerant rootstock. However, the molecular mechanism of its B-deficiency tolerance remained not well-explored. To understand the molecular basis of citrus rootstock to B-deficiency, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) and microarray approaches were combined to identify the potential important or novel genes responsive to B-deficiency. Firstly four SSH libraries were constructed for the root tissue of two citrus rootstocks CC and Trifoliate orange (TO) to compare B-deficiency treated and non-treated plants. Then 7680 clones from these SSH libraries were used to construct a cDNA array and microarray analysis was carried out to verify the expression changes of these clones upon B-deficiency treatment at various time points compared to the corresponding controls. A total of 139 unigenes that were differentially expressed upon B-deficiency stress either in CC or TO were identified from microarray analysis, some of these genes have not previously been reported to be associated with B-deficiency stress. In this work, several genes involved in cell wall metabolism and transmembrane transport were identified to be highly regulated under B-deficiency stress, and a total of 23 metabolic pathways were affected by B-deficiency, especially the lignin biosynthesis pathway, nitrogen metabolism, and glycolytic pathway. All these results indicated that CC was more tolerant than TO to B-deficiency stress. The B-deficiency responsive genes identified in this study could provide further information for understanding the mechanisms of B-deficiency tolerance in citrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Feng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, College of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal UniversityGanzhou, China
| | - Yong-Zhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Ou Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Jiang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- College of Agricultural, Jiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchang, China
| | - Cheng-Quan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Shu-Ang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Shu-Ang Peng, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizishan Street 1#, Wuhan 430070, China e-mail:
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Worden N, Girke T, Drakakaki G. Endomembrane dissection using chemically induced bioactive clusters. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1056:159-168. [PMID: 24306872 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-592-7_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Chemical genomics is a novel approach that allows for the rapid functional analysis of plant proteins, complexes, pathways, and networks. Systematic screens for bioactive small molecules causing specific subcellular phenotypes have been successfully performed in mammalian cells, but thus far, are limited in plants. This protocol describes a systematic chemical screen of plasma membrane recycling markers in plants, using confocal microscopy and the subsequent clustering of subcellular phenotypes, to identify chemicals with desired effects. The method provides an approach to identify novel chemicals for pathway dissection, making chemical genomics more accessible to the scientific community. The matrix of novel chemicals described in this protocol can be expanded and analyzed continuously as more data is collected, increasing our knowledge of the endomembrane system, and accumulating compartment-specific markers and chemical probes that perturb specific aspects of endomembrane trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Worden
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Endocytosis: At the Crossroads of Pattern Recognition Immune Receptors and Pathogen Effectors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-41787-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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133
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Miwa K, Wakuta S, Takada S, Ide K, Takano J, Naito S, Omori H, Matsunaga T, Fujiwara T. Roles of BOR2, a boron exporter, in cross linking of rhamnogalacturonan II and root elongation under boron limitation in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 163:1699-709. [PMID: 24114060 PMCID: PMC3850200 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.225995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Boron (B) is required for cross linking of the pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) and is consequently essential for the maintenance of cell wall structure. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) BOR1 is an efflux B transporter for xylem loading of B. Here, we describe the roles of BOR2, the most similar paralog of BOR1. BOR2 encodes an efflux B transporter localized in plasma membrane and is strongly expressed in lateral root caps and epidermis of elongation zones of roots. Transfer DNA insertion of BOR2 reduced root elongation by 68%, whereas the mutation in BOR1 reduced it by 32% under low B availability (0.1 µm), but the reduction in shoot growth was not as obvious as that in the BOR1 mutant. A double mutant of BOR1 and BOR2 exhibited much more severe growth defects in both roots and shoots under B-limited conditions than the corresponding single mutants. All single and double mutants grew normally under B-sufficient conditions. These results suggest that both BOR1 and BOR2 are required under B limitation and that their roles are, at least in part, different. The total B concentrations in roots of BOR2 mutants were not significantly different from those in wild-type plants, but the proportion of cross-linked RG-II was reduced under low B availability. Such a reduction in RG-II cross linking was not evident in roots of the BOR1 mutant. Thus, we propose that under B-limited conditions, transport of boric acid/borate by BOR2 from symplast to apoplast is required for effective cross linking of RG-II in cell wall and root cell elongation.
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Inoue T, Kondo Y, Naramoto S, Nakano A, Ueda T. RAB5 activation is required for multiple steps in Arabidopsis thaliana root development. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 54:1648-59. [PMID: 23893024 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Rab GTPases regulate the tethering and fusion of transport vesicles to target membranes in membrane trafficking by acting as a molecular switch, cycling between GDP- and GTP-bound states. RAB5 is a member of the Rab GTPase family, the members of which have been shown to perform various functions in the endocytic pathway, including the regulation of endosomal fusion and motility in animal cells. RAB5-mediated endosomal trafficking has also been found to play important roles in various higher order plant functions, which include the regulation of the polar transport of auxin and responses to environmental conditions. The regulatory mechanisms and functions of plant RAB5 have also been investigated at the molecular and cellular levels. However, the significance of RAB5 activity at the tissue and organ levels has hardly been investigated thus far. In the present study, we examined the effect of a mutation in VPS9a, which encodes the sole guanine nucleotide exchange factor for all RAB5s in the vegetative stages of Arabidopsis thaliana. We found that multiple developmental processes were impaired in the mutant plants, including the growth and pattern formation of the roots and establishment of auxin maxima. Our results indicate that RAB5 plays distinctive pivotal roles in the development of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Inoue
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
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Yamauchi N, Gosho T, Asatuma S, Toyooka K, Fujiwara T, Matsuoka K. Polarized localization and borate-dependent degradation of the Arabidopsis borate transporter BOR1 in tobacco BY-2 cells. F1000Res 2013; 2:185. [PMID: 24715955 PMCID: PMC3954168 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.2-185.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In
Arabidopsis the borate transporter BOR1, which is located in the plasma membrane, is degraded in the presence of excess boron by an endocytosis-mediated mechanism. A similar mechanism was suggested in rice as excess boron decreased rice borate transporter levels, although in this case whether the decrease was dependent on an increase in degradation or a decrease in protein synthesis was not elucidated. To address whether the borate-dependent degradation mechanism is conserved among plant cells, we analyzed the fate of GFP-tagged BOR1 (BOR1-GFP) in transformed tobacco BY-2 cells. Cells expressing BOR1-GFP displayed GFP fluorescence at the plasma membrane, especially at the membrane between two attached cells. The plasma membrane signal was abolished when cells were incubated in medium with a high concentration of borate (3 to 5 mM). This decrease in BOR1-GFP signal was mediated by a specific degradation of the protein after internalization by endocytosis from the plasma membrane. Pharmacological analysis indicated that the decrease in BOR1-GFP largely depends on the increase in degradation rate and that the degradation was mediated by a tyrosine-motif and the actin cytoskeleton. Tyr mutants of BOR1-GFP, which has been shown to inhibit borate-dependent degradation in
Arabidopsis root cells, did not show borate-dependent endocytosis in tobacco BY-2 cells. These findings indicate that the borate-dependent degradation machinery of the borate transporter is conserved among plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Yamauchi
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Tadashi Gosho
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Satoru Asatuma
- Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculutre, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan ; Current address: Omu Milk Products Co., Ltd., Omuta, 836-0895, Japan
| | - Kiminori Toyooka
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan ; Current address: RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Toru Fujiwara
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan ; Current address: Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ken Matsuoka
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan ; Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculutre, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan ; RIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan ; Organelle Homeostasis Research Center, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan ; Biotron Application Center, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
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Mulet JM, Llopis-Torregrosa V, Primo C, Marqués MC, Yenush L. Endocytic regulation of alkali metal transport proteins in mammals, yeast and plants. Curr Genet 2013; 59:207-30. [PMID: 23974285 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-013-0401-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The relative concentrations of ions and solutes inside cells are actively maintained by several classes of transport proteins, in many cases against their concentration gradient. These transport processes, which consume a large portion of cellular energy, must be constantly regulated. Many structurally distinct families of channels, carriers, and pumps have been characterized in considerable detail during the past decades and defects in the function of some of these proteins have been linked to a growing list of human diseases. The dynamic regulation of the transport proteins present at the cell surface is vital for both normal cellular function and for the successful adaptation to changing environments. The composition of proteins present at the cell surface is controlled on both the transcriptional and post-translational level. Post-translational regulation involves highly conserved mechanisms of phosphorylation- and ubiquitylation-dependent signal transduction routes used to modify the cohort of receptors and transport proteins present under any given circumstances. In this review, we will summarize what is currently known about one facet of this regulatory process: the endocytic regulation of alkali metal transport proteins. The physiological relevance, major contributors, parallels and missing pieces of the puzzle in mammals, yeast and plants will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Miguel Mulet
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avd. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
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Kim SY, Xu ZY, Song K, Kim DH, Kang H, Reichardt I, Sohn EJ, Friml J, Juergens G, Hwang I. Adaptor protein complex 2-mediated endocytosis is crucial for male reproductive organ development in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:2970-85. [PMID: 23975898 PMCID: PMC3784592 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.114264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fertilization in flowering plants requires the temporal and spatial coordination of many developmental processes, including pollen production, anther dehiscence, ovule production, and pollen tube elongation. However, it remains elusive as to how this coordination occurs during reproduction. Here, we present evidence that endocytosis, involving heterotetrameric adaptor protein complex 2 (AP-2), plays a crucial role in fertilization. An Arabidopsis thaliana mutant ap2m displays multiple defects in pollen production and viability, as well as elongation of staminal filaments and pollen tubes, all of which are pivotal processes needed for fertilization. Of these abnormalities, the defects in elongation of staminal filaments and pollen tubes were partially rescued by exogenous auxin. Moreover, DR5rev:GFP (for green fluorescent protein) expression was greatly reduced in filaments and anthers in ap2m mutant plants. At the cellular level, ap2m mutants displayed defects in both endocytosis of N-(3-triethylammonium-propyl)-4-(4-diethylaminophenylhexatrienyl) pyridinium dibromide, a lypophilic dye used as an endocytosis marker, and polar localization of auxin-efflux carrier PIN FORMED2 (PIN2) in the stamen filaments. Moreover, these defects were phenocopied by treatment with Tyrphostin A23, an inhibitor of endocytosis. Based on these results, we propose that AP-2-dependent endocytosis plays a crucial role in coordinating the multiple developmental aspects of male reproductive organs by modulating cellular auxin level through the regulation of the amount and polarity of PINs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Youn Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Zheng-Yi Xu
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Kyungyoung Song
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Dae Heon Kim
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Hyangju Kang
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Ilka Reichardt
- Developmental Genetics, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (Zentrum fur Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen), University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Eun Ju Sohn
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Jiří Friml
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flamders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Institute of Science and Technology, A-3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Gerd Juergens
- Developmental Genetics, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (Zentrum fur Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen), University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Inhwan Hwang
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
- Address correspondence to
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Zeng MH, Liu SH, Yang MX, Zhang YJ, Liang JY, Wan XR, Liang H. Characterization of a gene encoding clathrin heavy chain in maize up-regulated by salicylic acid, abscisic acid and high boron supply. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:15179-98. [PMID: 23880865 PMCID: PMC3742294 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140715179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clathrin, a three-legged triskelion composed of three clathrin heavy chains (CHCs) and three light chains (CLCs), plays a critical role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) in eukaryotic cells. In this study, the genes ZmCHC1 and ZmCHC2 encoding clathrin heavy chain in maize were cloned and characterized for the first time in monocots. ZmCHC1 encodes a 1693-amino acid-protein including 29 exons and 28 introns, and ZmCHC2 encodes a 1746-amino acid-protein including 28 exons and 27 introns. The high similarities of gene structure, protein sequences and 3D models among ZmCHC1, and Arabidopsis AtCHC1 and AtCHC2 suggest their similar functions in CME. ZmCHC1 gene is predominantly expressed in maize roots instead of ubiquitous expression of ZmCHC2. Consistent with a typical predicted salicylic acid (SA)-responsive element and four predicted ABA-responsive elements (ABREs) in the promoter sequence of ZmCHC1, the expression of ZmCHC1 instead of ZmCHC2 in maize roots is significantly up-regulated by SA or ABA, suggesting that ZmCHC1 gene may be involved in the SA signaling pathway in maize defense responses. The expressions of ZmCHC1 and ZmCHC2 genes in maize are down-regulated by azide or cold treatment, further revealing the energy requirement of CME and suggesting that CME in plants is sensitive to low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiao-Rong Wan
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (X.-R.W.); (H.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-20-8900-3168 (X.-R.W. & H.L.)
| | - Hong Liang
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (X.-R.W.); (H.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-20-8900-3168 (X.-R.W. & H.L.)
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139
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Leaungthitikanchana S, Fujibe T, Tanaka M, Wang S, Sotta N, Takano J, Fujiwara T. Differential expression of three BOR1 genes corresponding to different genomes in response to boron conditions in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 54:1056-63. [PMID: 23596187 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Boron (B) is an essential micronutrient for plants. Efflux-type B transporters, BORs, have been identified in Arabidopsis thaliana and rice. Here we identified BOR1 genes encoding B efflux transporters, from the hexaploid genome of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). We cloned three genes closely related to OsBOR1 and named them TaBOR1.1, TaBOR1.2 and TaBOR1.3. All three TaBOR1s showed B efflux activities when expressed in tobacco BY-2 cells. TaBOR1-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion proteins were expressed in Arabidopsis leaf cells localized in the plasma membrane. The transcript accumulation patterns of the three genes differ in terms of tissue specificity and B nutrition responses. In roots, transcripts for all three genes accumulated abundantly while in shoots, the TaBOR1.2 transcript is the most abundant, followed by those of TaBOR1.1 and TaBOR1.3. Accumulation of TaBOR1.1 transcript is up-regulated under B deficiency conditions in both roots and shoots. In contrast, TaBOR1.2 transcript accumulation significantly increased in roots under excess B conditions. TaBOR1.3 transcript accumulation was reduced under excess B. Taken together, these results demonstrated that TaBOR1s are the B efflux transporters in wheat and, interestingly, the genes on the A, B and D genomes have different expression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumana Leaungthitikanchana
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
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140
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Chanroj S, Padmanaban S, Czerny DD, Jauh GY, Sze H. K+ transporter AtCHX17 with its hydrophilic C tail localizes to membranes of the secretory/endocytic system: role in reproduction and seed set. MOLECULAR PLANT 2013; 6:1226-46. [PMID: 23430044 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The importance of sorting proteins and wall materials to their destination is critical for plant growth and development, though the machinery orchestrating membrane trafficking is poorly understood. Transporters that alter the environment across endomembrane compartments are thought to be important players. Using Escherichia coli and yeast, we previously showed that several Arabidopsis Cation/H(+) eXchanger (AtCHX) members were K(+) transporters with a role in pH homeostasis, though their subcellular location and biological roles in plants are unclear. Co-expression of markers with CHX16, CHX17, CHX18, or CHX19 tagged with a fluorescent protein indicated these transporters associated with plasma membrane (PM) and post-Golgi compartments. Under its native promoter, AtCHX17(1-820)-GFP localized to prevacuolar compartment (PVC) and to PM in roots. Brefeldin A diminished AtCHX17-GFP fluorescence at PM, whereas wortmannin caused formation of GFP-labeled ring-like structures, suggesting AtCHX17 trafficked among PVC, vacuole and PM. AtCHX17(1-472) lacking its carboxylic tail did not associate with PVC or PM in plant cells. Single chx17 mutant or higher-order mutants showed normal root growth and vegetative development. However, quadruple (chx16chx17chx18chx19) mutants were reduced in frequency and produced 50%-70% fewer seeds, indicating overlapping roles of several AtCHX17-related transporters in reproduction and/or seed development. Together, our results suggest that successful reproduction and seed development depend on the ability to regulate cation and pH homeostasis by AtCHX17-like transporters on membranes that traffic in the endocytic and/or secretory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salil Chanroj
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, and Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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141
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Yang CQ, Liu YZ, An JC, Li S, Jin LF, Zhou GF, Wei QJ, Yan HQ, Wang NN, Fu LN, Liu X, Hu XM, Yan TS, Peng SA. Digital gene expression analysis of corky split vein caused by boron deficiency in 'Newhall' Navel Orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) for selecting differentially expressed genes related to vascular hypertrophy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65737. [PMID: 23755275 PMCID: PMC3673917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Corky split vein caused by boron (B) deficiency in 'Newhall' Navel Orange was studied in the present research. The boron-deficient citrus exhibited a symptom of corky split vein in mature leaves. Morphologic and anatomical surveys at four representative phases of corky split veins showed that the symptom was the result of vascular hypertrophy. Digital gene expression (DGE) analysis was performed based on the Illumina HiSeq™ 2000 platform, which was applied to analyze the gene expression profilings of corky split veins at four morphologic phases. Over 5.3 million clean reads per library were successfully mapped to the reference database and more than 22897 mapped genes per library were simultaneously obtained. Analysis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed that the expressions of genes associated with cytokinin signal transduction, cell division, vascular development, lignin biosynthesis and photosynthesis in corky split veins were all affected. The expressions of WOL and ARR12 involved in the cytokinin signal transduction pathway were up-regulated at 1(st) phase of corky split vein development. Furthermore, the expressions of some cell cycle genes, CYCs and CDKB, and vascular development genes, WOX4 and VND7, were up-regulated at the following 2(nd) and 3(rd) phases. These findings indicated that the cytokinin signal transduction pathway may play a role in initiating symptom observed in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Quan Yang
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong-Zhong Liu
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Ji-Cui An
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuang Li
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Long-Fei Jin
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Gao-Feng Zhou
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing-Jiang Wei
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui-Qing Yan
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Nan-Nan Wang
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Li-Na Fu
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Hu
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting-Shuai Yan
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu-Ang Peng
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
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142
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Parker MD, Boron WF. The divergence, actions, roles, and relatives of sodium-coupled bicarbonate transporters. Physiol Rev 2013; 93:803-959. [PMID: 23589833 PMCID: PMC3768104 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00023.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian Slc4 (Solute carrier 4) family of transporters is a functionally diverse group of 10 multi-spanning membrane proteins that includes three Cl-HCO3 exchangers (AE1-3), five Na(+)-coupled HCO3(-) transporters (NCBTs), and two other unusual members (AE4, BTR1). In this review, we mainly focus on the five mammalian NCBTs-NBCe1, NBCe2, NBCn1, NDCBE, and NBCn2. Each plays a specialized role in maintaining intracellular pH and, by contributing to the movement of HCO3(-) across epithelia, in maintaining whole-body pH and otherwise contributing to epithelial transport. Disruptions involving NCBT genes are linked to blindness, deafness, proximal renal tubular acidosis, mental retardation, and epilepsy. We also review AE1-3, AE4, and BTR1, addressing their relevance to the study of NCBTs. This review draws together recent advances in our understanding of the phylogenetic origins and physiological relevance of NCBTs and their progenitors. Underlying these advances is progress in such diverse disciplines as physiology, molecular biology, genetics, immunocytochemistry, proteomics, and structural biology. This review highlights the key similarities and differences between individual NCBTs and the genes that encode them and also clarifies the sometimes confusing NCBT nomenclature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Parker
- Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106-4970, USA.
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143
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Choi SW, Tamaki T, Ebine K, Uemura T, Ueda T, Nakano A. RABA members act in distinct steps of subcellular trafficking of the FLAGELLIN SENSING2 receptor. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:1174-87. [PMID: 23532067 PMCID: PMC3634684 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.108803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cell surface proteins play critical roles in the perception of environmental stimuli at the plasma membrane (PM) and ensuing signal transduction. Intracellular localization of such proteins must be strictly regulated, which requires elaborate integration of exocytic and endocytic trafficking pathways. Subcellular localization of Arabidopsis thaliana FLAGELLIN SENSING2 (FLS2), a receptor that recognizes bacterial flagellin, also depends on membrane trafficking. However, our understanding about the mechanisms involved is still limited. In this study, we visualized ligand-induced endocytosis of FLS2 using green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged FLS2 expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. Upon treatment with the flg22 peptide, internalized FLS2-GFP from the PM was transported to a compartment with properties intermediate between the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and the multivesicular endosome. This compartment gradually discarded the TGN characteristics as it continued along the trafficking pathway. We further found that FLS2 endocytosis involves distinct RABA/RAB11 subgroups at different steps. Moreover, we demonstrated that transport of de novo-synthesized FLS2 to the PM also involves a distinct RABA/RAB11 subgroup. Our results demonstrate the complex regulatory system for properly localizing FLS2 and functional differentiation in RABA members in endo- and exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-won Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takayuki Tamaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ebine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Uemura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Molecular Membrane Biology Laboratory, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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144
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Tian M, Xie Q. Non-26S proteasome proteolytic role of ubiquitin in plant endocytosis and endosomal trafficking(F). JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 55:54-63. [PMID: 23137267 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The 76 amino acid protein ubiquitin (Ub) is highly conserved in all eukaryotic species. It plays important roles in many cellular processes by covalently attaching to the target proteins. The best known function of Ub is marking substrate proteins for degradation by the 26S proteasome. In fact, other consequences of ubiquitination have been discovered in yeast and mammals, such as membrane trafficking, DNA repair, chromatin modification, and protein kinase activation. The common mechanism underlying these processes is that Ub serves as a signal to sort proteins to the vacuoles or lysosomes for degradation as opposed to 26S proteasome-dependent degradation. To date, several reports have indicated that a similar function of Ub also exists in plants. This review focuses on a summary and analysis of the recent research progress on Ub acting as a signal to mediate endocytosis and endosomal trafficking in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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145
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Stegmann M, Anderson RG, Ichimura K, Pecenkova T, Reuter P, Žárský V, McDowell JM, Shirasu K, Trujillo M. The ubiquitin ligase PUB22 targets a subunit of the exocyst complex required for PAMP-triggered responses in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:4703-16. [PMID: 23170036 PMCID: PMC3531861 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.104463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens are perceived by pattern recognition receptors, which are activated upon binding to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Ubiquitination and vesicle trafficking have been linked to the regulation of immune signaling. However, little information exists about components of vesicle trafficking involved in immune signaling and the mechanisms that regulate them. In this study, we identified Arabidopsis thaliana Exo70B2, a subunit of the exocyst complex that mediates vesicle tethering during exocytosis, as a target of the plant U-box-type ubiquitin ligase 22 (PUB22), which acts in concert with PUB23 and PUB24 as a negative regulator of PAMP-triggered responses. We show that Exo70B2 is required for both immediate and later responses triggered by all tested PAMPs, suggestive of a role in signaling. Exo70B2 is also necessary for the immune response against different pathogens. Our data demonstrate that PUB22 mediates the ubiquitination and degradation of Exo70B2 via the 26S Proteasome. Furthermore, degradation is regulated by the autocatalytic turnover of PUB22, which is stabilized upon PAMP perception. We therefore propose a mechanism by which PUB22-mediated degradation of Exo70B2 contributes to the attenuation of PAMP-induced signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Stegmann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Julius-Maximilans-University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs Institute, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ryan G. Anderson
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0329, USA
| | - Kazuya Ichimura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Tamara Pecenkova
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Rozvojova 263, Prague 6, CZ-165 02, Czech Republic
| | - Patrick Reuter
- Julius-Maximilans-University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs Institute, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Viktor Žárský
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, 12844 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - John M. McDowell
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0329, USA
| | - Ken Shirasu
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Marco Trujillo
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Address correspondence to
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146
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Beck M, Zhou J, Faulkner C, MacLean D, Robatzek S. Spatio-temporal cellular dynamics of the Arabidopsis flagellin receptor reveal activation status-dependent endosomal sorting. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:4205-19. [PMID: 23085733 PMCID: PMC3516521 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.100263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The activity of surface receptors is location specific, dependent upon the dynamic membrane trafficking network and receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME). Therefore, the spatio-temporal dynamics of RME are critical to receptor function. The plasma membrane receptor flagellin sensing2 (FLS2) confers immunity against bacterial infection through perception of flagellin (flg22). Following elicitation, FLS2 is internalized into vesicles. To resolve FLS2 trafficking, we exploited quantitative confocal imaging for colocalization studies and chemical interference. FLS2 localizes to bona fide endosomes via two distinct endocytic trafficking routes depending on its activation status. FLS2 receptors constitutively recycle in a Brefeldin A (BFA)-sensitive manner, while flg22-activated receptors traffic via ARA7/Rab F2b- and ARA6/Rab F1-positive endosomes insensitive to BFA. FLS2 endocytosis required a functional Rab5 GTPase pathway as revealed by dominant-negative ARA7/Rab F2b. Flg22-induced FLS2 endosomal numbers were increased by Concanamycin A treatment but reduced by Wortmannin, indicating that activated FLS2 receptors are targeted to late endosomes. RME inhibitors Tyrphostin A23 and Endosidin 1 altered but did not block induced FLS2 endocytosis. Additional inhibitor studies imply the involvement of the actin-myosin system in FLS2 internalization and trafficking. Altogether, we report a dynamic pattern of subcellular trafficking for FLS2 and reveal a defined framework for ligand-dependent endocytosis of this receptor.
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147
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Zhao Z, Wu L, Nian F, Ding G, Shi T, Zhang D, Shi L, Xu F, Meng J. Dissecting quantitative trait loci for boron efficiency across multiple environments in Brassica napus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45215. [PMID: 23028855 PMCID: PMC3454432 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High yield is the most important goal in crop breeding, and boron (B) is an essential micronutrient for plants. However, B deficiency, leading to yield decreases, is an agricultural problem worldwide. Brassica napus is one of the most sensitive crops to B deficiency, and considerable genotypic variation exists among different cultivars in response to B deficiency. To dissect the genetic basis of tolerance to B deficiency in B. napus, we carried out QTL analysis for seed yield and yield-related traits under low and normal B conditions using the double haploid population (TNDH) by two-year and the BQDH population by three-year field trials. In total, 80 putative QTLs and 42 epistatic interactions for seed yield, plant height, branch number, pod number, seed number, seed weight and B efficiency coefficient (BEC) were identified under low and normal B conditions, singly explaining 4.15-23.16% and 0.53-14.38% of the phenotypic variation. An additive effect of putative QTLs was a more important controlling factor than the additive-additive effect of epistatic interactions. Four QTL-by-environment interactions and 7 interactions between epistatic interactions and the environment contributed to 1.27-4.95% and 1.17-3.68% of the phenotypic variation, respectively. The chromosome region on A2 of SYLB-A2 for seed yield under low B condition and BEC-A2 for BEC in the two populations was equivalent to the region of a reported major QTL, BE1. The B. napus homologous genes of Bra020592 and Bra020595 mapped to the A2 region and were speculated to be candidate genes for B efficiency. These findings reveal the complex genetic basis of B efficiency in B. napus. They provide a basis for the fine mapping and cloning of the B efficiency genes and for breeding B-efficient cultivars by marker-assisted selection (MAS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunkang Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Microelement Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Likun Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Microelement Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fuzhao Nian
- Microelement Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guangda Ding
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Microelement Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Taoxiong Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Microelement Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Didi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Microelement Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lei Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Microelement Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fangsen Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Microelement Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jinling Meng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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148
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Herberth S, Shahriari M, Bruderek M, Hessner F, Müller B, Hülskamp M, Schellmann S. Artificial ubiquitylation is sufficient for sorting of a plasma membrane ATPase to the vacuolar lumen of Arabidopsis cells. PLANTA 2012; 236:63-77. [PMID: 22258747 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1587-1580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Sorting of transmembrane proteins into the inner vesicles of multivesicular bodies for subsequent delivery to the vacuole/lysosome can be induced by attachment of a single ubiquitin or K63-linked ubiquitin chains to the cytosolic portion of the cargo in yeast and mammals. In plants, large efforts have been undertaken to elucidate the mechanisms of vacuolar trafficking of soluble proteins. Sorting of transmembrane proteins, by contrast, is still largely unexplored. As a proof of principle, that ubiquitin is involved in vacuolar sorting in plants we show that a translational fusion of a single ubiquitin to the Arabidopsis plasma membrane ATPase PMA-EGFP is sufficient to induce its endocytosis and sorting into the vacuolar lumen. Sorting of the artificial reporter is not dependent on ubiquitin chain formation, but involves ubiquitin's hydrophobic patch and can be inhibited by coexpression of a dominant-negative version of the ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) related protein AtSKD1 (SUPPRESSOR OF K+ TRANSPORT GROWTH DEFECT1). Our results suggest that ubiquitin can in principle act as vacuolar sorting signal in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Herberth
- Botanical Institute III, Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany
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149
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Alassimone J, Roppolo D, Geldner N, Vermeer JEM. The endodermis--development and differentiation of the plant's inner skin. PROTOPLASMA 2012; 249:433-43. [PMID: 21735349 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-011-0302-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Controlling external compound entrance is essential for plant survival. To set up an efficient and selective sorting of nutrients, free diffusion via the apoplast in vascular plants is blocked at the level of the endodermis. Although we have learned a lot about endodermal specification in the last years, information regarding its differentiation is still very limited. A differentiated endodermal cell can be defined by the presence of the "Casparian strip" (CS), a cell wall modification described first by Robert Caspary in 1865. While the anatomical description of CS in many vascular plants has been very detailed, we still lack molecular information about the establishment of the Casparian strips and their actual function in roots. The recent isolation of a novel protein family, the CASPs, that localizes precisely to a domain of the plasma membrane underneath the CS represents an excellent point of entry to explore CS function and formation. In addition, it has been shown that the endodermis contains transporters that are localized to either the central (stele-facing) or peripheral (soil-facing) plasma membranes. These features suggest that the endodermis functions as a polar plant epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Alassimone
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Quartier Sorge, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland.
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Cai Y, Zhuang X, Wang J, Wang H, Lam SK, Gao C, Wang X, Jiang L. Vacuolar degradation of two integral plasma membrane proteins, AtLRR84A and OsSCAMP1, is cargo ubiquitination-independent and prevacuolar compartment-mediated in plant cells. Traffic 2012; 13:1023-40. [PMID: 22486829 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2012.01360.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In plant cells, how integral plasma membrane (PM) proteins are degraded in a cargo ubiquitination-independent manner remains elusive. Here, we studied the degradative pathway of two plant PM proteins: AtLRR84A, a type I integral membrane protein belonging to the leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase protein family, and OsSCAMP1 (rice secretory carrier membrane protein 1), a tetraspan transmembrane protein located on the PM and trans-Golgi network (TGN) or early endosome (EE). Using wortmannin and ARA7(Q69L) mutant that could enlarge the multivesicular body (MVB) or prevacuolar compartment (PVC) as tools, we demonstrated that, when expressed as green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusions in tobacco BY-2 or Arabidopsis protoplasts, both AtLRR84A and OsSCAMP1 were degraded in the lytic vacuole via the internal vesicles of MVB/PVC in a cargo ubiquitination-independent manner. Such MVB/PVC-mediated vacuolar degradation of PM proteins was further supported by immunocytochemical electron microscopy (immunoEM) study showing the labeling of the fusions on the internal vesicles of the PVC/MVB. Thus, cargo ubiquitination-independent and PVC-mediated degradation of PM proteins in the vacuole is functionally operated in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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