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Food Choice Priorities Change Over Time and Predict Dietary Intake at the End of the First Year of College Among Students in the U.S. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091296. [PMID: 30217004 PMCID: PMC6164337 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed food choice priorities (FCP) and associations with consumption of fruits and vegetables (FV), fiber, added sugars from non-beverage sources, and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) among college students. Freshmen from eight U.S. universities (N = 1149) completed the Food Choice Priorities Survey, designed for college students to provide a way to determine the factors of greatest importance regarding food choices, and the NCI Dietary Screener Questionnaire. Changes in FCP and dietary intake from fall 2015 to spring 2016 were assessed. Multiple regression models examined associations between FCP and log-transformed dietary intake, controlling for sex, age, race, and BMI. Participant characteristics and FCP associations were also assessed. FCP importance changed across the freshmen year and significantly predicted dietary intake. The most important FCP were price, busy daily life and preferences, and healthy aesthetic. Students who endorsed healthy aesthetic factors (health, effect on physical appearance, freshness/quality/in season) as important for food choice, consumed more FV and fiber and less added sugar and SSB. Busy daily life and preferences (taste, convenience, routine, ability to feel full) predicted lower FV, higher added sugar, and higher SSB consumption. Price predicted lower FV, higher SSB, and more added sugar while the advertising environment was positively associated with SSB intake. FCP and demographic factors explained between 2%–17% of the variance in dietary intake across models. The strongest relationship was between healthy aesthetic factors and SSB (B = −0.37, p < 0.01). Self-rated importance of factors influencing food choice are related to dietary intake among students. Interventions that shift identified FCP may positively impact students’ diet quality especially considering that some FCP increase in importance across the first year of college.
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Effects of Three-Day Serial Sodium Bicarbonate Loading on Performance and Physiological Parameters During a Simulated Basketball Test in Female University Players. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2018; 28:547-552. [DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 3-day serial sodium bicarbonate ingestion on repeated sprint and jump performance. Fifteen female university basketball players (23.3 ± 3.4 years; 173.1 ± 5.8 cm; 65.8 ± 6.3 kg; 23.6 ± 4.9% body fat) ingested 0.4 g/kg body mass of sodium bicarbonate or placebo for 3 days (split in three equal daily doses), before completing a simulated basketball exercise. Sprint and circuit times, jump heights, performance decrements, and gastrointestinal side effects were recorded during the test, and blood lactate concentration was measured pre- and posttest. Sodium bicarbonate supplementation led to significant decreases in mean sprint times (1.34 ± 0.23 vs. 1.70 ± 0.41 s, p = .008, 95% confidence intervals [−0.54, −0.10 s]) and mean circuit times (30.6 ± 2.0 vs. 31.3 ± 2.0 s, p = .044) and significantly greater mean jump height (26.8 [range 25.2–34.2] vs. 26.0 [range 25.6–33.6] cm, p = .013) compared with placebo. Performance decrement was significantly less for sprints with sodium bicarbonate compared with placebo (9.9 [range 3.4–37.0]% vs. 24.7 [range 4.1–61.3]%, p = .013), but not different for jumps (13.1 ± 4.5% vs. 12.5 ± 3.1%, p = .321) between conditions. No differences in gastrointestinal side effects were noted between conditions. Significantly greater postexercise blood lactate concentrations were measured in the sodium bicarbonate condition compared with the placebo condition (8.2 ± 2.8 vs. 6.6 ± 2.4 mmol/L, p = .010). This study is the first to show that serial loading of sodium bicarbonate is effective for basketball players to improve repeated sprint and jump performance during competition, or withstand greater training load during practice sessions without any gastrointestinal side effects.
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Archer E, Marlow ML, Lavie CJ. Controversy and debate: Memory-Based Methods Paper 1: the fatal flaws of food frequency questionnaires and other memory-based dietary assessment methods. J Clin Epidemiol 2018; 104:113-124. [PMID: 30121379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is an escalating debate over the value and validity of self-reported dietary intake as estimated by Food Frequency Questionnaires and other forms of memory-based dietary assessment methods. Proponents argue that despite limitations, memory-based methods provide valid and valuable information about consumed foods and beverages and therefore can be used to assess diet-disease relations. In fact, over the past 60 years, thousands of memory-based dietary research reports were used to inform public policy and establish the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Yet, despite this impressive history, our position is that memory-based dietary assessment methods are invalid and inadmissible for scientific research and therefore cannot be used in evidence-based policy making. Herein, we present the empirical evidence and theoretic and philosophic perspectives that render data derived from memory-based methods both fatally flawed and pseudoscientific. First, the use of memory-based methods is founded upon two inter-related logical fallacies: a category error and reification. Second, human memory and recall are not valid instruments for scientific data collection. Third, in standard epidemiologic contexts, the measurement errors associated with self-reported data are nonfalsifiable because there is no way to ascertain if the reported foods and beverages match the respondent's actual consumption. Fourth, the assignment of nutrient and energy values to self-reported intake (i.e., the pseudoquantification of anecdotal data) is impermissible and violates the foundational tenets of measurement theory. Fifth, the proxy estimates created via pseudoquantification are often physiologically implausible and have little relation to actual nutrient and energy consumption. Finally, investigators engendered a fictional discourse on the health effects of dietary sugar, salt, fat and cholesterol when they failed to cite contrary evidence or address decades of research demonstrating the fatal measurement, analytic, and inferential flaws of memory-based dietary assessment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Archer
- Chief Science Officer, EvolvingFX, Jupiter, FL 33468, USA.
| | | | - Carl J Lavie
- Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, The University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Controversy and Debate: Memory Based Methods Paper 3: Nutrition's 'Black Swans': Our reply. J Clin Epidemiol 2018; 104:130-135. [PMID: 30063955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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105
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Schliemann D, McKinley M, Woodside JV. The Impact of a Policy-Based Multicomponent Nutrition Pilot Intervention on Young Adult Employee's Diet and Health Outcomes. Am J Health Promot 2018; 33:342-357. [PMID: 30004248 DOI: 10.1177/0890117118784447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Evaluate the effect of a policy-based, multicomponent workplace diet intervention on young adult employees' diet and health. DESIGN A 6-month, single-armed pilot study with before and after assessments. SETTING Insurance company in Belfast, Northern Ireland. PARTICIPANTS Employees who worked at the company throughout the intervention period were included. Employees were excluded if pregnant, breast-feeding, or following a strict diet. INTERVENTION Multicomponent diet intervention: ban of unhealthy foods brought into the premises, free fruit, education, individual advice, and further support. MEASURES Mixed-methods approach: Diet-, health-, and work-related measures were assessed quantitatively. The campaign was evaluated quantitatively (via questionnaire) and qualitatively (via semistructured interviews). ANALYSIS Changes in measures were analyzed using paired samples t tests. Interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS Sixty (75.9%) staff completed all assessments. Males reduced their sugar intake on working days (-8.7% of total energy standard deviation [SD]: 20.1; P value <.01). Systolic blood pressure reduced in males and females (-3.3 SD: 9.9; P value <.05 and -8.0 SD: 7.7; P value <.001, respectively); 85.2% of staff strongly agreed/agreed that they appreciated the healthy eating ethos. This was supported by the qualitative analysis which furthermore suggested that the education, team support, individual advice, and free fruit were beneficial. CONCLUSION Influencing workplace policies and offering additional dietary support could lead to meaningful changes in employees' diet and health and may change workplace culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Désirée Schliemann
- 1 Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle McKinley
- 1 Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Jayne V Woodside
- 1 Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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Assessing the relative validity of a new, web-based, self-administered 24 h dietary recall in a French-Canadian population. Public Health Nutr 2018; 21:2744-2752. [PMID: 29976261 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980018001611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the relative validity of a new, web-based, self-administered 24 h dietary recall, the R24W, for assessment of energy and nutrient intakes among French Canadians. DESIGN Each participant completed a 3d food record (FR) and the R24W on three occasions over a 4-week period. Intakes of energy and of twenty-four selected nutrients assessed by both methods were compared. SETTING Québec City metropolitan area. SUBJECTS Fifty-seven women and fifty men (mean (sd) age: 47·2 (13·3) years). RESULTS Equivalent proportions of under-reporters were found with the R24W (15·0%) and the FR (23·4%). Mean (sd) energy intake from the R24W was 7·2% higher than that from the FR (10 857 (3184) kJ/d (2595 (761) kcal/d) v. 10 075 (2971) kJ/d (2408 (710) kcal/d); P<0·01). Significant differences in mean nutrient intakes between the R24W and the FR ranged from -54·8% (i.e. lower value with R24W) for niacin to +40·0% (i.e. higher value with R24W) for alcohol. Sex- and energy-adjusted deattenuated correlations between the two methods were significant for all nutrients except Zn (range: 0·35-0·72; P<0·01). Cross-classification demonstrated that 40·0% of participants were classified in the same quartile with both methods, while 40·0% were classified in the adjacent quartile and only 3·6% were grossly misclassified (1st v. 4th quartile). Analysis of Bland-Altman plots revealed proportional bias between the two assessment methods for 8/24 nutrients. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the R24W presents an acceptable relative validity as compared with the FR for estimating usual dietary intakes in a cohort of French Canadians.
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107
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Pitfalls of Conducting and Interpreting Estimates of Energy Availability in Free-Living Athletes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2018; 28:350-363. [DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The human body requires energy for numerous functions including, growth, thermogenesis, reproduction, cellular maintenance, and movement. In sports nutrition, energy availability (EA) is defined as the energy available to support these basic physiological functions and good health once the energy cost of exercise is deducted from energy intake (EI), relative to an athlete’s fat-free mass (FFM). Low EA provides a unifying theory to link numerous disorders seen in both female and male athletes, described by the syndrome Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport, and related to restricted energy intake, excessive exercise or a combination of both. These outcomes are incurred in different dose–response patterns relative to the reduction in EA below a “healthy” level of ∼45 kcal·kg FFM−1·day−1. Although EA estimates are being used to guide and monitor athletic practices, as well as support a diagnosis of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport, problems associated with the measurement and interpretation of EA in the field should be explored. These include the lack of a universal protocol for the calculation of EA, the resources needed to achieve estimates of each of the components of the equation, and the residual errors in these estimates. The lack of a clear definition of the value for EA that is considered “low” reflects problems around its measurement, as well as differences between individuals and individual components of “normal”/“healthy” function. Finally, further investigation of nutrition and exercise behavior including within- and between-day energy spread and dietary characteristics is warranted since it may directly contribute to low EA or its secondary problems.
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108
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Cameron JD, Doucet É, Adamo KB, Walker M, Tirelli A, Barnes JD, Hafizi K, Murray M, Goldfield GS. Effects of prenatal exposure to cigarettes on anthropometrics, energy intake, energy expenditure, and screen time in children. Physiol Behav 2018; 194:394-400. [PMID: 29913228 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal prenatal smoking is associated with downstream childhood obesity. Although animal research suggests reduced resting energy expenditure (REE), decreased physical activity (PA), and increased energy intake as mechanisms, these relationships are unclear in humans. The objectives were to examine the association of prenatal maternal smoking with non-volitional energy expenditure (REE and the thermic effect of feeding [TEF]), child adiposity, energy intake, free-living PA (daily light PA (LPA), daily moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), daily sedentary behavior (SB)), and screen time (television and computer/video game) in children. METHODS As part of a longitudinal study, 46 children (n = 27 controls and n = 19 smoking exposed) with mean age 7.6 ± 2 years were recruited. Body weight and composition (Bioelectrical Impedance), height (Stadiometer), waist circumference (cm; tape), BMI (kg/m2), REE (kcal/day; indirect calorimetry), PA (minutes; Accelerometry), screen time (hours; self-report) and ad libitum energy intake (lunch buffet; 7-day food log) were measured. Effects sizes were evaluated using Cohen's d. RESULTS Relative to controls, after controlling for age and family income, children who were exposed to cigarette smoke in utero exhibited greater waist circumference (p = 0.04, Cohen's d = 1.03), percent body fat (%BF; p = 0.02, Cohen's d = 0.97), and a trend for BMI (p = 0.05, Cohen's d = 0.86). Exposed children did not differ in REE (trend for lower: p = 0.1, Cohen's d = 0.42) or TEF but were shown to have significantly higher ad libitum energy intake (p = 0.02, Cohen's D = 0.70) from the palatable lunch buffet, but not from the out of laboratory 7-day energy intake (p = 0.8). Examining screen time behaviors, exposed children spent more time watching television during the week (p = 0.03, Cohen's D = 0.82), and overall television watching (p = 0.02, Cohen's D = 0.80); there were no group differences in any other screen time behaviors. CONCLUSIONS Children exposed to cigarette smoke in utero exhibit greater adiposity, and this exposure may have as contributing factors higher screen time, ad libitum energy intake, and a trend for reduced REE. The data suggest that lifestyle factors such as diet and screen time represent targets for obesity prevention in a high-risk population of young children exposed to prenatal cigarette smoke. Findings also highlight the need for smoking cessation programs to reduce downstream obesity in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jameason D Cameron
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.
| | | | - Kristi B Adamo
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Mark Walker
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Joel D Barnes
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | | | - Gary S Goldfield
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
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109
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An evaluation of CardioPrevent: a technology-enabled, health-behavior change program for the global reduction of cardiovascular risk. Curr Opin Cardiol 2018. [PMID: 28639974 DOI: 10.1097/hco.0000000000000438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of mortality globally. Primary CVD prevention programs have the potential to improve risk factor profiles and, ultimately, the risk of developing CVD. The present study presents an evaluation of CardioPrevent, a global cardiovascular risk reduction program. RECENT FINDINGS Of the 478 participants enrolled in the CardioPrevent program, 308 and 236 had complete 6-month and 12-month data, respectively at the time of evaluation. At 6 months, the average reduction in the Framingham risk score was -19.5% (median = -26.5%). Women experienced a greater reduction in risk than men (-23.1 vs. -11.4%, P = 0.013). Significant improvements were observed in body composition, blood pressure, low-density lipoproteins, triglycerides, total cholesterol-to-high-density lipoprotein ratio, HbA1c, perceived stress, anxiety, depression, quality of life, physical activity, sitting time, fruit and vegetable consumption, and medication adherence. Improvements seen at 6 months were maintained at 12 months. The majority (98%) of participants were very satisfied with the program and would recommend it to others. SUMMARY Results of this evaluation identified that CardioPrevent is an effective CVD risk reduction program with high satisfaction rates. CardioPrevent is an effective, scalable program with the capacity to reduce CVD risk among primary care patients.
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110
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Matu J, Gonzalez JT, Ispoglou T, Duckworth L, Deighton K. The effects of hypoxia on hunger perceptions, appetite-related hormone concentrations and energy intake: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Appetite 2018; 125:98-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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111
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Eslamparast T, Sharafkhah M, Poustchi H, Hashemian M, Dawsey SM, Freedman ND, Boffetta P, Abnet CC, Etemadi A, Pourshams A, Malekshah AF, Islami F, Kamangar F, Merat S, Brennan P, Hekmatdoost A, Malekzadeh R. Nut consumption and total and cause-specific mortality: results from the Golestan Cohort Study. Int J Epidemiol 2018; 46:75-85. [PMID: 26946539 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyv365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A number of prospective studies have observed inverse associations between nut consumption and chronic diseases. However, these studies have predominantly been conducted in Western countries, where nut consumption tends to be more common among individuals with healthier lifestyles. It is important to examine the association in other parts of the world, and particularly among populations with different patterns of disease, socioeconomic status, lifestyles and disease risk factors. Our objective was to examine the association between nut consumption and mortality in a population whose nut consumption does not track with a healthy lifestyle. Methods We examined the association between nut consumption and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in the 50 045 participants of the Golestan Cohort Study. Participants were aged 40 and older at baseline in 2004, and have been actively followed since that time. Dietary data were collected using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire that was administered at baseline. Results During 349 677 person-years of follow-up, 3981 cohort participants died, including 1732 women and 2249 men. Nut consumption was associated inversely with all-cause mortality. The pooled multivariate adjusted hazard ratios for death among participants who ate nuts, as compared with those who did not, were 0.89 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.82-0.95] for the consumption of less than one serving of nuts per week, 0.75 (95% CI, 0.67-0.85) for one to less than three servings per week and 0.71 (95% CI, 0.58-0.86) for three or more servings per week ( P < 0.001 for trend). Among specific causes, significant inverse associations were observed between nut consumption and deaths due to cardiovascular disease, all cancers and gastrointestinal cancers. Conclusions This study provides evidence for an inverse association between nut consumption and mortality in a developing country, where nut consumption does not track with a healthy lifestyle. Further work is needed to establish the underlying mechanisms responsible for this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tannaz Eslamparast
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Sharafkhah
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Poustchi
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Hashemian
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanford M Dawsey
- Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Neal D Freedman
- Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christian C Abnet
- Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Arash Etemadi
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Akram Pourshams
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akbar Fazeltabar Malekshah
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Islami
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Farin Kamangar
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Public Health Analysis, School of Community Health and Policy, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shahin Merat
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Paul Brennan
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC / WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Azita Hekmatdoost
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Departments of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, UBC, BC, Canada
| | - Reza Malekzadeh
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Johnson CD, Simonson AJ, Darnell ME, DeLany JP, Wohleber MF, Connaboy C. Energy expenditure and intake during Special Operations Forces field training in a jungle and glacial environment. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:381-386. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify and compare energy requirements specific to Special Operations Forces in field training, in both cool and hot environments. Three separate training sessions were evaluated, 2 in a hot environment (n = 21) and 1 in a cool environment (n = 8). Total energy expenditure was calculated using doubly labeled water. Dietary intake was assessed via self-report at the end of each training mission day, and macronutrient intakes were calculated. Across the 3 missions, mean energy expenditure (4618 ± 1350 kcal/day) exceeded mean energy intake (2429 ± 838 kcal/day) by an average of 2200 kcal/day. Macronutrient intakes (carbohydrates (g/(kg·day body weight (bw))−1) = 3.2 ± 1.2; protein (g/(kg·day bw)−1) = 1.3 ± 0.7; fat (g/(kg·day bw)−1) = 1.2 ± 0.7) showed inadequate carbohydrate and possibly protein intake across the study period, compared with common recommendations. Total energy expenditures were found to be similar between hot (4664 ± 1399 kcal/day) and cool (4549 ± 1221 kcal/day) environments. However, energy intake was found to be higher in the cool (3001 ± 900 kcal/day) compared with hot (2200 ± 711 kcal/day) environments. Based on the identified energy deficit, high variation in energy expenditures, and poor macronutrient intake, a greater attention to feeding practices during similar training scenarios for Special Operations Forces is needed to help maintain performance and health. The differences in environmental heat stress between the 2 climates/environments had no observed effect on energy expenditures, but may have influenced intakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb D. Johnson
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA
| | - Andrew J. Simonson
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA
| | - Matthew E. Darnell
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA
| | - James P. DeLany
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Meleesa F. Wohleber
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA
| | - Christopher Connaboy
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA
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Campbell JL, Yoon M, Ward PL, Fromme H, Kessler W, Phillips MB, Anderson WA, Clewell HJ, Longnecker MP. Excretion of Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) metabolites in urine is related to body mass index because of higher energy intake in the overweight and obese. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 113:91-99. [PMID: 29421411 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A higher body mass index (BMI) has been positively associated with the rate of excretion of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) metabolites in urine in data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), suggesting an association between DEHP exposure and BMI. The association, however, may be due to the association between body mass maintenance and higher energy intake, with higher energy intake being accompanied by a higher intake of DEHP. To examine this hypothesis, we ran a Monte Carlo simulation with a DEHP physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for adult humans. A realistic exposure sub-model was used, which included the relation of body weight to energy intake and of energy intake to DEHP intake. The model simulation output, when compared with urinary metabolite data from NHANES, supported good model validity. The distribution of BMI in the simulated population closely resembled that in the NHANES population. This indicated that the simulated subjects and DEHP exposure model were closely aligned with the NHANES population of interest. In the simulated population, the ordinary least squares regression coefficient for log(BMI) as a function of log(DEHP nmol/min) was 0.048 (SE 0.001), as compared with the reported value of 0.019 (SE 0.005). In other words, given our model structure, the higher energy intake in the overweight and obese, and the concomitant higher DEHP exposure, describes the reported relationship between BMI and DEHP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miyoung Yoon
- ScitoVation, LLC, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Peyton L Ward
- Ramboll Environ, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Hermann Fromme
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Munich, Germany
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114
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Sagayama H, Kondo E, Shiose K, Yamada Y, Motonaga K, Ouchi S, Kamei A, Osawa T, Nakajima K, Takahashi H, Higaki Y, Tanaka H. Energy Requirement Assessment and Water Turnover in Japanese College Wrestlers Using the Doubly Labeled Water Method. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2018; 63:141-147. [PMID: 28552879 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.63.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Estimated energy requirements (EERs) are important for sports based on body weight classifications to aid in weight management. The basis for establishing EERs varies and includes self-reported energy intake (EI), predicted energy expenditure, and measured daily energy expenditure. Currently, however, no studies have been performed with male wrestlers using the highly accurate and precise doubly labeled water (DLW) method to estimate energy and fluid requirement. The primary aim of this study was to compare total energy expenditure (TEE), self-reported EI, and the difference in collegiate wrestlers during a normal training period using the DLW method. The secondary aims were to measure the water turnover and the physical activity level (PAL) of the athletes, and to examine the accuracy of two currently used equations to predict EER. Ten healthy males (age, 20.4±0.5 y) belonging to the East-Japan college league participated in this study. TEE was measured using the DLW method, and EI was assessed with self-reported dietary records for ~1 wk. There was a significant difference between TEE (17.9±2.5 MJ•d-1 [4,283±590 kcal•d-1]) and self-reported EI (14.4±3.3 MJ•d-1 [3,446±799 kcal•d-1]), a difference of 19%. The water turnover was 4.61±0.73 L•d-1. The measured PAL (2.6±0.3) was higher than two predicted values during the training season and thus the two EER prediction equations produced underestimated values relative to DLW. We found that previous EERs were underestimating requirements in collegiate wrestlers and that those estimates should be revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Sagayama
- Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.,Japan Institute of Sports Sciences
| | - Emi Kondo
- Department of Nutritional Science, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition.,Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences
| | | | - Yosuke Yamada
- Department of Nutritional Science, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yasuki Higaki
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University.,Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University.,Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity
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115
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Barone Gibbs B, Davis KK. In Pursuit of the "Something" that Is Better than Nothing for Measuring Energy Intake. J Nutr 2018; 148:309-310. [PMID: 29546311 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelliann K Davis
- Department of Health and Physical Activity, University of Pittsburgh, PA
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116
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Shook RP, Hand GA, O'Connor DP, Thomas DM, Hurley TG, Hébert JR, Drenowatz C, Welk GJ, Carriquiry AL, Blair SN. Energy Intake Derived from an Energy Balance Equation, Validated Activity Monitors, and Dual X-Ray Absorptiometry Can Provide Acceptable Caloric Intake Data among Young Adults. J Nutr 2018; 148:490-496. [PMID: 29546294 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxx029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Assessments of energy intake (EI) are frequently affected by measurement error. Recently, a simple equation was developed and validated to estimate EI on the basis of the energy balance equation [EI = changed body energy stores + energy expenditure (EE)]. Objective The purpose of this study was to compare multiple estimates of EI, including 2 calculated from the energy balance equation by using doubly labeled water (DLW) or activity monitors, in free-living adults. Methods The body composition of participants (n = 195; mean age: 27.9 y; 46% women) was measured at the beginning and end of a 2-wk assessment period with the use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) was calculated through indirect calorimetry. EE was assessed with the use of the DLW technique and an arm-based activity monitor [Sensewear Mini Armband (SWA); BodyMedia, Inc.]. Self-reported EI was calculated by using dietitian-administered 24-h dietary recalls. Two estimates of EI were calculated with the use of a validated equation: quantity of energy stores estimated from the changes in fat mass and fat-free mass occurring over the assessment period plus EE from either DLW or the SWA. To compare estimates of EI, reporting bias (estimated EI/EE from DLW × 100) and Goldberg ratios (estimated EI/RMR) were calculated. Results Mean ± SD EEs from DLW and SWA were 2731 ± 494 and 2729 ± 559 kcal/d, respectively. Self-reported EI was 2113 ± 638 kcal/d, EI derived from DLW was 2723 ± 469 kcal/d, and EI derived from the SWA was 2720 ± 730 kcal/d. Reporting biases for self-reported EI, DLW-derived EI, and SWA-derived EI are as follows: -21.5% ± 22.2%, -0.7% ± 18.5%, and 0.2% ± 20.8%, respectively. Goldberg cutoffs for self-reported EI, DLW EI, and SWA EI are as follows: 1.39 ± 0.39, 1.77 ± 0.38, and 1.77 ± 0.38 kcal/d, respectively. Conclusions These results indicate that estimates of EI based on the energy balance equation can provide reasonable estimates of group mean EI in young adults. The findings suggest that, when EE derived from DLW is not feasible, an activity monitor that provides a valid estimate of EE can be substituted for EE from DLW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin P Shook
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO
| | - Gregory A Hand
- School of Public Health, University of West Virginia, Morgantown, WV
| | - Daniel P O'Connor
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Diana M Thomas
- Department of Mathematics, US Military Academy, West Point, NY
| | - Thomas G Hurley
- South Carolina Statewide Cancer Prevention and Control Program and Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - James R Hébert
- South Carolina Statewide Cancer Prevention and Control Program and Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC.,Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | | | - Gregory J Welk
- Departments of Kinesiology and Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | | | - Steven N Blair
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC.,Departments of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
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117
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Teixeira JA, Castro TG, Grant CC, Wall CR, Castro ALDS, Francisco RPV, Vieira SE, Saldiva SRDM, Marchioni DM. Dietary patterns are influenced by socio-demographic conditions of women in childbearing age: a cohort study of pregnant women. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:301. [PMID: 29490638 PMCID: PMC5831579 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5184-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women's health during their reproductive years and whilst pregnant has implications for their children's health, both in utero and during childhood. Associations of women's pre-pregnancy dietary patterns (DP) with maternal socio-demographic characteristics and nutrient intake were investigated in ProcriAr cohort study in São Paulo/Brazil, 2012. METHODS The DPs of 454 women were investigated by principal component factor analysis, using dietary information from a validated 110-item food frequency questionnaire. Multiple linear regression models identified independent associations between DPs and maternal socio-demographic characteristics and Spearman's correlation determined associations between DPs and nutrients intake. RESULTS Participants' mean age was 26.1 years (standard deviation = 6.3), 10.3% had more than 8 years of formal education, 30% were migrants from outside of the Southeast of Brazil, 48% were employed, 13% were smokers, and 51% were overweight/obese. Four DPs were derived: 'Lentils, whole grains and soups,' 'Snacks, sandwiches, sweets and soft drinks,' 'Seasoned vegetables and lean meats,' and 'Sweetened juices, bread and butter, rice and beans'. The 'Lentils, whole grains and soups' score was positively related to maternal age, being non-smoker and born in the South, North or Midwest of Brazil. The 'Snacks, sandwiches, sweets and soft drinks' score was positively related to higher maternal education, and negatively related to age, lack of formal work and being born in the Northeast region. The 'Seasoned vegetables and lean meats' score was positively related to higher maternal education. The 'Sweetened juices, bread and butter, rice and beans' score was positively related to unemployment and to no family history of hypertension, and negatively related to maternal overweight and obesity. Dietary intake of fruits and vegetables, foods that require preparation, nutrients from one-carbon metabolism, protein, iron, calcium and vitamin D were correlated with the 'Seasoned vegetables and lean meats'. Dietary intake of sugar-sweetened and alcoholic beverages, industrialized and takeaway foods, and foods rich in sugar, energy, fat, and synthetic folate were correlated with the 'Snacks, sandwiches, sweets and soft drinks'. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this study add perspectives to be considered in the implementation of health interventions, which could improve women's nutritional status and provide an adequate environment for the developing fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Araujo Teixeira
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 01246-904 Brazil
| | - Teresa Gontijo Castro
- The Centre for Longitudinal Research – He Ara ki Mua, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1072 New Zealand
- Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Cameron C. Grant
- The Centre for Longitudinal Research – He Ara ki Mua, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1072 New Zealand
- Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
- Starship Children’s Hospital, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, 1023 New Zealand
| | - Clare R. Wall
- The Centre for Longitudinal Research – He Ara ki Mua, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1072 New Zealand
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023 New Zealand
| | - Ana Lúcia da Silva Castro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05403-000 Brazil
| | | | - Sandra Elisabete Vieira
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05403-000 Brazil
| | | | - Dirce Maria Marchioni
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 01246-904 Brazil
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118
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Borgo F, Garbossa S, Riva A, Severgnini M, Luigiano C, Benetti A, Pontiroli AE, Morace G, Borghi E. Body Mass Index and Sex Affect Diverse Microbial Niches within the Gut. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:213. [PMID: 29491857 PMCID: PMC5817072 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota is considered a separate organ with endocrine capabilities, actively contributing to tissue homeostasis. It consists of at least two separate microbial populations, the lumen-associated (LAM) and the mucosa-associated microbiota (MAM). In the present study, we compared LAM and MAM, by collecting stools and sigmoid brush samples of forty adults without large-bowel symptoms, and through a 16S rRNA gene next-generation sequencing (NGS) approach. MAM sample analysis revealed enrichment in aerotolerant Proteobacteria, probably selected by a gradient of oxygen that decreases from tissue to lumen, and in Streptococcus and Clostridium spp., highly fermenting bacteria. On the other hand, LAM microbiota showed an increased abundance in Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Oscillospira, genera able to digest and to degrade biopolymers in the large intestine. Predicted metagenomic analysis showed LAM to be enriched in genes encoding enzymes mostly involved in energy extraction from carbohydrates and lipids, whereas MAM in amino acid and vitamin metabolism. Moreover, LAM and MAM communities seemed to be influenced by different host factors, such as diet and sex. LAM is affected by body mass index (BMI) status. Indeed, BMI negatively correlates with Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Flavonifractor plautii abundance, putative biomarkers of healthy status. In contrast, MAM microbial population showed a significant grouping according to sex. Female MAM was enriched in Actinobacteria (with an increased trend of the genus Bifidobacterium), and a significant depletion in Veillonellaceae. Interestingly, we found the species Gemmiger formicilis to be associated with male and Bifidobacterium adolescentis, with female MAM samples. In conclusion, our results suggest that gut harbors microbial niches that differ in both composition and host factor susceptibility, and their richness and diversity may be overlooked evaluating only fecal samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Borgo
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Riva
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Division of Microbial Ecology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Research Network "Chemistry meets Microbiology", University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco Severgnini
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Segrate, Italy
| | | | | | - Antonio E Pontiroli
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Morace
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Borghi
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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119
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Roberts K, Cade J, Dawson J, Holdsworth M. Empirically Derived Dietary Patterns in UK Adults Are Associated with Sociodemographic Characteristics, Lifestyle, and Diet Quality. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10020177. [PMID: 29415478 PMCID: PMC5852753 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine empirical dietary patterns in UK adults and their association with sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, self-reported nutrient intake, nutrient biomarkers, and the Nutrient-based Diet Quality Score (NDQS) using National Diet and Nutrition Survey data 2008–2012 (n = 2083; mean age 49 years; 43.3% male). Four patterns explained 13.6% of the total variance: ‘Snacks, fast food, fizzy drinks’ (SFFFD), ‘Fruit, vegetables, oily fish’ (FVOF), ‘Meat, potatoes, beer’ (MPB), and ‘Sugary foods, dairy’ (SFD). ‘SFFFD’ was associated positively with: being male; smoking; body mass index (BMI); urinary sodium; intake of non-milk extrinsic sugars (NMES), fat and starch; and negatively with: age; plasma carotenoids; and NDQS. ‘FVOF’ was associated positively with: being non-white; age; income; socioeconomic classification (National Statistics Socio-economic Classifications; NSSEC); plasma carotenoids; intake of non-starch polysaccharides and polyunsaturated fatty acids. It was negatively associated with: being male, smoking, BMI, urinary sodium, intake of saturated fat; and NMES and NDQS. Whilst the patterns explained only 13.6% of the total variance, they were associated with self-reported nutrient intake, biomarkers of nutrient intake, sociodemographic and lifestyle variables, and the NDQS. These findings provide support for dietary patterns analyses as a means of exploring dietary intake in the UK population to inform public health nutrition policy and guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Roberts
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4DA, UK.
- Health Improvement Directorate, Public Health England, London SE1 6LH, UK.
| | - Janet Cade
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Jeremy Dawson
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4DA, UK.
| | - Michelle Holdsworth
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4DA, UK.
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120
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French DP, Cameron E, Benton JS, Deaton C, Harvie M. Can Communicating Personalised Disease Risk Promote Healthy Behaviour Change? A Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews. Ann Behav Med 2018; 51:718-729. [PMID: 28290066 PMCID: PMC5602036 DOI: 10.1007/s12160-017-9895-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The assessment and communication of disease risk that is personalised to the individual is widespread in healthcare contexts. Despite several systematic reviews of RCTs, it is unclear under what circumstances that personalised risk estimates promotes change in four key health-related behaviours: smoking, physical activity, diet and alcohol consumption. PURPOSE The present research aims to systematically identify, evaluate and synthesise the findings of existing systematic reviews. METHODS This systematic review of systematic reviews followed published guidance. A search of four databases and two-stage screening procedure with good reliability identified nine eligible systematic reviews. RESULTS The nine reviews each included between three and 15 primary studies, containing 36 unique studies. Methods of personalising risk feedback included imaging/visual feedback, genetic testing, and numerical estimation from risk algorithms. The reviews were generally high quality. For a broad range of methods of estimating and communicating risk, the reviews found no evidence that risk information had strong or consistent effects on health-related behaviours. The most promising effects came from interventions using visual or imaging techniques and with smoking cessation and dietary behaviour as outcomes, but with inconsistent results. Few interventions explicitly used theory, few targeted self-efficacy or response efficacy, and a limited range of Behaviour Change Techniques were used. CONCLUSIONS Presenting risk information on its own, even when highly personalised, does not produce strong effects on health-related behaviours or changes which are sustained. Future research in this area should build on the existing knowledge base about increasing the effects of risk communication on behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P French
- Manchester Centre of Health Psychology, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Coupland 1 Building, Manchester, M13 9PL England
| | - Elaine Cameron
- Manchester Centre of Health Psychology, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Coupland 1 Building, Manchester, M13 9PL England
| | - Jack S Benton
- Manchester Centre of Health Psychology, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Coupland 1 Building, Manchester, M13 9PL England
| | - Christi Deaton
- School of Clinical Medicine, Forvie Site, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SR England
| | - Michelle Harvie
- Nightingale Centre, University Hospital South Manchester, Manchester, M23 9LT England
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121
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Bendtsen LQ, Blædel T, Holm JB, Lorenzen JK, Mark AB, Kiilerich P, Kristiansen K, Astrup A, Larsen LH. High intake of dairy during energy restriction does not affect energy balance or the intestinal microflora compared with low dairy intake in overweight individuals in a randomized controlled trial. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:1-10. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
During weight loss, dairy calcium is proposed to accelerate weight and fat-mass loss through increased fecal fat excretion. The primary objective was to investigate if a high-dairy energy-restricted diet is superior to low dairy in terms of changes in body weight, body composition, and fecal fat excretion over 24 weeks. Secondary objectives included fecal energy and calcium excretion, resting energy expenditure, blood pressure, lipid metabolism, and gut microbiota. In a randomized, parallel-arm intervention study, 11 men and 69 women (body mass index, 30.6 ± 0.3 kg/m2; age, 44 ± 1 years) were allocated to a 500-kcal (2100 kJ) –deficit diet that was either high (HD: 1500 mg calcium/day) or low (LD: 600 mg calcium/day) in dairy products for 24 weeks. Habitual calcium intake was ∼1000 mg/day. Body weight loss (HD: –6.6 ± 1.3 kg, LD: –7.9 ± 1.5 kg, P = 0.73), fat-mass loss (HD: –7.8% ± 1.3%, LD: –8.5% ± 1.1%, P = 0.76), changes in fecal fat excretion (HD: –0.57 ± 0.76 g, LD: 0.46 ± 0.70 g, P = 0.12), and microbiota composition were similar for the groups over 24 weeks. However, total fat-mass loss was positively associated with relative abundance of Papillibacter (P = 0.017) independent of diet group. Consumption of a high-dairy diet did not increase fecal fat or accelerate weight and fat-mass loss beyond energy restriction over 24 weeks in overweight and obese adults with a habitual calcium intake of ∼1000 mg/day. However, this study indicates that Papillibacter is involved in body compositional changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Quist Bendtsen
- Departments of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, SCIENCE, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Trine Blædel
- Departments of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, SCIENCE, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jacob Bak Holm
- Biology, University of Copenhagen, SCIENCE, Ole Maaløesvej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Janne Kunchel Lorenzen
- Departments of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, SCIENCE, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Alicja Budek Mark
- Departments of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, SCIENCE, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Pia Kiilerich
- Biology, University of Copenhagen, SCIENCE, Ole Maaløesvej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Biology, University of Copenhagen, SCIENCE, Ole Maaløesvej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Arne Astrup
- Departments of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, SCIENCE, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lesli Hingstrup Larsen
- Departments of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, SCIENCE, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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122
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Muilwijk M, Celis-Morales C, Nicolaou M, Snijder MB, Gill JMR, van Valkengoed IGM. Plasma Cholesteryl Ester Fatty Acids do not Mediate the Association of Ethnicity with Type 2 Diabetes: Results From the HELIUS Study. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 62. [PMID: 28981995 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Ethnic minority groups have a higher risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) than the host population. Our aim is to identify whether plasma cholesteryl ester fatty acids (CEFA) mediate the ethnic differences in type 2 diabetes. METHODS AND RESULTS We included 202 Dutch, 206 South-Asian Surinamese, 205 African Surinamese, 215 Turkish, and 213 Moroccan origin participants of the HELIUS study (Amsterdam, the Netherlands). Logistic regression is used to determine the associations between plasma CEFA and T2D. Mediation analysis is used to identify whether CEFA contributed to the association between ethnicity and T2D. We adjusted for ethnicity, age, sex, smoking, physical activity, and BMI. Associations between plasma CEFA and T2D were similar across all ethnic groups. Although differences in plasma CEFA across ethnic groups were observed, CEFA did not mediate the differences in T2D prevalence between ethnic groups. CONCLUSION Although ethnic differences in plasma CEFA are found and CEFA are associated with T2D, CEFA does not contribute to the difference in T2D prevalence between ethnic groups. If confirmed, this implies that maintenance of the more beneficial CEFA profiles in the non-Dutch ethnic groups may be encouraged to prevent an even higher prevalence of T2D in these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirthe Muilwijk
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carlos Celis-Morales
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Nicolaou
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke B Snijder
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jason M R Gill
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Irene G M van Valkengoed
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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123
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Müller IA, Wedell-Neergaard AS, Solomon TPJ, Karstoft K. The impact of acute bouts of interval and continuous walking on energy-intake and appetite regulation in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Physiol Rep 2017; 5. [PMID: 29208688 PMCID: PMC5727278 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In healthy subjects, it has been suggested that exercise may acutely suppress energy‐intake and appetite, with peak intensity being an important determinant for this effect. In subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D), the effect of exercise on appetite‐related variables is, however, virtually unknown. We aimed to assess the effects of two exercise interventions, differing with regards to peak intensity, on energy‐intake, satiety and appetite‐related hormones in subjects with T2D. Thirteen subjects with T2D completed three 60‐min interventions with continuous measurement of oxygen consumption in a randomized and counterbalanced order: (1) Control, (2) Continuous walking (CW; intended 73% of VO2peak), (3) Interval‐walking (IW; repeated cycles of 3 min slow [54% of VO2peak] and 3 min fast walking [89% of VO2peak]). Forty‐five minutes after completion of the intervention, a 3‐h liquid mixed meal tolerance test (MMTT, 450 kcal) with regular satiety assessments and blood samples for appetite‐related hormones commenced. An ad libitum meal was served after the MMTT, with subsequent calculation of energy‐intake. Moreover, free‐living diet records were completed for the following ~32 h. Exercise interventions were well‐matched for mean oxygen consumption (CW = 77 ± 2% of VO2peak; IW = 76 ± 1% of VO2peak, P > 0.05). No differences in appetite‐related hormones or energy‐intake were found (P > 0.05 for all comparisons). IW increased fullness compared to Control shortly after the intervention (P < 0.05) and tended to reduce hunger 2 h into the MMTT compared to CW and Control (P < 0.10). In conclusion, a single exercise session does not affect energy‐intake during the following ~4–36 h in subjects with T2D. However, satiety may be affected up to ~3 h after the exercise session, dependent on peak intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida A Müller
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne-Sophie Wedell-Neergaard
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas P J Solomon
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kristian Karstoft
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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124
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Capling L, Beck KL, Gifford JA, Slater G, Flood VM, O'Connor H. Validity of Dietary Assessment in Athletes: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2017; 9:E1313. [PMID: 29207495 PMCID: PMC5748763 DOI: 10.3390/nu9121313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary assessment methods that are recognized as appropriate for the general population are usually applied in a similar manner to athletes, despite the knowledge that sport-specific factors can complicate assessment and impact accuracy in unique ways. As dietary assessment methods are used extensively within the field of sports nutrition, there is concern the validity of methodologies have not undergone more rigorous evaluation in this unique population sub-group. The purpose of this systematic review was to compare two or more methods of dietary assessment, including dietary intake measured against biomarkers or reference measures of energy expenditure, in athletes. Six electronic databases were searched for English-language, full-text articles published from January 1980 until June 2016. The search strategy combined the following keywords: diet, nutrition assessment, athlete, and validity; where the following outcomes are reported but not limited to: energy intake, macro and/or micronutrient intake, food intake, nutritional adequacy, diet quality, or nutritional status. Meta-analysis was performed on studies with sufficient methodological similarity, with between-group standardized mean differences (or effect size) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) being calculated. Of the 1624 studies identified, 18 were eligible for inclusion. Studies comparing self-reported energy intake (EI) to energy expenditure assessed via doubly labelled water were grouped for comparison (n = 11) and demonstrated mean EI was under-estimated by 19% (-2793 ± 1134 kJ/day). Meta-analysis revealed a large pooled effect size of -1.006 (95% CI: -1.3 to -0.7; p < 0.001). The remaining studies (n = 7) compared a new dietary tool or instrument to a reference method(s) (e.g., food record, 24-h dietary recall, biomarker) as part of a validation study. This systematic review revealed there are limited robust studies evaluating dietary assessment methods in athletes. Existing literature demonstrates the substantial variability between methods, with under- and misreporting of intake being frequently observed. There is a clear need for careful validation of dietary assessment methods, including emerging technical innovations, among athlete populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Capling
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, NSW 2141, Australia.
- Sport Performance Innovation and Knowledge Excellence, Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Kathryn L Beck
- School of Sport Exercise and Nutrition, College of Health, Massey University, Auckland 0745, New Zealand.
| | - Janelle A Gifford
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, NSW 2141, Australia.
| | - Gary Slater
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD 4558, Australia.
| | - Victoria M Flood
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, NSW 2141, Australia.
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia.
- Western Sydney Local Health District, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
| | - Helen O'Connor
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, NSW 2141, Australia.
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia.
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125
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Koehler K, Drenowatz C. Monitoring Energy Expenditure Using a Multi-Sensor Device-Applications and Limitations of the SenseWear Armband in Athletic Populations. Front Physiol 2017; 8:983. [PMID: 29249986 PMCID: PMC5714893 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to monitor their energy requirements, athletes may desire to assess energy expenditure (EE) during training and competition. Recent technological advances and increased customer interest have created a market for wearable devices that measure physiological variables and bodily movement over prolonged time periods and convert this information into EE data. This mini-review provides an overview of the applicability of the SenseWear armband (SWA), which combines accelerometry with measurements of heat production and skin conductivity, to measure total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) and its components such as exercise energy expenditure (ExEE) in athletic populations. While the SWA has been shown to provide valid estimates of EE in the general population, validation studies in athletic populations indicate a tendency toward underestimation of ExEE particularly during high-intensity exercise (>10 METs) with an increasing underestimation as exercise intensity increases. Although limited information is available on the accuracy of the SWA during resistance exercise, high-intensity interval exercise, or mixed exercise forms, there seems to be a similar trend of underestimating high levels of ExEE. The SWA, however, is capable of detecting movement patterns and metabolic measurements even at high exercise intensities, suggesting that underestimation may result from limitations in the proprietary algorithms. In addition, the SWA has been used in the assessment of sleep quantity and quality as well as non-exercise activity thermogenesis. Overall, the SWA provides viable information and remains to be used in various clinical and athletic settings, despite the termination of its commercial sale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Koehler
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Clemens Drenowatz
- Division of Physical Education, University of Education Upper Austria, Linz, Austria
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126
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Zagorsky JL, Smith PK. The association between socioeconomic status and adult fast-food consumption in the U.S. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2017; 27:12-25. [PMID: 28472714 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Health follows a socioeconomic status (SES) gradient in developed countries, with disease prevalence falling as SES rises. This pattern is partially attributed to differences in nutritional intake, with the poor eating the least healthy diets. This paper examines whether there is an SES gradient in one specific aspect of nutrition: fast-food consumption. Fast food is generally high in calories and low in nutrients. We use data from the 2008, 2010, and 2012 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) to test whether adult fast-food consumption in the United States falls as monetary resources rise (n=8136). This research uses more recent data than previous fast-food studies and includes a comprehensive measure of wealth in addition to income to measure SES. We find little evidence of a gradient in adult fast-food consumption with respect to wealth. While adults in the highest quintile are 54.5% less likely to report fast-food consumption than those in the lowest quintile, adults in the second and third quintiles are no less likely to report fast food-food intake than the poorest. Contrary to popular belief, fast-food consumption rises as income rises from the lowest to middle quintiles. The variation in adult fast-food consumption across income and wealth groups is, however, small. Those in the wealthiest quintile ate about one less fast-food meal on average than those in the lowest quintile. Other factors play a bigger role in explaining fast-food consumption: reading ingredient labels is negatively associated while soda consumption and hours of work are positively associated with fast-food consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay L Zagorsky
- Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 921 Chatham Lane, Suite 100, Columbus, OH 43221, USA.
| | - Patricia K Smith
- Department of Social Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Road, Dearborn, MI 48128, USA.
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127
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Matu J, O'Hara J, Hill N, Clarke S, Boos C, Newman C, Holdsworth D, Ispoglou T, Duckworth L, Woods D, Mellor A, Deighton K. Changes in appetite, energy intake, body composition, and circulating ghrelin constituents during an incremental trekking ascent to high altitude. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:1917-1928. [PMID: 28741038 PMCID: PMC5556141 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3683-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Circulating acylated ghrelin concentrations are associated with altitude-induced anorexia in laboratory environments, but have never been measured at terrestrial altitude. This study examined time course changes in appetite, energy intake, body composition, and ghrelin constituents during a high-altitude trek. Methods Twelve participants [age: 28(4) years, BMI 23.0(2.1) kg m−2] completed a 14-day trek in the Himalayas. Energy intake, appetite perceptions, body composition, and circulating acylated, des-acylated, and total ghrelin concentrations were assessed at baseline (113 m, 12 days prior to departure) and at three fixed research camps during the trek (3619 m, day 7; 4600 m, day 10; 5140 m, day 12). Results Relative to baseline, energy intake was lower at 3619 m (P = 0.038) and 5140 m (P = 0.016) and tended to be lower at 4600 m (P = 0.056). Appetite perceptions were lower at 5140 m (P = 0.027) compared with baseline. Acylated ghrelin concentrations were lower at 3619 m (P = 0.046) and 4600 m (P = 0.038), and tended to be lower at 5140 m (P = 0.070), compared with baseline. Des-acylated ghrelin concentrations did not significantly change during the trek (P = 0.177). Total ghrelin concentrations decreased from baseline to 4600 m (P = 0.045). Skinfold thickness was lower at all points during the trek compared with baseline (P ≤ 0.001) and calf girth decreased incrementally during the trek (P = 0.010). Conclusions Changes in plasma acylated and total ghrelin concentrations may contribute to the suppression of appetite and energy intake at altitude, but differences in the time course of these responses suggest that additional factors are also involved. Interventions are required to maintain appetite and energy balance during trekking at terrestrial altitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Matu
- Institute for Sport Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - John O'Hara
- Institute for Sport Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - Neil Hill
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, ICT Building, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sarah Clarke
- Institute for Sport Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - Christopher Boos
- Institute for Sport Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK.,Poole Hospital NHS Trust, Longfleet Rd, Poole, UK
| | - Caroline Newman
- Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, ICT Building, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, UK
| | - David Holdsworth
- Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, ICT Building, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, UK
| | - Theocharis Ispoglou
- Institute for Sport Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - Lauren Duckworth
- Institute for Sport Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - David Woods
- Institute for Sport Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK.,Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, ICT Building, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, UK
| | - Adrian Mellor
- Institute for Sport Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK.,Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, ICT Building, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kevin Deighton
- Institute for Sport Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK.
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128
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Wehling H, Lusher J. People with a body mass index ⩾30 under-report their dietary intake: A systematic review. J Health Psychol 2017; 24:2042-2059. [PMID: 28810493 DOI: 10.1177/1359105317714318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Under-reporting of total energy intake is a common and well-known source of measurement error in dietary assessment, and evidence suggests that this bias is particularly significant in obese individuals. After a multi-stage selection process of eligible papers, this literature review appraised 34 papers detailing the accuracy of self-reported dietary intake in people with an obese body mass index (BMI ⩾ 30). The available literature to date shows that having a body mass index ⩾30 is associated with significant under-reporting of food intake. Future research should look into identifying effective techniques to reduce this bias in clinical practice.
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129
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Papageorgiou M, Dolan E, Elliott-Sale KJ, Sale C. Reduced energy availability: implications for bone health in physically active populations. Eur J Nutr 2017; 57:847-859. [PMID: 28721562 PMCID: PMC5861178 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1498-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The present review critically evaluates existing literature on the effects of short- and long-term low energy availability (EA) on bone metabolism and health in physically active individuals. Methods We reviewed the literature on the short-term effects of low EA on markers of bone metabolism and the long-term effects of low EA on outcomes relating to bone health (bone mass, microarchitecture and strength, bone metabolic markers and stress fracture injury risk) in physically active individuals. Results Available evidence indicates that short-term low EA may increase markers of bone resorption and decrease markers of bone formation in physically active women. Bone metabolic marker responses to low EA are less well known in physically active men. Cross-sectional studies investigating the effects of long-term low EA suggest that physically active individuals who have low EA present with lower bone mass, altered bone metabolism (favouring bone resorption), reduced bone strength and increased risk for stress fracture injuries. Conclusions Reduced EA has a negative influence on bone in both the short- and long-term, and every effort should be made to reduce its occurrence in physically active individuals. Future interventions are needed to explore the effects of long-term reduced EA on bone health outcomes, while short-term low EA studies are also required to give insight into the pathophysiology of bone alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Papageorgiou
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS UK
| | - Eimear Dolan
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kirsty J. Elliott-Sale
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS UK
| | - Craig Sale
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS UK
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130
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Heydenreich J, Melzer K, Flury C, Kayser B. Low Energy Turnover of Physically Inactive Participants as a Determinant of Insufficient Mineral and Vitamin Intake in NHANES. Nutrients 2017; 9:E754. [PMID: 28708118 PMCID: PMC5537868 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Micronutrient requirements do not scale linearly with physical activity-related energy expenditure (AEE). Inactive persons may have insufficient micronutrient intake because of low energy intake (EI). We extracted data from NHANES 2003-2006 on 4015 adults (53 ± 18 years (mean ± SD), 29 ± 6 kg/m², 48% women) with valid physical activity (accelerometry) and food intake (2 × 24 h-dietary recall) measures. Total energy expenditure (TEE) was estimated by summing the basal metabolic rate (BMR, Harris-Benedict), AEE, and 10% of TEE for the thermic effect of food, to calculate the physical activity levels (PAL = TEE/BMR). Energy intake (EI) was scaled to match TEE assuming energy balance. Adjusted food intake was then analyzed for energy and micronutrient content and compared to estimated average requirements. The NHANES population was physically insufficiently active. There were 2440 inactive (PAL < 1.4), 1469 lightly to moderately active (PAL1.4 < 1.7), 94 sufficiently active (PAL1.7 < 2.0), and 12 very active participants (PAL ≥ 2.0). The inactive vs. active had significantly lower intake for all micronutrients apart from vitamin A, B12, C, K, and copper (p < 0.05). The inactive participants had insufficient intake for 6/19 micronutrients, while the active participants had insufficient intake for 5/19 (p < 0.05) micronutrients. Multiple linear regression indicated a lower risk for insufficient micronutrient intake for participants with higher PAL and BMI (p < 0.001). Symmetrical up-scaling of PAL and EI to recommended physical activity levels reduced the frequency of micronutrient insufficiencies. It follows that prevalence of insufficient micronutrient intake from food in NHANES might be partly determined by low energy turnover from insufficient PAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Heydenreich
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, 2532 Magglingen, Switzerland.
- Institute of Sports Sciences (ISSUL), University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Katarina Melzer
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, 2532 Magglingen, Switzerland.
| | - Céline Flury
- Institute of Sports Sciences (ISSUL), University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Bengt Kayser
- Institute of Sports Sciences (ISSUL), University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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131
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Phelan S, Hagobian T, Brannen A, Hatley KE, Schaffner A, Muñoz-Christian K, Tate DF. Effect of an Internet-Based Program on Weight Loss for Low-Income Postpartum Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2017; 317. [PMID: 28632867 PMCID: PMC5815021 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2017.7119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Postpartum weight retention increases lifetime risk of obesity and related morbidity. Few effective interventions exist for multicultural, low-income women. OBJECTIVE To test whether an internet-based weight loss program in addition to the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC program) for low-income postpartum women could produce greater weight loss than the WIC program alone over 12 months. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A 12-month, cluster randomized, assessor-blind, clinical trial enrolling 371 adult postpartum women at 12 clinics in WIC programs from the California central coast between July 2011 and May 2015 with data collection completed in May 2016. INTERVENTIONS Clinics were randomized to the WIC program (standard care group) or the WIC program plus a 12-month primarily internet-based weight loss program (intervention group), including a website with weekly lessons, web diary, instructional videos, computerized feedback, text messages, and monthly face-to-face groups at the WIC clinics. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was weight change over 12 months, based on measurements at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. Secondary outcomes included proportion returning to preconception weight and changes in physical activity and diet. RESULTS Participants included 371 women (mean age, 28.1 years; Hispanic, 81.6%; mean weight above prepregnancy weight, 7.8 kg; mean months post partum, 5.2 months) randomized to the intervention group (n = 174) or standard care group (n = 197); 89.2% of participants completed the study. The intervention group produced greater mean 12-month weight loss compared with the standard care group (3.2 kg in the intervention group vs 0.9 kg in standard care group, P < .001; difference, 2.3 kg (95% CI, 1.1 to 3.5). More participants in the intervention group than the standard care group returned to preconception weight by 12 months (32.8% in the intervention group vs 18.6% in the standard care group, P < .001; difference, 14.2 percentage points [95% CI, 4.7 to 23.5]). The intervention group and standard care group did not significantly differ in 12-month changes in physical activity (mean [95% CI]: -7.8 min/d [-16.1 to 0.4] in the intervention group vs -7.2 min/d [-14.6 to 0.3] in the standard care group; difference, -0.7 min/d [95% CI, -42.0 to 10.6], P = .76), calorie intake (mean [95% CI]: -298 kcal/d [-423 to -174] in the intervention group vs -144 kcal/d [-257 to -32] in the standard care group; difference, -154 kcal/d [-325 to 17], P = .06), or incidences of injury (16 in the intervention group vs 16 in the standard care group) or low breastmilk supply from baseline to month 6 (21 of 61 participants in the intervention group vs 23 of 72 participants in the standard care group) and from month 6 to 12 (13 of 32 participants in the intervention group vs 14 of 37 participants in the standard care group). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among low-income postpartum women, an internet-based weight loss program in addition to the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC program) compared with the WIC program alone resulted in a statistically significant greater weight loss over 12 months. Further research is needed to determine program and cost-effectiveness as part of the WIC program. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01408147.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Phelan
- Kinesiology Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo
| | - Todd Hagobian
- Kinesiology Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo
| | - Anna Brannen
- Kinesiology Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo
| | - Karen E. Hatley
- Departments of Health Behavior and Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Andrew Schaffner
- Kinesiology Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo
| | | | - Deborah F. Tate
- Departments of Health Behavior and Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Lopes RDVC, Teixeira JA, Marchioni D, Villa LL, Giuliano AR, Luiza Baggio M, Fisberg RM. Dietary intake of selected nutrients and persistence of HPV infection in men. Int J Cancer 2017; 141:757-765. [PMID: 28486774 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a common sexually transmitted disease. Although often transitory, persistent oncogenic HPV infection may progress to a precursor lesion and, if not treated, can further increase the risk of cancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between dietary intake and HPV persistent infection in men of a Brazilian cohort. The study population consisted of 1,248 men from the Brazilian cohort of the HIM (HPV in Men) Study, ages 18 to 70 years, who completed a quantitative food frequency questionnaire. U Mann-Whitney test was used to assess differences in median nutrient intake of selected nutrients. The association of dietary intake and persistent HPV infection was assessed in multivariate logistic models. The prevalence of any HPV infection at baseline was 66.6%. Of 1,248 participants analyzed, 1,211 (97.0%) were HPV positive at one or more times during the 4 years of follow-up and 781 (62.6%) were persistently HPV positive. Men with nonpersistent oncogenic HPV infections had higher median intake of retinol (p = 0.008), vitamin A (p < 0.001) and folate (DFE; p = 0.003) and lower median intake of energy (p = 0.005) and lycopene (p = 0.008) in comparison to men with persistent oncogenic infections. No significant association was found between selected nutrients and persistent oncogenic HPV infection. For nononcogenic persistent infections, only vitamin B12 intake was significantly associated (p = 0.003, test for trend). No association was observed between dietary intake and persistent oncogenic-type HPV infection; however, vitamin B12 intake was inversely associated with nononcogenic HPV persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliana A Teixeira
- Department of Nutrition, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dirce Marchioni
- Department of Nutrition, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luisa L Villa
- Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo and Center for Translational Research in Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo - ICESP, Brazil
| | - Anna R Giuliano
- Center for Infection Research in Cancer (CIRC) H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Maria Luiza Baggio
- Center for Translational Research in Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Regina M Fisberg
- Department of Nutrition, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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Energy Intake and Energy Expenditure for Determining Excess Weight Gain in Pregnant Women. Obstet Gynecol 2017; 127:884-892. [PMID: 27054928 DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000001372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct a secondary analysis designed to test whether gestational weight gain is the result of increased energy intake or adaptive changes in energy expenditures. METHODS In this secondary analysis, energy intake and energy expenditure of 45 pregnant women (body mass index [BMI] 18.5-24.9 [n=33] and BMI 25 or greater [n=12]) were measured preconceptionally and at 22 and 36 weeks of gestation. Energy intake was calculated as the sum of total energy expenditure measured by doubly-labeled water and energy deposition determined by the four-compartment body composition model. Measurements of weight, body composition, and basal metabolic rate were completed preconceptionally and 9, 22, and 36 weeks of gestation. Basal metabolic rate was measured by indirect calorimetry in a room calorimeter and activity energy expenditure by doubly-labeled water. RESULTS Energy intake from 22 to 36 weeks of gestation was significantly higher in high gainers (n=19) (3,437±99 kcal per day) compared with low+ideal gainers (n=26) (2,687±110, P<.001) within both BMI categories. Basal metabolic rate increased in proportion to gestational weight gain; however, basal metabolic rate adjusted for body composition changes with gestational weight gain was not significantly different between high gainers and low+ideal gainers (151±33 compared with 129±36 kcal per day; P=.66). Activity energy expenditure decreased throughout pregnancy in both groups (low+ideal gainers: -150±70 kcal per day; P=.04 and high gainers: -230±92 kcal per day; P=.01), but there was no difference between high gainers and low+ideal gainers (P=.49). CONCLUSION Interventions designed to increase adherence to the Institute of Medicine guidelines for weight gain in pregnancy may have increased efficacy if focused on limiting energy intake while increasing nutrient density and maintaining levels of physical activity.
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134
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Mexitalia M, Dewi YO, Pramono A, Anam MS. Effect of tuberculosis treatment on leptin levels, weight gain, and percentage body fat in Indonesian children. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2017; 60:118-123. [PMID: 28461825 PMCID: PMC5410618 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2017.60.4.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tuberculosis (TB) remains a problem in the community. TB patients usually experience malnutrition, which is characterized by both decreased body weight (BW) and body fat percentage (BFP). Leptin, an important regulator of BW, also plays an important role in cellular immunity, which is integral to defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. We analyzed the effect of an anti-TB treatment regimen on the leptin level, BW, and BFP of children with TB. METHODS The design of this study was a group interrupted time series. The subjects were children with probable TB according to clinical criteria based on an Indonesian scoring system adopted from the Consensus of Expert Panel. BW; BFP; energy intake; fat and protein intake; and leptin levels before, 2 months after (intensive phase), and 6 months after (continuation phase) anti-TB treatment, were measured. About 40 children, aged 5-14 years, participated in this study. RESULTS The BW, BFP and leptin level increased from before treatment to after completion of the intensive phase and still showed an increased during the continuation phase: BW 18.65 kg, 19.75 kg, and 20.85 kg; BFP 18.3%, 19.5%, and 20.2%; and leptin level 1.9 mg/dL, 3.07 mg/dL, and 3.4 mg/dL, respectively (P<0.01). CONCLUSION Leptin level, BW, and BFP increased throughout the course of anti-TB treatment, compared with pretreatment values. Further research is needed to compare the results with data for healthy children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mexitalia
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Dr. Kariadi Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Yesi Oktavia Dewi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Dr. Kariadi Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Adriyan Pramono
- Department of Nutrition, Center of Nutrition Research (CENURE), Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Mohammad Syarofil Anam
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Dr. Kariadi Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia
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Arnason TG, Bowen MW, Mansell KD. Effects of intermittent fasting on health markers in those with type 2 diabetes: A pilot study. World J Diabetes 2017; 8:154-164. [PMID: 28465792 PMCID: PMC5394735 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v8.i4.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the short-term biochemical effects and clinical tolerability of intermittent fasting (IF) in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
METHODS We describe a three-phase observational study (baseline 2 wk, intervention 2 wk, follow-up 2 wk) designed to determine the clinical, biochemical, and tolerability of IF in community-dwelling volunteer adults with T2DM. Biochemical, anthropometric, and physical activity measurements (using the Yale Physical Activity Survey) were taken at the end of each phase. Participants reported morning, afternoon and evening self-monitored blood glucose (SMBG) and fasting duration on a daily basis throughout all study stages, in addition to completing a remote food photography diary three times within each study phase. Fasting blood samples were collected on the final days of each study phase.
RESULTS At baseline, the ten participants had a confirmed diagnosis of T2DM and were all taking metformin, and on average were obese [mean body mass index (BMI) 36.90 kg/m2]. We report here that a short-term period of IF in a small group of individuals with T2DM led to significant group decreases in weight (-1.395 kg, P = 0.009), BMI (-0.517, P = 0.013), and at-target morning glucose (SMBG). Although not a study requirement, all participants preferentially chose eating hours starting in the midafternoon. There was a significant increase (P < 0.001) in daily hours fasted in the IF phase (+5.22 h), although few attained the 18-20 h fasting goal (mean 16.82 ± 1.18). The increased fasting duration improved at-goal (< 7.0 mmol/L) morning SMBG to 34.1%, from a baseline of 13.8%. Ordinal Logistic Regression models revealed a positive relationship between the increase in hours fasted and fasting glucose reaching target values (χ2 likelihood ratio = 8.36, P = 0.004) but not for afternoon or evening SMBG (all P > 0.1). Postprandial SMBGs were also improved during the IF phase, with 60.5% readings below 9.05 mmol/L, compared to 52.6% at baseline, and with less glucose variation. Neither insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), nor inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein) normalized during the IF phase. IF led to an overall spontaneous decrease in caloric intake as measured by food photography (Remote Food Photography Method). The data demonstrated discernable trends during IF for lower energy, carbohydrate, and fat intake when compared to baseline. Physical activity, collected by a standardized measurement tool (Yale Physical Activity Survey), increased during the intervention phase and subsequently decreased in the follow-up phase. IF was well tolerated in the majority of individuals with 6/10 participants stating they would continue with the IF regimen after the completion of the study, in a full or modified capacity (i.e., every other day or reduced fasting hours).
CONCLUSION The results from this pilot study indicate that short-term daily IF may be a safe, tolerable, dietary intervention in T2DM patients that may improve key outcomes including body weight, fasting glucose and postprandial variability. These findings should be viewed as exploratory, and a larger, longer study is necessary to corroborate these findings.
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Nielsen MS, Christensen BJ, Ritz C, Rasmussen S, Hansen TT, Bredie WLP, le Roux CW, Sjödin A, Schmidt JB. Roux-En-Y Gastric Bypass and Sleeve Gastrectomy Does Not Affect Food Preferences When Assessed by an Ad libitum Buffet Meal. Obes Surg 2017; 27:2599-2605. [DOI: 10.1007/s11695-017-2678-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lafrenière J, Lamarche B, Laramée C, Robitaille J, Lemieux S. Validation of a newly automated web-based 24-hour dietary recall using fully controlled feeding studies. BMC Nutr 2017; 3:34. [PMID: 32153814 PMCID: PMC7050885 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-017-0153-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Assessment of food intake is a cornerstone of nutritional research. However, the use of minimally validated dietary assessment methods is common and can generate misleading results. Thus, there is a need for valid, precise and cost-effective dietary assessment tools to be used in large cohort studies.The objective is to validate a newly developed automated self-administered web-based 24-h dietary recall (R24W), within a population of adults taking part in fully controlled feeding studies. Methods Sixty two adults completed the R24W twice while being fed by our research team. Actual intakes were precisely known, thereby allowing the analysis of the proportion of adequately self-reported items. Association between offered and reported portion sizes was assessed with correlation coefficients and agreement with the kappa score while systematics biases were illustrated with Bland-Altman Plot. Results Participants received an average of 16 food items per testing day. They reported 89.3% of the items they received. The more frequently omitted food categories were vegetables included in recipes (40.0%) as well as side vegetables (20.0%) and represented less than 5% of the actual daily energy intake. Offered and self-reported portion sizes were significantly correlated (r = 0.80 P < 0.001) and demonstrated a strong agreement as assessed by the kappa score of 0.62. Reported portion sizes for individual food items were on average 3.2 g over the offered portion sizes. Portions of 100 g and above were on average underestimated by 2.4% (r = 0.68 P < 0.01; kappa score = 0.50) while small portions (less than 100 g) were overestimated by 17.1% (r = 0.46 P < 0.01; kappa score = 0.43). A nonsignificant underestimation (-13.9 kcal ± 646.3 kcal; P = 0.83) of energy intake was noted. Conclusion R24W performed well as participants were able to report the great majority of items they ate and selected portion size strongly related to the one they received. This suggests that food items are easily to find within the R24W and images of portion sizes used in this dietary assessment tool are adequate and can provide valid food intake evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacynthe Lafrenière
- 1School of Nutrition, Laval University, Québec, Qc Canada.,2Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec, Qc Canada
| | - Benoît Lamarche
- 1School of Nutrition, Laval University, Québec, Qc Canada.,2Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec, Qc Canada
| | - Catherine Laramée
- 2Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec, Qc Canada
| | - Julie Robitaille
- 1School of Nutrition, Laval University, Québec, Qc Canada.,2Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec, Qc Canada
| | - Simone Lemieux
- 1School of Nutrition, Laval University, Québec, Qc Canada.,2Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec, Qc Canada
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Liraglutide suppression of caloric intake competes with the intake-promoting effects of a palatable cafeteria diet, but does not impact food or macronutrient selection. Physiol Behav 2017; 177:4-12. [PMID: 28366815 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Liraglutide, a Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, is used as a treatment for Type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity because it improves glycemia and decreases food intake. Here, we tested whether chronic activation of the GLP-1 receptor system with liraglutide would induce decreases in intake accompanied by changes in proportional food or macronutrient intake similar to those seen following RYGB in rats when a variety of palatable food options are available. A "cafeteria diet" was used that included: laboratory rodent chow, refried beans (low-fat/low-sugar), low-fat yogurt (low-fat/high-sugar), peanut butter (high-fat/low-sugar) and sugar-fat whip (high-fat/high-sugar). Liraglutide (1mg/kg daily, sc, n=6) induced significant reductions in body weight and total caloric intake compared to saline-injected control rats (n=6). Although access to a cafeteria diet induced increases in caloric intake in both groups relative to chow alone, liraglutide still effectively decreased intake compared with saline-injected rats suggesting that chronic GLP-1 activation competes with the energy density and palatability of available food options in modulating ingestive behavior. Even with the substantial effects on overall intake, liraglutide did not change food choice or relative macronutrient intake when compared to pre-treatment baseline. When drug treatment was discontinued, the liraglutide group increased caloric intake and rapidly gained body weight to match that of the saline group. These results demonstrate that, while liraglutide effectively decreases caloric intake and body weight in rats, it does not cause adjustments in relative macronutrient consumption. Our data also show that drug-induced decreases in intake and body weight are not maintained following termination of treatment.
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Carbine KA, Larson MJ, Romney L, Bailey BW, Tucker LA, Christensen WF, LeCheminant JD. Disparity in neural and subjective responses to food images in women with obesity and normal-weight women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:384-390. [PMID: 27996208 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Self-reports tend to differ from objective measurements of food intake, particularly in adults with obesity; however, no studies have examined how neural responses to food (an objective measure) and subjective ratings of food differ by BMI status. This study tested normal-weight women (NWW) and women with obesity (OBW) for group differences in neural indices of attention towards food pictures, subjective ratings of these pictures, and the disparity between objective and subjective measurements. METHODS Twenty-two NWW (21.8 ± 1.7 kg/m2 ) and 22 OBW (37.0 ± 5.7 kg/m2 ) viewed food and flower pictures while late positive potential amplitude, an event-related potential, was recorded. Participants rated pictures for arousal and valence. RESULTS Late positive potential amplitude was larger toward food than flower pictures. OBW self-reported flower pictures as more pleasant than food; NWW showed no difference for pleasantness. There were no significant main effects or interactions for arousal. Standardized scores showed that only on subjective, but not objective, measures did OBW compared with NWW disproportionately indicate food pictures as less pleasant than flowers. CONCLUSIONS Compared with NWW, OBW showed larger discrepancies between neural and subjective reports of attention towards food. Inaccurate self-reports of attention towards food may reduce the efficiency of health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylie A Carbine
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Michael J Larson
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
- Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Lora Romney
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Bruce W Bailey
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Larry A Tucker
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
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Potential Benefits and Harms of Intermittent Energy Restriction and Intermittent Fasting Amongst Obese, Overweight and Normal Weight Subjects-A Narrative Review of Human and Animal Evidence. Behav Sci (Basel) 2017; 7:bs7010004. [PMID: 28106818 PMCID: PMC5371748 DOI: 10.3390/bs7010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent energy restriction (IER) has become popular as a means of weight control amongst people who are overweight and obese, and is also undertaken by normal weight people hoping spells of marked energy restriction will optimise their health. This review summarises randomised comparisons of intermittent and isoenergetic continuous energy restriction for weight loss to manage overweight and obesity. It also summarises the potential beneficial or adverse effects of IER on body composition, adipose stores and metabolic effects from human studies, including studies amongst normal weight subjects and relevant animal experimentation. Six small short term (<6 month) studies amongst overweight or obese individuals indicate that intermittent energy restriction is equal to continuous restriction for weight loss, with one study reporting greater reductions in body fat, and two studies reporting greater reductions in HOMA insulin resistance in response to IER, with no obvious evidence of harm. Studies amongst normal weight subjects and different animal models highlight the potential beneficial and adverse effects of intermittent compared to continuous energy restriction on ectopic and visceral fat stores, adipocyte size, insulin resistance, and metabolic flexibility. The longer term benefits or harms of IER amongst people who are overweight or obese, and particularly amongst normal weight subjects, is not known and is a priority for further investigation.
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Kim Y, Keogh JB, Clifton PM. Differential Effects of Red Meat/Refined Grain Diet and Dairy/Chicken/Nuts/Whole Grain Diet on Glucose, Insulin and Triglyceride in a Randomized Crossover Study. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8110687. [PMID: 27809219 PMCID: PMC5133075 DOI: 10.3390/nu8110687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that a diet high in processed meat, with a high glycemic index is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. It is not clear if this is due to altered insulin sensitivity or an enhanced postprandial glucose. We aimed to compare the acute metabolic response of two different types of meals after ingestion of the matching diet for four weeks. The study was a randomized, crossover acute meal study. Volunteers consumed either a red meat/refined grain meal or a dairy/chicken/nuts/wholegrain meal after four weeks of the matching diet. After a three-week washout period and four weeks of the alternate diet, they consumed the matching meal. The diets differed with respect to both protein and carbohydrate sources. Blood samples were taken for 180 min for the measurement of glucose, insulin, C-peptide and triglyceride. Fifty-one participants (age: 35.1 ± 15.6 years; body mass index: 27.7 ± 6.9 kg/m2, 17 with normal and 34 with impaired glucose tolerance) completed two meal tests. The area under the curve (p < 0.001) and incremental area under the curve (p = 0.001) for insulin was significantly higher after the red meat/refined grain diet than after the dairy/chicken/nuts/whole grain diet. There was an interaction between meal and glucose tolerance group (p < 0.05) in the area under the curve (AUC) and the incremental area under the curve (iAUC) of glucose; the red meat/refined grain diet increased glucose relative to the dairy/chicken/nuts/whole grain diet only in the normal group (+2.5 mmol/L/3 h). The red meat/refined grain diet increased glucose and insulin responses compared with the dairy/chicken/nuts/whole grain diet. This meal pattern would increase pancreatic stress long term and may account for the increased risk of type 2 diabetes with this diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoona Kim
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Jennifer B Keogh
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Peter M Clifton
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
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Cialdella-Kam L, Kulpins D, Manore MM. Vegetarian, Gluten-Free, and Energy Restricted Diets in Female Athletes. Sports (Basel) 2016; 4:E50. [PMID: 29910298 PMCID: PMC5968895 DOI: 10.3390/sports4040050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Female athletes who follow a diet that fails to meet energy and nutrient needs are at risk for musculoskeletal injuries, menstrual disturbances, and poor sports performance. Common nutritional concerns for the female athlete include low energy availability (EA) (i.e., energy intake from food remaining for metabolic processes after accounting for energy expended during exercise) and inadequate dietary intakes (i.e., not meeting sports nutrition guidelines) of carbohydrates, protein, essential fatty acids (EFAs), B-vitamins, calcium, iron, and vitamin D. Low EA and the associated nutrient deficiencies are more common in athletes who compete in weight-sensitive sports (i.e., aesthetic, gravitational, and weight category sports) because low body fat and mass confer a competitive advantage. Other athletes at risk for energy and nutrient deficits include athletes following a vegetarian or gluten-free diet (GFD). Careful dietary planning can help an athlete meet energy and nutrient needs. This review covers the nutrition issues associated with low EA and special diets (i.e., vegetarian and GFD) and describes strategies to help female athletes meet their energy and nutrient needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Cialdella-Kam
- School of Medicine, Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, WG 48, 2109 Aldebert Rd., Cleveland, OH 44106-4954, USA.
| | - Danielle Kulpins
- School of Medicine, Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, WG 48, 2109 Aldebert Rd., Cleveland, OH 44106-4954, USA.
| | - Melinda M Manore
- School of Biological and Population Sciences, Nutrition and Exercise Science, Oregon State University, 103 Milam Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Forouzanfar MH, Afshin A, Alexander LT, Anderson HR, Bhutta ZA, Biryukov S, Brauer M, Burnett R, Cercy K, Charlson FJ, Cohen AJ, Dandona L, Estep K, Ferrari AJ, Frostad JJ, Fullman N, Gething PW, Godwin WW, Griswold M, Hay SI, Kinfu Y, Kyu HH, Larson HJ, Liang X, Lim SS, Liu PY, Lopez AD, Lozano R, Marczak L, Mensah GA, Mokdad AH, Moradi-Lakeh M, Naghavi M, Neal B, Reitsma MB, Roth GA, Salomon JA, Sur PJ, Vos T, Wagner JA, Wang H, Zhao Y, Zhou M, Aasvang GM, Abajobir AA, Abate KH, Abbafati C, Abbas KM, Abd-Allah F, Abdulle AM, Abera SF, Abraham B, Abu-Raddad LJ, Abyu GY, Adebiyi AO, Adedeji IA, Ademi Z, Adou AK, Adsuar JC, Agardh EE, Agarwal A, Agrawal A, Kiadaliri AA, Ajala ON, Akinyemiju TF, Al-Aly Z, Alam K, Alam NKM, Aldhahri SF, Aldridge RW, Alemu ZA, Ali R, Alkerwi A, Alla F, Allebeck P, Alsharif U, Altirkawi KA, Martin EA, Alvis-Guzman N, Amare AT, Amberbir A, Amegah AK, Amini H, Ammar W, Amrock SM, Andersen HH, Anderson BO, Antonio CAT, Anwari P, Ärnlöv J, Artaman A, Asayesh H, Asghar RJ, Assadi R, Atique S, Avokpaho EFGA, Awasthi A, Quintanilla BPA, Azzopardi P, Bacha U, Badawi A, Bahit MC, Balakrishnan K, Barac A, Barber RM, Barker-Collo SL, Bärnighausen T, Barquera S, Barregard L, Barrero LH, Basu S, Batis C, Bazargan-Hejazi S, Beardsley J, Bedi N, Beghi E, Bell B, Bell ML, Bello AK, Bennett DA, Bensenor IM, Berhane A, Bernabé E, Betsu BD, Beyene AS, Bhala N, Bhansali A, Bhatt S, Biadgilign S, Bikbov B, Bisanzio D, Bjertness E, Blore JD, Borschmann R, Boufous S, Bourne RRA, Brainin M, Brazinova A, Breitborde NJK, Brenner H, Broday DM, Brugha TS, Brunekreef B, Butt ZA, Cahill LE, Calabria B, Campos-Nonato IR, Cárdenas R, Carpenter DO, Carrero JJ, Casey DC, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Rivas JC, Castro RE, Catalá-López F, Chang JC, Chiang PPC, Chibalabala M, Chimed-Ochir O, Chisumpa VH, Chitheer AA, Choi JYJ, Christensen H, Christopher DJ, Ciobanu LG, Coates MM, Colquhoun SM, Manzano AGC, Cooper LT, Cooperrider K, Cornaby L, Cortinovis M, Crump JA, Cuevas-Nasu L, Damasceno A, Dandona R, Darby SC, Dargan PI, das Neves J, Davis AC, Davletov K, de Castro EF, De la Cruz-Góngora V, De Leo D, Degenhardt L, Del Gobbo LC, del Pozo-Cruz B, Dellavalle RP, Deribew A, Jarlais DCD, Dharmaratne SD, Dhillon PK, Diaz-Torné C, Dicker D, Ding EL, Dorsey ER, Doyle KE, Driscoll TR, Duan L, Dubey M, Duncan BB, Elyazar I, Endries AY, Ermakov SP, Erskine HE, Eshrati B, Esteghamati A, Fahimi S, Faraon EJA, Farid TA, Farinha CSES, Faro A, Farvid MS, Farzadfar F, Feigin VL, Fereshtehnejad SM, Fernandes JG, Fischer F, Fitchett JRA, Fleming T, Foigt N, Foreman K, Fowkes FGR, Franklin RC, Fürst T, Futran ND, Gakidou E, Garcia-Basteiro AL, Gebrehiwot TT, Gebremedhin AT, Geleijnse JM, Gessner BD, Giref AZ, Giroud M, Gishu MD, Giussani G, Goenka S, Gomez-Cabrera MC, Gomez-Dantes H, Gona P, Goodridge A, Gopalani SV, Gotay CC, Goto A, Gouda HN, Gugnani HC, Guillemin F, Guo Y, Gupta R, Gupta R, Gutiérrez RA, Haagsma JA, Hafezi-Nejad N, Haile D, Hailu GB, Halasa YA, Hamadeh RR, Hamidi S, Handal AJ, Hankey GJ, Hao Y, Harb HL, Harikrishnan S, Haro JM, Hassanvand MS, Hassen TA, Havmoeller R, Heredia-Pi IB, Hernández-Llanes NF, Heydarpour P, Hoek HW, Hoffman HJ, Horino M, Horita N, Hosgood HD, Hoy DG, Hsairi M, Htet AS, Hu G, Huang JJ, Husseini A, Hutchings SJ, Huybrechts I, Iburg KM, Idrisov BT, Ileanu BV, Inoue M, Jacobs TA, Jacobsen KH, Jahanmehr N, Jakovljevic MB, Jansen HAFM, Jassal SK, Javanbakht M, Jayaraman SP, Jayatilleke AU, Jee SH, Jeemon P, Jha V, Jiang Y, Jibat T, Jin Y, Johnson CO, Jonas JB, Kabir Z, Kalkonde Y, Kamal R, Kan H, Karch A, Karema CK, Karimkhani C, Kasaeian A, Kaul A, Kawakami N, Kazi DS, Keiyoro PN, Kemmer L, Kemp AH, Kengne AP, Keren A, Kesavachandran CN, Khader YS, Khan AR, Khan EA, Khan G, Khang YH, Khatibzadeh S, Khera S, Khoja TAM, Khubchandani J, Kieling C, Kim CI, Kim D, Kimokoti RW, Kissoon N, Kivipelto M, Knibbs LD, Kokubo Y, Kopec JA, Koul PA, Koyanagi A, Kravchenko M, Kromhout H, Krueger H, Ku T, Defo BK, Kuchenbecker RS, Bicer BK, Kuipers EJ, Kumar GA, Kwan GF, Lal DK, Lalloo R, Lallukka T, Lan Q, Larsson A, Latif AA, Lawrynowicz AEB, Leasher JL, Leigh J, Leung J, Levi M, Li X, Li Y, Liang J, Liu S, Lloyd BK, Logroscino G, Lotufo PA, Lunevicius R, MacIntyre M, Mahdavi M, Majdan M, Majeed A, Malekzadeh R, Malta DC, Manamo WAA, Mapoma CC, Marcenes W, Martin RV, Martinez-Raga J, Masiye F, Matsushita K, Matzopoulos R, Mayosi BM, McGrath JJ, McKee M, Meaney PA, Medina C, Mehari A, Mejia-Rodriguez F, Mekonnen AB, Melaku YA, Memish ZA, Mendoza W, Mensink GBM, Meretoja A, Meretoja TJ, Mesfin YM, Mhimbira FA, Millear A, Miller TR, Mills EJ, Mirarefin M, Misganaw A, Mock CN, Mohammadi A, Mohammed S, Mola GLD, Monasta L, Hernandez JCM, Montico M, Morawska L, Mori R, Mozaffarian D, Mueller UO, Mullany E, Mumford JE, Murthy GVS, Nachega JB, Naheed A, Nangia V, Nassiri N, Newton JN, Ng M, Nguyen QL, Nisar MI, Pete PMN, Norheim OF, Norman RE, Norrving B, Nyakarahuka L, Obermeyer CM, Ogbo FA, Oh IH, Oladimeji O, Olivares PR, Olsen H, Olusanya BO, Olusanya JO, Opio JN, Oren E, Orozco R, Ortiz A, Ota E, PA M, Pana A, Park EK, Parry CD, Parsaeian M, Patel T, Caicedo AJP, Patil ST, Patten SB, Patton GC, Pearce N, Pereira DM, Perico N, Pesudovs K, Petzold M, Phillips MR, Piel FB, Pillay JD, Plass D, Polinder S, Pond CD, Pope CA, Pope D, Popova S, Poulton RG, Pourmalek F, Prasad NM, Qorbani M, Rabiee RHS, Radfar A, Rafay A, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman M, Rahman MHU, Rahman SU, Rai RK, Rajsic S, Raju M, Ram U, Rana SM, Ranganathan K, Rao P, García CAR, Refaat AH, Rehm CD, Rehm J, Reinig N, Remuzzi G, Resnikoff S, Ribeiro AL, Rivera JA, Roba HS, Rodriguez A, Rodriguez-Ramirez S, Rojas-Rueda D, Roman Y, Ronfani L, Roshandel G, Rothenbacher D, Roy A, Saleh MM, Sanabria JR, Sanchez-Riera L, Sanchez-Niño MD, Sánchez-Pimienta TG, Sandar L, Santomauro DF, Santos IS, Sarmiento-Suarez R, Sartorius B, Satpathy M, Savic M, Sawhney M, Schmidhuber J, Schmidt MI, Schneider IJC, Schöttker B, Schutte AE, Schwebel DC, Scott JG, Seedat S, Sepanlou SG, Servan-Mori EE, Shaddick G, Shaheen A, Shahraz S, Shaikh MA, Levy TS, Sharma R, She J, Sheikhbahaei S, Shen J, Sheth KN, Shi P, Shibuya K, Shigematsu M, Shin MJ, Shiri R, Shishani K, Shiue I, Shrime MG, Sigfusdottir ID, Silva DAS, Silveira DGA, Silverberg JI, Simard EP, Sindi S, Singh A, Singh JA, Singh PK, Slepak EL, Soljak M, Soneji S, Sorensen RJD, Sposato LA, Sreeramareddy CT, Stathopoulou V, Steckling N, Steel N, Stein DJ, Stein MB, Stöckl H, Stranges S, Stroumpoulis K, Sunguya BF, Swaminathan S, Sykes BL, Szoeke CEI, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Takahashi K, Talongwa RT, Tandon N, Tanne D, Tavakkoli M, Taye BW, Taylor HR, Tedla BA, Tefera WM, Tegegne TK, Tekle DY, Terkawi AS, Thakur JS, Thomas BA, Thomas ML, Thomson AJ, Thorne-Lyman AL, Thrift AG, Thurston GD, Tillmann T, Tobe-Gai R, Tobollik M, Topor-Madry R, Topouzis F, Towbin JA, Tran BX, Dimbuene ZT, Tsilimparis N, Tura AK, Tuzcu EM, Tyrovolas S, Ukwaja KN, Undurraga EA, Uneke CJ, Uthman OA, van Donkelaar A, van Os J, Varakin YY, Vasankari T, Veerman JL, Venketasubramanian N, Violante FS, Vollset SE, Wagner GR, Waller SG, Wang JL, Wang L, Wang Y, Weichenthal S, Weiderpass E, Weintraub RG, Werdecker A, Westerman R, Whiteford HA, Wijeratne T, Wiysonge CS, Wolfe CDA, Won S, Woolf AD, Wubshet M, Xavier D, Xu G, Yadav AK, Yakob B, Yalew AZ, Yano Y, Yaseri M, Ye P, Yip P, Yonemoto N, Yoon SJ, Younis MZ, Yu C, Zaidi Z, Zaki MES, Zhu J, Zipkin B, Zodpey S, Zuhlke LJ, Murray CJL. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 2016; 388:1659-1724. [PMID: 27733284 PMCID: PMC5388856 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31679-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2719] [Impact Index Per Article: 339.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 provides an up-to-date synthesis of the evidence for risk factor exposure and the attributable burden of disease. By providing national and subnational assessments spanning the past 25 years, this study can inform debates on the importance of addressing risks in context. METHODS We used the comparative risk assessment framework developed for previous iterations of the Global Burden of Disease Study to estimate attributable deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and trends in exposure by age group, sex, year, and geography for 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks from 1990 to 2015. This study included 388 risk-outcome pairs that met World Cancer Research Fund-defined criteria for convincing or probable evidence. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from randomised controlled trials, cohorts, pooled cohorts, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. We developed a metric that allows comparisons of exposure across risk factors-the summary exposure value. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk level, we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We decomposed trends in attributable burden into contributions from population growth, population age structure, risk exposure, and risk-deleted cause-specific DALY rates. We characterised risk exposure in relation to a Socio-demographic Index (SDI). FINDINGS Between 1990 and 2015, global exposure to unsafe sanitation, household air pollution, childhood underweight, childhood stunting, and smoking each decreased by more than 25%. Global exposure for several occupational risks, high body-mass index (BMI), and drug use increased by more than 25% over the same period. All risks jointly evaluated in 2015 accounted for 57·8% (95% CI 56·6-58·8) of global deaths and 41·2% (39·8-42·8) of DALYs. In 2015, the ten largest contributors to global DALYs among Level 3 risks were high systolic blood pressure (211·8 million [192·7 million to 231·1 million] global DALYs), smoking (148·6 million [134·2 million to 163·1 million]), high fasting plasma glucose (143·1 million [125·1 million to 163·5 million]), high BMI (120·1 million [83·8 million to 158·4 million]), childhood undernutrition (113·3 million [103·9 million to 123·4 million]), ambient particulate matter (103·1 million [90·8 million to 115·1 million]), high total cholesterol (88·7 million [74·6 million to 105·7 million]), household air pollution (85·6 million [66·7 million to 106·1 million]), alcohol use (85·0 million [77·2 million to 93·0 million]), and diets high in sodium (83·0 million [49·3 million to 127·5 million]). From 1990 to 2015, attributable DALYs declined for micronutrient deficiencies, childhood undernutrition, unsafe sanitation and water, and household air pollution; reductions in risk-deleted DALY rates rather than reductions in exposure drove these declines. Rising exposure contributed to notable increases in attributable DALYs from high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, occupational carcinogens, and drug use. Environmental risks and childhood undernutrition declined steadily with SDI; low physical activity, high BMI, and high fasting plasma glucose increased with SDI. In 119 countries, metabolic risks, such as high BMI and fasting plasma glucose, contributed the most attributable DALYs in 2015. Regionally, smoking still ranked among the leading five risk factors for attributable DALYs in 109 countries; childhood underweight and unsafe sex remained primary drivers of early death and disability in much of sub-Saharan Africa. INTERPRETATION Declines in some key environmental risks have contributed to declines in critical infectious diseases. Some risks appear to be invariant to SDI. Increasing risks, including high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, drug use, and some occupational exposures, contribute to rising burden from some conditions, but also provide opportunities for intervention. Some highly preventable risks, such as smoking, remain major causes of attributable DALYs, even as exposure is declining. Public policy makers need to pay attention to the risks that are increasingly major contributors to global burden. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Heinzle S, Ball GDC, Kuk JL. Variations in the prevalence and predictors of prevalent metabolically healthy obesity in adolescents. Pediatr Obes 2016; 11:425-33. [PMID: 26643813 PMCID: PMC5065348 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a heterogeneous condition, which includes a subset of individuals that can be classified as having metabolically healthy obesity (MHO), but there is no consensus on what constitutes MHO. Thus, the objective of the study is to examine the prevalence and predictors of prevalent MHO in adolescents using various definitions of MHO. METHODS Cross-sectional data from the 1999-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys were used. Participants included 316 male and 316 female adolescents aged 12-19 years with a BMI ≥ 95th percentile. Two definitions were used to define MHO. First, MHO was defined as having ≤1 metabolic syndrome criteria (excluding waist) and being free of type 2 diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia. Second, MHO was defined as being free of all metabolic syndrome criteria, insulin resistance and inflammation. RESULTS The prevalence of MHO was 42% (male) and 74% (female) using the first definition and 7% (male) and 12% (female) using the second more conservative definition. Lower abdominal obesity (waist circumference) and lower insulin resistance predicted prevalent MHO in male and female adolescents for both definitions (p < 0.01). Associations between dietary components and MHO were weak and inconsistent, while physical activity and inflammation were not associated with MHO in male and female adolescents for both definitions (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of MHO in adolescents varied across definitions, with lower levels of abdominal obesity and insulin resistance as the most consistent predictors of prevalent MHO status.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Heinzle
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - G. D. C. Ball
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alebrta, Canada
| | - J. L. Kuk
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Background Obesity is a consequence of chronic energy imbalance. We need accurate and precise measurements of energy intake and expenditure, as well as the related behaviors, to fully understand how energy homeostasis is regulated in order to develop interventions and evaluate their effectiveness to combat the global obesity epidemic. Scope of review We provide an in-depth review of the methodologies currently used to measure energy intake and expenditure in humans, including their principles, advantages, and limitations in the clinical research setting. The aim is to provide researchers with a comprehensive guide to conduct obesity research of the highest possible quality. Major conclusions An array of methodologies is available to measure various aspects of energy metabolism and none is perfect under all circumstances. The choice of methods should be specific to particular research questions with practicality and quality of data the priorities for consideration. A combination of complementary measurements may be preferable. There is an imperative need to develop new methodologies to improve the accuracy and precision of energy intake assessments. Image-based technology is a significant step to improve energy intake measurement. Physical activity informs patterns but not absolute energy expenditure. Combining complementary measurements overcomes shortfalls of individual methods.
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Ng SW, Poti JM, Popkin BM. Trends in racial/ethnic and income disparities in foods and beverages consumed and purchased from stores among US households with children, 2000-2013. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 104:750-9. [PMID: 27488233 PMCID: PMC4997294 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.127944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unclear whether racial/ethnic and income differences in foods and beverages obtained from stores contribute to disparities in caloric intake over time. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether there are disparities in calories obtained from store-bought consumer packaged goods (CPGs), whether brands (name brands compared with private labels) matter, and if disparities have changed over time. DESIGN We used NHANES individual dietary intake data among households with children along with the Nielsen Homescan data on CPG purchases among households with children. With NHANES, we compared survey-weighted energy intakes for 2003-2006 and 2009-2012 from store and nonstore sources by race/ethnicity [non-Hispanic whites (NHWs), non-Hispanic blacks (NHBs), and Hispanic Mexican-Americans) and income [≤185% federal poverty line (FPL), 186-400% FPL, and >400% FPL]. With the Nielsen data, we compared 2000-2013 trends in calories purchased from CPGs (obtained from stores) across brands by race/ethnicity (NHW, NHB, and Hispanic) and income. We conducted random-effect models to derive adjusted trends and differences in calories purchased (708,175 observations from 64,709 unique households) and tested whether trends were heterogeneous by race/ethnicity or income. RESULTS Store-bought foods and beverages represented the largest component of dietary intake, with greater decreases in energy intakes in nonstore sources for foods and in store sources for beverages. Beverages from stores consistently decreased in all subpopulations. However, in adjusted models, reductions in CPG calories purchased in 2009-2012 were slower for NHB and low-income households than for NHW and high-income households, respectively. The decline in calories from name-brand food purchases was slower among NHB, Hispanic, and lowest-income households. NHW and high-income households had the highest absolute calories purchased in 2000. CONCLUSIONS Across 2 large data sources, we found decreases in intake and purchases of beverages from stores across racial/ethnic and income groups. However, potentially beneficial reductions in calories purchased were more pronounced in some subgroups over others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wen Ng
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jennifer M Poti
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Barry M Popkin
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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Tooze JA, Freedman LS, Carroll RJ, Midthune D, Kipnis V. The impact of stratification by implausible energy reporting status on estimates of diet-health relationships. Biom J 2016; 58:1538-1551. [PMID: 27550787 DOI: 10.1002/bimj.201500201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) is known to be prone to measurement error. Researchers have suggested excluding implausible energy reporters (IERs) of FFQ total energy when examining the relationship between a health outcome and FFQ-reported intake to obtain less biased estimates of the effect of the error-prone measure of exposure; however, the statistical properties of stratifying by IER status have not been studied. Under certain assumptions, including nondifferential error, we show that when stratifying by IER status, the attenuation of the estimated relative risk in the stratified models will be either greater or less in both strata (implausible and plausible reporters) than for the nonstratified model, contrary to the common belief that the attenuation will be less among plausible reporters and greater among IERs. Whether there is more or less attenuation depends on the pairwise correlations between true exposure, observed exposure, and the stratification variable. Thus exclusion of IERs is inadvisable but stratification by IER status can sometimes help. We also address the case of differential error. Examples from the Observing Protein and Energy Nutrition Study and simulations illustrate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet A Tooze
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| | - Laurence S Freedman
- Sheba Medical Center, Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Tel Hashomer, 52161, Israel
| | - Raymond J Carroll
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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Nybacka S, Lindroos AK, Wirfält E, Leanderson P, Landberg R, Ericson U, Larsson I, Warensjö Lemming E, Bergström G, Hedblad B, Orho-Melander M, Melander O, Winkvist A, Bertéus Forslund H. Carotenoids and alkylresorcinols as objective biomarkers of diet quality when assessing the validity of a web-based food record tool and a food frequency questionnaire in a middle-aged population. BMC Nutr 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s40795-016-0094-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Gardner JW, Vincent TA. Electronic Noses for Well-Being: Breath Analysis and Energy Expenditure. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16070947. [PMID: 27347946 PMCID: PMC4970001 DOI: 10.3390/s16070947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The wealth of information concealed in a single human breath has been of interest for many years, promising not only disease detection, but also the monitoring of our general well-being. Recent developments in the fields of nano-sensor arrays and MEMS have enabled once bulky artificial olfactory sensor systems, or so-called "electronic noses", to become smaller, lower power and portable devices. At the same time, wearable health monitoring devices are now available, although reliable breath sensing equipment is somewhat missing from the market of physical, rather than chemical sensor gadgets. In this article, we report on the unprecedented rise in healthcare problems caused by an increasingly overweight population. We first review recently-developed electronic noses for the detection of diseases by the analysis of basic volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Then, we discuss the primary cause of obesity from over eating and the high calorific content of food. We present the need to measure our individual energy expenditure from our exhaled breath. Finally, we consider the future for handheld or wearable devices to measure energy expenditure; and the potential of these devices to revolutionize healthcare, both at home and in hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian W Gardner
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Timothy A Vincent
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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