101
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Kaur H, Peel A, Acosta K, Gebril S, Ortega JL, Sengupta‐Gopalan C. Comparison of alfalfa plants overexpressing glutamine synthetase with those overexpressing sucrose phosphate synthase demonstrates a signaling mechanism integrating carbon and nitrogen metabolism between the leaves and nodules. PLANT DIRECT 2019; 3:e00115. [PMID: 31245757 PMCID: PMC6508842 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Alfalfa, like other legumes, establishes a symbiotic relationship with the soil bacteria, Sinorhizobium meliloti, which results in the formation of the root nodules. Nodules contain the bacteria enclosed in a membrane-bound vesicle, the symbiosome where it fixes atmospheric N2 and converts it into ammonia using the bacterial enzyme, nitrogenase. The ammonia released into the cytoplasm from the symbiosome is assimilated into glutamine (Gln) using carbon skeletons produced by the metabolism of sucrose (Suc), which is imported into the nodules from the leaves. The key enzyme involved in the synthesis of Suc in the leaves is sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and glutamine synthetase (GS) is the enzyme with a role in ammonia assimilation in the root nodules. Alfalfa plants, overexpressing SPS or GS, or both showed increased growth and an increase in nodule function. The endogenous genes for the key enzymes in C/N metabolism showed increased expression in the nodules of both sets of transformants. Furthermore, the endogenous SPS and GS genes were also induced in the leaves and nodules of the transformants, irrespective of the transgene, suggesting that the two classes of plants share a common signaling pathway regulating C/N metabolism in the nodules. This study reaffirms the utility of the nodulated legume plant to study C/N interaction and the cross talk between the source and sink for C and N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmanpreet Kaur
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesNew Mexico State UniversityLas CrucesNew Mexico
| | - Amanda Peel
- Department of Learning, Teaching and CurriculumUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouri
| | - Karen Acosta
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsPerelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Sayed Gebril
- Department of HorticultureSohag UniversitySohagEgypt
| | - Jose Luis Ortega
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesNew Mexico State UniversityLas CrucesNew Mexico
| | - Champa Sengupta‐Gopalan
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesNew Mexico State UniversityLas CrucesNew Mexico
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102
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Sun Y, Mu C, Liu X. Key factors identified by proteomic analysis in maize ( Zea mays L.) seedlings' response to long-term exposure to different phosphate levels. Proteome Sci 2018; 16:19. [PMID: 30479573 PMCID: PMC6247739 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-018-0147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Maize seedlings are constantly exposed to inorganic phosphate (Pi)-limited environments. To understand how maize cope with low Pi (LP) and high Pi (HP) conditions, physiological and global proteomic analysis of QXN233 genotype were performed under the long-term Pi starvation and supplementation. Methods We investigated the physiological response of QXN233 genotype to LP and HP conditions and detected the changes in ion fluxes by non-invasive micro-test technology and gene expression by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. QXN233 was further assessed using vermiculite assay, and then proteins were isolated and identified by nano-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results A negative relationship was observed between Na+ and Pi, and Na+ efflux was enhanced under HP condition. Furthermore, a total of 681 and 1374 were identified in the leaves and roots, respectively, which were mostly involved in metabolism, ion transport, and stress response. Importantly, several key Pi transporters were identified for breeding potential. Several ion transporters demonstrated an elaborate interplay between Pi and other ions, together contributing to the growth of QXN233 seedlings. Conclusion The results from this study provide insights into the response of maize seedlings to long-term Pi exposure. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12953-018-0147-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Sun
- 1Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Maize/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Northern Yellow-huai River Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan, 250100 China
| | - Chunhua Mu
- 1Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Maize/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Northern Yellow-huai River Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan, 250100 China
| | - Xia Liu
- 1Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Maize/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Northern Yellow-huai River Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan, 250100 China.,2College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250000 Shandong China
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103
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Huang J, Huang Z, Zhou X, Xia C, Imran M, Wang S, Xu C, Zha M, Liu Y, Zhang C. Tissue-specific transcriptomic profiling of Plantago major provides insights for the involvement of vasculature in phosphate deficiency responses. Mol Genet Genomics 2018; 294:159-175. [PMID: 30267144 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-018-1496-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The vasculature of higher plants is important with transport of both nutrient and information molecules. To understand the correspondence of this tissue in molecular responses under phosphate (Pi) deficiency, Plantago major, a model plant for vasculature biology study, was chosen in our analysis. After RNA-Seq and de novo transcriptome assembly of 24 libraries prepared from the vasculature of P. major, 37,309 unigenes with a mean length of 1571 base pairs were obtained. Upon 24 h of Pi deficiency, 237 genes were shown to be differentially expressed in the vasculature of P. major. Among these genes, only 27 have been previously identified to be specifically expressed in the vasculature tissues in other plant species. Temporal expression of several marker genes associated with Pi deficiency showed that the time period of first 24 h is at the beginning stage of more dynamic expression patterns. In this study, we found several physiological processes, e.g., "phosphate metabolism and remobilization", "sucrose metabolism, loading and synthesis", "plant hormone metabolism and signal transduction", "transcription factors", and "metabolism of other minerals", were mainly involved in early responses to Pi deficiency in the vasculature. A number of vasculature genes with promising roles in Pi deficiency adaptation have been identified and deserve further functional characterization. This study clearly demonstrated that plant vasculature is actively involved in Pi deficiency responses and understanding of this process may help to create plants proficient to offset Pi deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | | | - Xiangjun Zhou
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Chao Xia
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Shujuan Wang
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Congshan Xu
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Manrong Zha
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- The Institute of Sericulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cankui Zhang
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA. .,Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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104
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Zeng J, Quan X, He X, Cai S, Ye Z, Chen G, Zhang G. Root and leaf metabolite profiles analysis reveals the adaptive strategies to low potassium stress in barley. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:187. [PMID: 30200885 PMCID: PMC6131769 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1404-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potassium (K) deficiency in arable land is one of the most important factors affecting crop productivity. Development of low K (LK) tolerant crop cultivars is regarded as a best economic and effective approach for solving the issue of LK. In previous studies, we found a wider variation of LK tolerance in the Tibetan wild barley accessions than cultivated barley. However, the mechanism of LK tolerance in wild barley is still elusive. RESULTS In this study, two wild barley genotypes (XZ153, LK tolerant and XZ141, LK sensitive) and one cultivar (LuDaoMai, LK tolerant) was used to investigate metabolome changes in response to LK stress. Totally 57 kinds of metabolites were identified in roots and leaves of three genotypes at 16 d after LK treatment. In general, accumulation of amino acids and sugars was enhanced in both roots and leaves, while organic acids were reduced under LK stress compared to the control. Meanwhile, the concentrations of the negatively charged amino acids (Asp and Glu) and most organic acids was reduced in both roots and leaves, but more positively charged amino acids (Lys and Gln) were increased in three genotypes under LK. XZ153 had less reduction than other two genotypes in biomass and chlorophyll content under LK stress and showed greater antioxidant capacity as reflected by more synthesis of active oxygen scavengers. Higher LK tolerance of XZ153 may also be attributed to its less carbohydrate consumption and more storage of glucose and other sugars, thus providing more energy for plant growth under LK stress. Moreover, phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway mediated by PAL differed among three genotypes, which is closely associated with the genotypic difference in LK tolerance. CONCLUSIONS LK tolerance in the wild barley is attributed to more active phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway mediated by PAL, energy use economy by reducing carbohydrate consumption and storage of glucose and other sugars, and higher antioxidant defense ability under LK stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Zeng
- Agronomy Department, Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Xiaoyan Quan
- Agronomy Department, Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Xiaoyan He
- Agronomy Department, Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Shengguan Cai
- Agronomy Department, Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Zhilan Ye
- Agronomy Department, Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Guang Chen
- Agronomy Department, Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Guoping Zhang
- Agronomy Department, Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
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105
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Zhou C, Tan Y, Goßner S, Li Y, Shu Q, Engel KH. Stability of the Metabolite Signature Resulting from the OsSULTR3;3 Mutation in Low Phytic Acid Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) Seeds upon Cross-breeding. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:9366-9376. [PMID: 30111098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The low phytic acid ( lpa) rice ( Oryza sativa L.) mutant Os-lpa-MH86-1, resulting from the mutation of the putative sulfate transporter gene OsSULTR3;3, was crossed with a commercial rice cultivar. The obtained progenies of generations F4 to F7 were subjected to a nontargeted metabolite profiling approach allowing the analyses of a broad spectrum of lipophilic and hydrophilic low-molecular-weight constituents. The metabolite profiles of the homozygous lpa progenies were characterized not only by a decreased concentration of phytic acid but also by increased contents of constituents from various classes, such as sugars, sugar alcohols, amino acids, phytosterols, and biogenic amines. Statistical assessments of the data via multivariate and univariate approaches demonstrated that this mutation-induced metabolite signature was nearly unaffected by the cross-breeding step and consistently expressed over several generations. The data demonstrate that even for complex metabolic changes resulting from a mutation, cross-breeding can be employed as a tool to generate progeny rice seeds stably exhibiting the mutation induced traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Zhou
- Chair of General Food Technology , Technical University of Munich , Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2 , D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan , Germany
| | - Yuanyuan Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm, Institute of Crop Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Sophia Goßner
- Chair of General Food Technology , Technical University of Munich , Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2 , D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan , Germany
| | - Youfa Li
- Jiaxing Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Jiaxing 314016 , China
| | - Qingyao Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm, Institute of Crop Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Karl-Heinz Engel
- Chair of General Food Technology , Technical University of Munich , Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2 , D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan , Germany
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106
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Wang L, Liu D. Functions and regulation of phosphate starvation-induced secreted acid phosphatases in higher plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 271:108-116. [PMID: 29650148 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus is essential for plant growth and development, but levels of inorganic phosphate (Pi), the major form of phosphorus that plants assimilate, are quite limiting in most soils. To cope with Pi deficiency, plants trigger a suite of adaptive responses, including the induction and secretion of acid phosphatases (APases). In this article, we describe how Pi starvation-induced (PSI) APases are analyzed, and we provide a brief historical review of their identification. We then discuss the current understanding of the functions of PSI-secreted APases and how these APases are regulated at the molecular level. Finally, we provide a perspective on the future direction of research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangsheng Wang
- Plant Molecular Biology (Botany), Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dong Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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107
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Kuo HF, Hsu YY, Lin WC, Chen KY, Munnik T, Brearley CA, Chiou TJ. Arabidopsis inositol phosphate kinases IPK1 and ITPK1 constitute a metabolic pathway in maintaining phosphate homeostasis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 29779236 DOI: 10.1101/270355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Emerging studies have suggested that there is a close link between inositol phosphate (InsP) metabolism and cellular phosphate (Pi ) homeostasis in eukaryotes; however, whether a common InsP species is deployed as an evolutionarily conserved metabolic messenger to mediate Pi signaling remains unknown. Here, using genetics and InsP profiling combined with Pi -starvation response (PSR) analysis in Arabidopsis thaliana, we showed that the kinase activity of inositol pentakisphosphate 2-kinase (IPK1), an enzyme required for phytate (inositol hexakisphosphate; InsP6 ) synthesis, is indispensable for maintaining Pi homeostasis under Pi -replete conditions, and inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate 5/6-kinase 1 (ITPK1) plays an equivalent role. Although both ipk1-1 and itpk1 mutants exhibited decreased levels of InsP6 and diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate (PP-InsP5 ; InsP7 ), disruption of another ITPK family enzyme, ITPK4, which correspondingly caused depletion of InsP6 and InsP7 , did not display similar Pi -related phenotypes, which precludes these InsP species from being effectors. Notably, the level of d/l-Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 was concurrently elevated in both ipk1-1 and itpk1 mutants, which showed a specific correlation with the misregulated Pi phenotypes. However, the level of d/l-Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 is not responsive to Pi starvation that instead manifests a shoot-specific increase in the InsP7 level. This study demonstrates a more nuanced picture of the intersection of InsP metabolism and Pi homeostasis and PSRs than has previously been elaborated, and additionally establishes intermediate steps to phytate biosynthesis in plant vegetative tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Fen Kuo
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ying Hsu
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chi Lin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Yu Chen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Teun Munnik
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098XH, The Netherlands
| | - Charles A Brearley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Tzyy-Jen Chiou
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
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108
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Kuo HF, Hsu YY, Lin WC, Chen KY, Munnik T, Brearley CA, Chiou TJ. Arabidopsis inositol phosphate kinases IPK1 and ITPK1 constitute a metabolic pathway in maintaining phosphate homeostasis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 95:613-630. [PMID: 29779236 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Emerging studies have suggested that there is a close link between inositol phosphate (InsP) metabolism and cellular phosphate (Pi ) homeostasis in eukaryotes; however, whether a common InsP species is deployed as an evolutionarily conserved metabolic messenger to mediate Pi signaling remains unknown. Here, using genetics and InsP profiling combined with Pi -starvation response (PSR) analysis in Arabidopsis thaliana, we showed that the kinase activity of inositol pentakisphosphate 2-kinase (IPK1), an enzyme required for phytate (inositol hexakisphosphate; InsP6 ) synthesis, is indispensable for maintaining Pi homeostasis under Pi -replete conditions, and inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate 5/6-kinase 1 (ITPK1) plays an equivalent role. Although both ipk1-1 and itpk1 mutants exhibited decreased levels of InsP6 and diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate (PP-InsP5 ; InsP7 ), disruption of another ITPK family enzyme, ITPK4, which correspondingly caused depletion of InsP6 and InsP7 , did not display similar Pi -related phenotypes, which precludes these InsP species from being effectors. Notably, the level of d/l-Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 was concurrently elevated in both ipk1-1 and itpk1 mutants, which showed a specific correlation with the misregulated Pi phenotypes. However, the level of d/l-Ins(3,4,5,6)P4 is not responsive to Pi starvation that instead manifests a shoot-specific increase in the InsP7 level. This study demonstrates a more nuanced picture of the intersection of InsP metabolism and Pi homeostasis and PSRs than has previously been elaborated, and additionally establishes intermediate steps to phytate biosynthesis in plant vegetative tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Fen Kuo
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ying Hsu
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chi Lin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Yu Chen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Teun Munnik
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098XH, The Netherlands
| | - Charles A Brearley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Tzyy-Jen Chiou
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
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109
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Chen PF, Chen L, Jiang ZR, Wang GP, Wang SH, Ding YF. Sucrose is involved in the regulation of iron deficiency responses in rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2018; 37:789-798. [PMID: 29476246 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-018-2267-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose signaling pathways were rapidly induced in response to early iron deficiency in rice plants, and the change of sucrose contents in plants was essential for the activation of iron deficiency responses. Sucrose is the main product of photosynthesis in plants, and it functions not only as an energy metabolite but also a signal molecule. However, a few studies have examined the involvement of sucrose in mediating iron deficiency responses in rice. In this study, we found that the decrease in photosynthesis and total chlorophyll concentration (SPAD values) in leaves occurred at a very early stage under iron deficiency. In addition, the sucrose was increased in leaves but decreased in roots of rice plants under iron deficiency, and also the sucrose transporter (SUT) encoded genes' expression levels in leaves were all inhibited, including OsSUT1, OsSUT2, OsSUT3, OsSUT4, and OsSUT5. The carbohydrate distribution was changed under iron deficiency and sucrose might be involved in the iron deficiency responses of rice plants. Furthermore, exogenous application of sucrose or dark treatment experiments were used to test the hypothesis; we found that the increased endogenous sucrose would cause the repression of iron acquisition-related genes in roots, while further stimulated iron transport-related genes in leaves. Compared to the exogenous application of sucrose, the dark treatment had the opposite effects. All the above results highlighted the important role of sucrose in regulating the responses of rice plants to iron deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Chen
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zheng-Rong Jiang
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gao-Peng Wang
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shao-Hua Wang
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan-Feng Ding
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, China.
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110
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Transcriptome Characterization of the Chinese Fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.) and Expression Analysis of Candidate Phosphate Transporter Genes. FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f8110420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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111
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Żebrowska E, Milewska M, Ciereszko I. Mechanisms of oat ( Avena sativa L.) acclimation to phosphate deficiency. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3989. [PMID: 29109915 PMCID: PMC5671117 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficiency of available forms of phosphorus is common in most soils and causes reduction of crop plants growth and yield. Recently, model plants responses to phosphate (Pi) deficiency have been intensively studied. However, acclimation mechanisms of cereals like oat (Avena sativa L.), to low Pi stress remains not fully understood. Oat plants have been usually cultured on poor soils, with a low nutrient content, but their responses to such conditions are not well known, therefore the main goal of the study was to investigate the mechanisms that enable oat plants to grow under low Pi conditions. METHODS Four oat cultivars (A. sativa, cv. Arab, Krezus, Rajtar and Szakal) were grown for three weeks in a nutrient media with various P sources: inorganic-KH2PO4 (control), organic-phytate (PA) and with no phosphate (-P). The effects of Pi deficiency on the level of P, oat growth parameters, intensity of photosynthesis, plant productivity, root exudation ability, localization, activity and isoforms of acid phosphatases, enzymes involved in Pi mobilization, were estimated. In addition, the effect of mycorrhization on plant growth was also observed. RESULTS All studied oat cultivars grown on Pi-deficient media had significantly decreased Pi content in the tissues. Pi deficiency caused inhibition of shoot growth, but generally it did not affect root elongation; root diameter was decreased, root/shoot ratios increased, whereas PA plants showed a similar growth to control. Photosynthesis rate and productivity parameters decreased under low Pi nutrition, however, sugar content generally increased. Studied oat cultivars did not respond to low Pi via increased exudation of carboxylates from the roots, as pH changes in the growth media were not observed. Pi starvation significantly increased the activity of extracellular and intracellular acid phosphatases (APases) in comparison to the control plants. Three major APase isoforms were detected in oat tissues and the isoform pattern was similar in all studied conditions, usually with a higher level of one of the isoforms under Pi starvation. Generally no significant effects of mycorrhizal colonization on growth of oat cultivars were observed. DISCUSSION We postulated that acid phosphatases played the most important role in oat cultivars acclimation to Pi deficiency, especially extracellular enzymes involved in Pi acquisition from soil organic P esters. These APases are mainly located in the epidermis of young roots, and may be released to the rhizosphere. On the other hand, intracellular APases could be involved in fast Pi remobilization from internal sources. Our study showed that oat, in contrast to other plants, can use phytates as the sole source of P. The studied oat cultivars demonstrated similar acclimation mechanisms to Pi deficiency, however, depending on stress level, they can use different pools of acid phosphatases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Żebrowska
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marta Milewska
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Iwona Ciereszko
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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112
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Baek D, Chun HJ, Yun DJ, Kim MC. Cross-talk between Phosphate Starvation and Other Environmental Stress Signaling Pathways in Plants. Mol Cells 2017; 40:697-705. [PMID: 29047263 PMCID: PMC5682247 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2017.0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of inorganic phosphate (Pi) homeostasis is essential for plant growth and yield. Plants have evolved strategies to cope with Pi starvation at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational levels, which maximizes its availability. Many transcription factors, miRNAs, and transporters participate in the Pi starvation signaling pathway where their activities are modulated by sugar and phytohormone signaling. Environmental stresses significantly affect the uptake and utilization of nutrients by plants, but their effects on the Pi starvation response remain unclear. Recently, we reported that Pi starvation signaling is affected by abiotic stresses such as salt, abscisic acid, and drought. In this review, we identified transcription factors, such as MYB, WRKY, and zinc finger transcription factors with functions in Pi starvation and other environmental stress signaling. In silico analysis of the promoter regions of Pi starvation-responsive genes, including phosphate transporters, microRNAs, and phosphate starvation-induced genes, suggest that their expression may be regulated by other environmental stresses, such as hormones, drought, cold, heat, and pathogens as well as by Pi starvation. Thus, we suggest the possibility of cross-talk between Pi starvation signaling and other environmental stress signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwon Baek
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 PLUS), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828,
Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Chun
- Institute of Agriculture & Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828,
Korea
| | - Dae-Jin Yun
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
| | - Min Chul Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 PLUS), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828,
Korea
- Institute of Agriculture & Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828,
Korea
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113
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Zeng Z, Huang H, Han N, Huang CY, Langridge P, Bian H, Zhu M. Endopolyploidy levels in barley vary in different root types and significantly decrease under phosphorus deficiency. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 118:11-21. [PMID: 28601019 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Increased endopolyploidy is important for plant growth and development as well as for adaptation to environmental stresses. However, little is known about the role of reduced endopolyploidy, especially in root systems. In this report, endopolyploidy variations were examined in different types of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) roots, and the effects of phosphorus (P) deficiency and salinity (NaCl) stress on root endopolyploidy were also studied. The results showed that the endopolyploidy levels were lower in lateral roots than in either primary or nodal roots. The lower endopolyploidy in lateral roots was attributed to cortical cells. P deficiency reduced the endopolyploidy levels in lateral roots and mature zone of primary roots. By contrast, salinity had no effects on the endopolyploidy levels in either lateral or primary roots, but had a minor effect on nodal roots. Transcript analysis of cell cycle-related genes showed that multiple cell cycle-related genes were more highly expressed in lateral roots than in primary roots, suggesting their roles in lowering endopolyploidy. P deficiency reduced HvCCS52A1 transcripts in the mature zone of primary roots, but had little effect on the transcripts of 12 cell cycle-related genes in lateral roots, suggesting that endopolyploidy regulation differs between lateral roots and primary roots. Our results revealed that endopolyploidy reduction in root systems could be an integrated part of endopolyploidy plasticity in barley growth and development as well as in adaptation to a low P environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanghui Zeng
- Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China; Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Huahong Huang
- Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, China
| | - Ning Han
- Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Chun Y Huang
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Peter Langridge
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Hongwu Bian
- Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| | - Muyuan Zhu
- Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
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114
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Ródenas R, García-Legaz MF, López-Gómez E, Martínez V, Rubio F, Ángeles Botella M. NO 3- , PO 43- and SO 42- deprivation reduced LKT1-mediated low-affinity K + uptake and SKOR-mediated K + translocation in tomato and Arabidopsis plants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2017; 160:410-424. [PMID: 28244226 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of essential macronutrients acquisition by plants in response to their availability is a key process for plant adaptation to changing environments. Here we show in tomato and Arabidopsis plants that when they are subjected to NO3- , PO43- and SO42- deprivation, low-affinity K+ uptake and K+ translocation to the shoot are reduced. In parallel, these nutritional deficiencies produce reductions in the messenger levels of the genes encoding the main systems for low-affinity K+ uptake and K+ translocation, i.e. AKT1 and SKOR in Arabidopsis and LKT1 and the tomato homolog of SKOR, SlSKOR in tomato, respectively. The results suggest that the shortage of one nutrient produces a general downregulation of the acquisition of other nutrients. In the case of K+ nutrient, one of the mechanisms for such a response resides in the transcriptional repression of the genes encoding the systems for K+ uptake and translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyes Ródenas
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | | | - Elvira López-Gómez
- Departamento de Agroquímica y Medioambiente, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, 03312, Spain
| | - Vicente Martínez
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Francisco Rubio
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Botella
- Departamento de Biología Aplicada, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, 03312, Spain
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115
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Crous KY, O'Sullivan OS, Zaragoza-Castells J, Bloomfield KJ, Negrini ACA, Meir P, Turnbull MH, Griffin KL, Atkin OK. Nitrogen and phosphorus availabilities interact to modulate leaf trait scaling relationships across six plant functional types in a controlled-environment study. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:992-1008. [PMID: 28505389 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) have key roles in leaf metabolism, resulting in a strong coupling of chemical composition traits to metabolic rates in field-based studies. However, in such studies, it is difficult to disentangle the effects of nutrient supply per se on trait-trait relationships. Our study assessed how high and low N (5 mM and 0.4 mM, respectively) and P (1 mM and 2 μM, respectively) supply in 37 species from six plant functional types (PTFs) affected photosynthesis (A) and respiration (R) (in darkness and light) in a controlled environment. Low P supply increased scaling exponents (slopes) of area-based log-log A-N or R-N relationships when N supply was not limiting, whereas there was no P effect under low N supply. By contrast, scaling exponents of A-P and R-P relationships were altered by P and N supply. Neither R : A nor light inhibition of leaf R was affected by nutrient supply. Light inhibition was 26% across nutrient treatments; herbaceous species exhibited a lower degree of light inhibition than woody species. Because N and P supply modulates leaf trait-trait relationships, the next generation of terrestrial biosphere models may need to consider how limitations in N and P availability affect trait-trait relationships when predicting carbon exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Y Crous
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Odhran S O'Sullivan
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Joana Zaragoza-Castells
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JN, UK
- Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Amory Building, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - Keith J Bloomfield
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Building 134, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - A Clarissa A Negrini
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Building 134, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Patrick Meir
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JN, UK
| | - Matthew H Turnbull
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Kevin L Griffin
- Department of Earth and Environment Sciences, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 10964, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Owen K Atkin
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Building 134, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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116
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Gu M, Zhang J, Li H, Meng D, Li R, Dai X, Wang S, Liu W, Qu H, xu G. Maintenance of phosphate homeostasis and root development are coordinately regulated by MYB1, an R2R3-type MYB transcription factor in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:3603-3615. [PMID: 28549191 PMCID: PMC5853628 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The adaptive responses of plants to phosphate (Pi) starvation stress are fine-tuned by an elaborate regulatory network. In this study, we identified and characterized a novel Pi starvation-responsive gene, MYB1, encoding an R2R3-type transcription factor in rice. MYB1 was transcriptionally induced in leaf sheaths and old leaf blades. It was localized to the nucleus and expressed mainly in vascular tissues. Mutation of MYB1 led to an increase in Pi uptake and accumulation, accompanied by altered expression of a subset of Pi transporters and several genes involved in Pi starvation signaling. Furthermore, MYB1 affected the elongation of the primary root in a Pi-dependent manner and lateral roots in a Pi-independent manner. Moreover, gibberellic acid (GA)-triggered lateral root elongation was largely suppressed in wild-type plants under Pi starvation conditions, whereas this suppression was partially rescued in myb1 mutant lines, correlating with the up-regulation of a GA biosynthetic gene upon MYB1 mutation. Taken together, the findings of this study highlight the role of MYB1 as a regulator involved in both Pi starvation signaling and GA biosynthesis. Such a co-regulator might have broad implications for the study of cross-talk between nutrient stress and other signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing, China
| | - Huanhuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing, China
| | - Daqian Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoli Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing, China
| | - Shichao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongye Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing, China
| | - Guohua xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing, China
- Correspondence:
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117
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Identifying the Genes Regulated by AtWRKY6 Using Comparative Transcript and Proteomic Analysis under Phosphorus Deficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18051046. [PMID: 28498313 PMCID: PMC5454958 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18051046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an important mineral nutrient for plant growth and development. Overexpressing AtWRKY6 (35S:WRKY6-9) was more sensitive and wrky6 (wrky6-1) was more resistant under low Pi conditions. To better understand the function of AtWRKY6 under low phosphate stress conditions, we applied two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) to analyse differentially expressed proteins in the shoots and roots between wild type, 35S:WRKY6-9 and wrky6-1 after phosphorus deficiency treatment for three days. The results showed 88 differentially abundant protein spots, which were identified between the shoots and roots of 35S:WRKY6-9 and wrky6-1 plants. In addition, 59 differentially expressed proteins were identified in the leaves and roots of 35S:WRKY6-9 plants. After analysis, 9 genes with W-box elements in their promoter sequences were identified in the leaves, while 6 genes with W-box elements in their promoter sequences were identified in the roots. A total of 8 genes were identified as potential target genes according to the quantitative PCR (QPCR) and two dimension difference gel electrophoresis, (2D-DIGE) results, including ATP synthase, gln synthetase, nitrilase, 14-3-3 protein, carbonic anhydrases 2, and tryptophan synthase. These results provide important information concerning the AtWRKY6 regulation network and reveal potential vital target genes of AtWRKY6 under low phosphorus stress. two dimension difference gel electrophoresis, 2D-DIGE.
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118
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Kavka M, Polle A. Dissecting nutrient-related co-expression networks in phosphate starved poplars. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171958. [PMID: 28222153 PMCID: PMC5319788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an essential plant nutrient, but its availability is often limited in soil. Here, we studied changes in the transcriptome and in nutrient element concentrations in leaves and roots of poplars (Populus × canescens) in response to P deficiency. P starvation resulted in decreased concentrations of S and major cations (K, Mg, Ca), in increased concentrations of N, Zn and Al, while C, Fe and Mn were only little affected. In roots and leaves >4,000 and >9,000 genes were differently expressed upon P starvation. These genes clustered in eleven co-expression modules of which seven were correlated with distinct elements in the plant tissues. One module (4.7% of all differentially expressed genes) was strongly correlated with changes in the P concentration in the plant. In this module the GO term "response to P starvation" was enriched with phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinases, phosphatases and pyrophosphatases as well as regulatory domains such as SPX, but no phosphate transporters. The P-related module was also enriched in genes of the functional category "galactolipid synthesis". Galactolipids substitute phospholipids in membranes under P limitation. Two modules, one correlated with C and N and the other with biomass, S and Mg, were connected with the P-related module by co-expression. In these modules GO terms indicating "DNA modification" and "cell division" as well as "defense" and "RNA modification" and "signaling" were enriched; they contained phosphate transporters. Bark storage proteins were among the most strongly upregulated genes in the growth-related module suggesting that N, which could not be used for growth, accumulated in typical storage compounds. In conclusion, weighted gene coexpression network analysis revealed a hierarchical structure of gene clusters, which separated phosphate starvation responses correlated with P tissue concentrations from other gene modules, which most likely represented transcriptional adjustments related to down-stream nutritional changes and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Kavka
- Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Labor für Radio-Isotope, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Labor für Radio-Isotope, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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119
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Secco D, Bouain N, Rouached A, Prom-U-Thai C, Hanin M, Pandey AK, Rouached H. Phosphate, phytate and phytases in plants: from fundamental knowledge gained in Arabidopsis to potential biotechnological applications in wheat. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2017; 37:898-910. [PMID: 28076998 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2016.1268089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient for all living organisms. In plants, P is taken up from the rhizosphere by the roots mainly as inorganic phosphate (Pi), which is required in large and sufficient quantities to maximize crop yields. In today's agricultural society, crop yield is mostly ensured by the excessive use of Pi fertilizers, a costly practice neither eco-friendly or sustainable. Therefore, generating plants with improved P use efficiency (PUE) is of major interest. Among the various strategies employed to date, attempts to engineer genetically modified crops with improved capacity to utilize phytate (PA), the largest soil P form and unfortunately not taken up by plants, remains a key challenge. To meet these challenges, we need a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating Pi sensing, signaling, transport and storage in plants. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on these aspects, which are mainly gained from investigations conducted in Arabidopsis thaliana, and we extended it to those available on an economically important crop, wheat. Strategies to enhance the PA use, through the use of bacterial or fungal phytases and other attempts of reducing seed PA levels, are also discussed. We critically review these data in terms of their potential for use as a technology for genetic manipulation of PUE in wheat, which would be both economically and environmentally beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Secco
- a Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes , CNRS, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, UM , Montpellier , France
| | - Nadia Bouain
- a Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes , CNRS, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, UM , Montpellier , France
| | - Aida Rouached
- a Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes , CNRS, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, UM , Montpellier , France
| | - Chanakan Prom-U-Thai
- b Agronomy Division, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Moez Hanin
- c Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Amélioration des Plantes , Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax , Sfax , Tunisie
| | - Ajay K Pandey
- d Department of Biotechnology, C-127 , National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute , Punjab , India
| | - Hatem Rouached
- a Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes , CNRS, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, UM , Montpellier , France.,b Agronomy Division, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand.,c Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Amélioration des Plantes , Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax , Sfax , Tunisie
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120
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Kumar S, Verma S, Trivedi PK. Involvement of Small RNAs in Phosphorus and Sulfur Sensing, Signaling and Stress: Current Update. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:285. [PMID: 28344582 PMCID: PMC5344913 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants require several essential mineral nutrients for their growth and development. These nutrients are required to maintain physiological processes and structural integrity in plants. The root architecture has evolved to absorb nutrients from soil and transport them to other parts of the plant. Nutrient deficiency affects several physiological and biological processes in plants and leads to reduction in crop productivity and yield. To compensate this adversity, plants have developed adaptive mechanisms to enhance the acquisition, conservation, and mobilization of these nutrients under deficient or adverse conditions. In addition, plants have evolved an intricate nexus of complex signaling cascades, which help in nutrient sensing and uptake as well as to maintain nutrient homeostasis. In recent years, small non-coding RNAs such as micro RNAs (miRNAs) and endogenous small interfering RNAs have emerged as important component in regulating plant stress responses. A set of these small RNAs (sRNAs) have been implicated in regulating various processes involved in nutrient uptake, assimilation, and deficiency. In response to phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S) deficiencies, role of sRNAs, miR395 and miR399, have been identified to be instrumental; however, many more miRNAs might be involved in regulating the plant response to these nutrient stresses. These sRNAs modulate expression of target genes in response to P and S deficiencies and regulate their uptake and utilization for proper growth and development of the plant. This review summarizes the current understanding of uptake, sensing, and signaling of P and S and highlights the regulatory role of sRNAs in adaptive responses to these nutrient stresses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Kumar
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research – National Botanical Research InstituteLucknow, India
- Centre of Bio-Medical ResearchSanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Lucknow, India
- *Correspondence: Prabodh K. Trivedi, ; Smita Kumar,
| | - Saurabh Verma
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research – National Botanical Research InstituteLucknow, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar UniversityLucknow, India
| | - Prabodh K. Trivedi
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research – National Botanical Research InstituteLucknow, India
- *Correspondence: Prabodh K. Trivedi, ; Smita Kumar,
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Quan X, Qian Q, Ye Z, Zeng J, Han Z, Zhang G. Metabolic analysis of two contrasting wild barley genotypes grown hydroponically reveals adaptive strategies in response to low nitrogen stress. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 206:59-67. [PMID: 27693987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is an essential macronutrient for plants. The increasingly severe environmental problems caused by N fertilizer application urge alleviation of N fertilizer dependence in crop production. In previous studies, we identified the Tibetan wild barley accessions with high tolerance to low nitrogen (LN). In this study, metabolic analysis was done on two wild genotypes (XZ149, tolerant and XZ56, sensitive) to understand the mechanism of LN tolerance, using a hydroponic experiment. Leaf and root samples were taken at seven time points within 18 d after LN treatment, respectively. XZ149 was much less affected by low N stress than XZ56 in plant biomass. A total of 51 differentially accumulated metabolites were identified between LN and normal N treated plants. LN stress induced tissue-specific changes in carbon and nitrogen partitioning, and XZ149 had a pattern of energy-saving amino acids accumulation and carbon distribution in favor of root growth that contribute to its higher LN tolerance. Moreover, XZ149 is highly capable of producing energy and maintaining the redox homeostasis under LN stress. The current results revealed the mechanisms underlying the wild barley in high LN tolerance and provided the valuable references for developing barley cultivars with LN tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Quan
- Agronomy Department, Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qiufeng Qian
- Agronomy Department, Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhilan Ye
- Agronomy Department, Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jianbin Zeng
- Agronomy Department, Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhigang Han
- Agronomy Department, Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Guoping Zhang
- Agronomy Department, Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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122
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Shane MW, Feil R, Lunn JE, Plaxton WC. Light-dependent activation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase by reversible phosphorylation in cluster roots of white lupin plants: diurnal control in response to photosynthate supply. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 118:637-643. [PMID: 27063365 PMCID: PMC5055616 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) is a tightly regulated enzyme that controls carbohydrate partitioning to organic acid anions (malate, citrate) excreted in copious amounts by cluster roots of inorganic phosphate (Pi)-deprived white lupin plants. Excreted malate and citrate solubilize otherwise inaccessible sources of mineralized soil Pi for plant uptake. The aim of this study was to test the hypotheses that (1) PEPC is post-translationally activated by reversible phosphorylation in cluster roots of illuminated white lupin plants, and (2) light-dependent phosphorylation of cluster root PEPC is associated with elevated intracellular levels of sucrose and its signalling metabolite, trehalose-6-phosphate. Methods White lupin plants were cultivated hydroponically at low Pi levels (≤1 µm) and subjected to various light/dark pretreatments. Cluster root PEPC activity and in vivo phosphorylation status were analysed to assess the enzyme's diurnal, post-translational control in response to light and dark. Levels of various metabolites, including sucrose and trehalose-6-phosphate, were also quantified in cluster root extracts using enzymatic and spectrometric methods. Key Results During the daytime the cluster root PEPC was activated by phosphorylation at its conserved N-terminal seryl residue. Darkness triggered a progressive reduction in PEPC phosphorylation to undetectable levels, and this was correlated with 75-80 % decreases in concentrations of sucrose and trehalose-6- phosphate. Conclusions Reversible, light-dependent regulatory PEPC phosphorylation occurs in cluster roots of Pi-deprived white lupin plants. This likely facilitates the well-documented light- and sucrose-dependent exudation of Pi-solubilizing organic acid anions by the cluster roots. PEPC's in vivo phosphorylation status appears to be modulated by sucrose translocated from CO2-fixing leaves into the non-photosynthetic cluster roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Shane
- School of Plant Biology (M084), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia
- Plant Ecophysiology and Evolution Group, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, and College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Regina Feil
- Department of Metabolic Networks, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - John E. Lunn
- Department of Metabolic Networks, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - William C. Plaxton
- Department of Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Biosciences Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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Gemenet DC, Leiser WL, Beggi F, Herrmann LH, Vadez V, Rattunde HFW, Weltzien E, Hash CT, Buerkert A, Haussmann BIG. Overcoming Phosphorus Deficiency in West African Pearl Millet and Sorghum Production Systems: Promising Options for Crop Improvement. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1389. [PMID: 27721815 PMCID: PMC5033954 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
West Africa (WA) is among the most food insecure regions. Rapid human population growth and stagnating crop yields greatly contribute to this fact. Poor soil fertility, especially low plant available phosphorus (P) is constraining food production in the region. P-fertilizer use in WA is among the lowest in the world due to inaccessibility and high prices, often unaffordable to resource-poor subsistence farmers. This article provides an overview of soil P-deficiency in WA and opportunities to overcome it by exploiting sorghum and pearl millet genetic diversity. The topic is examined from the perspectives of plant breeding, soil science, plant physiology, plant nutrition, and agronomy, thereby referring to recent results obtained in a joint interdisciplinary research project, and reported literature. Specific objectives are to summarize: (1) The global problem of P scarcity and how it will affect WA farmers; (2) Soil P dynamics in WA soils; (3) Plant responses to P deficiency; (4) Opportunities to breed for improved crop adaptation to P-limited conditions; (5) Challenges and trade-offs for improving sorghum and pearl millet adaptation to low-P conditions in WA; and (6) Systems approaches to address soil P-deficiency in WA. Sorghum and pearl millet in WA exhibit highly significant genetic variation for P-uptake efficiency, P-utilization efficiency, and grain yield under P-limited conditions indicating the possibility of breeding P-efficient varieties. Direct selection under P-limited conditions was more efficient than indirect selection under high-P conditions. Combining P-uptake and P-utilization efficiency is recommendable for WA to avoid further soil mining. Genomic regions responsible for P-uptake, P-utilization efficiency, and grain yield under low-P have been identified in WA sorghum and pearl millet, and marker-assisted selection could be possible once these genomic regions are validated. Developing P-efficient genotypes may not, however, be a sustainable solution in itself in the long-term without replenishing the P removed from the system in harvested produce. We therefore propose the use of integrated soil fertility management and systems-oriented management such as enhanced crop-tree-livestock integration in combination with P-use-efficiency-improved varieties. Recycling P from animal bones, human excreta and urine are also possible approaches toward a partially closed and efficient P cycle in WA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Willmar L. Leiser
- State Plant Breeding Institute, University of HohenheimStuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Ludger H. Herrmann
- Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, University of HohenheimStuttgart, Germany
| | - Vincent Vadez
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid TropicsPatancheru, India
| | - Henry F. W. Rattunde
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, MadisonWI, USA
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics-MaliRemagen, Germany
| | - Eva Weltzien
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, MadisonWI, USA
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics-MaliRemagen, Germany
| | - Charles T. Hash
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid TropicsNiamey, Niger
| | - Andreas Buerkert
- Organic Plant Production and Agroecosystems Research in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of KasselKassel, Germany
| | - Bettina I. G. Haussmann
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Seed Science and Population Genetics, University of HohenheimStuttgart, Germany
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Kavka M, Polle A. Phosphate uptake kinetics and tissue-specific transporter expression profiles in poplar (Populus × canescens) at different phosphorus availabilities. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:206. [PMID: 27663513 PMCID: PMC5035498 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0892-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphorus (P) is a major plant nutrient. It is transported into and allocated inside plants by four families of phosphate transporters (PHT1 to PHT4) with high or low affinity to phosphate. Here, we studied whole-plant P uptake kinetics and expression profiles of members of the PHT families under high, intermediate and low P availability in the woody crop poplar (Populus × canescens) in relation to plant performance. RESULTS Poplars exhibited strong growth reduction and increased P use efficiency in response to lower P availabilities. The relative P uptake rate increased with intermediate and decreased with low P availability. This decrease was not energy-limited because glucose addition could not rescue the uptake. The maximum P uptake rate was more than 13-times higher in P-starved than in well-supplied poplars. The Km for whole-root uptake ranged between 26 μM and 20 μM in poplars with intermediate and low P availability, respectively. In well-supplied plants, only low uptake rate was found. The minimum concentration for net P uptake from the nutrient solution was 1.1 μM. All PHT1 members studied showed significant up-regulation upon P starvation and were higher expressed in roots than leaves, with the exception of PtPHT1;3. PtPHT1;1 and PtPHT1;2 showed root- and P starvation-specific expression. Various members of the PHT2, PHT3 and PHT4 families showed higher expression in leaves than in roots, but were unresponsive to P deprivation. Other members (PtPHT3;1, PtPHT3;2, PtPHT3;6, PtPHT4;6 to PtPHT4;8) exhibited higher expression in roots than in leaves and were in most cases up-regulated in response to P deficiency. CONCLUSIONS Expression profiles of distinct members of the PHT families, especially those of PHT1 were linked with changes in P uptake and allocation at whole-plant level. The regulation was tissue-specific with lower P responsiveness in leaves than in roots. Uptake efficiency for P increased with decreasing P availability, but could not overcome a threshold of about 1 μM P in the nutrient solution. Because the P concentrations in soil solutions are generally in the lower micro-molar range, even below the apparent Km-values, our findings suggest that bare-rooted poplars are prone to suffer from P limitations in most environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Kavka
- Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Labor für Radio-Isotope, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Labor für Radio-Isotope, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Velasco VME, Mansbridge J, Bremner S, Carruthers K, Summers PS, Sung WWL, Champigny MJ, Weretilnyk EA. Acclimation of the crucifer Eutrema salsugineum to phosphate limitation is associated with constitutively high expression of phosphate-starvation genes. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:1818-34. [PMID: 27038434 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Eutrema salsugineum, a halophytic relative of Arabidopsis thaliana, was subjected to varying phosphate (Pi) treatments. Arabidopsis seedlings grown on 0.05 mm Pi displayed shortened primary roots, higher lateral root density and reduced shoot biomass allocation relative to those on 0.5 mm Pi, whereas Eutrema seedlings showed no difference in lateral root density and shoot biomass allocation. While a low Fe concentration mitigated the Pi deficiency response for Arabidopsis, Eutrema root architecture was unaltered, but adding NaCl increased Eutrema lateral root density almost 2-fold. Eutrema and Arabidopsis plants grown on soil without added Pi for 4 weeks had low shoot and root Pi content. Pi-deprived, soil-grown Arabidopsis plants were stunted with senescing older leaves, whereas Eutrema plants were visually indistinguishable from 2.5 mm Pi-supplemented plants. Genes associated with Pi starvation were analysed by RT-qPCR. EsIPS2, EsPHT1;4 and EsPAP17 showed up-regulated expression in Pi-deprived Eutrema plants, while EsPHR1, EsWRKY75 and EsRNS1 showed no induction. Absolute quantification of transcripts indicated that PHR1, WRKY75 and RNS1 were expressed at higher levels in Eutrema plants relative to those in Arabidopsis regardless of external Pi. The low phenotypic plasticity Eutrema displays to Pi supply is consistent with adaptation to chronic Pi deprivation in its extreme natural habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Mansbridge
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Samantha Bremner
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | | | - Peter S Summers
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Wilson W L Sung
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
- The Center for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Giligan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Marc J Champigny
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
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Yuan P, Ding GD, Cai HM, Jin KM, Broadley MR, Xu FS, Shi L. A novel Brassica-rhizotron system to unravel the dynamic changes in root system architecture of oilseed rape under phosphorus deficiency. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 118:173-84. [PMID: 27279575 PMCID: PMC4970355 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS An important adaptation of plants to phosphorus (P) deficiency is to alter root system architecture (RSA) to increase P acquisition from the soil, but soil-based observations of RSA are technically challenging, especially in mature plants. The aim of this study was to investigate the root development and RSA of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) under low and high soil P conditions during an entire growth cycle. METHODS A new large Brassica-rhizotron system (approx. 118-litre volume) was developed to study the RSA dynamics of B. napus 'Zhongshuang11' in soils, using top-soils supplemented with low P (LP) or high P (HP) for a full plant growth period. Total root length (TRL), root tip number (RTN), root length density (RLD), biomass and seed yield traits were measured. KEY RESULTS TRL and RTN increased more rapidly in HP than LP plants from seedling to flowering stages. Both traits declined from flowering to silique stages, and then increased slightly in HP plants; in contrast, root senescence was observed in LP plants. RSA parameters measured from the polycarbonate plates were empirically consistent with analyses of excavated roots. Seed yield and shoot dry weights were closely associated positively with root dry weights, TRL, RLD and RTN at both HP and LP. CONCLUSIONS The Brassica-rhizotron system is an effective method for soil-based root phenotyping across an entire growth cycle. Given that root senescence is likely to occur earlier under low P conditions, crop P deficiency is likely to affect late water and nitrogen uptake, which is critical for efficient resource use and optimal crop yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Yuan
- National Key Lab of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China Key Lab of Cultivated Land Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture/Microelement Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Guang-Da Ding
- National Key Lab of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China Key Lab of Cultivated Land Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture/Microelement Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Hong-Mei Cai
- Key Lab of Cultivated Land Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture/Microelement Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Ke-Mo Jin
- National Key Lab of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China Key Lab of Cultivated Land Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture/Microelement Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Martin Roger Broadley
- Plant and Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Fang-Sen Xu
- National Key Lab of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China Key Lab of Cultivated Land Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture/Microelement Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Lei Shi
- National Key Lab of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China Key Lab of Cultivated Land Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture/Microelement Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
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Hu L, Wu G, Hao C, Yu H, Tan L. Transcriptome and selected metabolite analyses reveal points of sugar metabolism in jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.). PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 248:45-56. [PMID: 27181946 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., commonly known as jackfruit, produces the largest tree-borne fruit known thus far. The edible part of the fruit develops from the perianths, and contains many sugar-derived compounds. However, its sugar metabolism is poorly understood. A fruit perianth transcriptome was sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform, producing 32,459 unigenes with an average length of 1345nt. Sugar metabolism was characterized by comparing expression patterns of genes related to sugar metabolism and evaluating correlations with enzyme activity and sugar accumulation during fruit perianth development. During early development, high expression levels of acid invertases and corresponding enzyme activities were responsible for the rapid utilization of imported sucrose for fruit growth. The differential expression of starch metabolism-related genes and corresponding enzyme activities were responsible for starch accumulated before fruit ripening but decreased during ripening. Sucrose accumulated during ripening, when the expression levels of genes for sucrose synthesis were elevated and high enzyme activity was observed. The comprehensive transcriptome analysis presents fundamental information on sugar metabolism and will be a useful reference for further research on fruit perianth development in jackfruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisong Hu
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Wanning, Hainan 571533, China.
| | - Gang Wu
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Wanning, Hainan 571533, China.
| | - Chaoyun Hao
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Wanning, Hainan 571533, China.
| | - Huan Yu
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Wanning, Hainan 571533, China.
| | - Lehe Tan
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Wanning, Hainan 571533, China.
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Nadira UA, Ahmed IM, Zeng J, Wu F, Zhang G. Identification of the differentially accumulated proteins associated with low phosphorus tolerance in a Tibetan wild barley accession. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 198:10-22. [PMID: 27111503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Low phosphorus (LP) in soil is a widely-occurred limiting factor for crop production in the world. In a previous study we identified a highly LP-tolerant Tibetan wild barley accession (XZ99). Here, a comparatively proteomic analysis was conducted using three barley genotypes differing in LP tolerance to reveal the mechanisms underlying the LP tolerance of XZ99. Totally, 31 differentially accumulated proteins were identified in the roots and leaves of the three genotypes using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry. They were involved in the various biological processes, including carbon and energy metabolism, signal transduction, cell growth and division, secondary metabolism, and stress defense. In comparison with XZ100 (LP sensitive) and ZD9 (LP moderately-tolerant), XZ99 had a more developed root system, which is mainly attributed to enhanced carbohydrate metabolizing proteins under LP conditions. The current results showed that Tibetan wild barley XZ99 and cultivated barley cultivar ZD9 differ in the mechanism of LP tolerance. The changes of the proteins associated with carbohydrate metabolism could account for the difference between the LP-tolerant and LP-sensitive genotypes. In addition, the mRNA expression levels of 9 LP responsive proteins were verified by qRT-PCR. The current results may open a new avenue of understanding the LP tolerance in plants on the proteomic basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umme Aktari Nadira
- Institute of Crop Science, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Imrul Mosaddek Ahmed
- Institute of Crop Science, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianbin Zeng
- Institute of Crop Science, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Feibo Wu
- Institute of Crop Science, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Guoping Zhang
- Institute of Crop Science, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Zhang K, Liu H, Song J, Wu W, Li K, Zhang J. Physiological and comparative proteome analyses reveal low-phosphate tolerance and enhanced photosynthesis in a maize mutant owing to reinforced inorganic phosphate recycling. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:129. [PMID: 27277671 PMCID: PMC4898391 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0825-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The low-phosphate-tolerant maize mutant Qi319-96 was obtained from Qi319 through cellular engineering. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the low-phosphate tolerance of this mutant, we performed comparative proteome analyses of the leaves of Qi319-96 and Qi319 under inorganic phosphate (Pi)-sufficient and Pi-deficient conditions. RESULTS Low-phosphorus levels limit plant growth and metabolism. Although the overall phosphorus contents of shoots were not significantly different between Qi319 and Qi319-96, the Pi level of Qi319-96 was 52.94 % higher than that of Qi319. Under low phosphorus conditions, Qi319-96 had increased chlorophyll levels and enhanced photosynthesis. The changes in starch and sucrose contents under these conditions also differed between genotypes. The proteomic changes included 29 (Pi-sufficient) and 71 (Pi-deficient) differentially expressed proteins involved in numerous metabolic processes. Proteome and physiological analyses revealed that Qi319-96 could better remodel the lipid composition of membranes and had higher V-ATPase activity levels than Qi319 under low-phosphate starvation, which enhanced the recycling of intracellular Pi, as reflected by its increased Pi levels. Chlorophyll biosynthesis was improved and the levels, and activities, of several Calvin cycle and "CO2 pump" enzymes were greater in Qi319-96 than in Qi319, which led to a higher rate of photosynthesis under low-phosphate stress in this line compared with in Qi319. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the increased tolerance of the maize mutant Qi319-96 to low-phosphate levels is owing to its ability to increase Pi availability. Additionally, inbred lines of maize with low-P-tolerant traits could be obtained effectively through cellular engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hanhan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiuling Song
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, China Agricultural University, 17 Tsinghuadong Road, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunpeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Juren Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
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Nath M, Tuteja N. NPKS uptake, sensing, and signaling and miRNAs in plant nutrient stress. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:767-786. [PMID: 26085375 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0845-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Sessile nature of higher plants consequently makes it highly adaptable for nutrient absorption and acquisition from soil. Plants require 17 essential elements for their growth and development which include 14 minerals (macronutrients: N, P, K, Mg, Ca, S; micronutrients: Cl, Fe, B, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Mo) and 3 non-mineral (C, H, O) elements. The roots of higher plants must acquire these macronutrients and micronutrients from rhizosphere and further allocate to other plant parts for completing their life cycle. Plants evolved an intricate series of signaling and sensing cascades to maintain nutrient homeostasis and to cope with nutrient stress/availability. The specific receptors for nutrients in root, root system architecture, and internal signaling pathways help to develop plasticity in response to the nutrient starvation. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and sulfur (S) are essential for various metabolic processes, and their deficiency negatively effects the plant growth and yield. Genes coding for transporters and receptors for nutrients as well as some small non-coding RNAs have been implicated in nutrient uptake and signaling. This review summarizes the N, P, K, and S uptake, sensing and signaling events in nutrient stress condition especially in model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and involvement of microRNAs in nutrient deficiency. This article also provides a framework of uptake, sensing, signaling and to highlight the microRNA as an emerging major players in nutrient stress condition. Nutrient-plant-miRNA cross talk may help plant to cope up nutrient stress, and understanding their precise mechanism(s) will be necessary to develop high yielding smart crop with low nutrient input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Nath
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, 110067, New Delhi, India
| | - Narendra Tuteja
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, 110067, New Delhi, India.
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Li C, Zhang B. MicroRNAs in Control of Plant Development. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:303-13. [PMID: 26248304 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the long evolutionary history, plant has evolved elaborate regulatory network to control functional gene expression for surviving and thriving, such as transcription factor-regulated transcriptional programming. However, plenty of evidences from the past decade studies demonstrate that the 21-24 nucleotides small RNA molecules, majorly microRNAs (miRNAs) play dominant roles in post-transcriptional gene regulation through base pairing with their complementary mRNA targets, especially prefer to target transcription factors in plants. Here, we review current progresses on miRNA-controlled plant development, from miRNA biogenesis dysregulation-caused pleiotropic developmental defects to specific developmental processes, such as SAM regulation, leaf and root system regulation, and plant floral transition. We also summarize some miRNAs that are experimentally proved to greatly affect crop plant productivity and quality. In addition, recent reports show that a single miRNA usually displays multiple regulatory roles, such as organ development, phase transition, and stresses responses. Thus, we infer that miRNA may act as a node molecule to coordinate the balance between plant development and environmental clues, which may shed the light on finding key regulator or regulatory pathway for uncovering the mysterious molecular network.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Baohong Zhang
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, 27858, North Carolina
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Gu M, Chen A, Sun S, Xu G. Complex Regulation of Plant Phosphate Transporters and the Gap between Molecular Mechanisms and Practical Application: What Is Missing? MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:396-416. [PMID: 26714050 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
It has been almost 25 years since the first report of the gene encoding a high-affinity phosphate transporter (PT), PHO84, in yeast. Since then, an increasing number of yeast PHO84 homologs as well as other genes encoding proteins with phosphate (Pi) transport activities have been identified and functionally characterized in diverse plant species. Great progress has been made also in deciphering the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of the abundance and/or activity of these genes and their products. The regulatory genes affect plant Pi homeostasis commonly through direct or indirect regulation of the abundance of PTs at different levels. However, little has been achieved in the use of PTs for developing genetically modified crops with high phosphorus use efficiency (PUE). This might be a consequence of overemphasizing Pi uptake from the rhizosphere and lack of knowledge about the roles of PTs in Pi transport and recycling within the plant that are required to optimize PUE. Here, we mainly focused on the genes encoding proteins with Pi transport activities and the emerging understanding of their regulation at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels. In addition, we propose potential strategies for effective use of PTs in improving plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Aiqun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shubin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing 210095, China.
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133
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Kapulnik Y, Koltai H. Fine-tuning by strigolactones of root response to low phosphate. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 58:203-12. [PMID: 26667884 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones are plant hormones that regulate the development of different plant parts. In the shoot, they regulate axillary bud outgrowth and in the root, root architecture and root-hair length and density. Strigolactones are also involved with communication in the rhizosphere, including enhancement of hyphal branching of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Here we present the role and activity of strigolactones under conditions of phosphate deprivation. Under these conditions, their levels of biosynthesis and exudation increase, leading to changes in shoot and root development. At least for the latter, these changes are likely to be associated with alterations in auxin transport and sensitivity. On the other hand, strigolactones may positively affect plant-mycorrhiza interactions and thereby promote phosphate acquisition by the plant. Strigolactones may be a way for plants to fine-tune their growth pattern under phosphate deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoram Kapulnik
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Hinanit Koltai
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
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134
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Lv S, Jiang P, Wang D, Li Y. H(+)-pyrophosphatase from Salicornia europaea enhances tolerance to low phosphate under salinity in Arabidopsis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1128615. [PMID: 26669625 PMCID: PMC4871661 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1128615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Increasing soil salinity threatens crop productivity worldwide. High soil salinity is usually accompanied by the low availability of many mineral nutrients. Here, we investigated the potential role that the H(+)- PPase could play in optimizing P use efficiency under salinity in plants. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing either SeVP1 or SeVP2 from Salicornia europaea outperformed the wild-types under low phosphate (Pi) as well as low Pi plus salt conditions. Our results suggested that H(+)-PPase could increase external Pi acquisition through promoting root development and upregulating phosphate transporters, thus to protect plants from Pi limiting stress. This study provides a potential strategy for improving crop yields challenged by the co-occurrence of abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulian Lv
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Duoliya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yinxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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135
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Müller J, Gödde V, Niehaus K, Zörb C. Metabolic Adaptations of White Lupin Roots and Shoots under Phosphorus Deficiency. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1014. [PMID: 26635840 PMCID: PMC4656794 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
White lupin (Lupinus albus L.) is highly adapted to phosphorus-diminished soils. P-deficient white lupin plants modify their root architecture and physiology to acquire sparingly available soil phosphorus. We employed gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for metabolic profiling of P-deficient white lupins, to investigate biochemical pathways involved in the P-acquiring strategy. After 14 days of P-deficiency, plants showed reduced levels of fructose, glucose, and sucrose in shoots. Phosphorylated metabolites such as glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate, myo-inositol-phosphate and glycerol-3-phosphate were reduced in both shoots and roots. After 22 days of P-deficiency, no effect on shoot or root sugar metabolite levels was found, but the levels of phosphorylated metabolites were further reduced. Organic acids, amino acids and several shikimate pathway products showed enhanced levels in 22-day-old P-deficient roots and shoots. These results indicate that P-deficient white lupins adapt their carbohydrate partitioning between shoot and root in order to supply their growing root system as an early response to P-deficiency. Organic acids are released into the rhizosphere to mobilize phosphorus from soil particles. A longer period of P-deficiency leads to scavenging of Pi from P-containing metabolites and reduced protein anabolism, but enhanced formation of secondary metabolites. The latter can serve as stress protection molecules or actively acquire phosphorus from the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Müller
- Crop Product Quality, Institute of Crop Science, University of HohenheimStuttgart, Germany
| | - Victoria Gödde
- Centre for Biotechnology–CeBiTec, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany
| | - Karsten Niehaus
- Centre for Biotechnology–CeBiTec, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany
| | - Christian Zörb
- Crop Product Quality, Institute of Crop Science, University of HohenheimStuttgart, Germany
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136
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Singh S, Agrawal SB, Agrawal M. Responses of pea plants to elevated UV-B radiation at varying nutrient levels: N-metabolism, carbohydrate pool, total phenolics and yield. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2015; 42:1045-1056. [PMID: 32480744 DOI: 10.1071/fp15003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effects of elevated UV-B (280-315nm) were assessed on nitrogen metabolism, carbohydrate pool, total phenolics, photosynthetic pigments, UV-B absorbing compounds, variables related to oxidative stress, biomass and yield of pea plants grown under various levels of NPK. The NPK levels assayed were: background NPK level (F0); recommended NPK (F1) and recommended NK+1.5×recommended P (F2) and the UV-B levels were: control (C) and elevated (T). The responses of T plants varied with different combinations of NPK. Yield reduced under elevated UV-B at all NPK levels with maximum reduction in F0T and minimum reduction in F1T. Leghaemoglobin content was reduced under elevated UV-B at all NPK levels. Maximum increase in malondialdehyde content recorded in F0T plants corresponded with higher superoxide and hydrogen peroxide contents. Nitrite reductase activity decreased significantly under UV-B at all NPK levels, but nitrate reductase activity increased significantly in F1T and F2T. Maximum reduction in C:N ratio of leaves in F2T plants suggests competition between sucrose synthesis and nitrate reduction under additional P level. The study concludes that application of recommended level of NPK caused least changes in N metabolism leading to minimum yield losses due to elevated UV-B stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suruchi Singh
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Shashi B Agrawal
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Madhoolika Agrawal
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
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137
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Gebril S, Seger M, Villanueva FM, Ortega JL, Bagga S, Sengupta-Gopalan C. Transgenic alfalfa (Medicago sativa) with increased sucrose phosphate synthase activity shows enhanced growth when grown under N2-fixing conditions. PLANTA 2015; 242:1009-24. [PMID: 26055333 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2342-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of SPS in alfalfa is accompanied by early flowering, increased plant growth and an increase in elemental N and protein content when grown under N2-fixing conditions. Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS; EC 2.3.1.14) is the key enzyme in the synthesis of sucrose in plants. The outcome of overexpression of SPS in different plants using transgenic approaches has been quite varied, but the general consensus is that increased SPS activity is associated with the production of new sinks and increased sink strength. In legumes, the root nodule is a strong C sink and in this study our objective was to see how increasing SPS activity in a legume would affect nodule number and function. Here we have transformed alfalfa (Medicago sativa, cv. Regen SY), with a maize SPS gene driven by the constitutive CaMV35S promoter. Our results showed that overexpression of SPS in alfalfa, is accompanied by an increase in nodule number and mass and an overall increase in nitrogenase activity at the whole plant level. The nodules exhibited an increase in the level of key enzymes contributing to N assimilation including glutamine synthetase and asparagine synthetase. Moreover, the stems of the transformants showed higher level of the transport amino acids, Asx, indicating increased export of N from the nodules. The transformants exhibited a dramatic increase in growth both of the shoots and roots, and earlier flowering time, leading to increased yields. Moreover, the transformants showed an increase in elemental N and protein content. The overall conclusion is that increased SPS activity improves the N status and plant performance, suggesting that the availability of more C in the form of sucrose enhances N acquisition and assimilation in the nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Gebril
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
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138
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Song L, Liu D. Ethylene and plant responses to phosphate deficiency. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:796. [PMID: 26483813 PMCID: PMC4586416 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and development. Phosphate (Pi), the major form of phosphorus that plants take up through roots, however, is limited in most soils. To cope with Pi deficiency, plants activate an array of adaptive responses to reprioritize internal Pi use and enhance external Pi acquisition. These responses are modulated by sophisticated regulatory networks through both local and systemic signaling, but the signaling mechanisms are poorly understood. Early studies suggested that the phytohormone ethylene plays a key role in Pi deficiency-induced remodeling of root system architecture. Recently, ethylene was also shown to be involved in the regulation of other signature responses of plants to Pi deficiency. In this article, we review how researchers have used pharmacological and genetic approaches to dissect the roles of ethylene in regulating Pi deficiency-induced developmental and physiological changes. The interactions between ethylene and other signaling molecules, such as sucrose, auxin, and microRNA399, in the control of plant Pi responses are also examined. Finally, we provide a perspective for the future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dong Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, BeijingChina
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139
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Wang X, Veneklaas EJ, Pearse SJ, Lambers H. Interactions among cluster-root investment, leaf phosphorus concentration, and relative growth rate in two Lupinus species. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2015; 102:1529-1537. [PMID: 26346428 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Cluster-root (CR) formation is a desirable trait to improve phosphorus (P) acquisition as global P resources are dwindling. CRs in some lupine species are suppressed at higher P status. Whether increased growth rate enhances CR formation due to a "dilution" of leaf P concentration is unknown. We investigated interactive effects of leaf P status and relative growth rate (RGR) on CR formation in two Lupinus species, which differ in their CR biomass investment. Variation in RGR was imposed by varying day length. METHODS Lupinus albus and L. pilosus were grown hydroponically with KH2PO4 at a day length of 6, 10, or 14 h. We used a slightly higher P supply at longer day lengths to avoid a decline in leaf P concentration, which would induce CRs. Cluster-root percentage, leaf P concentrations, and RGR were determined at 22, 38, and 52 d after sowing. KEY RESULTS Lupinus species grown at similar root P availability, but with a faster growth rate, as dependent on day length, showed a greater CR percentage. Because our aim to achieve exactly the same leaf P concentrations at different day lengths was only partially achieved, we carried out a multiple regression analysis. This analysis showed the CR percentage was strongly and negatively correlated with plant P status and only marginally and positively correlated with RGR. CONCLUSIONS The two Lupinus species invariably formed fewer cluster roots at higher leaf P status, irrespective of RGR. Differences in RGR or leaf P concentration cannot explain the species-specific variation in cluster-root investment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wang
- School of Plant Biology and The Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley (Perth), WA 6009, Australia
| | - Erik J Veneklaas
- School of Plant Biology and The Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley (Perth), WA 6009, Australia
| | - Stuart J Pearse
- School of Plant Biology and The Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley (Perth), WA 6009, Australia
| | - Hans Lambers
- School of Plant Biology and The Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley (Perth), WA 6009, Australia
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140
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Simancas B, Munné-Bosch S. Interplay between vitamin E and phosphorus availability in the control of longevity in Arabidopsis thaliana. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 116:511-8. [PMID: 25808655 PMCID: PMC4577990 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Vitamin E helps to control the cellular redox state by reacting with singlet oxygen and preventing the propagation of lipid peroxidation in thylakoid membranes. Both plant ageing and phosphorus deficiency can trigger accumulation of reactive oxygen species, leading to damage to the photosynthetic apparatus. This study investigates how phosphorus availability and vitamin E interact in the control of plant longevity in the short-lived annual Arabidopsis thaliana. METHODS The responses of tocopherol cyclase (VTE1)- and γ-tocopherol methyltransferase (VTE4)-null mutants to various levels of phosphorus availability was compared with that of wild-type plants. Longevity (time from germination to rosette death) and the time taken to pass through different developmental stages were determined, and measurements were taken of photosynthetic efficiency, pigment concentration, lipid peroxidation, vitamin E content and jasmonate content. KEY RESULTS The vte1 mutant showed accelerated senescence under control conditions, excess phosphorus and mild phosphorus deficiency, suggesting a delaying, protective effect of α-tocopherol during plant senescence. However, under severe phosphorus deficiency the lack of α-tocopherol paradoxically increased longevity in the vte1 mutant, while senescence was accelerated in wild-type plants. Reduced photoprotection in vitamin E-deficient mutants led to increased levels of defence chemicals (as indicated by jasmonate levels) under severe phosphorus starvation in the vte4 mutant and under excess phosphorus and mild phosphorus starvation in the vte1 mutant, indicating a trade-off between the capacity for photoprotection and the activation of chemical defences (jasmonate accumulation). CONCLUSIONS Vitamin E increases plant longevity under control conditions and mild phosphorus starvation, but accelerates senescence under severe phosphorus limitation. Complex interactions are revealed between phosphorus availability, vitamin E and the potential to synthesize jasmonates, suggesting a trade-off between photoprotection and the activation of chemical defences in the plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Simancas
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Munné-Bosch
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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141
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Wang YL, Almvik M, Clarke N, Eich-Greatorex S, Øgaard AF, Krogstad T, Lambers H, Clarke JL. Contrasting responses of root morphology and root-exuded organic acids to low phosphorus availability in three important food crops with divergent root traits. AOB PLANTS 2015; 7:plv097. [PMID: 26286222 PMCID: PMC4583607 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an important element for crop productivity and is widely applied in fertilizers. Most P fertilizers applied to land are sorbed onto soil particles, so research on improving plant uptake of less easily available P is important. In the current study, we investigated the responses in root morphology and root-exuded organic acids (OAs) to low available P (1 μM P) and sufficient P (50 μM P) in barley, canola and micropropagated seedlings of potato-three important food crops with divergent root traits, using a hydroponic plant growth system. We hypothesized that the dicots canola and tuber-producing potato and the monocot barley would respond differently under various P availabilities. WinRHIZO and liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry results suggested that under low P availability, canola developed longer roots and exhibited the fastest root exudation rate for citric acid. Barley showed a reduction in root length and root surface area and an increase in root-exuded malic acid under low-P conditions. Potato exuded relatively small amounts of OAs under low P, while there was a marked increase in root tips. Based on the results, we conclude that different crops show divergent morphological and physiological responses to low P availability, having evolved specific traits of root morphology and root exudation that enhance their P-uptake capacity under low-P conditions. These results could underpin future efforts to improve P uptake of the three crops that are of importance for future sustainable crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Liang Wang
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), PO Box 115, N-1431 Ås, Norway Department of Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Marit Almvik
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), PO Box 115, N-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Nicholas Clarke
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), PO Box 115, N-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Susanne Eich-Greatorex
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Anne Falk Øgaard
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), PO Box 115, N-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Tore Krogstad
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Hans Lambers
- School of Plant Biology and Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Crawley (Perth), WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jihong Liu Clarke
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), PO Box 115, N-1431 Ås, Norway
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142
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Wang Z, Shen J, Ludewig U, Neumann G. A re-assessment of sucrose signaling involved in cluster-root formation and function in phosphate-deficient white lupin (Lupinus albus). PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2015; 154:407-19. [PMID: 25412792 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Apart from substrate functions, a signaling role of sucrose in root growth regulation is well established. This raised the question whether sucrose signals might also be involved in formation of cluster-roots (CRs) under phosphate (Pi) limitation, mediating exudation of phosphorus (P)-mobilizing root exudates, e.g. in Lupinus albus and members of the Proteaceae. Earlier studies demonstrated that CR formation in L. albus was mimicked to some extent by external application of high sucrose concentrations (25 mM) in the presence of extremely high P supply (1-10 mM), usually suppressing CR formation. In this study, we re-addressed this question using an axenic hydroponic culture system with normal P supply (0.1 mM) and a range of sucrose applications (0.25-25 mM). The 2.5 mM sucrose concentration was comparable with internal sucrose levels in the zone of CR initiation in first-order laterals of P-deficient plants (3.4 mM) and induced the same CR morphology. Similar to earlier studies, high sucrose concentrations (25 mM) resulted in root thickening and inhibition of root elongation, associated with a 10-fold increase of the internal sucrose level. The sucrose analog palatinose and a combination of glucose/fructose failed to stimulate CR formation under P-sufficient conditions, demonstrating a signal function of sucrose and excluding osmotic or carbon source effects. In contrast to earlier findings, sucrose was able to induce CR formation but had no effect on CR functioning with respect to citrate exudation, in vitro activity and expression of genes encoding phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, secretory acid phosphatase and MATE transporters, mediating P-mobilizing functions of CRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengrui Wang
- Nutritional Crop Physiology (340h), Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, 70593, Germany
| | - Jianbo Shen
- Department of Plant Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Uwe Ludewig
- Nutritional Crop Physiology (340h), Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, 70593, Germany
| | - Günter Neumann
- Nutritional Crop Physiology (340h), Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, 70593, Germany
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143
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Belal R, Tang R, Li Y, Mabrouk Y, Badr E, Luan S. An ABC transporter complex encoded by Aluminum Sensitive 3 and NAP3 is required for phosphate deficiency responses in Arabidopsis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 463:18-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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144
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Downie HF, Adu MO, Schmidt S, Otten W, Dupuy LX, White PJ, Valentine TA. Challenges and opportunities for quantifying roots and rhizosphere interactions through imaging and image analysis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:1213-32. [PMID: 25211059 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The morphology of roots and root systems influences the efficiency by which plants acquire nutrients and water, anchor themselves and provide stability to the surrounding soil. Plant genotype and the biotic and abiotic environment significantly influence root morphology, growth and ultimately crop yield. The challenge for researchers interested in phenotyping root systems is, therefore, not just to measure roots and link their phenotype to the plant genotype, but also to understand how the growth of roots is influenced by their environment. This review discusses progress in quantifying root system parameters (e.g. in terms of size, shape and dynamics) using imaging and image analysis technologies and also discusses their potential for providing a better understanding of root:soil interactions. Significant progress has been made in image acquisition techniques, however trade-offs exist between sample throughput, sample size, image resolution and information gained. All of these factors impact on downstream image analysis processes. While there have been significant advances in computation power, limitations still exist in statistical processes involved in image analysis. Utilizing and combining different imaging systems, integrating measurements and image analysis where possible, and amalgamating data will allow researchers to gain a better understanding of root:soil interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Downie
- The SIMBIOS Centre, Abertay University, Dundee, DD1 1HG, UK
- Ecological Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - M O Adu
- Ecological Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- Plant and Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - S Schmidt
- The SIMBIOS Centre, Abertay University, Dundee, DD1 1HG, UK
| | - W Otten
- The SIMBIOS Centre, Abertay University, Dundee, DD1 1HG, UK
| | - L X Dupuy
- Ecological Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - P J White
- Ecological Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - T A Valentine
- Ecological Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
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145
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Baker A, Ceasar SA, Palmer AJ, Paterson JB, Qi W, Muench SP, Baldwin SA. Replace, reuse, recycle: improving the sustainable use of phosphorus by plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:3523-40. [PMID: 25944926 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The 'phosphorus problem' has recently received strong interest with two distinct strands of importance. The first is that too much phosphorus (P) is entering into waste water, creating a significant economic and ecological problem. Secondly, while agricultural demand for phosphate fertilizer is increasing to maintain crop yields, rock phosphate reserves are rapidly declining. Unravelling the mechanisms by which plants sense, respond to, and acquire phosphate can address both problems, allowing the development of crop plants that are more efficient at acquiring and using limited amounts of phosphate while at the same time improving the potential of plants and other photosynthetic organisms for nutrient recapture and recycling from waste water. In this review, we attempt to synthesize these important but often disparate parts of the debate in a holistic fashion, since solutions to such a complex problem require integrated and multidisciplinary approaches that address both P supply and demand. Rapid progress has been made recently in our understanding of local and systemic signalling mechanisms for phosphate, and of expression and regulation of membrane proteins that take phosphate up from the environment and transport it within the plant. We discuss the current state of understanding of such mechanisms involved in sensing and responding to phosphate stress. We also discuss approaches to improve the P-use efficiency of crop plants and future direction for sustainable use of P, including use of photosynthetic organisms for recapture of P from waste waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Baker
- Centre for Plant Sciences and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - S Antony Ceasar
- Centre for Plant Sciences and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK Division of Plant Biotechnology, Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Chennai 600034, India
| | - Antony J Palmer
- Centre for Plant Sciences and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jaimie B Paterson
- Centre for Plant Sciences and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Wanjun Qi
- Centre for Plant Sciences and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Stephen P Muench
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Stephen A Baldwin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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146
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147
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Wang Z, Rahman ABMM, Wang G, Ludewig U, Shen J, Neumann G. Hormonal interactions during cluster-root development in phosphate-deficient white lupin (Lupinus albus L.). JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 177:74-82. [PMID: 25668414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study addresses hormonal interactions involved in cluster-root (CR) development of phosphate (Pi)-deficient white lupin (Lupinus albus), which represents the most efficient plant strategy for root-induced mobilisation of sparingly soluble soil phosphorus (P) sources. Shoot-to-root translocation of auxin was unaffected by P-limitation, while strong stimulatory effects of external sucrose on CR formation, even in P-sufficient plants, suggest sucrose, rather than auxins, acts as a shoot-borne signal, triggering the induction of CR primordia. Ethylene may act as mediator of the sucrose signal, as indicated by moderately increased expression of genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis in pre-emergent clusters and by strong inhibitory effects of the ethylene antagonist CoCl2 on CR formation induced by sucrose amendments or P-limitation. As reported in other plants, moderately increased production of brassinosteroids (BRs) and cytokinin, in pre-emergent clusters, may be required for the formation of auxin gradients necessary for induction of CR primordia via interference with auxin biosynthesis and transport. The well-documented inhibition of root elongation by high doses of ethylene may be involved in the growth inhibition of lateral rootlets during CR maturation, indicated by a massive increased expression of gene involved in ethylene production, associated with a declined expression of transcripts with stimulatory effects (BR and auxin-related genes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengrui Wang
- Nutritional Crop Physiology (340h), Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - A B M Moshiur Rahman
- Nutritional Crop Physiology (340h), Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Guoying Wang
- Centre for Resources, Environment and Food Security, Department of Plant Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Uwe Ludewig
- Nutritional Crop Physiology (340h), Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jianbo Shen
- Centre for Resources, Environment and Food Security, Department of Plant Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Günter Neumann
- Nutritional Crop Physiology (340h), Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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148
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Kudoyarova GR, Dodd IC, Veselov DS, Rothwell SA, Veselov SY. Common and specific responses to availability of mineral nutrients and water. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:2133-44. [PMID: 25697793 PMCID: PMC4986719 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Changes in resource (mineral nutrients and water) availability, due to their heterogeneous distribution in space and time, affect plant development. Plants need to sense these changes to optimize growth and biomass allocation by integrating root and shoot growth. Since a limited supply of water or nutrients can elicit similar physiological responses (the relative activation of root growth at the expense of shoot growth), similar underlying mechanisms may affect perception and acquisition of either nutrients or water. This review compares root and shoot responses to availability of different macronutrients and water. Attention is given to the roles of root-to-shoot signalling and shoot-to-root signalling, with regard to coordinating changes in root and shoot growth and development. Involvement of plant hormones in regulating physiological responses such as stomatal and hydraulic conductance is revealed by measuring the effects of resource availability on phytohormone concentrations in roots and shoots, and their flow between roots and shoots in xylem and phloem saps. More specific evidence can be obtained by measuring the physiological responses of genotypes with altered hormone responses or concentrations. We discuss the similarity and diversity of changes in shoot growth, allocation to root growth, and root architecture under changes in water, nitrate, and phosphorus availability, and the possible involvement of abscisic acid, indole-acetic acid, and cytokinin in their regulation. A better understanding of these mechanisms may contribute to better crop management for efficient use of these resources and to selecting crops for improved performance under suboptimal soil conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guzel R Kudoyarova
- Institute of Biology, Ufa Science Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Oktyabrya 69, 450054 Ufa, Russia
| | - Ian C Dodd
- The Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, LA1 4YQ Lancaster, UK
| | - Dmitry S Veselov
- Institute of Biology, Ufa Science Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Oktyabrya 69, 450054 Ufa, Russia
| | - Shane A Rothwell
- The Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, LA1 4YQ Lancaster, UK
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149
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Neumann G. The Role of Ethylene in Plant Adaptations for Phosphate Acquisition in Soils - A Review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1224. [PMID: 26834759 PMCID: PMC4718997 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Although a role of ethylene in the regulation of senescence and plant stress responses in general has a long history, a possible involvement in the regulation of adaptive responses to nutrient deficiencies has been mainly investigated since the last two decades. In the case of plant responses to phosphate (Pi) starvation, ethylene was identified as a modulator of adaptive responses in root growth and morphology. The molecular base of these adaptations has been elucidated in supplementation studies with ethylene precursors and antagonists, as well as analysis of mutants and transgenic plants with modified ethylene biosynthesis and responsiveness, using mainly Arabidopsis thaliana as a model plant. However, increasing evidence suggests that apart from root growth responses, ethylene may be involved in various additional plant adaptations to Pi limitation including Pi mobilization in the rhizosphere, Pi uptake and internal Pi recycling. The ethylene-mediated responses are frequently characterized by high genotypic variability and may partially share common pathways in different nutrient limitations.
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Bhardwaj D, Medici A, Gojon A, Lacombe B, Tuteja N. A new insight into root responses to external cues: Paradigm shift in nutrient sensing. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e1049791. [PMID: 26146897 PMCID: PMC4854350 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1049791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Higher plants are sessile and their growth relies on nutrients present in the soil. The acquisition of nutrients is challenging for plants. Phosphate and nitrate sensing and signaling cascades play significant role during adverse conditions of nutrient unavailability. Therefore, it is important to dissect the mechanism by which plant roots acquire nutrients from the soil. Root system architecture (RSA) exhibits extensive developmental flexibility and changes during nutrient stress conditions. Growth of root system in response to external concentration of nutrients is a joint operation of sensor or receptor proteins along with several other cytoplasmic accessory proteins. After nutrient sensing, sensor proteins start the cellular relay involving transcription factors, kinases, ubiquitin ligases and miRNA. The complexity of nutrient sensing is still nebulous and many new players need to be better studied. This review presents a survey of recent paradigm shift in the advancements in nutrient sensing in relation to plant roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Bhardwaj
- International Center for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology; Aruna Asaf Ali Marg; New Delhi, India
| | - Anna Medici
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes; UMR CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM; Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes “Claude Grignon”; Montpellier cedex, France
| | - Alain Gojon
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes; UMR CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM; Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes “Claude Grignon”; Montpellier cedex, France
| | - Benoît Lacombe
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes; UMR CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM; Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes “Claude Grignon”; Montpellier cedex, France
| | - Narendra Tuteja
- International Center for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology; Aruna Asaf Ali Marg; New Delhi, India
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