101
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Zhang L, Rimal B, Nichols RG, Tian Y, Smith PB, Hatzakis E, Chang SC, Butenhoff JL, Peters JM, Patterson AD. Perfluorooctane sulfonate alters gut microbiota-host metabolic homeostasis in mice. Toxicology 2020; 431:152365. [PMID: 31926186 PMCID: PMC7032741 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a persistent environmental chemical whose biological effects are mediated by multiple mechanisms. Recent evidence suggests that the gut microbiome may be directly impacted by and/or alter the fate and effects of environmental chemicals in the host. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine whether PFOS influences the gut microbiome and its metabolism, and the host metabolome. Four groups of male C57BL/6 J mice were fed a diet with or without 0.003 %, 0.006 %, or 0.012 % PFOS, respectively. 16S rRNA gene sequencing, metabolomic, and molecular analyses were used to examine the gut microbiota of mice after dietary PFOS exposure. Dietary PFOS exposure caused a marked change in the gut microbiome compared to controls. Dietary PFOS also caused dose-dependent changes in hepatic metabolic pathways including those involved in lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, TCA cycle, glucose, and amino acid metabolism. Changes in the metabolome correlated with changes in genes that regulate these pathways. Integrative analyses also demonstrated a strong correlation between the alterations in microbiota composition and host metabolic profiles induced by PFOS. Further, using isolated mouse cecal contents, PFOS exposure directly affected the gut microbiota metabolism. Results from these studies demonstrate that the molecular and biochemical changes induced by PFOS are mediated in part by the gut microbiome, which alters gene expression and the host metabolome in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Zhang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science and the Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Bipin Rimal
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science and the Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Robert G Nichols
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science and the Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science and the Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Philip B Smith
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Emmanuel Hatzakis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey M Peters
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science and the Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Andrew D Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science and the Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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102
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Zhang YM, Wang T, Yang XS. An in vitro and in silico investigation of human pregnane X receptor agonistic activity of poly- and perfluorinated compounds using the heuristic method-best subset and comparative similarity indices analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 240:124789. [PMID: 31561157 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) may induce potential endocrine-disrupting hormonal effects. However, the molecular mechanism of the toxicology of PFCs remains unclear, and the insufficient information is available on the biological activities of PFCs at present. In this study, the cell-based reporter gene assays were used to determine the agonistic activity of PFCs on the human pregnane X receptor (hPXR). The heuristic method combined with best subset modeling (HM-BSM) based on Dragon descriptors and comparative similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) were employed to build classical quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) and three-dimensional QSAR models, respectively. The applicability domain (AD) of the classical QSAR model was assessed. Both the HM-BSM and CoMSIA approaches demonstrated good robustness, predictive ability, and mechanistic interpretability. The r2 and leave-one-out cross-validation squared correlated coefficient (q2LOO) values were 0.872 and 0.759 for the HM-BSM, and 0.976 and 0.751 for the CoMSIA model, respectively. The hPXR agonistic activity of the PFCs predicted by the built HM-BSM and CoMSIA agreed well with experimental activity, with root mean square error (RMSE) values of 0.0803 and 0.117, respectively, and external validation squared correlated coefficients (q2EXT) of 0.972 and 0.932, respectively. The hPXR agonistic activity of PFCs was related to their molecular polarizability, charge and atomic mass. Hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions constituted the primary intermolecular forces between PFCs and the hPXR. The developed models were used to screen the PFCs with high hPXR agonistic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ming Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Xu-Shu Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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103
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Qi W, Clark JM, Timme-Laragy AR, Park Y. Perfluorobutanesulfonic Acid (PFBS) Induces Fat Accumulation in HepG2 Human Hepatoma. TOXICOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2020; 102:585-606. [PMID: 33762794 PMCID: PMC7986581 DOI: 10.1080/02772248.2020.1808894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances, especially perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, have been extensively used for over 50 years. A growing body of evidence has emerged demonstrating the potential adverse effects of these substances, including its effect on the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, as one of the most prevalent chronic liver diseases. Nonetheless, there is no report of effects of perfluorobutanesulfonic acid, the major replacement for perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Therefore, the effects of perfluorobutanesulfonic acid exposure on fat accumulation in a human hepatoma cell line were examined. Cells were exposed to perfluorobutanesulfonic acid with or without 300 μmol/L fatty acid mixture (oleic acid:palmitic acid = 2:1) conjugated by bovine serum albumin as an inducer of steatosis for 48 hours. Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid at 200 μmol/L significantly increased the triglyceride level in the presence of fatty acid compared to the control, but not without fatty acid, which was abolished by a specific peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma antagonist. Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid upregulated key genes controlling lipogenesis and fatty acid uptake. Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid treatment also promoted the production of reactive oxygen species, an endoplasmic reticulum stress marker and cytosolic calcium. In conclusion, perfluorobutanesulfonic acid increased fat accumulation, in part, via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-mediated pathway in hepatoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weipeng Qi
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States
| | - John M. Clark
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States
| | - Alicia R. Timme-Laragy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States
| | - Yeonhwa Park
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States
- Corresponding author: Phone (413) 545-1018,
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104
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Spratlen MJ, Perera FP, Lederman SA, Robinson M, Kannan K, Herbstman J, Trasande L. The Association Between Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Lipids in Cord Blood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5571855. [PMID: 31536623 PMCID: PMC6936966 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were among various persistent organic pollutants suspected to have been released during the collapse of the World Trade Center (WTC) on 9/11/2001. Evidence suggests that PFAS may have cardiometabolic effects, including alterations in lipid profiles. This study evaluated the association between cord blood PFAS and lipids in a population prenatally exposed to the WTC disaster. STUDY POPULATION 222 pregnant women in the Columbia University WTC birth cohort enrolled between December 13, 2001 and June 26, 2002 at hospitals located near the WTC site: Beth Israel, St. Vincent's, and New York University Downtown. METHODS We evaluated the association between 5 cord blood PFAS-perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecane sulfonate (PFDS)-and cord blood lipids (total lipids, total cholesterol, triglycerides). RESULTS Median (interquartile range [IQR]) concentrations of PFAS were 6.32 (4.58-8.57), 2.46 (1.77-3.24), 0.38 (0.25-0.74), 0.66 (0.48-0.95) and 0.11 (0.09-0.16) ng/mL for PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS, and PFDS, respectively. Median (IQR) for lipids were 59.0 (51.5-68.5) mg/dL for total cholesterol, 196.5 (170.5-221.2) mg/dL for total lipids and 33.1 (24.2-43.9) mg/dL for triglycerides. In fully adjusted models, several PFAS were associated with higher lipid levels, including evidence of a strong linear trend between triglycerides and both PFOA and PFHxS. CONCLUSIONS Findings support previous evidence of an association between PFAS exposure and altered lipid profiles and add novel information on this relationship in cord blood, as well as for an understudied PFAS, PFDS (J Clin Endocrinol Metab XX: 0-0, 2019).
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda J Spratlen
- Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York
- Correspondence: Miranda J. Spratlen, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, 122 W 168th, Room 1105, New York, NY 10032. E-mail:
| | - Frederica P Perera
- Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York
| | - Sally Ann Lederman
- Department of Population and Family Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York
| | - Morgan Robinson
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York
| | - Julie Herbstman
- Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
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105
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Behr AC, Plinsch C, Braeuning A, Buhrke T. Activation of human nuclear receptors by perfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS). Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 62:104700. [PMID: 31676336 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Perfluoralkylated substances (PFAS) such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) or perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) are used to produce, e.g., surface coatings with water- and dirt-repellent properties. These substances have been shown to be hepatotoxic in rodents, and the mechanism of action is mostly attributed to the PFAS-mediated activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). In the present study, we investigated by using luciferase-based reporter gene assays whether PFOA, PFOS and six alternative PFAS can activate, in addition to PPARα, eight other human nuclear receptors. All tested PFAS except for perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) were able to activate human PPARα. Perfluoro-2-methyl-3-oxahexanoic acid (PMOH) and 3H-perfluoro-3-[(3-methoxypropoxy) propanoic acid] (PMPP) were weak agonists of human PPARγ. The other human nuclear receptors (PPARδ, CAR, PXR, FXR, LXRα, RXRα and RARα) were not affected by any PFAS tested in this study. Although PMOH was more effective than PFOA in stimulating PPARα in the transactivation assay, it was less effective in stimulating PPARα-dependent target gene expression in human HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells. Notably, any effect observed in this in vitro study only occurred at concentrations higher than 10 μM of the respective PFAS which is in all cases several magnitudes above the average blood concentration in the Western population. Thus, the results suggest that nuclear receptor activation may only play a minor role in potential PFAS-mediated adverse effects in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Cathrin Behr
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christin Plinsch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Buhrke
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
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106
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Starling AP, Adgate JL, Hamman RF, Kechris K, Calafat AM, Dabelea D. Prenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and infant growth and adiposity: the Healthy Start Study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 131:104983. [PMID: 31284113 PMCID: PMC6728170 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposures to certain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been linked to lower weight and adiposity at birth but greater weight and adiposity in childhood. We hypothesized that faster growth in early infancy may be associated with maternal PFAS concentrations. METHODS Among 415 mother-infant pairs in a longitudinal cohort study, we estimated associations between maternal pregnancy serum concentrations of six PFAS and offspring weight and adiposity at ~5 months of age, and growth in early infancy. Linear and logistic regression models were adjusted for potential confounders including maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index. Effect modification by infant sex was evaluated. We evaluated potential confounding by correlated exposures via multipollutant linear regression and elastic net penalized regression. RESULTS Associations between maternal PFAS concentrations and infant weight and adiposity differed by offspring sex. In male infants, maternal perfluorooctanoate and perfluorononanoate were positively associated with adiposity, with percent fat mass increases of 1.5-1.7% per ln-ng/mL increase in PFAS (median adiposity at ~5 months: 24.6%). Maternal perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) were associated with lower weight-for-age z-score among female infants only (-0.26 SD per ln-ng/mL PFOS, 95% CI -0.43, -0.10; -0.17 SD per ln-ng/mL PFHxS, 95% CI -0.33, -0.01). In analyses pooled by sex, 2-(N-methyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamido) acetate above vs. below the limit of detection was associated with greater odds of rapid growth in weight-for-age (odds ratio [OR] 2.2, 95% CI 1.1, 4.3) and weight-for-length (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.8, 6.2). Multipollutant models generally confirmed the results and strengthened some associations. DISCUSSION We observed sex- and chemical-specific associations between maternal serum PFAS concentrations and infant weight and adiposity. Multipollutant models suggested confounding by correlated PFAS with opposing effects. Although maternal PFAS concentrations are inversely associated with infant weight and adiposity at birth, rapid gain may occur in infancy, particularly in fat mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne P Starling
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA; Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - John L Adgate
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Richard F Hamman
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA; Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Katerina Kechris
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dana Dabelea
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA; Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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107
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Ali JM, Roberts SM, Gordon DS, Stuchal LD. Derivation of a chronic reference dose for perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) for reproductive toxicity in mice. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 108:104452. [PMID: 31487490 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) is a six-carbon perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid that was used as an industrial surfactant, but is now found as an environmental contaminant worldwide. In addition to its use as an industrial surfactant, it is a legacy contaminant from the use of aqueous film-forming foams. Despite its widespread occurrence in the environment and evidence of biological activity associated with PFHxS and similar perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids in rodents, there is no oral toxicity value currently available from the IRIS Database. To derive an oral reference dose (RfD) for PFHxS, available toxicity studies were reviewed using a weight-of-evidence approach. A 42-day mouse reproductive study was chosen as the critical study for the derivation of the oral RfD. Benchmark dose modeling was utilized to derive a point of departure (POD) for a reduction in litter size. A 95% lower confidence limit on the benchmark dose (BMDL) of 13,900 ng/mL (serum PFHxS) was modeled for a reduction in litter size. An oral RfD for PFHxS of 4.0 ng/kg/d was calculated by conversion of the BMDL to a human equivalent oral dose using a human half-life adjusted dosimetric conversion factor and the application of a total uncertainty factor of 300. Additional research is needed to better characterize the toxicity associated with oral exposure to PFHxS and refine the development of toxicity values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Ali
- Permitting and Environmental Health Bureau, New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services, Concord, NH, 03302, USA.
| | - Stephen M Roberts
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA; Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - David S Gordon
- Permitting and Environmental Health Bureau, New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services, Concord, NH, 03302, USA
| | - Leah D Stuchal
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA; Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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108
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Panikkar B, Lemmond B, Allen L, DiPirro C, Kasper S. Making the invisible visible: results of a community-led health survey following PFAS contamination of drinking water in Merrimack, New Hampshire. Environ Health 2019; 18:79. [PMID: 31470871 PMCID: PMC6717361 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-019-0513-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In March 2016, citizens of Merrimack, New Hampshire, learned that their public water supply was contaminated with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). A subsequent state-led investigation revealed widespread contamination of both public and private well water with PFOA and several related chemicals, broadly termed per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). This research examines the local response to PFAS contamination of the public water system and well water in Merrimack and the results from the health survey administered by a local advocacy group, Merrimack Citizens for Clean Water (MCFCW). METHODS MCFCW designed and implemented a community health survey (n = 596) representing 213 households exposed to PFAS through drinking water. The surveys were conducted in the summer of 2017. Respondents used an online survey platform to report demographic information, exposure sources, and health conditions. Logistic regression was used to analyze the community-based health survey results . RESULTS There were several important associations that warrant further investigation and more immediate attention, especially: 1) elevated incidence of developmental, autoimmune and kidney disorders among those under 18 years of age; 2) elevated levels of health concerns, multiple health concerns, autoimmune disorders, and reproductive disorders among women, 3) elevated levels of health concerns, multiple health conditions, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, and liver disorders in those with industrial occupational exposures, and; 4) elevated incidence of health concerns, cardiovascular, and developmental disorders among those who have been living in Merrimack for a long time versus newer residents. CONCLUSIONS The limitations inherent in the study design warrant caution in interpreting the results, however the associations found in this study merit further investigation. This health survey highlights foremost the critical gap in information-lack of access to blood testing, medical monitoring and physician guidance of PFAS-exposed residents. This study provides a model for conducting community-based health studies to advocate for pathways to state supported biomonitoring and medical monitoring for those exposed to industrial toxins and to take into consideration the human health burden in shaping the future of chemical regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu Panikkar
- Rubenstein School of the Environment and Natural Resources, 81 Carrigan Dr., University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405 USA
| | - Benjamin Lemmond
- Rubenstein School of the Environment and Natural Resources, 81 Carrigan Dr., University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405 USA
| | - Laurene Allen
- Merrimack Citizens for Clean Water, 16 French Court, Merrimack, NH 03054 USA
| | - Carol DiPirro
- Merrimack Citizens for Clean Water, 16 French Court, Merrimack, NH 03054 USA
| | - Shaina Kasper
- Toxics Action Center, 141 Main St., Suite 6, Montpelier, VT 05602 USA
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109
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Rummel CD, Escher BI, Sandblom O, Plassmann MM, Arp HPH, MacLeod M, Jahnke A. Effects of Leachates from UV-Weathered Microplastic in Cell-Based Bioassays. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:9214-9223. [PMID: 31257880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Standard ecotoxicological testing of microplastic does not provide insight into the influence that environmental weathering by, e.g., UV light has on related effects. In this study, we leached chemicals from plastic into artificial seawater during simulated UV-induced weathering. We tested largely additive-free preproduction polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, and polystyrene and two types of plastic obtained from electronic equipment as positive controls. Leachates were concentrated by solid-phase extraction and dosed into cell-based bioassays that cover (i) cytotoxicity; (ii) activation of metabolic enzymes via binding to the arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARγ); (iii) specific, receptor-mediated effects (estrogenicity, ERα); and (iv) adaptive response to oxidative stress (AREc32). LC-HRMS analysis was used to identify possible chain-scission products of polymer degradation, which were then tested in AREc32 and PPARγ. Explicit activation of all assays by the positive controls provided proof-of-concept of the experimental setup to demonstrate effects of chemicals liberated during weathering. All plastic leachates activated the oxidative stress response, in most cases with increased induction by UV-treated samples compared to dark controls. For PPARγ, polyethylene-specific effects were partially explained by the detected dicarboxylic acids. Since the preproduction plastic showed low effects often in the range of the blanks future studies should investigate implications of weathering on end consumer products containing additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph D Rummel
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology and Department of Cell Toxicology , Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ , Permoserstraße 15 , DE-04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Beate I Escher
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology and Department of Cell Toxicology , Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ , Permoserstraße 15 , DE-04318 Leipzig , Germany
- Center for Applied Geoscience , Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Environmental Toxicology , Hölderlinstraße 12 , DE-72074 Tübingen , Germany
| | - Oskar Sandblom
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) , Stockholm University , Svante Arrhenius väg 8 , SE-114 18 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Merle M Plassmann
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) , Stockholm University , Svante Arrhenius väg 8 , SE-114 18 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Hans Peter H Arp
- Department of Environmental Engineering , Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) , Sognsvann 72 , NO-0855 Oslo , Norway
- Department of Chemistry , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , NO-7491 Trondheim , Norway
| | - Matthew MacLeod
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) , Stockholm University , Svante Arrhenius väg 8 , SE-114 18 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Annika Jahnke
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology and Department of Cell Toxicology , Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ , Permoserstraße 15 , DE-04318 Leipzig , Germany
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110
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Can sustained exposure to PFAS trigger a genotoxic response? A comprehensive genotoxicity assessment in mice after subacute oral administration of PFOA and PFBA. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 106:169-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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111
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A Review of Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAAs) in terms of Sources, Applications, Human Exposure, Dietary Intake, Toxicity, Legal Regulation, and Methods of Determination. J CHEM-NY 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/2717528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are widely distributed across the world and are expected to be of concern to human health and the environment. The review focuses on perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and, in particular, on the most frequently discussed perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs). In this study, some basic information concerning PFASs is reviewed, focusing mainly on PFAAs (perfluoroalkyl acids). We have made efforts to systemize their division into groups according to chemical structure, describe their basic physicochemical properties, characterize production technologies, and determine potential human exposure routes with particular reference to oral exposure. A variety of possible toxicological effects to human health are also discussed. In response to increasing public concern about the toxicity of PFAAs, an evaluation of dietary intake has been undertaken for two of the most commonly known PFAAs: perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS). As summarized in this study, PFAAs levels need further assessment due to the science-based TWI standards laid down by the EFSA’s CONTAM Panel regarding the risk to human health posed by the presence of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid in food (tolerable weekly intakes of PFOA and PFOS set up to 6 ng·kg−1·bw·week−1 and 13 ng·kg−1·bw·week−1, respectively). Current legislation, relevant legislation on PFAAs levels in food, and the most popular methods of analysis in food matrices are described.
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Liu X, Zhang L, Chen L, Li J, Wang Y, Wang J, Meng G, Chi M, Zhao Y, Chen H, Wu Y. Structure-based investigation on the association between perfluoroalkyl acids exposure and both gestational diabetes mellitus and glucose homeostasis in pregnant women. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 127:85-93. [PMID: 30909097 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomonitoring studies have shown the presence of structurally diverse perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in humans but only a few studies are available regarding the differential structural effects of PFAAs on human health. OBJECTIVE The specific association between different structural PFAAs and both gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and glucose homeostasis in pregnant women was investigated. METHODS A prospective nested case-control study including 439 women was conducted during 2013-2015 in Beijing, China. First trimester maternal serum was collected and analyzed for 25 diverse PFAAs with varying carbon chain lengths, linear/branched isomers and carboxylate or sulfonate functional groups. The analyzed PFAAs were grouped into different exposure variables depending on structure characteristics. GDM cases were diagnosed at 24-28 weeks of gestation and individually matched in a 1:2 ratio to controls. Conditional logistic and linear regression was used to evaluate the association between structurally grouped PFAAs and both GDM risk and glucose homeostasis parameters. RESULTS Among the 25 PFAAs, 12 perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) and 8 perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs) were detected in >55.0% of samples and were respectively grouped into different structural groups. The structural-based effect was observed for PFCAs, where short-chain (C4-C7) PFCAs continuous level was significantly associated with GDM with an estimated odds ratio (OR) of 1.99 (95% CI: 1.29, 3.09), and the multivariable-adjusted ORs (95% CI) of GDM for increasing tertiles of short-chain PFCAs were 1.00 (ref.), 1.82 (0.80, 4.16) and 3.01 (1.31, 6.94), P trend = 0.011. Additionally, increased concentration of short-chain PFCAs was significantly associated with higher postprandial glucose levels (P < 0.05). Non-significant association was observed between structure grouped PFSAs and GDM as well as glucose homeostasis. CONCLUSION This investigation suggests a structure-specific association between short-chain PFCAs exposure and both GDM risk and impaired glucose homeostasis in pregnant women. These findings warrant further investigation with larger samples and a wide range of short-chain PFCAs exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Liangkai Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China.
| | - Yuxin Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guimin Meng
- Beijing Fengtai Hospital Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing, China
| | - Min Chi
- Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
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Routti H, Berg MK, Lille-Langøy R, Øygarden L, Harju M, Dietz R, Sonne C, Goksøyr A. Environmental contaminants modulate the transcriptional activity of polar bear (Ursus maritimus) and human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA). Sci Rep 2019; 9:6918. [PMID: 31061404 PMCID: PMC6502799 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43337-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alfa (PPARA/NR1C1) is a ligand activated nuclear receptor that is a key regulator of lipid metabolism in tissues with high fatty acid catabolism such as the liver. Here, we cloned PPARA from polar bear liver tissue and studied in vitro transactivation of polar bear and human PPARA by environmental contaminants using a luciferase reporter assay. Six hinge and ligand-binding domain amino acids have been substituted in polar bear PPARA compared to human PPARA. Perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCA) and perfluorosulfonic acids induced the transcriptional activity of both human and polar bear PPARA. The most abundant PFCA in polar bear tissue, perfluorononanoate, increased polar bear PPARA-mediated luciferase activity to a level comparable to that of the potent PPARA agonist WY-14643 (~8-fold, 25 μM). Several brominated flame retardants were weak agonists of human and polar bear PPARA. While single exposures to polychlorinated biphenyls did not, or only slightly, increase the transcriptional activity of PPARA, a technical mixture of PCBs (Aroclor 1254) strongly induced the transcriptional activity of human (~8-fold) and polar bear PPARA (~22-fold). Polar bear PPARA was both quantitatively and qualitatively more susceptible than human PPARA to transactivation by less lipophilic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Routti
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, NO-9296, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Mari K Berg
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, NO-9296, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, NO-5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Roger Lille-Langøy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, NO-5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lene Øygarden
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, NO-9296, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, NO-5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mikael Harju
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Fram Centre, NO-9296, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Rune Dietz
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Christian Sonne
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Anders Goksøyr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, NO-5020, Bergen, Norway
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Donat-Vargas C, Bergdahl IA, Tornevi A, Wennberg M, Sommar J, Koponen J, Kiviranta H, Åkesson A. Associations between repeated measure of plasma perfluoroalkyl substances and cardiometabolic risk factors. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 124:58-65. [PMID: 30639908 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent synthetic chemicals that may affect components of metabolic risk through the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor but epidemiological data remain scarce and inconsistent. OBJECTIVE To estimate associations between repeated measurements of the main PFAS in plasma and total cholesterol, triglycerides and hypertension among the control subjects from a population-based nested case-control study on diabetes type 2 in middle-aged women and men. METHODS Participants (n = 187) were free of diabetes at both baseline and follow-up visits to the Västerbotten Intervention Programme, 10 years apart: during 1990 to 2003 (baseline) and 2001 to 2013 (follow-up). Participants left blood samples, completed questionnaires on diet and lifestyle factors, and underwent medical examinations, including measurement of blood pressure. PFAS and lipids were later determined in stored plasma samples. Associations for the repeated measurements were assessed using generalized estimating equations. RESULTS Six PFAS exceeded the limit of quantitation. Repeated measures of PFAS in plasma, cardiometabolic risk factors and confounders, showed an average decrease of triglycerides from -0.16 mmol/l (95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.33, 0.02 for PFOA) to -0.26 mmol/l (95% CI: -0.50, -0.08 for PFOS), when comparing the highest tertile of PFAS plasma levels with the lowest. Associations based on average PFAS measurements and follow-up triglycerides revealed similar inverse associations, although attenuated. The estimates for cholesterol and hypertension were inconsistent and with few exception non-significant. CONCLUSIONS This study found inverse associations between PFAS and triglycerides, but did not support any clear link with either cholesterol or hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ingvar A Bergdahl
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Andreas Tornevi
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Maria Wennberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Nutritional Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Johan Sommar
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jani Koponen
- Department for Health Security, Environmental Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hannu Kiviranta
- Department for Health Security, Environmental Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Agneta Åkesson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Ishibashi H, Hirano M, Kim EY, Iwata H. In Vitro and In Silico Evaluations of Binding Affinities of Perfluoroalkyl Substances to Baikal Seal and Human Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:2181-2188. [PMID: 30649875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b07273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the binding affinities of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), including perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs), to the ligand-binding domains (LBDs) of Baikal seal ( Pusa sibirica; bs) and human (h) peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). An in vitro competitive binding assay showed that six PFCAs and two PFSAs could bind to recombinant bs and hPPARα LBD proteins in a dose-dependent manner. The relative binding affinities (RBAs) of PFASs to bsPPARα were as follows: PFOS > PFDA > PFNA > PFUnDA > PFOA > PFHxS > PFHpA > PFHxA. The RBAs to bsPPARα showed a significant positive correlation with those to hPPARα. In silico PPARα homology modeling predicted that there were two ligand-binding pockets (LBPs) in the bsPPARα and hPPARα LBDs. Structure-activity relationship analyses suggested that the binding potencies of PFASs to PPARα might depend on LBP binding cavity volume, hydrogen bond interactions, the number of perfluorinated carbons, and the hydrophobicity of PFASs. Interspecies comparison of the in vitro binding affinities revealed that bsPPARα had higher preference for PFASs with long carbon chains than hPPARα. The in silico docking simulations suggested that the first LBP of bsPPARα had higher affinities than that of hPPARα; however, the second LBP of bsPPARα had lower affinities than that of hPPARα. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence showing interspecies differences in the binding of PFASs to PPARαs and their structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ishibashi
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES) , Ehime University , Bunkyo-cho 2-5 , Matsuyama 790-8577 , Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture , Ehime University , 3-5-7 Tarumi , Matsuyama 790-8566 , Japan
| | - Masashi Hirano
- Department of Biological and Chemical Systems Engineering , National Institute of Technology, Kumamoto College , 2627 Hirayama-shinmachi , Yatsushiro , Kumamoto 866-8501 , Japan
| | - Eun-Young Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science and Department of Biology , Kyung Hee University , Hoegi-Dong , Dongdaemun-Gu , Seoul 130-701 , Korea
| | - Hisato Iwata
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES) , Ehime University , Bunkyo-cho 2-5 , Matsuyama 790-8577 , Japan
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Perfluorohexanoic acid toxicity, part I: Development of a chronic human health toxicity value for use in risk assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 103:41-55. [PMID: 30639337 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) is a short-chain, six-carbon perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) and is a primary impurity, degradant, and metabolite associated with the short-chain fluorotelomer-based chemistry used globally today. The transition to short-chain fluorotelomer-based products as a cornerstone in replacement fluorochemistry has raised questions regarding potential human health risks associated with exposure to fluorotelomer-based substances and therefore, PFHxA. Here, we present a critical review of data relevant to such a risk assessment, including epidemiological studies and in vivo and in vitro toxicity studies that examined PFHxA acute, subchronic, and chronic toxicity. Key findings from toxicokinetic and mode-of-action studies are also evaluated. Sufficient data exist to conclude that PFHxA is not carcinogenic, is not a selective reproductive or developmental toxicant, and does not disrupt endocrine activity. Collectively, effects caused by PFHxA exposure are largely limited to potential kidney effects, are mild and/or reversible, and occur at much higher doses than observed for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). A chronic human-health-based oral reference dose (RfD) for PFHxA of 0.25 mg/kg-day was calculated using benchmark dose modeling of renal papillary necrosis from a chronic rat bioassay. This RfD is four orders of magnitude greater than the chronic oral RfD calculated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for PFOA. The PFHxA RfD can be used to inform public health decisions related to PFHxA and fluorotelomer precursors for which PFHxA is a terminal degradant. These findings clearly demonstrate that PFHxA is less hazardous to human health than PFOA. The analyses presented support site-specific risk assessments as well as product stewardship initiatives for current and future short-chain fluorotelomer-based products.
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Wang Y, Han W, Wang C, Zhou Y, Shi R, Bonefeld-Jørgensen EC, Yao Q, Yuan T, Gao Y, Zhang J, Tian Y. Efficiency of maternal-fetal transfer of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:2691-2698. [PMID: 30484044 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3686-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) can be transferred from a mother to her fetus during pregnancy and adversely affect fetal development. However, the efficiency and influencing factors of PFASs maternal-fetal transfer remain unclear. We measured the levels of six perfluoroalkylcarboxylates, three perfluoroalkylsulfonates, and one sulfonamide in 369 pairs of maternal and umbilical cord serum and examined the transplacental transfer efficiency (TTE) of PFASs by the functional group and carbon chain length in a prospective birth cohort in Shandong, China. All ten PFASs were detected in both maternal and umbilical cord serum in nearly all samples. Maternal and cord levels were closely correlated (the correlation coefficient [r] ranging from 0.485 to 0.908) in most PFASs except perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS) (r = 0.159). TTE was significantly affected by the functional group and carbon chain length. Compared to perfluoroalkylcarboxylates, perfluoroalkylsulfonates had a lower ratio of maternal to fetal transfer. A U-shaped relationship between carbon chain length and TTE was observed for perfluoroalkylcarboxylates while a monotonic descending trend was identified between TTE and the increasing carbon chain length for perfluoroalkylsulfonates. PFASs can readily pass through the placenta. The functional group and carbon chain length are important determinants for the TTE of PFASs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Wang
- MOE and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Department of Neonatology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenchao Han
- MOE and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Caifeng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yijun Zhou
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Shi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Qian Yao
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Yuan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Gao
- MOE and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- MOE and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Ying Tian
- MOE and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Edler L, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Oswald IP, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, Bodin L, Cravedi JP, Halldorsson TI, Haug LS, Johansson N, van Loveren H, Gergelova P, Mackay K, Levorato S, van Manen M, Schwerdtle T. Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid in food. EFSA J 2018. [PMID: 32625773 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5194">10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5194','32625773', '10.1093/toxsci/kfn166')">Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5194" />
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific evaluation on the risks to human health related to the presence of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in food. Regarding PFOS and PFOA occurrence, the final data set available for dietary exposure assessment contained a total of 20,019 analytical results (PFOS n = 10,191 and PFOA n = 9,828). There were large differences between upper and lower bound exposure due to analytical methods with insufficient sensitivity. The CONTAM Panel considered the lower bound estimates to be closer to true exposure levels. Important contributors to the lower bound mean chronic exposure were 'Fish and other seafood', 'Meat and meat products' and 'Eggs and egg products', for PFOS, and 'Milk and dairy products', 'Drinking water' and 'Fish and other seafood' for PFOA. PFOS and PFOA are readily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, excreted in urine and faeces, and do not undergo metabolism. Estimated human half-lives for PFOS and PFOA are about 5 years and 2-4 years, respectively. The derivation of a health-based guidance value was based on human epidemiological studies. For PFOS, the increase in serum total cholesterol in adults, and the decrease in antibody response at vaccination in children were identified as the critical effects. For PFOA, the increase in serum total cholesterol was the critical effect. Also reduced birth weight (for both compounds) and increased prevalence of high serum levels of the liver enzyme alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (for PFOA) were considered. After benchmark modelling of serum levels of PFOS and PFOA, and estimating the corresponding daily intakes, the CONTAM Panel established a tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 13 ng/kg body weight (bw) per week for PFOS and 6 ng/kg bw per week for PFOA. For both compounds, exposure of a considerable proportion of the population exceeds the proposed TWIs.
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Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Edler L, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Oswald IP, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, Bodin L, Cravedi JP, Halldorsson TI, Haug LS, Johansson N, van Loveren H, Gergelova P, Mackay K, Levorato S, van Manen M, Schwerdtle T. Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid in food. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05194. [PMID: 32625773 PMCID: PMC7009575 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific evaluation on the risks to human health related to the presence of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in food. Regarding PFOS and PFOA occurrence, the final data set available for dietary exposure assessment contained a total of 20,019 analytical results (PFOS n = 10,191 and PFOA n = 9,828). There were large differences between upper and lower bound exposure due to analytical methods with insufficient sensitivity. The CONTAM Panel considered the lower bound estimates to be closer to true exposure levels. Important contributors to the lower bound mean chronic exposure were 'Fish and other seafood', 'Meat and meat products' and 'Eggs and egg products', for PFOS, and 'Milk and dairy products', 'Drinking water' and 'Fish and other seafood' for PFOA. PFOS and PFOA are readily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, excreted in urine and faeces, and do not undergo metabolism. Estimated human half-lives for PFOS and PFOA are about 5 years and 2-4 years, respectively. The derivation of a health-based guidance value was based on human epidemiological studies. For PFOS, the increase in serum total cholesterol in adults, and the decrease in antibody response at vaccination in children were identified as the critical effects. For PFOA, the increase in serum total cholesterol was the critical effect. Also reduced birth weight (for both compounds) and increased prevalence of high serum levels of the liver enzyme alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (for PFOA) were considered. After benchmark modelling of serum levels of PFOS and PFOA, and estimating the corresponding daily intakes, the CONTAM Panel established a tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 13 ng/kg body weight (bw) per week for PFOS and 6 ng/kg bw per week for PFOA. For both compounds, exposure of a considerable proportion of the population exceeds the proposed TWIs.
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120
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Zhang H, Zhou X, Sheng N, Cui R, Cui Q, Guo H, Guo Y, Sun Y, Dai J. Subchronic Hepatotoxicity Effects of 6:2 Chlorinated Polyfluorinated Ether Sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA), a Novel Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) Alternative, on Adult Male Mice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:12809-12818. [PMID: 30256107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The compound 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA), an alternative to perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) in the metal-plating industry, has been widely detected in various environmental matrices. However, its hepatotoxicity has yet to be clarified. Here, male mice were exposed to 0.04, 0.2, or 1 mg/kg/day of 6:2 Cl-PFESA for 56 days. Results demonstrated that relative liver weight increased significantly in the 0.2 and 1 mg/kg/day 6:2 Cl-PFESA groups, whereas liver lipid accumulation increased in all 6:2 Cl-PFESA groups. Serum enzyme activities of alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase were increased. Serum triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol both increased, whereas serum total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased following 6:2 Cl-PFESA exposure. A total of 264 differentially expressed proteins (127 up-regulated and 137 down-regulated), mainly involved in lipid metabolism, xenobiotic metabolism, and ribosome biogenesis, were identified by quantitative proteomics. Bioinformatics analysis highlighted the de-regulation of PPAR and PXR, which may contribute to the hepatotoxicity of 6:2 Cl-PFESA. Additionally, 6:2 Cl-PFESA induced both cell apoptosis and proliferation in the mouse liver. Compared to the overt toxicity of PFOS, 6:2 Cl-PFESA exhibited more-serious hepatotoxicity. Thus, caution should be exercised in the application of 6:2 Cl-PFESA as a replacement alternative to PFOS in industrial areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology , Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Xiujuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology , Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Nan Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology , Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Ruina Cui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology , Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Qianqian Cui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology , Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Hua Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology , Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Yong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Yan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Jiayin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology , Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
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Blake BE, Pinney SM, Hines EP, Fenton SE, Ferguson KK. Associations between longitudinal serum perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) levels and measures of thyroid hormone, kidney function, and body mass index in the Fernald Community Cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:894-904. [PMID: 30373035 PMCID: PMC6309414 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a diverse class of manufactured compounds used in a wide range of industrial processes and consumer products and have been detected in human serum worldwide. Previous cross-sectional and cohort studies in humans have suggested exposure to PFAS is associated with a wide array of chronic diseases, including endocrine disruption, developmental health effects, cancer and metabolic changes. We examined the associations between a panel of eight PFAS and indicators of thyroid disruption, kidney function, and body mass index (BMI), all of which were measured at repeated time points (1990-2008) over the course of the study. Participants (N = 210) were selected from the Fernald Community Cohort based on household water supply from a PFAS-contaminated aquifer. In adjusted repeated measures models, we observed several notable associations between serum PFAS and thyroid hormones as well as kidney function as measured by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). An interquartile (IQR) increase in serum PFOS was associated with a 9.75% (95% CI = 1.72, 18.4) increase in thyroid stimulating hormone. An IQR increase in serum PFNA, PFHxS, and PFDeA was associated with a -1.61% (95% CI = -3.53, -0.59), -2.06% (95% CI = -3.53, -0.59), and -2.20% (95% CI = -4.25, -0.14) change in eGFR, respectively. On the other hand, an IQR increase in serum Me-PFOSA was associated with a 1.53% (95% CI = 0.34, 2.73) increase in eGFR. No significant associations with BMI and serum PFAS were noted. Our findings are in agreement with previous reports that serum PFAS are associated with altered kidney and thyroid function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bevin E Blake
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA; National Toxicology Program Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Susan M Pinney
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Erin P Hines
- National Center for Exposure Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Suzanne E Fenton
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA; National Toxicology Program Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kelly K Ferguson
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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Ishibashi H, Kim EY, Arizono K, Iwata H. In Vitro Assessment of Activation of Baikal Seal ( Pusa sibirica) Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α by Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:11831-11837. [PMID: 30212190 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the Baikal seal ( Pusa sibirica) peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (bsPPARα) transactivation potencies of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) using an in vitro bsPPARα reporter gene assay. BDE47, BDE99, and BDE153 induced bsPPARα-mediated transcriptional activities in a dose-dependent manner. To compare bsPPARα transactivation potencies of PBDEs, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)-based relative potencies (REPs), a ratio of 50% effective concentration of PFOA to the test chemical, were determined. The order of REPs of PBDEs was BDE153 (13) > BDE99 (8.1) > BDE47 (6.6) > PFOA (1.0) > BDE100, BDE154, and BDE183 (not activated). PBDEs with two bromine atoms at the ortho position showed higher bsPPARα transactivation potencies than those with three bromine atoms. Comparison of the lowest-observed-effect concentration in bsPPARα reporter gene assays revealed that BDE99 was 7-fold more potent than CB99, a polychlorinated biphenyl congener with the same IUPAC number, indicating that brominated congeners could more efficiently activate bsPPARα than chlorinated congeners. The REPs of PBDEs for bsPPARα transactivation were approximately 7- to 13-fold higher than those of perfluorochemicals (PFCs), suggesting that the effects of PBDEs on the bsPPARα signaling pathway may be superior to those of PFCs. This study provides the first evidence that PBDE congeners activate PPARα in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ishibashi
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES) , Ehime University , Bunkyo-cho 2-5 , Matsuyama 790-8577 , Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture , Ehime University , 3-5-7 Tarumi , Matsuyama 790-8566 , Japan
| | - Eun-Young Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science and Department of Biology , Kyung Hee University , Hoegi-Dong, Dongdaemun-Gu , Seoul 130-701 , Korea
| | - Koji Arizono
- Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences , Prefectural University of Kumamoto , 3-1-100 Tsukide, Higashi-ku , Kumamoto 862-8502 , Japan
| | - Hisato Iwata
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES) , Ehime University , Bunkyo-cho 2-5 , Matsuyama 790-8577 , Japan
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123
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Huang M, Jiao J, Zhuang P, Chen X, Wang J, Zhang Y. Serum polyfluoroalkyl chemicals are associated with risk of cardiovascular diseases in national US population. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 119:37-46. [PMID: 29933236 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perfluoroalkyl chemicals (PFCs) as possible cardiovascular disrupters are universally detected in humans. However, evidence from epidemiological studies appears insufficient and ambiguous. OBJECTIVES We aim to examine the serum PFCs levels and their associations with the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and related outcomes in general US population. METHODS We investigated the serum levels of 12 major PFCs, including perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), 2-(N-ethyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamido) acetate (EPAH), 2-(N-methyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamido) acetate (MPAH), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDE), perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHP), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFSA), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUA), and perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDO), in 10,859 participants from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2014. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the associations between serum PFCs and 5 self-reported CVD outcomes, including congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, heart attack, and stroke. Linear regression analyses were used to estimate the PFCs and their associations with 8 traditional CVD risk factors like serum triglyceride and total cholesterol. RESULTS In multivariable-adjusted models, total PFCs were positively associated with total CVD (p for trend = 0.0166), independent of traditional CVD risk factors, such as smoking status, diabetes, hypertension and serum cholesterol level. Compared with reference quartile of total PFCs levels, the multivariable adjusted odds ratios in increasing quartiles were 1.23 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.91-1.66], 1.47 (95% CI: 1.14-1.89) and 1.45 (95% CI: 1.06-1.98) for total CVD. Similar positive associations were found if considering individual PFCs including PFOS, PFUA, MPAH, EPAH, PFDO, PFSA and PFBS. In addition, serum levels of MPAH and PFDO were positively associated with congestive heart failure; PFNA, PFDE, and PFUA were positively associated with coronary heart disease; PFUA and PFDO were positively associated with angina pectoris; and PFNA was positively associated with heart attack. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that exposure to PFCs was positively associated with risk of CVD. Further longitudinal studies are needed to increase our understanding about the role of PFCs exposure in the prevalence of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Huang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingjing Jiao
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pan Zhuang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Huck I, Beggs K, Apte U. Paradoxical Protective Effect of Perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid Against High-Fat Diet-Induced Hepatic Steatosis in Mice. Int J Toxicol 2018; 37:383-392. [PMID: 30134762 PMCID: PMC6150807 DOI: 10.1177/1091581818790934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) is a persistent organic pollutant with worldwide bioaccumulation due to a very long half-life. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid exposure results in significant hepatic effects including steatosis, proliferation, hepatomegaly, and in rodents, carcinogenesis. The objective of this study was to determine whether PFOS exposure exacerbates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis pathogenesis. Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 J mice (n = 5 per group) were fed ad libitum normal chow diet (ND) alone, 60% high-fat diet (HFD) alone, ND + PFOS, and HFD + PFOS (0.0001% w/w (1 mg/kg) of PFOS) for 6 weeks. Both HFD alone and the ND + PFOS treatment induced significant adiposity and hepatomegaly, but the HFD + PFOS treatment showed a marked protection. Oil Red O staining and quantitative analysis of hepatic lipid content revealed increased hepatic steatosis in ND + PFOS and in HFD alone fed mice, which was prevented in HFD + PFOS treatment. Further studies revealed that ND + PFOS treatment significantly affected expression of lipid trafficking genes to favor steatosis, but these changes were absent in HFD + PFOS group. Specifically, expression of CD36, the major lipid importer in the cells, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), its major regulator, were induced in HFD + no treatment (NT) and ND + PFOS-fed mice but remained unchanged in HFD + PFOS mice. In conclusion, these data indicate that coadministration of PFOS with HFD mitigates steatosis and hepatomegaly induced by HFD and that by PFOS fed in ND diet via regulation of cellular lipid import machinery. These findings suggest dietary lipid content be considered when performing risk management of PFOS in humans and the elucidation of PFOS-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Huck
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Kevin Beggs
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Udayan Apte
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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125
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Cardenas A, Hauser R, Gold DR, Kleinman KP, Hivert MF, Fleisch AF, Lin PID, Calafat AM, Webster TF, Horton ES, Oken E. Association of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances With Adiposity. JAMA Netw Open 2018; 1:e181493. [PMID: 30646133 PMCID: PMC6324277 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.1493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are ubiquitous synthetic chemicals that are suspected endocrine disruptors. OBJECTIVES To determine the extent to which PFASs are associated with increases in weight and body size and evaluate whether a lifestyle intervention modifies this association. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This prospective cohort study included 957 individuals who participated in the Diabetes Prevention Program trial, conducted from July 1996 to May 2001, and the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study, conducted from September 2002 to January 2014. Statistical analysis was conducted from September 1, 2017, to May 25, 2018. INTERVENTIONS AND EXPOSURES The initial lifestyle intervention consisted of training in diet, physical activity, and behavior modification, with the major goals of achieving 7% weight loss with subsequent maintenance and a minimum of 150 minutes per week of physical activity. Participants randomized to placebo received standard information about diet and exercise. A total of 6 plasma PFASs were quantified at baseline and 2 years after randomization, means were calculated from baseline and year 2 concentrations, and means were summed to assess total PFAS burden. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Weight, waist circumference, and hip girth were measured at baseline and at scheduled visits. RESULTS Of the 957 participants, 625 (65.3%) were women and 731 participants (76.4%) were between 40 and 64 years of age; 481 participants were randomized to the lifestyle intervention and 476 participants were randomized to the placebo arm. The PFAS concentrations were not different by treatment arm and were similar to concentrations reported for the US population in 1999-2000. The association of PFAS and weight change differed by treatment. Each doubling in total PFAS concentration was associated with an increase of 1.80 kg (95% CI, 0.43-3.17 kg; P = .01) from baseline to 9 years after randomization for the placebo group but not the lifestyle intervention group (-0.59 kg; 95% CI, -1.80 to 0.62 kg; P = .34). Similarly, each doubling in PFAS was associated with a 1.03-cm increase in hip girth in the Diabetes Prevention Program trial for the placebo group (95% CI, 0.18-1.88 cm; P = .02) but not the lifestyle intervention group (-0.09 cm; 95% CI, -0.82 to 0.63 cm; P = .80). No associations were observed for changes in mean waist circumference. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among adults at high risk for diabetes, higher plasma PFAS concentration was associated with increases in weight and hip girth over time, but a lifestyle intervention attenuated these associations. Diet and exercise may mitigate the obesogenic effects of environmental chemicals. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00004992 and NCT00038727.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Cardenas
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Russ Hauser
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Diane R. Gold
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ken P. Kleinman
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts–Amherst School of Public Health and Health Sciences, Amherst
| | - Marie-France Hivert
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Abby F. Fleisch
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Maine Medical Center, Portland
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Portland
| | - Pi-I D. Lin
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Antonia M. Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Thomas F. Webster
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Edward S. Horton
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emily Oken
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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Lv N, Zhao M, Han Y, Cui L, Zhong W, Wang C, Jiang Q. The roles of bone morphogenetic protein 2 in perfluorooctanoic acid induced developmental cardiotoxicity and l-carnitine mediated protection. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 352:68-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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127
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Xin Y, Wan B, Yang Y, Cui XJ, Xie YC, Guo LH. Perfluoroalkyl acid exposure induces protective mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum autophagy in lung cells. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:3131-3147. [PMID: 30022264 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2266-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Wide application of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) has raised great concerns on their side-effects on human health. PFAAs have been shown to accumulate mainly in the liver and cause hepatotoxicity. However, PFAAs can also deposit in lung tissues through air-borne particles and cause serious pulmonary toxicity. But the underlying mechanisms are still largely unknown. Autophagy is a type of programmed cell death parallel to necrosis and apoptosis, and may be involved in the lung toxicity of PFAAs. In this study, lung cancer cells, A549, were employed as the model to investigate the effects of three PFAAs with different carbon chain lengths on cell autophagy. Through Western blot analysis on LC3-I/II ratio of cells exposed to non-cytotoxic concentration (200 µM) and cytotoxic concentration (350 µM), we found concentration-dependent increase of autophagosomes in cells, which was further confirmed by TEM examination on ultra-thin section of cells and fluorescence imaging on autophagosomes in live cells. The abundance of p62 increased with the PFAAs concentration indicating the blockage of autophagy flux. Furthermore, we identified the mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) and endoplasmic reticulum autophagy (ER-phagy) morphologically as the major types of autophagy, suggesting the disruption on mitochondria and ERs. These organelle damages were confirmed by the overgeneration of ROS, hyperpolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential, as well as the up-regulation of ER-stress-related proteins, ATF4 and p-IRE1. Further analysis on the signaling pathways showed that PFAAs activated the MAPK pathways and inhibited the PI3K/Akt pathway, with potencies following the order of PFDA > PFNA > PFOA. Anti-oxidant (NAC) treatment did not rescue cells from death, indicating that oxidative stress is not the reason of cytotoxicity. Inhibition of autophagy by Atg5 siRNA and chloroquine even increased the toxicity of PFAAs, suggesting that PFAAs-autophagy was induced as the secondary effects of organelle damages and played a protective role during cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China. .,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Jing Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Chun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang-Hong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China. .,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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128
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Cao W, Liu X, Liu X, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Tian H, Wang J, Feng S, Wu Y, Bhatti P, Wen S, Sun X. Perfluoroalkyl substances in umbilical cord serum and gestational and postnatal growth in a Chinese birth cohort. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 116:197-205. [PMID: 29698896 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although animal studies have found that perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) affect gestational and postnatal growth, the epidemiological findings are limited and not in agreement. We explored the associations of PFAS concentrations in umbilical cord blood with gestational and postnatal growth in China. Three hundred thirty-seven singleton newborns and their mothers were recruited from November 2013 to December 2015 in Zhoukou City, China. Umbilical cord blood was collected to measure eleven PFASs by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The index of gestational and postnatal growth contained fetal weight, length, and head circumference. These were obtained at birth and at the follow-up investigation (mean 19 months). Exposed to higher perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were connected with reduced length at birth (p for trend = 0.01) and decreased postnatal weight (β = -429.2 g; 95% CI: -858.4, -0.121 for 2nd VS. 1st). Exposed to perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUdA) were positively associated with indications of gestational growth and postnatal growth (p for trend = 0.02 for birth length; p for trend = 0.04 for postnatal length). Exposed to higher perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoA) were associated with lower birth weight (β = -122.9 g, 95% CI: -244.7 to -1.2 for 2nd VS. 1st), but higher postnatal length (p for trend = 0.03). Neonates in the highest exposure group of per-fluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS) showed decreased birth length (β = -0.33 cm, 95% CI: -0.68 to -0.01, for 2nd VS. 1st), but increased postnatal head circumference (p for trend = 0.04). Increased PFOA concentrations was associated with shorter birth length only in girls (p for trend = 0.04), suggesting that the effect of PFASs on gestational growth were different between boys and girls. In utero exposure to PFASs may affect gestational and postnatal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencheng Cao
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, #6 Zhuo Daoquan North Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, #6 Zhuo Daoquan North Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, LiuFang Campus, No.206, Guanggu 1st road, Wuhan 430205, PR China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, #6 Zhuo Daoquan North Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, #6 Zhuo Daoquan North Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Xiaotian Zhang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, #6 Zhuo Daoquan North Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Haoyuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, #27 Nan Wei Road, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Jin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, #27 Nan Wei Road, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Shixian Feng
- Institute of Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nongye Donglu South, Zhengzhou 450016, PR China
| | - Yongning Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health (CFSA) and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, #7 Panjiayuan Nanli, Beijing 100021, PR China
| | - Parveen Bhatti
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sheng Wen
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, #6 Zhuo Daoquan North Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China.
| | - Xin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, #27 Nan Wei Road, Beijing 100050, PR China.
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Jensen RC, Glintborg D, Timmermann CAG, Nielsen F, Kyhl HB, Andersen HR, Grandjean P, Jensen TK, Andersen M. Perfluoroalkyl substances and glycemic status in pregnant Danish women: The Odense Child Cohort. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 116:101-107. [PMID: 29660612 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are persistent chemicals with suspected endocrine disrupting abilities applied in consumer products. PFASs have potentially modulating effects on glucose homeostasis. Insulin resistance prevails during third trimester of pregnancy, and this challenge of glucose homeostasis may reveal putative effects of PFAS concentrations on glycemic status. OBJECTIVE To investigate associations between five serum PFASs and glucose-related outcomes in pregnant Danish women based on their risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). METHODS In the prospective Odense Child Cohort serum concentrations of five PFASs - perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) - were measured at median gestational week (GW) 11 in pregnant women. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed at GW 28. The statistical analysis was conducted among 158 women with high GDM risk and 160 women with low GDM risk matched by gestational age. Multiple linear regression models were performed to estimate associations between PFAS concentrations and glucose, insulin, C-peptide, homeostatic model of assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and beta cell function (HOMA-%β), and insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index) during the 2-h OGTT. RESULTS In women with high risk for GDM, a two-fold increase in PFHxS concentration was significantly associated with increased fasting glucose, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR after adjusting for age, parity, educational level and pre-pregnancy BMI. Adjusting for the same confounders, a doubling in PFNA concentration was associated with higher fasting insulin and HOMA-%β. In women with low GDM risk, no associations were found between PFAS concentrations and glucose-related outcomes. CONCLUSION PFHxS and PFNA concentrations were associated with impaired glycemic status in metabolically vulnerable pregnant women and might further enhance the risk of developing GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Christian Jensen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B.Winsløwsvej 17A, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Kløvervænget 6, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Dorte Glintborg
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Kløvervænget 6, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Clara Amalie Gade Timmermann
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B.Winsløwsvej 17A, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Flemming Nielsen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B.Winsløwsvej 17A, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Henriette Boye Kyhl
- Odense Child Cohort, Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; Odense Patient data Exploratory Network (OPEN), University of Southern, Denmark
| | - Helle Raun Andersen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B.Winsløwsvej 17A, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Philippe Grandjean
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B.Winsløwsvej 17A, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States
| | - Tina Kold Jensen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B.Winsløwsvej 17A, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; Odense Child Cohort, Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Marianne Andersen
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Kløvervænget 6, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
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130
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von der Trenck KT, Konietzka R, Biegel-Engler A, Brodsky J, Hädicke A, Quadflieg A, Stockerl R, Stahl T. Significance thresholds for the assessment of contaminated groundwater: perfluorinated and polyfluorinated chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2018; 30:19. [PMID: 29930891 PMCID: PMC5992233 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-018-0142-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Per- and polyfluorinated chemicals (PFC) do not occur naturally in the environment and are, therefore, of anthropogenic origin. As a consequence of their wide range of everyday applications and their extreme persistence in the environment, PFC have become ubiquitous in nature and can, therefore, be detected in groundwater as well as in many other environmental matrices. The German States' Water and Soil Consortia have compiled 'significance thresholds' (GFS) to assess groundwater contaminated with PFC. The GFS serve as criteria for the decision whether actions to remediate polluted groundwater are necessary. Thirteen of these PFC had been detected in groundwater at levels above their limit of quantitation and were assigned first priority. RESULTS The data regarding human health effects were sufficient to derive guide values according to the criteria of the German Drinking Water Ordinance for 7 of the 13 first-priority PFC. With regard to available ecotoxicological data, predicted no-effect concentration values from official risk assessments existed for 2 of the 13 first-priority PFC. A predicted no-effect concentration for protection of the aquatic biocenosis could be derived for eight more substances. CONCLUSIONS After evaluation of data from available literature regarding both human health and ecotoxicological effects, significance thresholds ranging from 0.06 to 10.0 µg/L could be derived for 7 of the 13 priority PFC in groundwater. As a practical guide valid solely for human health-based values, a summation rule was proposed for exposures to mixtures of these seven PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Theo von der Trenck
- LUBW-State Institute for the Environment of the Federal State of Baden-Wuerttemberg, Griesbachstr. 1-3, 76185 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Present Address: Birkenweg 33, 69469 Weinheim, Germany
| | - Rainer Konietzka
- German Environment Agency, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | | | - Jan Brodsky
- Hessian Agency for Nature Conservation, Environment and Geology, Rheingaustr. 186, 65203 Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Andrea Hädicke
- Department 32: Soil Protection, Contaminated Sites, Ecotoxicology, North Rhine Westphalian State Agency for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection, Wallneyer Str. 6, 45133 Essen, Germany
| | - Arnold Quadflieg
- Hessian Ministry for Environment, Climate Protection, Agriculture and Consumer Protection, Mainzer Str. 80, 65189 Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Rudolf Stockerl
- Bavarian Environment Agency, Bürgermeister-Ulrich-Str. 160, 86179 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stahl
- Hessian State Laboratory, Am Versuchsfeld 11, 34128 Kassel, Germany
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131
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He X, Liu Y, Xu B, Gu L, Tang W. PFOA is associated with diabetes and metabolic alteration in US men: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2012. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 625:566-574. [PMID: 29291571 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is associated with a range of adverse health effects. However, it remains unclear whether PFAS at environmentally relevant exposure levels are related to diabetes and metabolite concentrations in adults. Using cross-sectional data from 7904 adults (age≥20years) in the 2003-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we examined the association of PFAS with the prevalence of diabetes and metabolite concentrations. A multivariate logistic regression was applied to investigate the associations of diabetes prevalence with serum perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) and perfluorononanoate (PFNA) levels. A multivariate generalised linear regression was further performed to investigate the associations between PFAS exposure and some metabolites. We identified a strong positive association between serum PFOA and diabetes prevalence in men with an adjusted model (OR: 2.66, 95% CI: 1.63-4.35; P for trend=0.001). No significant association between serum PFOA and diabetes prevalence was observed in women (OR: 1.47, 95% CI: 0.88-2.46; P for trend=0.737). Furthermore, diabetes was not related to PFOS, PFHxS and PFNA, regardless of gender. In the gender-stratified generalised linear models, men and women with the highest PFOA levels demonstrated a 1.43% (95% CI: 0.62%-2.34%) and a 1.07% (95% CI: 0.27%-1.97%) greater increase in serum total cholesterol (P for trend=0.006 and 0.001) compared to those with the lowest PFOA levels. There were no significant associations between serum PFOA and other metabolites. These results provide epidemiological evidence that environment-related levels of serum PFOA may be positively associated with the prevalence of diabetes in men and with total cholesterol in adults. Further clinical and animal studies are urgently needed to elucidate putative causal relationships and shed light on the potential mode of action involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei He
- Department of Endocrinology, Islet Cell Senescense and Function Research Laboratory, Jiangsu Province Geriatric Institute, 30 Luojia Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210024, China
| | - Yuanxin Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Islet Cell Senescense and Function Research Laboratory, Jiangsu Province Geriatric Institute, 30 Luojia Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210024, China
| | - Bo Xu
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Liubao Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, Islet Cell Senescense and Function Research Laboratory, Jiangsu Province Geriatric Institute, 30 Luojia Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210024, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Endocrinology, Islet Cell Senescense and Function Research Laboratory, Jiangsu Province Geriatric Institute, 30 Luojia Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210024, China.
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Fratev F, Steinbrecher T, Jónsdóttir SÓ. Prediction of Accurate Binding Modes Using Combination of Classical and Accelerated Molecular Dynamics and Free-Energy Perturbation Calculations: An Application to Toxicity Studies. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:4357-4371. [PMID: 31458661 PMCID: PMC6641415 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Estimating the correct binding modes of ligands in protein-ligand complexes is crucial not only in the drug discovery process but also for elucidating potential toxicity mechanisms. In the current paper, we propose a computational modeling workflow using the combination of docking, classical molecular dynamics (cMD), accelerated molecular dynamics (aMD) and free-energy perturbation (FEP+ protocol) for identification of possible ligand binding modes. It was applied for investigation of selected perfluorocarboxyl acids (PFCAs) in the PPARγ nuclear receptor. Although both regular and induced fit docking failed to reproduce the experimentally determined binding mode of the ligands when docked into a non-native X-ray structure, cMD and aMD simulations successfully identified the most probable binding conformations. Moreover, multiple binding modes were identified for all of these compounds and the shorter-chain PFCAs continuously moved between a few energetically favorable binding conformations. On the basis of MD predictions of binding conformations, we applied the default and also redesigned FEP+ sampling protocols, which accurately reproduced experimental differences in the binding energies. Thus, the preliminary MD simulations can also provide helpful information about correct setup of the FEP+ calculations. These results show that the PFCA binding modes were accurately predicted and that the FEP+ protocol can be used to estimate free energies of binding of flexible ligands that are not typical druglike compounds. Our in silico workflow revealed the specific ligand-residue interactions within the ligand binding domain and the main characteristics of the PFCAs, and it was concluded that these compounds are week PPARγ partial agonists. This work also suggests a common pipeline for identification of ligand binding modes, ligand-protein dynamics description, and relative free-energy calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Fratev
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at El Paso, 1101 N Campbell Street, El Paso, Texas 79902, United
States
- Micar21
Ltd., Persenk 34B, 1407 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Thomas Steinbrecher
- Schrödinger
GmbH, Dynamostrasse 13, 68165 Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
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133
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Seo SH, Son MH, Choi SD, Lee DH, Chang YS. Influence of exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) on the Korean general population: 10-year trend and health effects. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 113:149-161. [PMID: 29425899 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrated the 10-year trend of 13 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) serum levels among 786 adults living in Seoul, Korea. PFAS levels gradually increased from 2006 to 2013, decreasing thereafter. We found that PFAS levels were higher in male than in female participants and were positively correlated with age. PFASs were not significantly correlated with body mass index, although we observed positive correlations with total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides and negative correlations with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Uric acid and free thyroxine (fT4) also showed positive correlations with major congeners while correlations between thyroid stimulating hormone and PFASs were inconsistent. We demonstrated significant correlations between fT4 and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA). There were significant differences in PFHxS and perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoDA) levels between participants with and without diabetes. Furthermore, principal component analysis suggested possible differences in disease manifestation based on the congener distribution of PFASs. This study is the first study of temporal trends of 13 PFAS congeners in serum samples obtained from the Korean general population; it is currently longest and largest scale study of this type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hee Seo
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Hui Son
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Duk-Hee Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Promotion Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Chang
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
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Frawley RP, Smith M, Cesta MF, Hayes-Bouknight S, Blystone C, Kissling GE, Harris S, Germolec D. Immunotoxic and hepatotoxic effects of perfluoro-n-decanoic acid (PFDA) on female Harlan Sprague–Dawley rats and B6C3F1/N mice when administered by oral gavage for 28 days. J Immunotoxicol 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2018.1445145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel P. Frawley
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Matthew Smith
- Richard Bland College of William & Mary, South Prince George, VA, USA
| | - Mark F. Cesta
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Chad Blystone
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Grace E. Kissling
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Shawn Harris
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dori Germolec
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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135
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Li CH, Ren XM, Ruan T, Cao LY, Xin Y, Guo LH, Jiang G. Chlorinated Polyfluorinated Ether Sulfonates Exhibit Higher Activity toward Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors Signaling Pathways than Perfluorooctanesulfonate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:3232-3239. [PMID: 29389105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonates (Cl-PFAESs) are the alternative products of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) in the metal plating industry in China. The similarity in chemical structures between Cl-PFAESs and PFOS makes it reasonable to assume they possess similar biological activities. In the present study, we investigated whether Cl-PFAESs could induce cellular effects through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) signaling pathways like PFOS. By using fluorescence competitive binding assay, we found two dominant Cl-PFAESs (6:2 Cl-PFAES and 8:2 Cl-PFAES) bound to PPARs with affinity higher than PFOS. Based on the luciferase reporter gene transcription assay, the two Cl-PFAESs also showed agonistic activity toward PPARs signaling pathways with potency similar to (6:2 Cl-PFAES) or higher than (8:2 Cl-PFAES) PFOS. Molecular docking simulation showed the two Cl-PFAESs fitted into the ligand binding pockets of PPARs with very similar binding mode as PFOS. The cell function results showed Cl-PFAESs promoted the process of adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells with potency higher than PFOS. Taken together, we found for the first time that Cl-PFAESs have the ability to interfere with PPARs signaling pathways, and current exposure level of 6:2 Cl-PFAES in occupational workers has exceeded the margin of safety. Our study highlights the potential health risks of Cl-PFAESs as PFOS alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Hai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 18 Shuangqing Road , Beijing 100085 , P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100039 , P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Min Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 18 Shuangqing Road , Beijing 100085 , P. R. China
| | - Ting Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 18 Shuangqing Road , Beijing 100085 , P. R. China
| | - Lin-Ying Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 18 Shuangqing Road , Beijing 100085 , P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100039 , P. R. China
| | - Yan Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 18 Shuangqing Road , Beijing 100085 , P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100039 , P. R. China
| | - Liang-Hong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 18 Shuangqing Road , Beijing 100085 , P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100039 , P. R. China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 18 Shuangqing Road , Beijing 100085 , P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100039 , P. R. China
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136
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Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) exposure promotes proliferation, migration and invasion potential in human breast epithelial cells. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:1729-1739. [PMID: 29502166 PMCID: PMC5962621 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2181-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in early detection and treatment, breast cancer remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a suspected endocrine disruptor and a common environmental pollutant associated with various diseases including cancer. However, the effects of PFOA and its mechanisms of action on hormone-responsive cells remain unclear. Here, we explored the potential tumorigenic activity of PFOA (100 nM–1 mM) in human breast epithelial cells (MCF-10A). MCF-10A cells exposed to 50 and 100 µM PFOA demonstrated a higher growth rate compared to controls. The compound promoted MCF-10A proliferation by accelerating G0/G1 to S phase transition of the cell cycle. PFOA increased cyclin D1 and CDK4/6 levels, concomitant with a decrease in p27. In contrast to previous studies of perfluorooctane sulfate (PFOS), the estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780 had no effect on PFOA-induced cell proliferation, whereas the PPARα antagonist GW 6471 was able to prevent the MCF-10A proliferation, indicating that the underlying mechanisms involve PPARα-dependent pathways. Interestingly, we also showed that PFOA is able to stimulate cell migration and invasion, demonstrating its potential to induce neoplastic transformation of human breast epithelial cells. These results suggest that more attention should be paid to the roles of PFOA in the development and progression of breast cancer.
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137
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Malits J, Blustein J, Trasande L, Attina TM. Perfluorooctanoic acid and low birth weight: Estimates of US attributable burden and economic costs from 2003 through 2014. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2018; 221:269-275. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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138
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Rokoff LB, Rifas-Shiman SL, Coull BA, Cardenas A, Calafat AM, Ye X, Gryparis A, Schwartz J, Sagiv SK, Gold DR, Oken E, Fleisch AF. Cumulative exposure to environmental pollutants during early pregnancy and reduced fetal growth: the Project Viva cohort. Environ Health 2018; 17:19. [PMID: 29458383 PMCID: PMC5819079 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-018-0363-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced fetal growth is associated with perinatal and later morbidity. Prenatal exposure to environmental pollutants is linked to reduced fetal growth at birth, but the impact of concomitant exposure to multiple pollutants is unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine interactions between early pregnancy exposure to cigarette smoke, traffic pollution, and select perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) on birth weight-for-gestational age (BW/GA). METHODS Among 1597 Project Viva mother-infant pairs, we assessed maternal cigarette smoking by questionnaire, traffic pollution at residential address by black carbon land use regression model, and plasma concentration of select PFASs in early pregnancy. We calculated sex-specific BW/GA z-scores, an index of fetal growth, from national reference data. We fit covariate-adjusted multi-pollutant linear regression models and examined interactions between exposures, using a likelihood-ratio test to identify a best-fit model. RESULTS Two hundred six (13%) mothers smoked during pregnancy. Mean [standard deviation (SD)] for black carbon was 0.8 (0.3) μg/m3, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was 29.1 (16.5) ng/mL, and BW/GA z-score was 0.19 (0.96). In the best-fit model, BW/GA z-score was lower in infants of mothers exposed to greater black carbon [- 0.08 (95% CI: -0.15, - 0.01) per interquartile range (IQR)]. BW/GA z-score (95% CI) was also lower in infants of mothers who smoked [- 0.09 (- 0.23, 0.06)] or were exposed to greater PFOS [- 0.03 (- 0.07, 0.02) per IQR], although confidence intervals crossed the null. There were no interactions between exposures. In secondary analyses, instead of PFOS, we examined perfluorononanoate (PFNA) [mean (SD): 0.7 (0.4) ng/mL], a PFAS more closely linked to lower BW/GA in our cohort. The best-fit multi-pollutant model included positive two-way interactions between PFNA and both black carbon and smoking (p-interactions = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Concurrent prenatal exposures to maternal smoking, black carbon, and PFOS are additively associated with lower fetal growth, whereas PFNA may attenuate associations of smoking and black carbon with lower fetal growth. It is important to examine interactions between multiple exposures in relation to health outcomes, as effects may not always be additive and may shed light on biological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa B. Rokoff
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, 401 Park Drive, Suite 401, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Sheryl L. Rifas-Shiman
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, 401 Park Drive, Suite 401, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Brent A. Coull
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - Andres Cardenas
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, 401 Park Drive, Suite 401, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Antonia M. Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Xiaoyun Ye
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Alexandros Gryparis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - Sharon K. Sagiv
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
- Division of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Diane R. Gold
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Emily Oken
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, 401 Park Drive, Suite 401, Boston, MA 02215 USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - Abby F. Fleisch
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME USA
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Portland, ME USA
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139
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Mora AM, Fleisch AF, Rifas-Shiman SL, Woo Baidal JA, Pardo L, Webster TF, Calafat AM, Ye X, Oken E, Sagiv SK. Early life exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and mid-childhood lipid and alanine aminotransferase levels. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 111:1-13. [PMID: 29156323 PMCID: PMC5801004 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing evidence suggests that exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) may disrupt lipid homeostasis and liver function, but data in children are limited. OBJECTIVE We examined the association of prenatal and mid-childhood PFAS exposure with lipids and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in children. METHODS We studied 682 mother-child pairs from a Boston-area pre-birth cohort. We quantified PFASs in maternal plasma collected in pregnancy (median 9.7weeks gestation, 1999-2002) and in child plasma collected in mid-childhood (median age 7.7years, 2007-2010). In mid-childhood we also measured fasting total (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), and ALT. We then derived low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) from TC, HDL-C, and TG using the Friedewald formula. RESULTS Median (interquartile range, IQR) perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), and perfluorodecanoate (PFDeA) concentrations in child plasma were 6.2 (5.5), 4.3 (3.0), and 0.3 (0.3) ng/mL, respectively. Among girls, higher child PFOS, PFOA, and PFDeA concentrations were associated with detrimental changes in the lipid profile, including higher TC and/or LDL-C [e.g., β per IQR increment in PFOS=4.0mg/dL (95% CI: 0.3, 7.8) for TC and 2.6mg/dL (-0.5, 5.8) for LDL-C]. However, among both boys and girls, higher plasma concentrations of these child PFASs were also associated with higher HDL-C, which predicts better cardiovascular health, and slightly lower ALT, which may indicate better liver function. Prenatal PFAS concentrations were also modestly associated with improved childhood lipid and ALT levels. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that prenatal and mid-childhood PFAS exposure may be associated with modest, but somewhat conflicting changes in the lipid profile and ALT levels in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Mora
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica.
| | - Abby F Fleisch
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME, USA; Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Portland, ME, USA
| | - Sheryl L Rifas-Shiman
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Woo Baidal
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Larissa Pardo
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Thomas F Webster
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Ye
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Emily Oken
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sharon K Sagiv
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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140
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Khalil N, Ebert JR, Honda M, Lee M, Nahhas RW, Koskela A, Hangartner T, Kannan K. Perfluoroalkyl substances, bone density, and cardio-metabolic risk factors in obese 8-12 year old children: A pilot study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 160:314-321. [PMID: 29040951 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), including perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), have been associated with adverse bone, and metabolic changes in adults. However association of PFASs with bone health in children is understudied. Considering their role as endocrine disruptors, we examined relationships of four PFASs with bone health in children. METHODS In a cross sectional pilot study, 48 obese children aged 8-12 years were enrolled from Dayton's Children Hospital, Ohio. Anthropometric, clinical and biochemical assessments of serum were completed. Serum PFASs were measured by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. In a subset of 23 children, bone health parameters were measured using calcaneal quantitative ultrasound (QUS). RESULTS While PFASs exposure was associated with a consistent negative relationship with bone health parameters, among four PFASs tested, only PFNA showed a significant negative relationship with bone parameter (β [95% CI], = - 72.7 [- 126.0, - 19.6], p = .010). PFNA was also associated with raised systolic blood pressure (p = .008), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; p < .001), and total cholesterol (TC; p = .014). In addition, both PFOA and PFOS predicted elevation in LDL-C, and PFOA predicted increased TC, as well. In this analysis, PFASs were not strongly related to thyroid hormones, 25-hydroxy vitamin D, liver enzymes, or glucose homeostasis. CONCLUSION PFASs exposure in obese children may play a role in adverse skeletal and cardiovascular risk profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila Khalil
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, 3123 Research Blvd, Suite #200, Dayton, OH 45420, USA.
| | - James R Ebert
- The Pediatric Lipid Clinic, Dayton's Children Hospital, One Children's Plaza, Dayton, OH 45404, USA.
| | - Masato Honda
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA.
| | - Miryoung Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, The Universit y of Texas Health Science Center School of Public Health, One West University Blvd, SPH Building N1.102B, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA.
| | - Ramzi W Nahhas
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, and Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, 3123, Research Blvd, Suite #200, Dayton, OH 45420, USA.
| | - Antti Koskela
- Cancer Research and Translational Medicine Research Unit and MRC Oulu, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O.Box 5000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland.
| | | | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA.
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141
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Post GB, Gleason JA, Cooper KR. Key scientific issues in developing drinking water guidelines for perfluoroalkyl acids: Contaminants of emerging concern. PLoS Biol 2017; 15:e2002855. [PMID: 29261653 PMCID: PMC5737881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2002855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), a group of synthetic organic chemicals with industrial and commercial uses, are of current concern because of increasing awareness of their presence in drinking water and their potential to cause adverse health effects. PFAAs are distinctive among persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) contaminants because they are water soluble and do not break down in the environment. This commentary discusses scientific and risk assessment issues that impact the development of drinking water guidelines for PFAAs, including choice of toxicological endpoints, uncertainty factors, and exposure assumptions used as their basis. In experimental animals, PFAAs cause toxicity to the liver, the immune, endocrine, and male reproductive systems, and the developing fetus and neonate. Low-dose effects include persistent delays in mammary gland development (perfluorooctanoic acid; PFOA) and suppression of immune response (perfluorooctane sulfonate; PFOS). In humans, even general population level exposures to some PFAAs are associated with health effects such as increased serum lipids and liver enzymes, decreased vaccine response, and decreased birth weight. Ongoing exposures to even relatively low drinking water concentrations of long-chain PFAAs substantially increase human body burdens, which remain elevated for many years after exposure ends. Notably, infants are a sensitive subpopulation for PFAA’s developmental effects and receive higher exposures than adults from the same drinking water source. This information, as well as emerging data from future studies, should be considered in the development of health-protective and scientifically sound guidelines for PFAAs in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria B. Post
- New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Trenton, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jessie A. Gleason
- New Jersey Department of Health, Trenton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Keith R. Cooper
- Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
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142
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Zhao M, Jiang Q, Geng M, Zhu L, Xia Y, Khanal A, Wang C. The role of PPAR alpha in perfluorooctanoic acid induced developmental cardiotoxicity and l-carnitine mediated protection-Results of in ovo gene silencing. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 56:136-144. [PMID: 28934691 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a persistent organic pollutant. This study established an in ovo peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR alpha) silencing model in chicken embryo heart, and investigated the role of PPAR alpha in PFOA induced developmental cardiotoxicity. The in ovo silencing was achieved by introducing lentivirus expressing PPAR alpha siRNA into ED2 chicken embryo via microinjection (0.05ul/g egg weight). Transfection efficacy was confirmed by fluorescent microscopy and western blotting. To assess the developmental cardiotoxicity, cardiac function (heart rate) and morphology (right ventricular wall thickness) were measured in D1 hatchling chickens. 2mg/kg (egg weight) PFOA exposure at ED0 induced significant elevation of heart rate and thinning of right ventricular wall thickness in D1 hatchling chickens. PPAR alpha silencing did not prevent PFOA-induced elevation of heart rate; however, it did significantly increase the right ventricular wall thickness as compared to PFOA exposed animals. Meanwhile, PPAR alpha silencing did not abolish the protective effects exerted by exposure to 100mg/kg (egg weight) l-carnitine. In conclusion, PFOA-induced heart rate elevation is likely PPAR alpha independent, while the right ventricular wall thinning seems to be PPAR alpha dependent. The protective effects of l-carnitine do not require PPAR alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhao
- Qingdao University Medical College, China
| | | | - Min Geng
- Qingdao University Medical College, China
| | - Li Zhu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, China
| | - Yunqiu Xia
- Qingdao University Medical College, China
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143
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Iwabuchi K, Senzaki N, Mazawa D, Sato I, Hara M, Ueda F, Liu W, Tsuda S. Tissue toxicokinetics of perfluoro compounds with single and chronic low doses in male rats. J Toxicol Sci 2017; 42:301-317. [PMID: 28496036 DOI: 10.2131/jts.42.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
To examine the kinetics of low doses of perfluoro compounds (PFCs), we administered perfluorohexanoic acid (C6A), perfluorooctanoic acid (C8A), perfluorononanoic acid (C9A) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (C8S) with a single oral dose (50-100 μg/kg BW), and in drinking water at 1, 5, and 25 μg/L for one and three months to male rats; and examined the distribution in the brain, heart, liver, spleen, kidney, whole blood and serum. C6A was very rapidly absorbed, distributed and eliminated from the tissues with nearly the same tissue t1/2 of 2-3 hr. Considering serum Vd, and the tissue delivery, C6A was mainly in the serum with the lowest delivery to the brain; and no tissue accumulation was observed in the chronic studies as estimated from the single dose study. For the other PFCs, the body seemed to be an assortment of independent one-compartments with a longer elimination t1/2 for the liver than the serum. The concentration ratio of liver/serum increased gradually from C0 to a steady state. The high binding capacity of plasma protein may be the reason for the unusual kinetics, with only a very small fraction of free PFCs moving gradually to the liver. Although the tissue specific distribution was time dependent and different among the PFCs, the Vd and ke of each tissue were constant throughout the study. The possibility of extremely high C6A accumulation in the human brain and liver was suggested, by comparing the steady state tissue concentration of this study with the human data reported by Pérez et al. (2013).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Itaru Sato
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
| | | | - Fukiko Ueda
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology Dalian
| | - Shuji Tsuda
- Iwate Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.,Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
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144
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Rosenmai AK, Ahrens L, le Godec T, Lundqvist J, Oskarsson A. Relationship between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha activity and cellular concentration of 14 perfluoroalkyl substances in HepG2 cells. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 38:219-226. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kjerstine Rosenmai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Box 7028 SE-750 07 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Box 7050 SE-750 07 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Théo le Godec
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Box 7028 SE-750 07 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Johan Lundqvist
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Box 7028 SE-750 07 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Agneta Oskarsson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Box 7028 SE-750 07 Uppsala Sweden
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145
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Zhao W, Cui R, Wang J, Dai J. Inhibition effects of perfluoroalkyl acids on progesterone production in mLTC-1. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 56:272-280. [PMID: 28571864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a class of fluorine substituted carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid and alcohol, structurally similar to their corresponding parent compounds. Previous study demonstrated the potential endocrine disruption and reproductive toxicity of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid, two dominant PFASs in animals and humans. We explored the relationship between eleven perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) with different carbon chain length and their ability to inhibit progesterone production in mouse Leydig tumor cells (mLTC-1). We found an obvious dose-response relationship between progesterone inhibition rate and PFAA exposure concentration in mLTC-1. The relative inhibition rate of progesterone by PFAAs was linearly related to the carbon chain length and molar refractivity of PFAAs. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) decreased after PFAA exposure at the half-maximal inhibitory effect concentration (IC50) of progesterone production in mLTC-1, while the reactive oxygen species (ROS) content increased significantly. These results imply that the inhibition effect of PFAAs on progesterone production might be due, in part, to ROS damage and the decrease in MMP in mLTC-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Ruina Cui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jianshe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Jiayin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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146
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PPARα-independent transcriptional targets of perfluoroalkyl acids revealed by transcript profiling. Toxicology 2017; 387:95-107. [PMID: 28558994 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are ubiquitous and persistent environmental contaminants. Compounds such as perfluoroocanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) are readily found in the tissues of humans and wildlife. While PFOA and PFOS have been the subject of numerous studies since they were first described over a decade ago, less is known about the biological activity of PFHxS and PFNA. Most PFAAs are activators of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), although the biological effects of these compounds are likely mediated by other factors in addition to PPARα. To evaluate the effects of PFHxS and PFNA, male wild-type and Pparα-null mice were dosed by oral gavage with PFHxS (3 or 10mg/kg/day), PFNA (1 or 3mg/kg/day), or vehicle for 7days, and liver gene expression was evaluated by full-genome microarrays. Gene expression patterns were then compared to historical in-house data for PFOA and PFOS in addition to the experimental hypolipidemic agent, WY-14,643. While WY-14,643 altered most genes in a PPARα-dependent manner, approximately 11-24% of regulated genes in PFAA-treated mice were independent of PPARα. The possibility that PFAAs regulate gene expression through other molecular pathways was evaluated. Using data available through a microarray database, PFAA gene expression profiles were found to exhibit significant similarity to profiles from mouse tissues exposed to agonists of the constitutive activated receptor (CAR), estrogen receptor α (ERα), and PPARγ. Human PPARγ and ERα were activated by all four PFAAs in trans-activation assays from the ToxCast screening program. Predictive gene expression biomarkers showed that PFAAs activate CAR in both genotypes and cause feminization of the liver transcriptome through suppression of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5B (STAT5B). These results indicate that, in addition to activating PPARα as a primary target, PFAAs also have the potential to activate CAR, PPARγ, and ERα as well as suppress STAT5B.
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147
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Kobayashi S, Azumi K, Goudarzi H, Araki A, Miyashita C, Kobayashi S, Itoh S, Sasaki S, Ishizuka M, Nakazawa H, Ikeno T, Kishi R. Effects of prenatal perfluoroalkyl acid exposure on cord blood IGF2/H19 methylation and ponderal index: The Hokkaido Study. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2017; 27:251-259. [PMID: 27553991 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2016.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) influences fetal growth and long-term health. However, whether PFAAs affect offspring DNA methylation patterns to influence health outcomes is yet to be evaluated. Here, we assessed effect of prenatal PFAA exposure on cord blood insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), H19, and long interspersed element 1 (LINE1) methylation and its associations with birth size. Mother-child pairs (N=177) from the Hokkaido Study on Environment and Children's Health were included in the study. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) levels in maternal serum were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. IGF2, H19, and LINE1 methylation in cord blood DNA was determined by pyrosequencing. After full adjustment in multiple linear regression models, IGF2 methylation showed a significant negative association with log-unit increase in PFOA (partial regression coefficient=-0.73; 95% confidence interval: -1.44 to -0.02). Mediation analysis suggested that reduced IGF2 methylation explained ~21% of the observed association between PFOA exposure and reduced ponderal index of the infant at birth. These results indicated that the effects of prenatal PFOA exposure could be mediated through DNA methylation. Further study will be required to determine the potential for long-term adverse health effects of reduced IGF2 methylation induced by PFOA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Kobayashi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kaoru Azumi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Houman Goudarzi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Araki
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Chihiro Miyashita
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sumitaka Kobayashi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sachiko Itoh
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Seiko Sasaki
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakazawa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tamiko Ikeno
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Reiko Kishi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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148
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Li K, Gao P, Xiang P, Zhang X, Cui X, Ma LQ. Molecular mechanisms of PFOA-induced toxicity in animals and humans: Implications for health risks. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 99:43-54. [PMID: 27871799 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
As an emerging persistent organic pollutant (POP), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) is one of the most abundant perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in the environment. This review summarized the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways of PFOA-induced toxicity in animals and humans as well as their implications for health risks in humans. Traditional PFOA-induced signal pathways such as peroxisome proliferating receptor alpha (PPARα), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), farnesoid X receptor (FXR), and pregnane-X receptor (PXR) may not be important for PFOA-induced health effects on humans. Instead, pathways including p53/mitochondrial pathway, nuclear lipid hyperaccumulation, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-serine/threonine protein kinase (PI3K-AKT), and tumor necrosis factor-α/nuclear factor κB (TNF-α/NF-κB) may play an important role for PFOA-induced health risks in humans. Both in vivo and in vitro studies are needed to better understand the PFOA-induced toxicity mechanisms as well as the associated health risk in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Ping Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Xuxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Xinyi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210046, China.
| | - Lena Q Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210046, China; Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
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149
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Goudarzi H, Araki A, Itoh S, Sasaki S, Miyashita C, Mitsui T, Nakazawa H, Nonomura K, Kishi R. The Association of Prenatal Exposure to Perfluorinated Chemicals with Glucocorticoid and Androgenic Hormones in Cord Blood Samples: The Hokkaido Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:111-118. [PMID: 27219028 PMCID: PMC5226690 DOI: 10.1289/ehp142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) disrupt cholesterol homeostasis. All steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol, and steroid hormones such as glucocorticoids and androgenic hormones mediate several vital physiologic functions. However, the in utero effects of PFCs exposure on the homeostasis of these steroid hormones are not well understood in humans. OBJECTIVES We examined the relationship between prenatal exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)/perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and cord blood levels of glucocorticoid and androgenic hormones. METHODS We conducted a hospital-based birth cohort study between July 2002 and October 2005 in Sapporo, Japan (n = 514). In total, 185 mother-infant pairs were included in the present study. Prenatal PFOS and PFOA levels in maternal serum samples were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). Cord blood levels of glucocorticoid (cortisol and cortisone) and androgenic hormones [dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione] were also measured in the same way. RESULTS We found a dose-response relationship of prenatal PFOS, but not PFOA, exposure with glucocorticoid levels after adjusting for potential confounders. Cortisol and cortisone concentrations were -23.98-ng/mL (95% CI: -0.47.12, -11.99; p for trend = 0.006) and -63.21-ng/mL (95% CI: -132.56, -26.72; p for trend < 0.001) lower, respectively, in infants with prenatal PFOS exposure in the fourth quartile compared with those in the first quartile. The highest quartile of prenatal PFOS exposure was positively associated with a 1.33-ng/mL higher DHEA level compared with the lowest quartile (95% CI: 0.17, 1.82; p for trend = 0.017), whereas PFOA showed a negative association with DHEA levels (quartile 4 vs. quartile 1: -1.23 ng/mL, 95% CI: -1.72, -0.25; p for trend = 0.004). We observed no significant association between PFCs and androstenedione levels. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that prenatal exposure to PFCs is significantly associated with glucocorticoid and DHEA levels in cord blood. Citation: Goudarzi H, Araki A, Itoh S, Sasaki S, Miyashita C, Mitsui T, Nakazawa H, Nonomura K, Kishi R. 2017. The association of prenatal exposure to perfluorinated chemicals with glucocorticoid and androgenic hormones in cord blood samples: the Hokkaido Study. Environ Health Perspect 125:111-118; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP142.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houman Goudarzi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Araki
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sachiko Itoh
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Seiko Sasaki
- Department of Public Health, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Chihiro Miyashita
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takahiko Mitsui
- Department of Urology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakazawa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuya Nonomura
- Department of Renal and Genitourinary Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Kushiro Rosai Hospital, Kushiro, Japan
| | - Reiko Kishi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Address correspondence to R. Kishi, Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 12 West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812 Japan. Telephone: 81 11 706 4746; 706 4725. E-mail:
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150
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Tsuda S. Differential toxicity between perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). J Toxicol Sci 2016; 41:SP27-SP36. [PMID: 28003637 DOI: 10.2131/jts.41.sp27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are persistent environmental contaminants. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are representatives of PFASs. Recently, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) set the health advisory level as 70 parts per trillion for lifetime exposure to PFOS and PFOA from drinking water, based on the EPA's 2016 Health Effects Support Documents. Then, a monograph on PFOA was made available online by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, where the agency classified PFOA as "possibly carcinogenic to humans" (Group 2B). The distinction between PFOS and PFOA, however, may not be easily understood from the above documents. This paper discussed differential toxicity between PFOS and PFOA focusing on neurotoxicity, developmental toxicity and carcinogenicity, mainly based on these documents. The conclusions are as follows: Further mechanistic studies may be necessary for ultrasonic-induced PFOS-specific neurotoxicity. To support the hypothesis for PFOS-specific neonatal death that PFOS interacts directly with components of natural lung surfactant, in vivo studies to relate the physicochemical effects to lung collapse may be required. PFOA-induced DNA damage secondary to oxidative stress may develop to mutagenicity under the condition where PFOA-induced apoptosis is not sufficient to remove the damaged cells. A study to find whether PFOA induces apoptosis in normal human cells may contribute to assessment of human carcinogenicity. Studies for new targets such as hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) may help clarify the underlying mechanism for PFOA-induced carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Tsuda
- Iwate Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
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