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Psychosocial aspects of sports medicine in pediatric athletes: Current concepts in the 21 st century. Dis Mon 2022:101482. [PMID: 36100481 DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2022.101482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral aspects of organized sports activity for pediatric athletes are considered in a world consumed with winning at all costs. In the first part of this treatise, we deal with a number of themes faced by our children in their sports play. These concepts include the lure of sports, sports attrition, the mental health of pediatric athletes (i.e., effects of stress, anxiety, depression, suicide in athletes, ADHD and stimulants, coping with injuries, drug use, and eating disorders), violence in sports (i.e., concepts of the abused athlete including sexual abuse), dealing with supervisors (i.e., coaches, parents), peers, the talented athlete, early sports specialization and sports clubs. In the second part of this discussion, we cover ergolytic agents consumed by young athletes in attempts to win at all costs. Sports doping agents covered include anabolic steroids (anabolic-androgenic steroids or AAS), androstenedione, dehydroepiandrostenedione (DHEA), human growth hormone (hGH; also its human recombinant homologue: rhGH), clenbuterol, creatine, gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), amphetamines, caffeine and ephedrine. Also considered are blood doping that includes erythropoietin (EPO) and concepts of gene doping. In the last section of this discussion, we look at disabled pediatric athletes that include such concepts as athletes with spinal cord injuries (SCIs), myelomeningocele, cerebral palsy, wheelchair athletes, and amputee athletes; also covered are pediatric athletes with visual impairment, deafness, and those with intellectual disability including Down syndrome. In addition, concepts of autonomic dysreflexia, boosting and atlantoaxial instability are emphasized. We conclude that clinicians and society should protect our precious pediatric athletes who face many challenges in their involvement with organized sports in a world obsessed with winning. There is much we can do to help our young athletes find benefit from sports play while avoiding or blunting negative consequences of organized sport activities.
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102
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Wilson-Barnes SL, Lanham-New SA, Lambert H. Modifiable risk factors for bone health & fragility fractures. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2022; 36:101758. [PMID: 35750569 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2022.101758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is an ageing disorder characterised by poor microstructural architecture of the bone and an increase in the risk of fragility fractures, which often leads to hospitalisation and eventually a loss of mobility and independence. By 2050, it is estimated that more than 30 million people in Europe will be affected by bone diseases, and European hospitalisation alone can approximately cost up to 3.5 billion euros each year [1]. Although inherited variation in bone mineral density (BMD) is pre-determined by up to 85% [2], there is a window of opportunity to optimise BMD and reduce fracture risk through key modifiable lifestyle factors during the life course. An optimal diet rich in micronutrients, such as calcium, vitamin D, and potassium, has long been considered an important modifiable component of bone health, which is attributed to their direct roles within bone metabolism. Recently, there has been emerging evidence to suggest that protein and even an adequate intake of fruit and vegetables may also play an important role in improving BMD [3,4]. Maintaining a physically active lifestyle is not only protective from non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease but it also has been shown to lessen the risk of fractures later in life, thereby making it an imperative modifiable factor for bone health, particularly as it also supports peak bone mass attainment during childhood/adolescence and can facilitate the maintenance of bone mass throughout adulthood [5]. Other key lifestyle factors that could be potentially modified to reduce the risk of osteoporosis or osteoporotic fractures later in life include smoking status, alcohol intake, and body composition [6]. Therefore, the principle aim of this review is to highlight the recent evidence pertaining to modifiable lifestyle factors that contribute to optimal bone health and the prevention of fragility fractures in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia L Wilson-Barnes
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences & Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
| | - Susan A Lanham-New
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences & Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Helen Lambert
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences & Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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Sesbreno E, Hein S, Tiollier E, Lacroix V, Ostiguy G, Maître C, Dupont AC, Siboni R, Seil R, Martens G. Les compléments alimentaires et l’athlète de haut niveau : synthèse ReFORM de la position de consensus du Comité International Olympique. Sci Sports 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Effects of Citrulline Supplementation on Different Aerobic Exercise Performance Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173479. [PMID: 36079738 PMCID: PMC9460004 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplementation with Citrulline (Cit) has been shown to have a positive impact on aerobic exercise performance and related outcomes such as lactate, oxygen uptake (VO2) kinetics, and the rate of perceived exertion (RPE), probably due to its relationship to endogenous nitric oxide production. However, current research has shown this to be controversial. The main objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to analyze and assess the effects of Cit supplementation on aerobic exercise performance and related outcomes, as well as to show the most suitable doses and timing of ingestion. A structured literature search was carried out by the PRISMA® (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) and PICOS guidelines in the following databases: Pubmed/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science (WOS). A total of 10 studies were included in the analysis, all of which exclusively compared the effects of Cit supplementation with those of a placebo group on aerobic performance, lactate, VO2, and the RPE. Those articles that used other supplements and measured other outcomes were excluded. The meta-analysis was carried out using Hedges’ g random effects model and pooled standardized mean differences (SMD). The results showed no positive effects of Cit supplementation on aerobic performance (pooled SMD = 0.15; 95% CI (−0.02 to 0.32); I2, 0%; p = 0.08), the RPE (pooled SMD = −0.03; 95% CI (−0.43 to 0.38); I2, 49%; p = 0.9), VO2 kinetics (pooled SMD = 0.01; 95% CI (−0.16 to 0.17); I2, 0%; p = 0.94), and lactate (pooled SMD = 0.25; 95% CI (−0.10 to 0.59); I2, 0%; p = 0.16). In conclusion, Cit supplementation did not prove to have any benefits for aerobic exercise performance and related outcomes. Where chronic protocols seemed to show a positive tendency, more studies in the field are needed to better understand the effects.
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105
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Gild ML, Stuart M, Clifton-Bligh RJ, Kinahan A, Handelsman DJ. Thyroid Hormone Abuse in Elite Sports: The Regulatory Challenge. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e3562-e3573. [PMID: 35438767 PMCID: PMC9387720 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abuse of androgens and erythropoietin has led to hormones being the most effective and frequent class of ergogenic substances prohibited in elite sports by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). At present, thyroid hormone (TH) abuse is not prohibited, but its prevalence among elite athletes and nonprohibited status remains controversial. A corollary of prohibiting hormones for elite sports is that endocrinologists must be aware of a professional athlete's risk of disqualification for using prohibited hormones and/or to certify Therapeutic Use Exemptions, which allow individual athletes to use prohibited substances for valid medical indications. This narrative review considers the status of TH within the framework of the WADA Code criteria for prohibiting substances, which requires meeting 2 of 3 equally important criteria of potential performance enhancement, harmfulness to health, and violation of the spirit of sport. In considering the valid clinical uses of TH, the prevalence of TH use among young adults, the reason why some athletes seek to use TH, and the pathophysiology of sought-after and adverse effects of TH abuse, together with the challenges of detecting TH abuse, it can be concluded that, on the basis of present data, prohibition of TH in elite sport is neither justified nor feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti L Gild
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney 2065, Australia
- Cancer Genetics, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, St Leonards 2065, Australia
| | - Mark Stuart
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Metabolism and Inflammation, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- International Testing Agency Lausanne, Lausanne 1007, Switzerland
| | - Roderick J Clifton-Bligh
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney 2065, Australia
- Cancer Genetics, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, St Leonards 2065, Australia
| | | | - David J Handelsman
- Correspondence: Professor David Handelsman, ANZAC Research Institute, Department of Andrology, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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106
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Porto AA, Gonzaga LA, Benjamim CJR, Bueno CR, Garner DM, Vanderlei LCM, Ferreira C, Valenti VE. Acute Effects of Energy Drink on Autonomic and Cardiovascular Parameters Recovery in Individuals with Different Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A Randomized, Crossover, Double-Blind and Placebo-Controlled Trial. Arq Bras Cardiol 2022; 119:553-561. [PMID: 35946753 PMCID: PMC9563894 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20210625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fundamento Tem-se sugerido que o consumo de bebidas energéticas (BEs) possa afetar a atividade cardiovascular. Objetivos Investigar os efeitos agudos da ingestão de BE sobre a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) recuperação cardiovascular após exercício aeróbico moderado em homens de diferentes capacidades cardiorrespiratórias. Métodos Este é um estudo randomizado, duplo cego, crossover, controlado por placebo. Vinte e oito jovens adultos foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o pico de consumo de oxigênio (pico de VO2): (1) pico de VO2 alto (AO) – pico de VO2 > 52,15 mL/Kg/min, e (2) pico de VO2 baixo (BO) - pico de VO2 <52,15 mL/Kg/min. Os indivíduos de ambos os grupos foram submetidos a dois protocolos de exercícios em ordem aleatória: exercício moderado aeróbico (60% de pico de VO2) após a ingestão de 250 mL de água (protocolo placebo) ou 250 mL de BE (protocolo BE). Durante os testes de exercício, foram registrados valores de parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios e de VFC. Resultados Foram observadas diferenças significativas para o índice de LF (unidades normalizadas) entre “repouso” e “Rec1” nos grupos de AO e BO durante o protocolo BE. Para a razão LF/HF, foram observadas diferenças significativas entre “repouso” e Rec1 nos grupos AO e BO nos protocolos BE. Conclusão A ingestão aguda de BE retardou a recuperação da frequência cardíaca após o exercício em indivíduos com capacidade cardiorrespiratória baixa e indivíduos com capacidade cardiorrespiratória alta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Alves Porto
- Departamento de Fisioterapia - Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, UNESP, Presidente Prudente, SP - Brasil.,Centro de Estudos do Sistema Nervoso Autônomo (CESNA), UNESP, Marília, SP - Brasil
| | - Luana Almeida Gonzaga
- Departamento de Fisioterapia - Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, UNESP, Presidente Prudente, SP - Brasil.,Centro de Estudos do Sistema Nervoso Autônomo (CESNA), UNESP, Marília, SP - Brasil
| | - Cicero Jonas R Benjamim
- Centro de Estudos do Sistema Nervoso Autônomo (CESNA), UNESP, Marília, SP - Brasil.,Departamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP - Brasil
| | - Carlos Roberto Bueno
- Escola de Educação Física de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (EEFERP/USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP - Brasil
| | - David M Garner
- Grupo de Pesquisa Cardiorrespiratória, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e Médicas, Faculdade de Saúde e Ciências da Vida, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford - Reino Unido
| | - Luiz C M Vanderlei
- Departamento de Fisioterapia - Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, UNESP, Presidente Prudente, SP - Brasil
| | - Celso Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
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107
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Lundberg JO, Weitzberg E. Nitric oxide signaling in health and disease. Cell 2022; 185:2853-2878. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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108
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Lambert V, Carbuhn A, Culp A, Ketterly J, Twombley B, White D. Interassociation Consensus Statement on Sports Nutrition Models for the Provision of Nutrition Services From Registered Dietitian Nutritionists in Collegiate Athletics. J Athl Train 2022; 57:717-732. [PMID: 36356618 PMCID: PMC9661935 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0157.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Collegiate athletic programs are increasingly adding nutrition services to interdisciplinary sports medicine and sports performance departments in response to scientific evidence highlighting nutrition's integral role in supporting athletic performance and overall health. Registered Dietitian Nutritionists (RDNs) specializing in sports dietetics (ie, sports RDNs) and credentialed Board-certified Specialists in Sports Dietetics (CSSDs) are the preferred nutrition service providers for these programs. Their extensive training and proficiency in medical nutrition therapy, education and behavioral counseling, food-service management, exercise physiology, physical performance, and administration, as defined by the "Standards of Practice and "Standards of Professional Performance" for Registered Dietitian Nutritionists in Sports Nutrition and Human Performance," make these practitioners uniquely qualified to deliver the breadth of care required in the collegiate setting. Therefore, this document, guided by a multidisciplinary panel, introduces 4 sports nutrition models through which any collegiate athletic program can deliver sports RDN-directed nutrition services. In each model, the most effective staffing and scope of service are indicated and reviewed. In addition, recommended organizational structures for sports RDNs are provided that best support the delivery of the model's nutrition services in a variety of collegiate athletic programs and organizational settings. Lastly, future research initiatives and nutrition interventions to help improve the standard of care through these sport nutrition models are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron Carbuhn
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City
| | - Amy Culp
- Intercollegiate Athletics, University of Texas at Austin
| | - Jennifer Ketterly
- Duke Sports Sciences Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | | | - Dana White
- Athletic Training & Sports Medicine, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT
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109
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McDermott CE, Vincent HK, Mathews AE, Cautela BG, Sandoval M, Tremblay A, Langkamp-Henken B. Impact of probiotic supplementation on exercise endurance among non-elite athletes: study protocol for a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, clinical trial. Trials 2022; 23:603. [PMID: 35897037 PMCID: PMC9326435 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06552-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Some probiotics appear to improve athletic performance, endurance, and recovery after intense exercise. Other formulations may provide performance-related benefits via immune and gastrointestinal functions in athletic individuals. However, few formulations have been studied for both types of effects among non-elite athletes. The primary objective of this study is to assess the ergogenic effects of a probiotic on high-intensity endurance running performance in non-elite runners. Secondary objectives include assessment of perceived exertion, blood chemistry, immune and stress biomarkers, cold and flu symptoms, and gastrointestinal health after the probiotic intervention. Methods This 9-week randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel trial will assess the ergogenic effects of a probiotic (5 billion colony-forming units/day, for 6 weeks) in healthy, non-elite runners (N=32; 18–45 years). Participants will be monitored via daily and weekly questionnaires during the 2-week pre-baseline, 6-week intervention, and 1-week washout. Questionnaires will inquire about activity, muscle soreness, gastrointestinal symptoms, cold and flu symptoms, stool form and frequency, and adverse events. During the pre-baseline visit, maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2 max) is assessed to set appropriate individualized workload settings for the treadmill time-to-exhaustion endurance tests. These time-to-exhaustion endurance running tests will be completed at an intensity of 85% VO2max at baseline and final visits. During these tests, self-perceived exercise effort will be rated via the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion scale and finger sticks assessing capillary blood glucose and lactate concentrations will be collected every 3 min. Additional questionnaires will assess diet and motivation to exercise. Body composition will be assessed using air displacement plethysmography at the baseline and final visits. Hypotheses will be tested using two-sided tests, and a linear model and with a type I error rate of α=0.05. Primary and secondary outcomes will be tested by comparing results between the intervention groups, adjusting for baseline values. Discussion These results will build evidence documenting the role of probiotics on running endurance performance and physiological responses to exercise in non-elite athletes. Understanding the potential mechanisms of probiotic effects and how they mitigate the intestinal or immune discomforts caused by running could provide additional strategy means to help runners improve their performance. Trial registration number ClinicalTrials.govNCT04588142. Posted on October 19, 2020. Protocol version: July 2, 2021, version 1.2
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E McDermott
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, 572 Newell Drive, PO Box 110370, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0370, USA
| | - Heather K Vincent
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, UF Health Sports Performance Center, University of Florida, 3450 Hull Road, PO Box 112730, Gainesville, FL, USA. .,UF Health Sports Performance Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.
| | - Anne E Mathews
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, 572 Newell Drive, PO Box 110370, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0370, USA
| | | | | | | | - Bobbi Langkamp-Henken
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, 572 Newell Drive, PO Box 110370, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0370, USA
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Giráldez-Costas V, Aguilar-Navarro M, González-García J, Del Coso J, Salinero JJ. Acute caffeine supplementation enhances several aspects of shot put performance in trained athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2022; 19:366-380. [PMID: 35813843 PMCID: PMC9261737 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2022.2096415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to determine the effect of a moderate dose of caffeine (3 mg/kg/b.m.) on muscular power and strength and shot put performance in trained athletes. Methods. Thirteen shot putters (eight men and five women) participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized experiment. In two different trials, participants ingested either 3 mg/kg/b.m. of caffeine or a placebo. Forty-five min after substance ingestion, athletes performed a handgrip dynamometry test, a countermovement jump (CMJ), a squat jump (SJ), and a maximum-velocity push-up. The athletes also performed three types of throws: a backwards throw, a standing shot put and a complete shot put. Results. In comparison with the placebo, caffeine ingestion increased CMJ height (32.25 ± 7.26 vs. 33.83 ± 7.72 cm, respectively; effect size (ES) = 0.82, p = 0.012; +5.0%;) and SJ height (29.93 ± 7.88 vs. 31.40 ± 7.16 cm; ES = 0.63, p = 0.042; +6.4%) and distance in the standing shot put (10.27 ± 1.77 m vs. 10.55 ± 1.94 m; ES = 0.87, p = 0.009; +2.6%). However, caffeine ingestion did not increase strength in the handgrip test, power in the ballistic push-up, or distance in the backwards throw (all p > 0.05). Shot put performance changed from 11.24 ± 2.54 to 11.35 ± . 2.57 m (ES = 0.33, p = 0.26; +1.0%), although the difference did not reach statistically significant differences. Caffeine ingestion did not increase the prevalence of side effects (nervousness, gastrointestinal problems, activeness, irritability, muscular pain, headache, and diuresis) in comparison with the placebo (p > 0.05). Conclusion. In summary, caffeine ingestion with a dose equivalent to 3 mg/kg/b.m. elicited moderate improvements in several aspects of physical performance in trained shot putters but with a small effect on distance in a complete shot put.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Juan Del Coso
- Camilo José Cela University, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Madrid, Spain.,Rey Juan Carlos University, Centre for Sport Studies, Fuenlabrada, Spain
| | - Juan José Salinero
- Castilla-La Mancha University, Faculty of Sport Sciences. Sport Training Laboratory (GIRD), Toledo, Spain
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111
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Santana O, Vieira-Cavalcante V, Caetano Paulo A, Rodacki C, Bertuzzi R, Lima-Silva AE, Cristina-Souza G. Caffeine reverts loss of muscular performance during the early-follicular phase in resistance-trained naturally menstruating women. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1592-1601. [PMID: 35819352 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2094560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of caffeine ingestion on muscular performance during the early-follicular and mid-luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. Fourteen resistance-trained naturally menstruating women performed countermovement jump (CMJ), maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), one-repetition maximum (1-RM), and repetitions-to-failure (RF) at 80% of 1-RM in the half-squat exercise, in early-follicular and mid-luteal phases, after placebo or caffeine ingestion. The early-follicular and mid-luteal phases were identified via calendar-based counting method. The MVIC was lower in the early-follicular than mid-luteal phase (-6.2 ± 15.2 N, p < 0.05) and higher with caffeine than placebo ingestion regardless of the menstrual cycle phase (+16.8 ± 26.7 N, p < 0.05). The magnitude of gains (supplement x phase interaction, p < 0.026) in 1-RM, CMJ, and RF with caffeine ingestion was higher in the early-follicular (+16.6 ± 7.1 kg, +2.5 ± 1.6 cm, and +4.5 ± 2.6 repetitions, respectively) than in the mid-luteal phase (+7.7 ± 4.8 kg, +1.5 ± 2.0 cm, and +2.4 ± 3.1 repetitions, respectively). In conclusion, the greater ergogenic effect of caffeine during the early-follicular phase supports its use to mitigate the decline in muscular performance in this phase of the menstrual cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottavio Santana
- Human Performance Research Group, Federal University of Technology Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Anderson Caetano Paulo
- Physical and Sports Training, Health and Performance Research Group (TFESP), Federal University of Technology Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Cintia Rodacki
- Human Performance Research Group, Federal University of Technology Parana, Curitiba, Brazil.,Physical and Sports Training, Health and Performance Research Group (TFESP), Federal University of Technology Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Romulo Bertuzzi
- Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gislaine Cristina-Souza
- Human Performance Research Group, Federal University of Technology Parana, Curitiba, Brazil.,Nutrition and Exercise Research Group, State University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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112
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DE Souza DB, Ribeiro JN, Simão ANC, Aguilar-Navarro M, Polito MD. The Acute Effect of In Natura Beetroot Juice Intake on Intra-Session Exercise Sequences During Concurrent Training. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2022; 15:1075-1085. [PMID: 36159160 PMCID: PMC9458277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the acute effects of in natura beetroot juice intake on intra-session exercise sequences during concurrent training. Following a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover design, 20 well-trained men (21.4 ± 2.9 years; 74.8 ± 6.3 kg; 175.7 ± 5.0 cm) performed two concurrent training sessions with different intra-session exercise sequences: CT1 (aerobic exercise + resistance exercises) and CT2 (resistance exercises + aerobic exercise). The resistance exercises were bench-press, lat-pull down, and shoulder-press (three sets to failure; 2 s cadence for the concentric and eccentric phases; 90 s rest interval between sets and exercises; 75% 1RM), and the aerobic exercise was 4-km running. Each concurrent training session was randomized to placebo, beetroot juice, and control (no substances), totaling six exercise sessions. The rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was reported at the end of each exercise in each session. The beetroot juice significantly increased plasma nitric oxide concentration from 14.5 ± 3.9 mmol/L to 140.2 ± 37.5 mmol/L (P < 0.01) and there was no significant change after placebo intake (13.8 ± 4.2 vs 15.1 ± 5.7 mmol/L). The 4-km running time was significantly less (P < 0.05) after beetroot juice intake in CT1 (17.0 ± 2.1 min) and CT2 (18.5 ± 1.9 min) than placebo (19.1 ± 3.2 and 22.2 ± 2.9 min, respectively) and control (19.4 ± 2.6 and 21.7 ± 3.0 min, respectively). No differences were identified in the total number of repetitions in resistance exercises and RPE. In conclusion, the acute intake of in natura beetroot juice decreased the 4-km running time independently of concurrent training exercise sequences. Our results may assist trainers in order to choose the supplement to increase performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Júlio Nobile Ribeiro
- Center of Physical Education and Sport, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, PR, BRAZIL
| | | | | | - Marcos Doederlein Polito
- Center of Physical Education and Sport, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, PR, BRAZIL
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Balaji M, Ranganath KV, Pugazhendhi G, Mayasa V, Barathiraja K, Manimaran R, Chandran MP. Management of tendinopathies among south Indians using collagen II peptide, glucosamine and vitamin C. Bioinformation 2022; 18:558-561. [PMID: 37168781 PMCID: PMC10165034 DOI: 10.6026/97320630018558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendinopathy is a multi-factorial, broad spectrum of tendon disorder, characterized by activity-related chronic tendon pain and local tenderness. The point of this study was to assess the adequacy of a nutritional supplement containing Glucosamine, type II collagen and vitamin C on the clinical and auxiliary advancement of tendinopathies. The prospective study was Hospital based randomized control trail comparing the efficacy of collage 2 peptide, glucosamine and vitamin c with placebo in various tendinopathies. All diagnosed patients willing for the treatment attending Konaseema Institute of Medical Sciences during period of 2017-2019 were selected with regular follow up of 2nd week, 2nd month & 6 month. The statistics and visualizations of various observations made in the entire study which include a total of 80 patients with various tendinopathies. 60 of them were given collagen 2, glucosamine and vitamin c (cases) and 20 were given placebo (controls). At the end of 6 months almost 90% patients relieved completely of pain. The duration of maximum benefit to reach is almost around 24 weeks. These are seen more commonly to affect non-athletes rather than athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madarapu Balaji
- Department of Orthopaedics, Maheshwara Medical College and Hospital, Chitkul, Isnapur, Patancheruvu 502307, Telangana, India
| | - Kadiri Venkata Ranganath
- Department of Orthopaedics, Maheshwara Medical College and Hospital, Chitkul, Isnapur, Patancheruvu 502307, Telangana, India
| | - G Pugazhendhi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chromepet, Chennai 600044, India
| | - Vinyas Mayasa
- Department of Pharmacology, MNR College of Pharmacy, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
| | - K Barathiraja
- Department of General Surgery, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Pallikaranai, Chennai - 600100, India
| | - R Manimaran
- Department of General Surgery, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chromepet, Chennai - 600044, India
| | - Manoj Prathap Chandran
- Department of Orthodontics, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Pallikaranai, Chennai - 600100, India
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114
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Benjamin S, Au TY, Assavarittirong C. Lack of supplement regulation: A potential for ethical and physiological repercussions. Nutr Health 2022; 28:495-499. [PMID: 35770294 DOI: 10.1177/02601060221108145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: The sale and utilization of dietary and fitness supplements in America, with industry revenue totaling 140.3 billion in 2020 alone, has proven significant. Unfortunately, these supplements are not held to high standards of manufacturing or marketing, leading to ethical, financial, and physiological repercussions for consumers. Aim: The aim of this study is to discuss specific examples of a prevalent issue within the supplementation industry; we suggest the implementation of regulatory processes in the sale and marketing of such products. Methods: Studies from 2007 to 2021 which illustrate positive or negative effects of specific supplements based on gross revenue or a high level of publicity were analyzed. Results: Within this paper, we outline potential regulations which could assist in mitigating the negative impact that a lack of oversight has precipitated. These regulations include an initial approval request which reviews supplement ingredients, effects, risks, and therapeutic index. Conclusion: If the proposed regulations are introduced, the data collected via supplement applications may be utilized in classifying the supplement by its risk before it is marketed to the general population with supervision by pharmacists when indicated, ultimately reducing the adverse effects of inappropriate supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tsz Yuen Au
- 37807Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland
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115
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Effects of ergo-nutritional strategies on recovery in combat sports disciplines. NUTR HOSP 2022; 39:652-662. [PMID: 35076252 DOI: 10.20960/nh.03886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In order to improve the recovery process in combat sports disciplines, ergo-nutritional strategies could be an effective option in training and competition. Some of these ergo-nutritional aids could improve performance but literature references are scarce, with controversial results regarding actual recovery effects. This systematic review aimed to examine which ergo-nutritional methods are most effective for assisting in the recovery process in combat sports, and to determine the appropriate training stimuli. This systematic review was carried out following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review (PRISMA) guidelines. A computerized search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Collaboration Database, Evidence Database, Evidence Based Medicine Search review, National Guidelines, EM-BASE, Scopus and Google Scholar system (from 1995 to April 30, 2021). The PICOS model was used to define inclusion and exclusion criteria. Out of 123 studies initially found, 18 met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. Data from 367 athletes from different disciplines were examined. The evidence was grouped in 4 areas: oxidative stress, muscle and energy recovery, muscle repair, and metabolic acidosis. Evidence showed that vitamins, minerals, and some natural ergo-nutritional products are effective as antioxidants. Carbohydrates and protein determine the recovery effect. Sodium bicarbonate has a role as primary acidosis metabolic delayer. Accordingly, ergo-nutritional aids can help in the recovery process. Considering the effects outlined in the literature, more studies are needed to provide firm evidence.
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116
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Kawamura A, Nemoto K, Sugita M. Effect of 8-week intake of the n-3 fatty acid-rich perilla oil on the gut function and as a fuel source for female athletes: a randomised trial. Br J Nutr 2022; 129:1-11. [PMID: 35705194 PMCID: PMC9991858 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522001805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have examined the effects of n-3 fatty acid intake in supplement form or fish oil capsules, but there are few studies based on other foods. Perilla oil is a traditional Japanese seed oil rich in n-3 fatty acids. This randomised trial aimed to determine the appropriate n-3 fatty acid dose through consumption of perilla oil, which improves gut function and microbiota in trained athletes, and the amount of fat fuel required to provide energy to athletes involved in high-intensity training to improve athletic performance. Thirty-six female athletes training six times per week were randomly assigned to three groups according to perilla oil intake: 9 g/d (high oil intake (HOI)), 3 g/d (low oil intake (LOI)) and placebo-supplementation (PLA) groups. The HOI and LOI groups had perilla oil-containing jelly and the PLA group had placebo jelly for 8 weeks. Gut microbiota, constipation score and urinary biochemical index were measured pre- and post-intervention. The spoilage bacteria, Proteobacteria, significantly decreased (P = 0·036, d = 0·53), whereas Butyrate-producing bacteria, Lachnospiraceae, significantly increased (P = 0·007, d = 1·2) in the HOI group. Urinary indoxyl sulphate significantly decreased in the HOI group only (P = 0·010, d = 0·82). Changes in the constipation score were significantly lower in the HOI group (P = 0·020) and even lower in the LOI group (P = 0·073) than in the PLA group; there were significant differences between groups (P = 0·035). Therefore, perilla oil intake may improve gut function and microbiota in athletes, with higher doses resulting in further improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Kawamura
- Faculty of Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo1588508, Japan
| | - Ken Nemoto
- Faculty of Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo1588508, Japan
| | - Masaaki Sugita
- Faculty of Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo1588508, Japan
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Lopresti AL, Smith SJ. An examination into the mental and physical effects of a saffron extract (affron®) in recreationally-active adults: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2022; 19:219-238. [PMID: 35813851 PMCID: PMC9261746 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2022.2083455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian L Lopresti
- Clinical Research Australia, Perth, Australia
- Murdoch University, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Perth, Australia
| | - Stephen J Smith
- Clinical Research Australia, Perth, Australia
- Murdoch University, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Perth, Australia
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Grgic J. Author's Reply to Holgado et al.: "What is the Effect of Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) Ingestion on Exercise Performance? Current Findings and Future Research Directions". Sports Med 2022; 52:2563-2564. [PMID: 35639285 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01709-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jozo Grgic
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Papadopoulou SK, Mantzorou M, Kondyli-Sarika F, Alexandropoulou I, Papathanasiou J, Voulgaridou G, Nikolaidis PT. The Key Role of Nutritional Elements on Sport Rehabilitation and the Effects of Nutrients Intake. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10060084. [PMID: 35736824 PMCID: PMC9227980 DOI: 10.3390/sports10060084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Adequate nutrition is of utmost importance for athletes, especially during rehabilitation after injury in order to achieve fast healing and return to sports. The aim of this narrative review is to define the proper nutritional elements for athletes to meet their needs and facilitate their fast return to sports after surgery or injury, as well as determine the effects of specific nutrients intake. Studies on antioxidants, which are substances that protect against free radicals, for the injured athlete are few and unclear, yet poly-phenols and especially flavonoids might improve healing and inflammation following an injury. Benefits of vitamin C or E on muscle damage are disputable in relevant studies, while optimal levels of vitamin D and calcium contribute to bone healing. Minerals are also essential for athletes. Other supplements suggested for muscle damage treatment and protein synthesis include leucine, creatine, and hydroxymethylbutyrate. Diets that include high-quality products, rich in micronutrients (like vitamins, minerals, etc.) bio-active compounds and other nutritional elements (like creatine) are suggested, while an individualized nutrition program prescribed by a trained dietitian is important. Further studies are needed to clarify the underlying mechanisms of these nutritional elements, especially regarding injury treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sousana K. Papadopoulou
- Department Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.K.P.); (F.K.-S.); (I.A.); (G.V.)
| | - Maria Mantzorou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of the Aegean, 81400 Lemnos, Greece;
| | - Foivi Kondyli-Sarika
- Department Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.K.P.); (F.K.-S.); (I.A.); (G.V.)
| | - Ioanna Alexandropoulou
- Department Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.K.P.); (F.K.-S.); (I.A.); (G.V.)
| | - Jannis Papathanasiou
- Department of Medical Imaging, Allergology& Physiotherapy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
- Department of Kinesitherapy, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Gavriela Voulgaridou
- Department Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.K.P.); (F.K.-S.); (I.A.); (G.V.)
| | - Pantelis T. Nikolaidis
- School of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence:
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120
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Bougrine H, Cherif M, Chtourou H, Souissi N. Can caffeine supplementation reverse the impact of time of day on cognitive and short-term high intensity performances in young female handball players? Chronobiol Int 2022; 39:1144-1155. [PMID: 35603451 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2022.2077747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
ABBREVIATIONS CAF: Caffeine PLC: Placebo SRT: Simple Reaction Time AT: Attention Test SJ: Squat Jump IAT: Illinois Agility Test OT: Oral Temperature QUEST: Questionnaire RPE: Rating of Perceived Exertion PD: Peak Distance TD: Total Distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Bougrine
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunisia.,High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Tunisia
| | - Moncef Cherif
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Tunisia.,Sport Performance Research Unit, Health & Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education Ksar Saîd, Manouba University, Tunisia
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunisia.,High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nizar Souissi
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunisia.,High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Tunisia
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121
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Jurado-Castro JM, Campos-Perez J, Ranchal-Sanchez A, Durán-López N, Domínguez R. Acute Effects of Beetroot Juice Supplements on Lower-Body Strength in Female Athletes: Double-Blind Crossover Randomized Trial. Sports Health 2022; 14:812-821. [PMID: 35603411 DOI: 10.1177/19417381221083590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beetroot juice (BRJ) is used as an ergogenic aid, but no previous study has analyzed the effect this supplement has on the production of explosive force and muscular endurance in physically active women. HYPOTHESIS BRJ improves explosive force and muscular endurance in the lower limbs of physically active women. STUDY DESIGN Randomized double-blind crossover study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. METHODS Fourteen physically active women performed a countermovement jump (CMJ) test, a back squat test for assessing velocity and power at 50% and 75% of one-repetition maximum (1RM), and the number of repetitions on a muscular endurance test consisting of 3 sets at 75% of 1RM in a resistance training protocol comprising 3 exercises (back squat, leg press, and leg extension). The participants performed the test in 2 sessions, 150 minutes after ingesting 70 mL of either BRJ (400 mg of nitrate) or a placebo (PLA). RESULTS A greater maximum height was achieved in the CMJ after consuming BRJ compared with a PLA (P = 0.04; effect size (ES) = 0.34). After a BRJ supplement at 50% 1RM, a higher mean velocity [+6.7%; P = 0.03; (ES) = 0.39 (-0.40 to 1.17)], peak velocity (+6%; P = 0.04; ES = 0.39 [-0.40 to 1.17]), mean power (+7.3%; P = 0.02; ES = 0.30 [-0.48 to 1.08]) and peak power (+6%; P = 0.04; ES = 0.20 [-0.59 to 0.98]) were attained in the back squat test. In the muscular endurance test, BRJ increased performance compared with the PLA (P < 0.00; ηp2 = 0.651). CONCLUSION BRJ supplements exert an ergogenic effect on the ability to produce explosive force and muscular endurance in the lower limbs in physically active women. CLINICAL RELEVANCE If physically active women took a BRJ supplement 120 minutes before resistance training their performance could be enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Manuel Jurado-Castro
- Metabolism and Investigation Unit, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Escuela Universitaria de Osuna (Centro Adscrito a la Universidad de Sevilla), Osuna, Spain
| | - Julian Campos-Perez
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Rabanales University Campus, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Ranchal-Sanchez
- Department of Nursing, Pharmacology and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, University of Cordoba, Spain
| | - Natalia Durán-López
- Department of Nursing, Pharmacology and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raúl Domínguez
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Studies Research Group in Neuromuscular Responses (GEPREN), University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
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Caffeine increases exercise intensity and energy expenditure but does not modify substrate oxidation during 1 h of self-paced cycling. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:3285-3292. [PMID: 35503131 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-02894-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIM Oral caffeine intake has been deemed as an effective supplementation strategy to enhance fat oxidation during aerobic exercise with a steady-state intensity. However, in real exercise scenarios, individuals habitually train with autoregulation of exercise intensity. This study aimed to analyze the effect of oral caffeine intake during self-paced cycling on autoregulated exercise intensity and substrate oxidation. METHODS Fifteen young and healthy participants (11 men and 4 women) participated in a double-blind, randomized, cross-over investigation. Each participant took part in 2 experimental days consisting of pedaling for 1 h with a self-selected wattage. Participants were told that they had to exercise at a moderate intensity to maximize fat oxidation. On one occasion participants ingested 3 mg/kg of caffeine and on the other occasion ingested a placebo. Energy expenditure, fat oxidation rate, and carbohydrate oxidation rate were continuously measured during exercise by indirect calorimetry. RESULTS In comparison to the placebo, caffeine intake increased the self-selected wattage (on average, 105 ± 44 vs 117 ± 45 W, respectively, P < 0.001) which represented a higher total work during the cycling session (377 ± 157 vs 422 ± 160 kJ, P < 0.001). Caffeine increased total energy expenditure (543 ± 161 vs 587 ± 155 kcal, P = 0.042) but it did not affect total fat oxidation (24.7 ± 12.2 vs 22.9 ± 11.5 g, P = 0.509) or total carbohydrate oxidation (87.4 ± 22.4 vs 97.8 ± 32.3 g, P = 0.101). CONCLUSION Acute caffeine ingestion before an exercise session with an individual's freedom to regulate intensity induces a higher self-selected exercise intensity and total work. The selection of a higher exercise intensity augments total energy expenditure but eliminates the effect of caffeine on substrate oxidation during exercise.
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123
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Porto AA, Benjamim CJR, Gonzaga LA, Luciano de Almeida M, Bueno Júnior CR, Garner DM, Valenti VE. Caffeine intake and its influences on heart rate variability recovery in healthy active adults after exercise: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 32:1071-1082. [PMID: 35272883 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Results regarding the effects of caffeine (CAF) intake on the autonomic control of heart rate recovery exercise remain inconclusive. Thus far, no study has used effect measures to pool the results of different experiments. We aim to assess the acute effect of CAF intake before exercise on the recovery of heart rate variability (HRV) after exercise through a systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SYNTHESIS Randomized controlled clinical trials were included; sample composed of physically active or trained adults; CAF should be offered/ingested before exercise, with dosage between 100 and 400 mg or between 2 and 6 mg/kg and administration/ingestion route analogous in the protocols; studies required to present results of HRV indices before and after exercise. Bias risk analysis and meta-analysis were performed. Twelve studies were included in the qualitative synthesis and five studies were encompassed in the quantitative synthesis (meta-analysis). For the Root-mean-square standard deviation (RMSSD) index we revealed p = 0.67, Total 95% confidence interval (95% CI) ranged from -0.45 to 0.29, and 66.7% for heterogeneity between groups were reported. Concerning the High Frequency (HF) index, we observed p = 0.22, Total 95% CI that ranged from -0.34 to 0.30, and 44% for heterogeneity between groups. CONCLUSIONS CAF intake did not affect heart rate variability recovery after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Alves Porto
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, UNESP, Presidente Prudente, Brazil; Autonomic Nervous System Center, UNESP, Marilia, SP, Brazil
| | - Cicero Jonas R Benjamim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Luana Almeida Gonzaga
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, UNESP, Presidente Prudente, Brazil; Autonomic Nervous System Center, UNESP, Marilia, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Roberto Bueno Júnior
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; School of Physical Education of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - David M Garner
- Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, United Kingdom; Autonomic Nervous System Center, UNESP, Marilia, SP, Brazil
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Mendonça LDM, Schuermans J, Denolf S, Napier C, Bittencourt NF, Romanuk A, Tak I, Thorborg K, Bizzini M, Ramponi C, Paterson C, Hägglund M, Malisoux L, Al Attar WSA, Samukawa M, Esteve E, Bakare U, Constantinou M, Schneiders A, Cavallieri Gomes A, Florentz D, Ozer Kaya D, Indra Lesmana S, Harøy J, Kuparinen V, Philips N, Jenkins W, Wezenbeek E, Witvrouw E. Sports injury prevention programmes from the sports physical therapist's perspective: An international expert Delphi approach. Phys Ther Sport 2022; 55:146-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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125
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Dietary Supplements as Source of Unintentional Doping. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:8387271. [PMID: 35496041 PMCID: PMC9054437 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8387271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Background The substances used in sport could be divided into two major groups: those banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency and those which are not. The prohibited list is extremely detailed and includes a wide variety of both medicinal and nonmedicinal substances. Professional athletes are exposed to intense physical overload every day. They follow a relevant food regime and take specific dietary supplements, which is essential for the better recovery between trainings and competitions. However, the use of “nonprohibited” dietary supplements (DS) is not always completely safe. One of the risks associated with the use of dietary supplements is the risk of unintended doping—originating from contaminated products. The presence of undeclared compounds in the composition of DS is a serious concern. The aim of this study is to evaluate the risk of unintentional doping. Materials and Methods Literature search was done through PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Studies investigating the presence of undeclared compounds, in dietary supplements, banned by WADA met the inclusion criteria. The last search was conducted in June 2021. The present review is based on a total of 50 studies, which investigated the presence of undeclared compounds in DS. Results The total number of analyzed DS is 3132, 875 of which were found to contain undeclared substances. Most frequently found undeclared substances are sibutramine and anabolic-androgenic steroids. Conclusion More than 28% of the analyzed dietary supplements pose a potential risk of unintentional doping. Athletes and their teams need to be aware of the issues associated with the use of DS. They should take great care before inclusion of DS in the supplementation regime.
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The Prevalence of Dietary Supplement Usage in Military Aviators. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095017. [PMID: 35564407 PMCID: PMC9105340 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background: The prevalence of dietary supplement (DS) and energy drink (ED) usage in military personnel differs from branch to branch and is between 55% and 76% (higher values in special operations forces). Aviators with highly demanding tasks might be especially interested in using dietary supplements. To date, there are only limited data available for this special profession inside the military. Methods: An internet-based survey was conducted on the prevalence of DS and ED usage, the reasons for their usage and the place of purchase for all wings of the German Armed Forces. Results: Of the 181 pilots who participated in the survey, 34% used DSs and 16% EDs. Usage was linked to sports activities but not to the type of aircraft. DSs were purchased on the internet by 50% of the respondents; mostly protein supplements, magnesium and omega-3fatty acids. Only 42% said they would feel an effect from taking DSs. Conclusions: Although the present study showed that the prevalence of usage was comparable to that of the civilian population, the sources of supply and the range of the substances taken give cause for concern. This calls for education and information campaigns to make the pilots aware of the possible risks to their health.
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Nielsen HB, Volianitis S, Secher NH. Dose of Bicarbonate to Maintain Plasma pH During Maximal Ergometer Rowing and Consequence for Plasma Volume. Front Physiol 2022; 13:828708. [PMID: 35492607 PMCID: PMC9045408 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.828708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rowing performance may be enhanced by attenuated metabolic acidosis following bicarbonate (BIC) supplementation. This study evaluated the dose of BIC needed to eliminate the decrease in plasma pH during maximal ergometer rowing and assessed the consequence for change in plasma volume. Six oarsmen performed “2,000-m” maximal ergometer rowing trials with BIC (1 M; 100–325 ml) and control (CON; the same volume of isotonic saline). During CON, pH decreased from 7.42 ± 0.01 to 7.17 ± 0.04 (mean and SD; p < 0.05), while during BIC, pH was maintained until the sixth minute where it dropped to 7.32 ± 0.08 and was thus higher than during CON (p < 0.05). The buffering effect of BIC on metabolic acidosis was dose dependent and 300–325 mmol required to maintain plasma pH. Compared to CON, BIC increased plasma sodium by 4 mmol/L, bicarbonate was maintained, and lactate increased to 25 ± 7 vs. 18 ± 3 mmol/L (p < 0.05). Plasma volume was estimated to decrease by 24 ± 4% in CON, while with BIC the estimate was by only 7 ± 6% (p < 0.05) and yet BIC had no significant effect on performance [median 6 min 27 s (range 6 min 09 s to 6 min 57 s) vs. 6 min 33 s (6 min 14 s to 6 min 55 s)]. Bicarbonate administration attenuates acidosis during maximal rowing in a dose-dependent manner and the reduction in plasma volume is attenuated with little consequence for performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Bay Nielsen
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Zealand University Hospital Roskilde, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Henning Bay Nielsen,
| | - Stefanos Volianitis
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Niels H. Secher
- Department of Anaesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Lu Y, Deng B, Xu L, Liu H, Song Y, Lin F. Effects of Rhodiola Rosea Supplementation on Exercise and Sport: A Systematic Review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:856287. [PMID: 35464040 PMCID: PMC9021834 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.856287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhodiola rosea (Golden Root Extract; RR) is an herbaceous perennial, which is native to high altitude areas, such as East Asia, Central Asia, Siberia, and North America. It has been studied for its positive pharmacological effects on health. However, only a handful of studies have evaluated the effects of RR as an exercise supplement for sport and physical activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether Rhodiola can be used as a supplement to improve human exercise ability. Studies were reviewed in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines and conducted between August and November, 2021. Databases searched included Cochrane, Embase, Web of Science, PubMed and East View Universal Database. Related terms were combined with keywords and MeSH subject headings using the corresponding Boolean operators: Rhodiola rosea, arctic root, roseroot, golden root, hongjingtian, and sports and exercise. A total of 10 papers were reviewed. Most of the studies reported that RR supplementation has a positive effect on athletic ability and sports performance, and no obvious adverse reactions were reported. Subjects taking RR showed a reduction in pain and muscle damage after exercise training, improved skeletal muscle damage, enhanced antioxidant capacity thereby reducing oxidative stress, reduced RPE scores, and improved athletic explosive power, but did not reduce the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scores. RR appears to act as a safe and effective supplementation for sport and exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- School of Nursing, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bin Deng
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Bao'an District Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Luhua Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Bao'an District Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hanjiao Liu
- Department of Nursing, Shenzhen Bao'an District Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yinzhi Song
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Bao'an District Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fengxia Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Bao'an District Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Fengxia Lin
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Graybeal AJ, Kreutzer A, Willis JL, Moss K, Braun-Trocchio R, Shah M. Age Drives the Differences in Dietary Supplement Use in Endurance Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Cyclists, Runners, and Triathletes. J Diet Suppl 2022:1-19. [DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2022.2056670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Austin J. Graybeal
- School of Kinesiology & Nutrition, College of Education and Human Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Andreas Kreutzer
- Department of Kinesiology, Harris College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Jada L. Willis
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Science & Engineering, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Kamiah Moss
- Department of Kinesiology, Harris College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Robyn Braun-Trocchio
- Department of Kinesiology, Harris College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Meena Shah
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Science & Engineering, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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The effects of acute and chronic oral l-arginine supplementation on exercise-induced ammonia accumulation and exercise performance in healthy young men: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled trial. J Exerc Sci Fit 2022; 20:140-147. [PMID: 35308069 PMCID: PMC8904605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study examined the effects of a single and chronic oral intake of l-arginine supplementation on blood ammonia concentration and exercise performance. Methods Sixteen healthy young men (mean ± standard deviation, 23 ± 3 years) participated in a randomised, double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled study. For the acute trials, the participants consumed 200 mL of water containing either l-arginine (5 g) or placebo (dextrin; 5.5 g) and performed cycling exercise at 75% of heart rate reserve for 60 min, followed by a 15-min cycling performance test. For the chronic trials, the participants continued to consume each designated supplement twice a day for another 13 days, and then repeated the same protocol as the acute trials at day 15. After a 14-day washout period, the participants changed the supplement and repeated the same protocol as above. Results Plasma ammonia concentrations were lower in the chronic arginine trial than those in both acute placebo (mean difference - 4.5 μmol/L) and acute arginine (mean difference - 5.1 μmol/L) trials (p < 0.05). There was no difference in plasma ammonia concentration between the chronic arginine and chronic placebo trials (mean difference - 1.2 μmol/L). No differences were found in mean power output during the performance test between the chronic arginine and chronic placebo trials (mean difference 0.5 W) or between the acute arginine and acute placebo trials (mean difference 0.0 W). Conclusions An acute and chronic oral intake of l-arginine supplementation did not attenuate exercise-induced increases in ammonia accumulation or had no significant impact on cycling performance.
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Carr AJ, Vallance BS, Rothwell J, Rea AE, Burke LM, Guy JH. Competing in Hot Conditions at the Tokyo Olympic Games: Preparation Strategies Used by Australian Race Walkers. Front Physiol 2022; 13:836858. [PMID: 35399272 PMCID: PMC8983867 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.836858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Tokyo 2021 Olympic Games was anticipated to expose athletes to the most challenging climatic conditions experienced in the history of the modern Olympic Games. This study documents strategies executed by Australian endurance athletes during the team holding camp and Olympic Games experiences, including (1) baseline physiological data, training data, and heat acclimation/acclimatization practices; (2) pre- and in-race cooling and nutritional strategies, and (3) Olympic Games race performance data. Methods Six athletes (three males, three females; age 24 ± 4 years; VO2max 63.2 ± 8.7 mL⋅kg–1⋅min–1; sum of 7 skinfolds 53.1 ± 23.4 mm) were observed prior to and during the team holding camp held in Cairns, QLD, Australia. Athletes completed 6–7 weeks of intermittent heat acclimation training, utilizing a combination of 2–4 passive and active acclimation sessions per week. Active acclimation was systematically increased via exposure time, exercise intensity, temperature, and humidity. In the team holding camp, athletes undertook a further 23 heat acclimatization training sessions over 18 days in a continuous fashion. Hyperhydration (using sodium and glycerol osmolytes), and internal and external pre-and in-race cooling methods were also utilized. A low energy availability intervention was implemented with two athletes, as a strategy to periodize ideal race body composition. Race performance data and environmental conditions from the 2021 Olympic Games were also documented. Results The highest values for aerobic capacity were 63.6 mL⋅kg–1⋅min–1 for female race walkers and 73.7 mL⋅kg–1⋅min–1 for males. Training volume for the six athletes was the highest in the second week of the team holding camp, and training intensity was lowest in the first week of the team holding camp. Performance outcomes included 6th place in the women’s 20 km event (1:30:39), which was within 2% of her 20 km personal best time, and 8th place in the men’s 50 km event (3:52:01), which was a personal best performance time. Conclusion Periodized training, heat acclimation/acclimatization, cooling and nutritional strategies study may have contributed to the race outcomes in Olympic Games held hot, humid conditions, for the race walkers within this observational study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia J. Carr
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Amelia J. Carr,
| | - Brent S. Vallance
- Athletics Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jessica Rothwell
- Athletics Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Victorian Institute of Sport, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anna E. Rea
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Louise M. Burke
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Joshua H. Guy
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
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Qiu F, Li J, Legerlotz K. Does Additional Dietary Supplementation Improve Physiotherapeutic Treatment Outcome in Tendinopathy? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11061666. [PMID: 35329992 PMCID: PMC8950117 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11061666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was performed to evaluate the effects of dietary supplements in addition to physiotherapeutic treatment on pain and functional outcomes. PubMed, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Embase were searched from inception to November 2021 (Prospero registration: CRD42021291951). Studies were eligible if the interventions consisted of physiotherapeutic approaches that were combined with dietary supplementation and if they reported measures of pain and/or function. Six studies were included in the meta-analysis. Standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated and analysed using a Review Manager software. Subgroup analysis was performed to explore possible associations between the study characteristics and the effectiveness of the intervention. Additional dietary supplementation during physiotherapeutic treatment significantly improved the reduction in pain score (SMD = −0.74, 95% CI, −1.37 to −0.10; p < 0.05), while it had no effect on functional outcomes (SMD = 0.29, 95% CI, 0.00 to 0.58; p > 0.05). This systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that additional nutritional interventions may improve physiotherapeutic treatment outcomes in the management of tendinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanji Qiu
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Jinfeng Li
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Kirsten Legerlotz
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)30-2093-46254
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Barreto G, Loureiro LMR, Reis CEG, Saunders B. Effects of caffeine chewing gum supplementation on exercise performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Sport Sci 2022; 23:714-725. [PMID: 35239468 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2049885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to determine the effect of caffeine gum (Caff-gum) on exercise performance-related outcomes. Medline, EmBase, and SPORTSDiscus, and the register ClinicalTrials.gov were searched in March 2021, for studies assessing the effect of Caff-gum in placebo-controlled protocols involving healthy adults (i.e., with no chronic diseases or health conditions). Risk of bias was assessed using the RoB 2 tool. Random-effects meta-analyses using standardized mean differences (SMD) were performed to determine the effect of Caff-gum on exercise outcomes with several sub-analyses (training status, exercise type, timing and dose) for potential modifying factors. 14 studies were included, totaling 200 participants. There was a significant overall effect of Caff-gum compared to placebo (SMD = 0.21, 95%CI: 0.10-0.32; p = 0.001). Subgroup analysis showed improved performance for trained (SMD = 0.23, 95%CI: 0.08-0.37; p = 0.004), but not for untrained (SMD = 0.14, 95%CI: -0.02-0.29; p = 0.07) individuals. Caff-gum improved both endurance (SMD = 0.27, 95%CI: 0.12-0.42; p = 0.002) and strength/power (SMD = 0.20, 95%CI: 0.03-0.37; p = 0.03) performance outcomes. Caff-gum was ergogenic when consumed within 15 min prior to initiating exercise (SMD = 0.27, 95%CI: 0.07-0.4; p = 0.01), but not when provided >15 min prior (SMD=-0.48, 95%CI= -1.7-0.82; p = 0.25). There was no significant effect of Caff-gum with doses <3 mg/kg body mass (BM) (SMD = 0.20, 95%CI: -0.03-0.43; p = 0.07), but there was a significant effect when the dose was ≥3 mg/kg BM (SMD = 0.22, 95%CI: 0.07-0.37; p = 0.01). Caff-gum supplementation may be an effective ergogenic strategy for trained athletes involved in both endurance and strength/power exercise, using a recommended dose of ≥3 mg/kg BM consumed within 15 minutes before the exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Barreto
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport; Rheumatology Division; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BR, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - L M R Loureiro
- Faculty of Nutrition FANUT, Department of Food and Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - C E G Reis
- Department of Nutrition, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - B Saunders
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Dietary Supplements for Athletic Performance in Women: Beta-Alanine, Caffeine, and Nitrate. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2022; 32:311-323. [PMID: 35196646 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Beta-alanine, caffeine, and nitrate are dietary supplements generally recognized by the sport and exercise science community as evidence-based ergogenic performance aids. Evidence supporting the efficacy of these supplements, however, is greatly skewed due to research being conducted primarily in men. The physiological differences between men and women, most notably in sex hormones and menstrual cycle fluctuations, make generalizing male data to the female athlete inappropriate, and potentially harmful to women. This narrative review outlines the studies conducted in women regarding the efficacy of beta-alanine, caffeine, and nitrate supplementation for performance enhancement. Only nine studies on beta-alanine, 15 on caffeine, and 10 on nitrate in healthy women under the age of 40 years conducted in normoxia conditions were identified as relevant to this research question. Evidence suggests that beta-alanine may lower the rate of perceived exertion and extend training bouts in women, leading to greater functional adaptations. Studies of caffeine in women suggest the physiological responder status and caffeine habituation may contribute to caffeine's efficacy, with a potential plateau in the dose-response relationship of performance enhancement. Nitrate appears to vary in influence based on activity type and primary muscle group examined. However, the results summarized in the limited literature for each of these three supplements provide no consensus on dosage, timing, or efficacy for women. Furthermore, the literature lacks considerations for hormonal status and its role in metabolism. This gap in sex-based knowledge necessitates further research on these ergogenic supplements in women with greater considerations for the effects of hormonal status.
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135
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Jonvik KL, King M, Rollo I, Stellingwerff T, Pitsiladis Y. New Opportunities to Advance the Field of Sports Nutrition. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:852230. [PMID: 35252862 PMCID: PMC8891369 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.852230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sports nutrition is a relatively new discipline; with ~100 published papers/year in the 1990s to ~3,500+ papers/year today. Historically, sports nutrition research was primarily initiated by university-based exercise physiologists who developed new methodologies that could be impacted by nutrition interventions (e.g., carbohydrate/fat oxidation by whole body calorimetry and muscle glycogen by muscle biopsies). Application of these methods in seminal studies helped develop current sports nutrition guidelines as compiled in several expert consensus statements. Despite this wealth of knowledge, a limitation of the current evidence is the lack of appropriate intervention studies (e.g., randomized controlled clinical trials) in elite athlete populations that are ecologically valid (e.g., in real-life training and competition settings). Over the last decade, there has been an explosion of sports science technologies, methodologies, and innovations. Some of these recent advances are field-based, thus, providing the opportunity to accelerate the application of ecologically valid personalized sports nutrition interventions. Conversely, the acceleration of novel technologies and commercial solutions, especially in the field of biotechnology and software/app development, has far outstripped the scientific communities' ability to validate the effectiveness and utility of the vast majority of these new commercial technologies. This mini-review will highlight historical and present innovations with particular focus on technological innovations in sports nutrition that are expected to advance the field into the future. Indeed, the development and sharing of more “big data,” integrating field-based measurements, resulting in more ecologically valid evidence for efficacy and personalized prescriptions, are all future key opportunities to further advance the field of sports nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L. Jonvik
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michelle King
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Barrington, IL, United States
| | - Ian Rollo
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Trent Stellingwerff
- Canadian Sport Institute-Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Yannis Pitsiladis
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Yannis Pitsiladis
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136
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Effects of 3 mg/kg Body Mass of Caffeine on the Performance of Jiu-Jitsu Elite Athletes. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030675. [PMID: 35277034 PMCID: PMC8839994 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of caffeine were investigated in judo, boxing, taekwondo and Brazilian jiu-jitsu. However, this substance was never investigated regarding traditional jiu-jitsu. Therefore, the aim of this research was to analyze the effects of caffeine in the Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT) and technical variables during combat in traditional jiu-jitsu elite athletes. Methods: Twenty-two young professionals of traditional jiu-jitsu, 11 men and 11 women (age = 22 ± 4 (18−33) years, body mass = 66.6 ± 10.8 (46.2−86.1) kg, height = 1.70 ± 0.9 (1.55−1.85) m) with 15 ± 7 years of experience in traditional jiu-jitsu, participated in a double-blind, counterbalanced, crossover study. In two different conditions, the traditional jiu-jitsu athletes ingested 3 mg/kg body mass of caffeine or a placebo. After 60 min, they performed the SJFT test to measure throwing performance, and subsequently, combat to analyze offensive and defensive hitting techniques. Results: Caffeine had a main effect on the number of throws during the SJFT test (P < 0.01). In addition, it was effective in sets 2 (13 ± 2 vs. 14 ± 2; p = 0.01) and 3 (12 ± 2 vs. 13 ± 1; p = 0.03). There was also a main effect during the test on heart rate when caffeine was ingested (F = 12.48, p < 0.01). The effects of caffeine were similar compared to the placebo condition regarding performance during combat both in offensive and defensive fighting variables Conclusions: the pre-exercise ingestion of 3 mg/kg body mass of caffeine increased performance in the SJFT test, decreased fatigue perception, and increased power and endurance perception in professionally traditional jiu-jitsu athletes. However, it did not seem to improve offensive and defensive technical actions during combat.
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137
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Escribano-Ott I, Calleja-González J, Mielgo-Ayuso J. Ergo-Nutritional Intervention in Basketball: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:638. [PMID: 35276997 PMCID: PMC8839588 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Using nutritional supplements is a widespread strategy among basketball players to ensure the appropriate provision of energy and nutrients to avoid certain complaints. Particularly in basketball, there is no consensus on the type, quantity or form of use in which these supplements should be administered. Therefore, the main aim of this systematic review is to highlight the ergo-nutritional aids that may be effective in basketball. A structured search was carried out following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA®) guidelines in the Medline/PubMed and Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases until 31 December 2021; no year restriction was applied to the search strategy. There were no filters applied to the basketball players' level, gender, race, or age to increase the power of the analysis. The results of this systematic review have shown that the effective dose of caffeine to enhance anaerobic performance and the feeling of vigorousness and energy ranges from 3 to 6 mg·kg-1, showing more positive effects when is supplemented 60-75 min before exercise in the morning and in test-based task. On the other hand, vitamin E (ranging from 200 to 268 mg), vitamin D (10,000 IU) and EPA (2 g) may have a potential role in recovery and wellness. The primary limitation of this study is the scarcity of studies related to nutritional supplementation in basketball players. However, a major strength is that this is the first systematic review describing what ergo-nutritional aids may be specifically helpful for basketball. Despite the need for future studies, certain nutritional supplements may have promising advantages for basketball (long-term supplementation of nitrates for recovery), whereas others (β-alanine, sodium bicarbonate, and acute nitrate supplementation) might theoretically be regarded as not interesting for basketball, or even not recommended by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) as bovine colostrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Escribano-Ott
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, 01007 Vitoria, Spain;
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, 01007 Vitoria, Spain;
| | - Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain;
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Hollabaugh WL, Meirick PJ, Matarazzo CP, Burston AM, Camery ME, Ferrill-Moseley KA, Bley JA, Pennings JS, Fitch RW, Tanner SB, Karpinos AR. Evaluation of a Vitamin D Screening and Treatment Protocol Using a Seasonal Calculator in Athletes. Curr Sports Med Rep 2022; 21:53-62. [PMID: 35120051 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Vitamin D is important in musculoskeletal health, and low serum vitamin D concentration is common in athletes. This study implemented a vitamin D screening and supplementation protocol in a cohort of National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletes using summer 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and a seasonal variation calculator to achieve sufficient vitamin D concentration year-round. After implementation of the Vitamin D Protocol, there was a nonsignificant difference in athletes with sufficient winter vitamin D concentrations (72.6%) compared with summer vitamin D concentrations (66.1%) (P = 0.40). The Seasonal Variation Calculator predicted winter vitamin D concentrations (8 ± 18 ng·mL-1) higher than actual winter vitamin D concentrations (P < 0.01). While most athletes (78%) believed vitamin D was important for athletic performance, athlete compliance to the Vitamin D Protocol was inconsistent. In the future, adjustment of vitamin D screening and supplementation protocols may help athletes achieve sufficient vitamin D status year-round.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Hollabaugh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Chris P Matarazzo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Alda M Burston
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Megan E Camery
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Kimberly A Ferrill-Moseley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Jordan A Bley
- Department of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | | | | | - S Bobo Tanner
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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Marley A, Grant M, Babraj J. Vitamin D3 supplementation combined with sprint interval training improves aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance over sprint interval training alone in recreational combat sport athletes. Sci Sports 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Adami PE, Koutlianos N, Baggish A, Bermon S, Cavarretta E, Deligiannis A, Furlanello F, Kouidi E, Marques-Vidal P, Niebauer J, Pelliccia A, Sharma S, Solberg EE, Stuart M, Papadakis M. Cardiovascular effects of doping substances, commonly prescribed medications and ergogenic aids in relation to sports: a position statement of the sport cardiology and exercise nucleus of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2022; 29:559-575. [PMID: 35081615 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwab198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of substances and medications with potential cardiovascular effects among those practicing sports and physical activity has progressively increased in recent years. This is also connected to the promotion of physical activity and exercise as core aspects of a healthy lifestyle, which has led also to an increase in sport participation across all ages. In this context, three main users' categories can be identified, (i) professional and amateur athletes using substances to enhance their performance, (ii) people with chronic conditions, which include physical activity and sport in their therapeutic plan, in association with prescribed medications, and (iii) athletes and young individuals using supplements or ergogenic aids to integrate their diet or obtaining a cognitive enhancement effect. All the substances used for these purposes have been reported to have side effects, among whom the cardiovascular consequences are the most dangerous and could lead to cardiac events. The cardiovascular effect depends on the type of substance, the amount, the duration of use, and the individual response to the substances, considering the great variability in responses. This Position Paper reviews the recent literature and represents an update to the previously published Position Paper published in 2006. The objective is to inform physicians, athletes, coaches, and those participating in sport for a health enhancement purpose, about the adverse cardiovascular effects of doping substances, commonly prescribed medications and ergogenic aids, when associated with sport and exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Emilio Adami
- Health and Science Department, World Athletics, 6-8 Quai Antoine 1er, Monaco 98000, Monaco
| | - Nikolaos Koutlianos
- Sports Medicine Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thermi, AUTH DPESS, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aaron Baggish
- Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Stéphane Bermon
- Health and Science Department, World Athletics, 6-8 Quai Antoine 1er, Monaco 98000, Monaco
| | - Elena Cavarretta
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica, 79 - 04100 - Latina (LT), Italy.,Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Via Orazio, 2, 80122, Napoli (NA), Italy
| | - Asterios Deligiannis
- Sports Medicine Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thermi, AUTH DPESS, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Francesco Furlanello
- Aritmologia Clinica e Sportiva, IRCCS Gruppo MultiMedica Elettrofisiologia, Via Milanese 300, 20099, Sesto San Giovanni(MI), Italy
| | - Evangelia Kouidi
- Sports Medicine Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thermi, AUTH DPESS, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Josef Niebauer
- Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Antonio Pelliccia
- Sports Medicine and Science Institute, CONI, Largo Piero Gabrielli, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Sanjay Sharma
- Cardiovascular Clinical Academic Group, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | | | - Mark Stuart
- International Testing Agency-ITA, Av. de Rhodanie 58, 1007 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Papadakis
- Cardiovascular Clinical Academic Group, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
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141
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Can Nutrients and Dietary Supplements Potentially Improve Cognitive Performance Also in Esports? Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10020186. [PMID: 35206801 PMCID: PMC8872051 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10020186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Factors influencing brain function and cognitive performance can be critical to athletic performance of esports athletes. This review aims to discuss the potential beneficial effects of micronutrients, i.e., vitamins, minerals and biologically active substances on cognitive functions of e-athletes. Minerals (iodine, zinc, iron, magnesium) and vitamins (B vitamins, vitamins E, D, and C) are significant factors that positively influence cognitive functions. Prevention of deficiencies of the listed ingredients and regular examinations can support cognitive processes. The beneficial effects of caffeine, creatine, and probiotics have been documented so far. There are many plant products, herbal extracts, or phytonutrients that have been shown to affect precognitive activity, but more research is needed. Beetroot juice and nootropics can also be essential nutrients for cognitive performance. For the sake of players’ eyesight, it would be useful to use lutein, which, in addition to improving vision and protecting against eye diseases, can also affect cognitive functions. In supporting the physical and mental abilities of e-athletes the base is a well-balanced diet with adequate hydration. There is a lack of sufficient evidence that has investigated the relationship between dietary effects and improved performance in esports. Therefore, there is a need for randomized controlled trials involving esports players.
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142
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Tan R, Cano L, Lago-Rodríguez Á, Domínguez R. The Effects of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Explosive Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19020762. [PMID: 35055584 PMCID: PMC8775572 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dietary nitrate supplementation is evidenced to induce physiological effects on skeletal muscle function in fast-twitch muscle fibers and may enhance high-intensity exercise performance. An important component of sport-specific skills is the ability to perform explosive movements; however, it is unclear if nitrate supplementation can impact explosive efforts. We examined the existing evidence to determine whether nitrate supplementation improves explosive efforts lasting ≤ 6 s. PubMed, Scopus and Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) were searched for articles using the following search strategy: (nitrate OR nitrite OR beetroot) AND (supplement OR supplementation) AND (explosive OR power OR high intensity OR high-intensity OR sprint* OR “athletic performance”). Out of 810 studies, 18 were eligible according to inclusion criteria. Results showed that 4 of the 10 sprint-type studies observed improved sprint time, power output, and total work in cycling or running, whereas 4 of the 10 resistance-based exercise studies observed improvements to power and velocity of free-weight bench press as well as isokinetic knee extension and flexion at certain angular velocities. These results suggest that nitrate potentially improves explosive exercise performance, but further work is required to clarify the factors influencing the efficacy of nitrate in different exercise modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tan
- Faculty of Sports Medicine, Natural Sciences Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA;
| | - Leire Cano
- Independent Researcher, 48991 Getxo, Spain;
| | - Ángel Lago-Rodríguez
- Movement, Brain and Health Group, Center of Higher Education Alberta Giménez, 07013 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-680-330-105
| | - Raúl Domínguez
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain;
- Studies Research Group in Neuromuscular Responses (GEPREN), University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil
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143
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Interaction Between Caffeine and Creatine When Used as Concurrent Ergogenic Supplements: A Systematic Review. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2022; 32:285-295. [PMID: 35016154 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There is some controversy regarding the interactions between creatine (CRE) and caffeine (CAF) supplements. The aim of this systematic review was to study whether such ergogenic interaction occurs and to analyze the protocol to optimize their synchronous use. The PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus databases were searched until November 2021 following the PRISMA guidelines. Ten studies were included. Three studies observed that CRE loading before an acute dose of CAF before exercise did not interfere in the beneficial effect of CAF, whereas one study reported that only an acute supplementation (SUP) of CAF was beneficial but not the acute SUP of both. When chronic SUP with CRE + CAF was used, two studies reported that CAF interfered in the beneficial effect of CRE, whereas three studies did not report interaction between concurrent SUP, and one study reported synergy. Possible mechanisms of interaction are opposite effects on relaxation time and gastrointestinal distress derived from concurrent SUP. CRE loading does not seem to interfere in the acute effect of CAF. However, chronic SUP of CAF during CRE loading could interfere in the beneficial effect of CRE.
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144
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Gunina LM, Shustov YB, Belenichev IF, Vysochina NL, Golovashchenko RV, Morozova O. Specialized nutrition for athletes: evaluation of ergogenic action using the principles of evidence-based medicine. PHARMACIA 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/pharmacia.69.e76599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim is to form a balanced position regarding the ergogenic characteristics of new sports food products in the modern practice of training highly qualified athletes on the basis of clinical-experimental evaluation of the effectiveness of special purpose real food additives.
Materials and methods. Studies were carried out on laboratory animals (36 Wistar rats at the age of 3 months weighing 150–200 g and 16 Svetlogorsk mini-pigs) as well as on 102 high-qualified representatives of cyclic sports (all men aged 19–26) − members of national teams such as swimming (25), cross-country athletics (53), and skiing (24). As a control group, we studied 25 athletes of the same gender (all men), age and qualifications who received a placebo (starch capsules) for a long time during exercise. Placebo-controlled studies have been conducted on laboratory animals and athletes in compliance with the principles of bioethics.
Results. It has been established that in the experiment the application of a new specialized food product MioActiv has a positive effect on the physical performance of animals and delays the onset of fatigue, which significantly exceeds the corresponding characteristics in the placebo group. Athletes also showed an increase in speed when passing competitive distances by 18.7–21.4% (p < 0,05), as well as a significant increase in mental endurance indicators (p < 0,05). The approbation of the innovative pre-workout pharmacological nutrient complex Pre-Fuse also showed the high efficacy and safety of this product with a positive effect of increasing the performance and endurance of animals, as well as the parameters of mental performance of athletes in the main groups, in contrast to the data in the placebo control groups.
Conclusions. An analysis of the prescription components of new types of ergogenic sports nutrition and the presented results of preclinical and clinical studies conducted on the basis of the evidence-based medicine paradigm regarding the effectiveness of specialized products indicate the complex action of these funds on various aspects of both physical and mental performance. From the materials presented in the article, it can be seen that specialized sports nutrition products of an ergogenic orientation can provide significant assistance in increasing sports results.
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145
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Harmse B, Noorbhai H. Sport supplement use among high school rugby players in South Africa: A scoping review. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE 2022; 34:v34i1a13348. [PMID: 36815910 PMCID: PMC9924539 DOI: 10.17159/2078-516x/2022/v34i1a13348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The use of sport supplements has increased for all types and levels of sport, with an estimated increase of 5.8% annually. Sport supplement usage and doping among high school athletes has increased over the years to meet the demands of the sports. Objective This scoping review identifies the trends and gaps in current literature regarding sport supplement use among high school rugby players in South Africa. Methods A search was conducted using six electronic databases, namely Oxford Academic, Emerald Publishing, ResearchGate, SABINET, PubMed and Google Scholar. The eligibility of the articles was determined by means of a PRISMA flow diagram with the following inclusion criteria: (1) research concerning supplement use among rugby players, (2) research concerning supplement use among high school rugby players. Five articles all comprising of cross-sectional study designs were included in this scoping review. Results The prevalence of sport supplement use among adolescent rugby players ranged from 30% to 45%. Protein supplements (31% - 79%) were the most commonly identified supplement used among adolescent rugby players with the aim to improve sport performance as the most common reason for use. The internet (74%) and magazines (72%), followed by coaches comments (28% to 30%), were given as the most common sources of information. Conclusion The use of sport supplements is increasing among high school athletes due to the belief that these substances will provide sporting performance benefits or enhance the competitive 'edge' of these athletes. Additional education regarding the safety of supplements is necessary to lower the incidences of doping among young athletes and avoid the adverse health effects that uncontrolled supplement use can cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Harmse
- Department of Sport and Movement Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - H Noorbhai
- Department of Sport and Movement Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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146
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The use of Dietary and Protein Supplements by Women Attending Fitness Clubs on a Recreational Basis and an Analysis of the Factors Influencing their Consumption. CENTRAL EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SPORT SCIENCES AND MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.18276/cej.2022.3-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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147
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Simultaneous detection of 93 anabolic androgenic steroids in dietary supplements using gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 211:114619. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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148
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“Food First but Not Always Food Only”: Recommendations for Using Dietary Supplements in Sport. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2022; 32:371-386. [DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The term “food first” has been widely accepted as the preferred strategy within sport nutrition, although there is no agreed definition of this and often limited consideration of the implications. We propose that food first should mean “where practically possible, nutrient provision should come from whole foods and drinks rather than from isolated food components or dietary supplements.” There are many reasons to commend a food first strategy, including the risk of supplement contamination resulting in anti-doping violations. However, a few supplements can enhance health and/or performance, and therefore a food only approach could be inappropriate. We propose six reasons why a food only approach may not always be optimal for athletes: (a) some nutrients are difficult to obtain in sufficient quantities in the diet, or may require excessive energy intake and/or consumption of other nutrients; (b) some nutrients are abundant only in foods athletes do not eat/like; (c) the nutrient content of some foods with established ergogenic benefits is highly variable; (d) concentrated doses of some nutrients are required to correct deficiencies and/or promote immune tolerance; (e) some foods may be difficult to consume immediately before, during or immediately after exercise; and (f) tested supplements could help where there are concerns about food hygiene or contamination. In these situations, it is acceptable for the athlete to consider sports supplements providing that a comprehensive risk minimization strategy is implemented. As a consequence, it is important to stress that the correct terminology should be “food first but not always food only.”
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Marcon M, Zanella P. The effect of branched-chain amino acids supplementation in physical exercise: A systematic review of human randomized controlled trials. Sci Sports 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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150
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Burgos J, Viribay A, Fernández-Lázaro D, Calleja-González J, González-Santos J, Mielgo-Ayuso J. Combined Effects of Citrulline Plus Nitrate-Rich Beetroot Extract Co-Supplementation on Maximal and Endurance-Strength and Aerobic Power in Trained Male Triathletes: A Randomized Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2021; 14:40. [PMID: 35010917 PMCID: PMC8746866 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrulline (CIT) and nitrate-rich beetroot extract (BR) are ergogenic aids and nitric oxide (NO) precursors. In addition, both supplements seem to have other actions at the level of muscle metabolism that can benefit strength and aerobic power performance. Both supplements have been studied in numerous investigations in isolation. However, scientific evidence combining both supplements is scarce, and to the best of the authors' knowledge, there is no current study of endurance athletes. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 9 weeks of CIT plus BR supplementation on maximal and endurance-strength performance and aerobic power in male triathletes. This study was a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial where participants (n = 32) were randomized into four different groups: placebo group (PLG; n = 8), CIT plus BR group (CIT- BRG; 3 g/kg/day of CIT plus 3 mg/kg/day of nitrates (NO3-); n = 8), CIT group (CITG; 3 g/kg/day; n = 8) and BR group (BRG; 3 mg/kg/day of NO3-; n = 8). Before (T1) and after 9 weeks (T2), four physical condition tests were carried out in order to assess sport performance: the horizontal jump test (HJUMP), handgrip dynamometer test, 1-min abdominal tests (1-MAT) and finally, the Cooper test. Although, no significant interactions (time × supplementation groups) were found for the strength tests (p > 0.05), the CIT- BRG supplementation presented a trend on HJUMP and 1-MAT tests confirmed by significant increase between two study moments in CIT-BRG. Likewise, CIT-BRG presented significant interactions in the aerobic power test confirmed by this group's improve estimated VO2max during the study with respect to the other study groups (p = 0.002; η2p = 0.418). In summary, supplementing with 3 g/day of CIT and 2.1 g/day of BR (300 mg/day of NO3-) for 9 weeks could increase maximal and endurance strength. Furthermore, when compared to CIT or BR supplementation alone, this combination improved performance in tests related to aerobic power.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Burgos
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
- Burgos Nutrition, Physiology, Nutrition and Sport, 26007 Logroño, Spain;
| | - Aitor Viribay
- Glut4Science, Physiology, Nutrition and Sport, 01004 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain;
| | - Diego Fernández-Lázaro
- Department of Cellular Biology, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Valladolid, Campus of Soria, 42003 Soria, Spain;
- Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, 01007 Vitoria, Spain;
| | - Josefa González-Santos
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain;
| | - Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain;
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