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McDade TW, Koning SM. Early origins of socioeconomic inequalities in chronic inflammation: Evaluating the contributions of low birth weight and short breastfeeding. Soc Sci Med 2021; 269:113592. [PMID: 33360022 PMCID: PMC7780588 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The United States is characterized by persistent and widening social inequities in a wide range of adult health outcomes. A life course approach challenges us to consider if, and how, these inequities trace back to early life conditions, and chronic inflammation represents a potentially important mechanism through which early environments may have lasting effects on health in adulthood. Low birth weight (LBW) and shorter durations of breastfeeding both predict increased inflammation in adulthood, which is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and all-cause mortality. Using data from a large representative sample of young adults in the US (National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health)), we document the socioeconomic status (SES) gradient in chronic inflammation, as indicated by concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP). Using a nested set of structural equation models and marginal standardization techniques, we investigate the extent to which this gradient is explained by patterns of LBW and breastfeeding in infancy. Findings reveal a particularly important role for breastfeeding duration: Based on model predictive margins, increasing breastfeeding duration to three or more months corresponds to a flattening of the SES gradient by 80%, and 83% when LBW is eliminated. This study expands current understandings of the consequential role of developmental environments for population health and for addressing health inequities in future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W McDade
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1Z8, Canada.
| | - Stephanie M Koning
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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102
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Allel K, León AS, Staudinger UM, Calvo E. Healthy retirement begins at school: educational differences in the health outcomes of early transitions into retirement. AGEING & SOCIETY 2021; 41:137-157. [PMID: 34113053 PMCID: PMC8188825 DOI: 10.1017/s0144686x19000928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The literature on socio-economic variations in the association between retirement timing and health is inconclusive and largely limited to the moderating role of occupation. By selecting the sample case of Mexico where a sizeable number of older adults have no or very little formal education, this study allows the moderating role of education to be tested properly. Drawing on panel data for 2,430 individuals age 50 and over from the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS) and combining propensity score matching models with fixed-effects regressions, this article investigates differences in the health effects of retirement timing between older adults with varying years of education. Subjective health is measured using a self-reported assessment of respondents' overall health and physical health as a reverse count of doctor-diagnosed chronic diseases. The results indicate that early transitions into retirement are associated with worse health outcomes, but education fully compensates for the detrimental association with subjective and physical health, while adjusting for baseline health, demographics and socio-economic characteristics. In conclusion, formal education during childhood and adolescence is associated with a long-term protective effect on health. It attenuates negative health consequences of early retirement transitions. Policies and programmes promoting healthy and active ageing would benefit from considering the influence of formal education in shaping older adults' health after the transition into retirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasim Allel
- Society and Health Research Center and Laboratory on Aging and Social Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of the Life Course and Vulnerability (MLIV), Chile
| | - Ana Sofía León
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ursula M. Staudinger
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences and Robert N. Butler Columbia Aging Center, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Esteban Calvo
- Society and Health Research Center and Laboratory on Aging and Social Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Epidemiology and Robert N. Butler Columbia Aging Center, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
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103
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Jongsma HE, Karlsen S, Kirkbride JB, Jones PB. Understanding the excess psychosis risk in ethnic minorities: the impact of structure and identity. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2021; 56:1913-1921. [PMID: 34427699 PMCID: PMC8519854 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-021-02042-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Psychotic disorders, which are associated with substantially increased morbidity and mortality, are up to five times more common in some ethnic minority groups compared with the white majority in Western countries. This long-standing and well-replicated public mental health disparity has hitherto largely eluded adequate explanation. We argue that this might have arisen in part due to the lack of attention given to theoretical work characterising the complex and multidimensional social nature of ethnicity by those epidemiological investigations that have dominated the literature. METHODS To bridge this gap, we draw on theoretical and empirical literature from across the social sciences considering the ontological significance of ethnicity (as biology, migration, racialised structures and identity) and its relationships with psychotic disorders to illuminate probable drivers of excess psychosis risk. RESULTS The largest gains in our theoretical understanding of excess psychosis risk among ethnic minority groups are to be made by considering ethnicity in relation to disempowerment resulting from structural and identity-based exclusion. The former is readily studied through the social gradient in health: socioeconomic disadvantage clusters in some ethnic minorities and increases the risk of poor health outcomes, including psychosis. Furthermore, limitations on identity acquisition and expression imposed by the ethnic majority can further contribute to alienate ethnic minorities and increase psychosocial disempowerment (a lack of control over one's life). CONCLUSION We theorise that structural and identity-based exclusion act as the primary drivers shaping variation in rates of psychotic disorder by ethnic minority status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E. Jongsma
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201PsyLife Group, Division of Psychiatry, UCL, 6th Floor, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 7DN UK ,grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ UK ,Present Address: Centre for Transcultural Psychiatry ‘Veldzicht’, Ommerweg 67, 7707 AT Balkbrug, The Netherlands
| | - Saffron Karlsen
- grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603School of Sociology, Politics and International Studies, University of Bristol, 11 Priory Road, Bristol, BS8 1TU UK
| | - James B. Kirkbride
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201PsyLife Group, Division of Psychiatry, UCL, 6th Floor, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 7DN UK
| | - Peter B. Jones
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ UK ,grid.450563.10000 0004 0412 9303CAMEO, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Elizabeth House, Fulbourn Hospital, Cambridge, CB21 5EF UK
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104
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Morton PM, Ferraro KF. Early Social Origins of Biological Risks for Men and Women in Later Life. JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2020; 61:503-522. [PMID: 33205672 PMCID: PMC7857845 DOI: 10.1177/0022146520966364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We investigate whether childhood exposures influence adult chronic inflammation and mortality risk via adult health characteristics and socioeconomic status (SES) and whether gender moderates these relationships. Analyzing a longitudinal national sample of 9,310 men and women over age 50, we found that childhood SES, parental behaviors, and adolescent behaviors were associated with adult chronic inflammation via health characteristics and SES in adulthood. The process of disadvantage initiated by low childhood SES (i.e., adult health risk factors, socioeconomic disadvantage, and chronic inflammation) subsequently raised mortality risk. In addition, gender moderated the mediating influence of childhood SES via unhealthy behaviors and parental behaviors via adult SES. Demonstrating how social forces shape biological health through multiple mechanisms informs health policies by identifying multiple points of intervention in an effort to reduce the lasting consequences of childhood disadvantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M. Morton
- Department of Sociology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Public Health, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Kenneth F. Ferraro
- Department of Sociology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Center on Aging and the Life Course, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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105
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Abstract
Birthweight is a well-known predictor of adult-onset chronic disease. The placenta plays a necessary role in regulating fetal growth and determining birth size. Maternal stressors that affect placental function and prenatal growth include maternal overnutrition and undernutrition, toxic social stress, and exposure to toxic chemicals. These stressors lead to increased vulnerability to disease within any population. This vulnerability arises from placental and fetal exposure to stressors during fetal life. The biological drivers linking various social determinants of health to compromised placental function and fetal development have been little studied.
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106
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Collier LR, Gregory T, Harman-Smith Y, Gialamas A, Brinkman SA. Inequalities in child development at school entry: A repeated cross-sectional analysis of the Australian Early Development Census 2009-2018. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. WESTERN PACIFIC 2020; 4:100057. [PMID: 34327392 PMCID: PMC8315438 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2020.100057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Australia is the only developed country to consistently undertake a developmental census of its children nationwide. The repeated collection of the Australian Early Development Census (AEDC) has provided an unprecedented opportunity to examine the prevalence of developmental vulnerability across Australia's states and territories, the socio-economic distribution of developmental vulnerability across jurisdictions, and how these distributions might have changed over time. METHODS This study employed multivariable logistic regressions to estimate the probability of developmental vulnerability within each jurisdiction and AEDC collection year (2009 to 2018), adjusting for jurisdictional differences in socio-demographic characteristics. To explore socio-economic inequalities in child development, adjusted slope index of inequality (SII) models were utilised. FINDINGS The results of this study found reductions in the adjusted prevalence of developmental vulnerability over time in Western Australia (26% to 20%) and Queensland (30% to 25%), with an increase observed in the Australian Capital Territory (27% to 30%). Analysis also indicated an increase in socio-economic inequalities over time in the Northern Territory (+12%), the Australian Capital Territory (+6%) and Tasmania (+4%). Sensitivity analysis found these effects to be robust with an alternative measure of socio-economic position. INTERPRETATION There is considerable variation in the prevalence and socio-economic inequalities in developmental vulnerability across Australia's jurisdictions. Future research should explore the policy drivers in early childhood education and health contributing to the findings of this study, with a particular focus on jurisdictions where there have been notable changes in developmental vulnerability and socio-economic inequality over time. FUNDING Analyses were funded under research contract by the Department of Education, Skills and Employment. Prof Brinkman is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council fellowship, APP1160185.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke R. Collier
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Level 7, 31 Flinders St., Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Level 9, Adelaide Health And Medical Science Building, 57 North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Tess Gregory
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Level 7, 31 Flinders St., Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Level 9, Adelaide Health And Medical Science Building, 57 North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Yasmin Harman-Smith
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Level 7, 31 Flinders St., Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Level 9, Adelaide Health And Medical Science Building, 57 North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Angela Gialamas
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Level 9, Adelaide Health And Medical Science Building, 57 North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Sally A. Brinkman
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Level 7, 31 Flinders St., Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Level 9, Adelaide Health And Medical Science Building, 57 North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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107
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Buhler-Wassmann AC, Hibel LC, Fondren K, Valentino K. Child diurnal cortisol differs based on profiles of maternal emotion socialization in high risk, low income, and racially diverse families. Dev Psychobiol 2020; 63:538-555. [PMID: 33073357 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Young children's physiological and emotional regulation depend on supportive caregiving, especially in the context of stress and adversity. Experiences of child maltreatment become biologically embedded by shaping stress physiology. Maternal emotion socialization may have an important influence on children's limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (LHPA) functioning. Grounded in theories of caregiver emotion socialization, a person-centered latent profile analysis was utilized to identify profiles of maternal emotion socialization among a high risk, low income, and racially diverse group of 248 mothers and their young children (Mage = 4.39 years, SD = 1.10). The majority of the mothers (n = 165) had a history of involvement with the Department of Child Services for substantiated cases of child maltreatment. A latent profile analysis was conducted revealing three emotion socialization profiles: disengaged, engaged, and engaged + supportive. Emotion socialization profile differences in children's diurnal cortisol levels and slope (using area under the curve with respect to ground and increase, respectively) were examined. Children's diurnal cortisol levels were higher, and slopes were flatter, when mothers used more disengaged emotion socialization strategies. Mothers who neglected their children were more likely to fit the disengaged profile than the engaged profile. Implications for the socialization of regulation in children exposed to adversity are discussed.
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108
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Oliver-Parra A, Dalmau-Bueno A, Ruiz-Muñoz D, García-Altés A. Relationship between parents' mental disorders and socioeconomic status and offspring's psychopathology: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240681. [PMID: 33064781 PMCID: PMC7567396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental disorders (MD) are one of the main causes of the disease burden worldwide. Associations between socioeconomic status (SES) and presence of MD in parents have been related with increased odds of MD in offspring. However, there is a lack of population-based research in this field. The aim of the present study was to examine together the relationship between the presence of MD in children, and the SES and presence of MD in their parents, in a whole of population data. A gender approach was undertaken aiming to discern how these variables influence children's mental health when related with the father and the mother. Using administrative individual data from the National Health System, a retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted. The entire children population aged 6 to 15 resident in Catalonia in 2017 was examined. A logistic regression model was performed. Low SES was associated with increased odds of children's MD. Offspring of a parent with MD were at more risk of presenting MD than offspring of parents without these problems. Although these associations were consistent for both boys and girls when looking at the father's or mother's SES and MDs, the mother's SES and MDs showed a higher association with the offspring's MDs than the father's. Lowest associations, found for boys when looking at the father's SES and MDs, were: OR of 1.21, 95%CI 1.16 to 1.27 for lowest SES, and OR of 1.66, 95%CI 1.61 to 1.70 for parental MDs. Children's familiar environment, which includes SES and mental health of parents, plays an important role in their mental health. Socially constructed gender roles interfere with SES and parent's MD. These findings support the relevance of examining MD and its risk factors within a gender approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Oliver-Parra
- Agència de Qualitat i Avaluació Sanitàries de Catalunya (AQuAS), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Dalmau-Bueno
- Agència de Qualitat i Avaluació Sanitàries de Catalunya (AQuAS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolores Ruiz-Muñoz
- Agència de Qualitat i Avaluació Sanitàries de Catalunya (AQuAS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna García-Altés
- Agència de Qualitat i Avaluació Sanitàries de Catalunya (AQuAS), Barcelona, Spain
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109
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Wickrama KAS, Klopack ET, O’Neal CW. Husbands’ and wives’ stressful work, couple BMI dynamics, and later-life physical health. Stress Health 2020; 36:507-521. [PMID: 32369269 PMCID: PMC8356026 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has not adequately investigated the persistent influence of stressful work experiences, particularly person-work mismatch (PWM), on later-life physical health outcomes of working husbands and wives. Using prospective data collected from 235 working husbands and wives over a period of 27 years (1991-2017), this study examined PWM in early middle years (40-50 years of age) and body mass index (BMI) trajectories in mid-later years (50-65 years of age) in a dyadic actor-partner interdependence modelling framework. Results showed PWM in early middle years was related to BMI trajectories in mid-later years, which contributed to multiple physical health outcomes in later life. Spouses' PWM influenced not only their BMI trajectories but also their partners' BMI trajectories, providing evidence for partner effects. This couple-level BMI process over the mid-later years was related to spouses' physical health in later years. Husbands' elevated BMI level resulted in adverse physical health outcomes. In contrast, for wives, it was the change in BMI over time that resulted in adverse physical health outcomes in their later years. These findings are particularly important for couple-focused family interventions as they highlight the need to consider couple-level lifestyle and behavioural factors that can safeguard spouses from the negative health consequences of PWM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric T. Klopack
- Department of Sociology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Catherine W. O’Neal
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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Aristizabal MJ, Anreiter I, Halldorsdottir T, Odgers CL, McDade TW, Goldenberg A, Mostafavi S, Kobor MS, Binder EB, Sokolowski MB, O'Donnell KJ. Biological embedding of experience: A primer on epigenetics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:23261-23269. [PMID: 31624126 PMCID: PMC7519272 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1820838116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological embedding occurs when life experience alters biological processes to affect later life health and well-being. Although extensive correlative data exist supporting the notion that epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation underlie biological embedding, causal data are lacking. We describe specific epigenetic mechanisms and their potential roles in the biological embedding of experience. We also consider the nuanced relationships between the genome, the epigenome, and gene expression. Our ability to connect biological embedding to the epigenetic landscape in its complexity is challenging and complicated by the influence of multiple factors. These include cell type, age, the timing of experience, sex, and DNA sequence. Recent advances in molecular profiling and epigenome editing, combined with the use of comparative animal and human longitudinal studies, should enable this field to transition from correlative to causal analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Aristizabal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, and BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V52 4H4, Canada
- Program in Child and Brain Development, CIFAR, MaRS Centre, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Ina Anreiter
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
- Program in Child and Brain Development, CIFAR, MaRS Centre, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Thorhildur Halldorsdottir
- Centre of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - Candice L Odgers
- Program in Child and Brain Development, CIFAR, MaRS Centre, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
- Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Thomas W McDade
- Program in Child and Brain Development, CIFAR, MaRS Centre, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Anna Goldenberg
- Program in Child and Brain Development, CIFAR, MaRS Centre, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, Hospital for Sick Children, Vector Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G OA4, Canada
| | - Sara Mostafavi
- Program in Child and Brain Development, CIFAR, MaRS Centre, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
- Department of Statistics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Michael S Kobor
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, and BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V52 4H4, Canada
- Program in Child and Brain Development, CIFAR, MaRS Centre, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Elisabeth B Binder
- Program in Child and Brain Development, CIFAR, MaRS Centre, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Marla B Sokolowski
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada;
- Program in Child and Brain Development, CIFAR, MaRS Centre, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Kieran J O'Donnell
- Program in Child and Brain Development, CIFAR, MaRS Centre, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada;
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
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111
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Boyce WT, Sokolowski MB, Robinson GE. Genes and environments, development and time. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:23235-23241. [PMID: 32967067 PMCID: PMC7519332 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2016710117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A now substantial body of science implicates a dynamic interplay between genetic and environmental variation in the development of individual differences in behavior and health. Such outcomes are affected by molecular, often epigenetic, processes involving gene-environment (G-E) interplay that can influence gene expression. Early environments with exposures to poverty, chronic adversities, and acutely stressful events have been linked to maladaptive development and compromised health and behavior. Genetic differences can impart either enhanced or blunted susceptibility to the effects of such pathogenic environments. However, largely missing from present discourse regarding G-E interplay is the role of time, a "third factor" guiding the emergence of complex developmental endpoints across different scales of time. Trajectories of development increasingly appear best accounted for by a complex, dynamic interchange among the highly linked elements of genes, contexts, and time at multiple scales, including neurobiological (minutes to milliseconds), genomic (hours to minutes), developmental (years and months), and evolutionary (centuries and millennia) time. This special issue of PNAS thus explores time and timing among G-E transactions: The importance of timing and timescales in plasticity and critical periods of brain development; epigenetics and the molecular underpinnings of biologically embedded experience; the encoding of experience across time and biological levels of organization; and gene-regulatory networks in behavior and development and their linkages to neuronal networks. Taken together, the collection of papers offers perspectives on how G-E interplay operates contingently within and against a backdrop of time and timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Thomas Boyce
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Program in Child and Brain Development, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Marla B Sokolowski
- Program in Child and Brain Development, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada;
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Gene E Robinson
- Program in Child and Brain Development, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
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112
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Ham AC, Temple DH, Klaus HD, Hunt DR. Evaluating life history trade-offs through the presence of linear enamel hypoplasia at Pueblo Bonito and Hawikku: A biocultural study of early life stress and survival in the Ancestral Pueblo Southwest. Am J Hum Biol 2020; 33:e23506. [PMID: 32924230 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Due to the indelible nature of enamel, bioarchaeologists use linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) to detect early investments in surviving stress and have identified an association between LEH presence and constraints in growth and maintenance as well as an increased susceptibility to future stress events. This study evaluates heterogenous frailty and susceptibility to death in relation to episodes of early life stress, as reflected by LEH presence, in the Ancestral Pueblo Southwest. This study hypothesizes that LEH presence will be associated with decreased survivorship and an increased likelihood of mortality in both samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study uses two samples, one from Pueblo Bonito (A.D. 800-1200; n = 28) and the second from Hawikku (A.D. 1300-1680; n = 103). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis with a log-rank test was used to evaluate the effect of LEH presence on survivorship for the two samples. RESULTS Survival analysis reveals statistically significant differences in mortality risk between individuals with and without LEH for the Hawikku sample, but no significant differences for the Pueblo Bonito sample. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate differences in the response to early life stress at the Hawikku and Pueblo Bonito sites, likely reflecting context. The Pueblo Bonito sample represents a high-status group, and survival following LEH may be the result of cultural buffering. Hawikku dates to a period associated with increased levels of disease and malnutrition as well as Spanish colonization. This environment may have exacerbated mortality risk for individuals in the region who survived early life stress and signifies the consequences of European colonialism in the New World.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison C Ham
- Department of Anthropology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Daniel H Temple
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Haagen D Klaus
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - David R Hunt
- Physical Anthropology Division, Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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113
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Hubley S, Moldow E, Robbins C, Harper B, Martin C, Zhou S. The Impact of Entertainment Education for Social and Emotional Learning in Elementary Schools. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH EDUCATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/19325037.2020.1795751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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114
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Darling JC, Bamidis PD, Burberry J, Rudolf MCJ. The First Thousand Days: early, integrated and evidence-based approaches to improving child health: coming to a population near you? Arch Dis Child 2020; 105:837-841. [PMID: 32111596 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2019-316929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The 'First Thousand Days' refers to the period from conception to the child's second birthday. It is increasingly gaining traction as a concept to guide public health policy. It is seen as a crucial window of opportunity for interventions that improve child and population health. This review outlines the origin and growth of the First Thousand Days concept, and the evidence behind it, particularly in the areas of brain development and cognition; mental and emotional health; nutrition and obesity; programming and economic benefits. The review then describes UK experience of use of the concept to inform policy, and a recent government inquiry that mandates more widespread implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C Darling
- Division of Women's and Children's Health, University of Leeds School of Medicine, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Panagiotis D Bamidis
- Leeds Institute of Medical Education, University of Leeds School of Medicine, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Janice Burberry
- Public Health (Children and Families) Adults and Health Directorate, Leeds City Council, Leeds, UK
| | - Mary C J Rudolf
- Department of Population Health, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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115
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Self-Reported Sensory Gating and Stress-Related Hypertension. Nurs Res 2020; 69:339-346. [PMID: 32865945 DOI: 10.1097/nnr.0000000000000440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence views hypertension as a stress-induced disorder. Stressors must be "gated" by the brain before any inflammatory or immune processes that contribute to hypertension are initiated. No studies were found that examined sensory gating in relation to hypertension. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to determine if disturbances in self-reported sensory gating could differentiate normotensive from hypertensive young adults. METHODS A nonmatched, case-control design was used. We administered an online survey to 163 young adult participants. Participants were predominantly female, in their mid-20s, well educated, and approximately evenly distributed by race and hypertension status. The Sensory Gating Inventory (SGI) measured gating disturbances. RESULTS The mean SGI scores were significantly higher among persons diagnosed with hypertension, reflecting a moderate effect size of sensory gating. After adjusting for confounders, however, the normotensive and hypertensive groups were not significantly different on their SGI scores. DISCUSSION With an observed moderate effect size of 0.35, but low power, more research is warranted regarding the role of gating disturbances in the development of stress-induced hypertension. Clinically, the SGI may be important for screening patients who would benefit from ambulatory blood pressure monitoring to identify persons with masked hypertension.
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Morar N, Skorburg JA. Why We Never Eat Alone: The Overlooked Role of Microbes and Partners in Obesity Debates in Bioethics. JOURNAL OF BIOETHICAL INQUIRY 2020; 17:435-448. [PMID: 32964353 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-020-10047-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Debates about obesity in bioethics tend to unfold in predictable epicycles between individual choices and behaviours (e.g., restraint, diet, exercise) and the oppressive socio-economic structures constraining them (e.g., food deserts, advertising). Here, we argue that recent work from two cutting-edge research programmes in microbiology and social psychology can advance this conceptual stalemate in the literature. We begin in section 1 by discussing two promising lines of obesity research involving the human microbiome and relationship partners. Then, in section 2, we show how this research has made viable novel strategies for fighting obesity, including microbial therapies and dyad-level interventions. Finally, in section 3, we consider objections to our account and conclude by arguing that attention to the most immediate features of our biological and social environment offers a middle ground solution, while also raising important new issues for bioethicists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolae Morar
- University of Oregon, Environmental Studies Program and Department of Philosophy, 1295 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
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Ribeiro AI, Fraga S, Correia-Costa L, McCrory C, Barros H. Socioeconomic disadvantage and health in early childhood: a population-based birth cohort study from Portugal. Pediatr Res 2020; 88:503-511. [PMID: 32005033 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-0786-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measuring early socioeconomic inequalities in health provides evidence to understand the patterns of disease. Thus, our aim was to determine which children's health outcomes are patterned by socioeconomics and to what extent the magnitude/direction of the differences vary by socioeconomic measure and outcome. METHODS Data on early childhood (4 years) health was obtained from Generation XXI birth cohort (n = 8647). A total of 27 health outcomes and 13 socioeconomic indicators at the individual level and neighbourhood level were used to calculate the relative index of inequality (RII). RESULTS Socioeconomic inequalities were evident across 21 of the 27 health outcomes. Education, occupation and income more often captured inequalities, compared with neighbourhood deprivation or employment status. Using highest maternal education as reference category, we observed that seizures (RII = 8.64), obesity (2.94), abdominal obesity (2.66), urinary tract infection (2.26), language/speech problems (2.24), hypertension (2.08) and insulin resistance (1.33) were heavily socially patterned, much more common in disadvantaged children. Contrastingly, eczema (0.26) and rhinitis (0.26) were more common among more advantaged children. CONCLUSIONS Socioeconomic inequalities were evident for almost every health outcome assessed, although with varying magnitude/direction according to the socioeconomic indicator and outcome. Our results reinforce that the social gradient in health manifests early in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Ribeiro
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Pública e Forenses e Educação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Sílvia Fraga
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Pública e Forenses e Educação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Liane Correia-Costa
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Centro Materno Infantil do Norte, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cathal McCrory
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Henrique Barros
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Pública e Forenses e Educação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Holuka C, Merz MP, Fernandes SB, Charalambous EG, Seal SV, Grova N, Turner JD. The COVID-19 Pandemic: Does Our Early Life Environment, Life Trajectory and Socioeconomic Status Determine Disease Susceptibility and Severity? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5094. [PMID: 32707661 PMCID: PMC7404093 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A poor socioeconomic environment and social adversity are fundamental determinants of human life span, well-being and health. Previous influenza pandemics showed that socioeconomic factors may determine both disease detection rates and overall outcomes, and preliminary data from the ongoing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic suggests that this is still true. Over the past years it has become clear that early-life adversity (ELA) plays a critical role biasing the immune system towards a pro-inflammatory and senescent phenotype many years later. Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) appear to be particularly sensitive to the early life social environment. As we understand more about the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 it appears that a functional CTL (CD8+) response is required to clear the infection and COVID-19 severity is increased as the CD8+ response becomes somehow diminished or exhausted. This raises the hypothesis that the ELA-induced pro-inflammatory and senescent phenotype may play a role in determining the clinical course of COVID-19, and the convergence of ELA-induced senescence and COVID-19 induced exhaustion represents the worst-case scenario with the least effective T-cell response. If the correct data is collected, it may be possible to separate the early life elements that have made people particularly vulnerable to COVID-19 many years later. This will, naturally, then help us identify those that are most at risk from developing the severest forms of COVID-19. In order to do this, we need to recognize socioeconomic and early-life factors as genuine medically and clinically relevant data that urgently need to be collected. Finally, many biological samples have been collected in the ongoing studies. The mechanisms linking the early life environment with a defined later-life phenotype are starting to be elucidated, and perhaps hold the key to understanding inequalities and differences in the severity of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrielle Holuka
- Immune Endocrine Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4345 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (C.H.); (M.P.M.); (S.B.F.); (E.G.C.); (S.V.S.); (N.G.)
| | - Myriam P. Merz
- Immune Endocrine Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4345 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (C.H.); (M.P.M.); (S.B.F.); (E.G.C.); (S.V.S.); (N.G.)
| | - Sara B. Fernandes
- Immune Endocrine Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4345 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (C.H.); (M.P.M.); (S.B.F.); (E.G.C.); (S.V.S.); (N.G.)
| | - Eleftheria G. Charalambous
- Immune Endocrine Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4345 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (C.H.); (M.P.M.); (S.B.F.); (E.G.C.); (S.V.S.); (N.G.)
| | - Snehaa V. Seal
- Immune Endocrine Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4345 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (C.H.); (M.P.M.); (S.B.F.); (E.G.C.); (S.V.S.); (N.G.)
| | - Nathalie Grova
- Immune Endocrine Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4345 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (C.H.); (M.P.M.); (S.B.F.); (E.G.C.); (S.V.S.); (N.G.)
- Calbinotox, Faculty of Science and Technology, Lorraine University, 54506 Nancy, France
| | - Jonathan D. Turner
- Immune Endocrine Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4345 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (C.H.); (M.P.M.); (S.B.F.); (E.G.C.); (S.V.S.); (N.G.)
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Addressing embodied inequities in health: how do we enable improvement in women's diet in pregnancy? Public Health Nutr 2020; 23:2994-3004. [PMID: 32627725 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980020001093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To disrupt cycles of health inequity, traceable to dietary inequities in the earliest stages of life, public health interventions should target improving nutritional wellbeing in preconception/pregnancy environments. This requires a deep engagement with pregnant/postpartum people (PPP) and their communities (including their health and social care providers, HSCP). We sought to understand the factors that influence diet during pregnancy from the perspectives of PPP and HSCP, and to outline intervention priorities. DESIGN We carried out thematic network analyses of transcripts from ten focus group discussions (FGD) and one stakeholder engagement meeting with PPP and HSCP in a Canadian city. Identified themes were developed into conceptual maps, highlighting local priorities for pregnancy nutrition and intervention development. SETTING FGD and the stakeholder meeting were run in predominantly lower socioeconomic position (SEP) neighbourhoods in the sociodemographically diverse city of Hamilton, Canada. PARTICIPANTS All local, comprising twenty-two lower SEP PPP and forty-three HSCP. RESULTS Salient themes were resilience, resources, relationships and the embodied experience of pregnancy. Both PPP and HSCP underscored that socioeconomic-political forces operating at multiple levels largely determined the availability of individual and relational resources constraining diet during pregnancy. Intervention proposals focused on cultivating individual and community resilience to improve early-life nutritional environments. Participants called for better-integrated services, greater income supports and strengthened support programmes. CONCLUSIONS Hamilton stakeholders foregrounded social determinants of inequity as main factors influencing pregnancy diet. They further indicated a need to develop interventions that build resilience and redistribute resources at multiple levels, from the household to the state.
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120
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Hostinar CE, Miller GE. Protective factors for youth confronting economic hardship: Current challenges and future avenues in resilience research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 74:641-652. [PMID: 31545638 DOI: 10.1037/amp0000520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Economic hardship during childhood is associated with worse mental and physical health across the life span. Over the past decade, interdisciplinary research has started to elucidate the behavioral and biological pathways that underlie these disparities and identify protective factors that mitigate against their occurrence. In this integrative review we describe these advances, highlight remaining gaps in knowledge, and outline a research agenda for psychologists. This article has 3 aims. First, we consider the evolving psychobiological literature on protective factors and conclude that supportive relationships can mitigate against the physical health problems often associated with economic hardship. Second, we discuss recent empirical developments in health psychology, public health, and the biological sciences, which reveal trade-offs associated with adaptation and challenge the conception of what it means to be resilient. Finally, we outline a research agenda that attempts to integrate existing knowledge on health disparities with these newer challenges to inform both policy and practice for youth experiencing economic hardship. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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121
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Revisiting the roots of attachment: A review of the biological and psychological effects of maternal skin-to-skin contact and carrying of full-term infants. Infant Behav Dev 2020; 60:101441. [PMID: 32603951 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2020.101441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During the early period of hypothesis building and empirical testing of attachment theory, a major emphasis was placed on mother-infant physical contact. In spite of this, mother-infant contact has received scant attention amongst attachment and child development researchers in the past decades. Here, a brief theoretical framework for mother-infant contact is presented, drawing on animal studies as well as human studies of preterm infants and neonates. Salient mechanisms may include an extended sensitive period during early infancy, requiring specific somatosensory stimuli for bio-behavioral homeorhesis; oxytocinergic and epigenetic pathways; kinesthetic stimuli and face-to-face proximity allowing for increased social interaction. Studies of extended human mother-full-term infant physical contact have demonstrated positive effects in multiple domains. For infants, these include sleep organization, temperature and heart rate regulation, behavioral response, crying/colic, socio-emotional development, attachment quality, speech development opportunities and mother-child interactions. For mothers, studies demonstrate improved depressive symptomatology, physiological stress regulation, contingent responsivity, breastfeeding and mother-child interactions. Parent-infant attachment quality has gained prominence as a trauma-resilience factor as well as a predictor of adult physical health. The potential role of mother-infant contact as an attachment promoting intervention as well as future research subjects are discussed. Current evidence supports the original attachment research that early maternal touch provision may influence infant socio-emotional development and attachment quality, with positive implications for mother-child relationship functioning.
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122
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Snyder-Mackler N, Burger JR, Gaydosh L, Belsky DW, Noppert GA, Campos FA, Bartolomucci A, Yang YC, Aiello AE, O'Rand A, Harris KM, Shively CA, Alberts SC, Tung J. Social determinants of health and survival in humans and other animals. Science 2020; 368:eaax9553. [PMID: 32439765 PMCID: PMC7398600 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax9553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The social environment, both in early life and adulthood, is one of the strongest predictors of morbidity and mortality risk in humans. Evidence from long-term studies of other social mammals indicates that this relationship is similar across many species. In addition, experimental studies show that social interactions can causally alter animal physiology, disease risk, and life span itself. These findings highlight the importance of the social environment to health and mortality as well as Darwinian fitness-outcomes of interest to social scientists and biologists alike. They thus emphasize the utility of cross-species analysis for understanding the predictors of, and mechanisms underlying, social gradients in health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Snyder-Mackler
- Social and Biological Determinants of Health Working Group, NC, USA
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Joseph Robert Burger
- Social and Biological Determinants of Health Working Group, NC, USA
- Population Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Institute of the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Lauren Gaydosh
- Social and Biological Determinants of Health Working Group, NC, USA
- Center for Medicine, Health, and Society, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Daniel W Belsky
- Social and Biological Determinants of Health Working Group, NC, USA
- Population Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
- Robert N. Butler Columbia Aging Center, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Grace A Noppert
- Social and Biological Determinants of Health Working Group, NC, USA
- Population Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Population Health and Aging, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Fernando A Campos
- Social and Biological Determinants of Health Working Group, NC, USA
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Alessandro Bartolomucci
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Yang Claire Yang
- Social and Biological Determinants of Health Working Group, NC, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Allison E Aiello
- Social and Biological Determinants of Health Working Group, NC, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Angela O'Rand
- Social and Biological Determinants of Health Working Group, NC, USA
- Population Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Population Health and Aging, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kathleen Mullan Harris
- Social and Biological Determinants of Health Working Group, NC, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Carol A Shively
- Social and Biological Determinants of Health Working Group, NC, USA
- Comparative Medicine Section, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Susan C Alberts
- Social and Biological Determinants of Health Working Group, NC, USA
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Population Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Population Health and Aging, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jenny Tung
- Social and Biological Determinants of Health Working Group, NC, USA.
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Population Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Population Health and Aging, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya
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Paz-Lourido B, Negre F, de la Iglesia B, Verger S. Influence of schooling on the health-related quality of life of children with rare diseases. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2020; 18:109. [PMID: 32345307 PMCID: PMC7189684 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-020-01351-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although participation of children with rare diseases in school is considered beneficial, it poses new challenges for the educational system, but also for the affected children and their families. The aim of this study is to identify which aspects of the schooling experience may have an impact on the health-related quality of life of children with rare diseases. Method A qualitative study was conducted using the social-critical paradigm as theoretical perspective. Participants (n = 28) included children with rare diseases (n = 8), parents (n = 12) and school staff (n = 8). Data was obtained through in-depth interviews and focus groups and analysed through discourse analysis as methodological orientation. Results Participants’ discourses placed value on the social benefits of inclusion of children with rare diseases in schooling. Discourses also highlighted how the low numbers of children with rare diseases and the delay, or lack, of a clear diagnosis are among the difficulties experienced in the pursuit of the adaptations that children and teachers need to promote a healthy and normalized school experience. The issues identified in their health-related quality of life were summarized in seven categories: Attendance, Knowledge, Participation, Acceptance, Discrimination, Safety, Health-Related Support. Conclusion Children with rare diseases remain, in many cases, invisible at the educational level due to the low numbers of children affected, limiting the kind of resources available to the child and teaching staff. This situation requires inter-disciplinary and inter-sector measures between health services and educational environments to articulate a comprehensive approach focused on children’s clinical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Paz-Lourido
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of the Balearic Islands, Edif. Beatriu de Pinós, Cra. de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain. .,Childhood, Technology, Education and Diversity Research Group, Institute of Research and Innovation in Education, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain. .,Education, Communication and Quality in Health Research Group, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa, Km 7.5, 07122, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain.
| | - Francisca Negre
- Childhood, Technology, Education and Diversity Research Group, Institute of Research and Innovation in Education, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain.,Department of Applied Pedagogy and Psychology of Education, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Begoña de la Iglesia
- Childhood, Technology, Education and Diversity Research Group, Institute of Research and Innovation in Education, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain.,Department of Applied Pedagogy and Psychology of Education, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Sebastià Verger
- Childhood, Technology, Education and Diversity Research Group, Institute of Research and Innovation in Education, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain.,Education, Communication and Quality in Health Research Group, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa, Km 7.5, 07122, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain.,Department of Applied Pedagogy and Psychology of Education, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
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Lloyd JEV, Boonstra J, Forer B, Hershler R, Milbrath C, Poon BT, Razaz N, Rowcliffe P, Schonert-Reichl K. Robust Confidence Intervals for the Population Mean Alternatives to the Student-t Confidence Interval. JOURNAL OF MODERN APPLIED STATISTICAL METHODS 2020. [DOI: 10.22237/jmasm/1556670060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Population-based, person-specific, longitudinal child and youth health and developmental data linkages involve connecting combinations of specially-collected data and administrative data for longitudinal population research purposes. This glossary provides definitions of key terms and concepts related to their theoretical basis, research infrastructure, research methodology, statistical analysis, and knowledge translation.
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Buchan JL, Bennett CT. Promoting Infant Mental Health Through Evidence-Informed Interventions to Support Infant Feeding and the Transition to Parenthood: A Clinical Practice Example. Can J Nurs Res 2020; 52:100-107. [PMID: 32098502 PMCID: PMC7324082 DOI: 10.1177/0844562120908755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Infant mental health is influenced by many factors including the successful transition to parenthood and the feeding relationship with caregivers. Region of Peel – Public Health in Ontario, Canada promotes infant mental health through interventions that encourage cue-based feeding and responsive infant care that helps individual families meet their infant feeding goals and build a foundation of responsive parenting. Interventions have been developed to meet the needs of a large, ethnically diverse population. The use of a biodevelopmental framework identifying nutrition and the environment of relationships as important foundations of health provided key areas of focus for Nurturing the Next Generation, a public health strategic priority. Research evidence, literature syntheses, local research, and data informed the interventions. The promotion of a positive nursing practice environment supports the public health nurses who deliver these interventions. This framework of effective public health practice contributes to long-term health outcomes, including the promotion of mental health for infants, their families, and the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy L Buchan
- Region of Peel - Public Health, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
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Tan A, Morton KR, Lee JW, Hartman R, Lee G. Adverse childhood experiences and depressive symptoms: Protective effects of dietary flavonoids. J Psychosom Res 2020; 131:109957. [PMID: 32088426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.109957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with increased inflammation, stress, and depression. Diet patterns rich in flavonoids may buffer the effects of ACEs on depression through neuroprotective mechanisms. No studies have examined the protective effects of dietary flavonoids on depressive symptoms after ACEs. We examine the relationships among ACEs, perceived stress, depressive symptoms, and flavonoid intake in older adults. METHODS In this longitudinal cohort study, flavonoid intake was provided by 6404 Seventh-day Adventist adults in North America who, as part of the Adventist Health Study-2, completed a validated food frequency questionnaire in 2002-6. ACEs, perceived stress, and depressive symptoms were assessed in the Biopsychosocial Religion and Health Study in 2006-7 and 2010-11. Bootstrapping models predicting depression were tested after controls. RESULTS ACEs were associated with adult depressive symptoms and perceived stress mediated this relationship. A moderated mediation model indicates that flavonoid intake buffers the association between perceived stress and depressive symptoms after ACEs. Flavonoid consumption was negatively associated with depressive symptoms (β = -0.034, p = .03). As ACEs increased by one standard deviation, depressive symptoms increased through the interaction of perceived stress and flavonoids when flavonoids were consumed a standard deviation below the mean (effect = 0.040 SD, BC 95% CI [0.030, 0.052]). Depressive symptoms were lower for those that consumed flavonoids a standard deviation above the mean (effect =. 035 SD, BC 95% CI [0.025, 0.046]). CONCLUSION A varied diet rich in flavonoids may reduce depressive symptoms associated with perceived stress following ACEs exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Tan
- Department of Psychology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America.
| | - Kelly R Morton
- Department of Psychology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America; Department of Family Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America.
| | - Jerry W Lee
- School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
| | - Richard Hartman
- Department of Psychology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
| | - Grace Lee
- Department of Psychology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America
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127
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Hoyt LT, Niu L, Pachucki MC, Chaku N. Timing of puberty in boys and girls: Implications for population health. SSM Popul Health 2020; 10:100549. [PMID: 32099893 PMCID: PMC7030995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Puberty is marked by substantial increases and emerging sex differences in psychological disorders and risky behaviors. However, few studies have examined these effects beyond adolescence, and the previous literature has been dominated by samples of White girls. The current study examines the broadest known set of health sequelae related to traditional pubertal markers and peer-relative pubertal timing in a representative sample of 14,545 U.S. youth from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. Maturational timing was assessed by age at menarche for girls and physical development for boys (e.g., facial hair, voice change), and then categorized as early (1 SD below mean), on-time, or late (1 SD above mean) within-sex. Early and late peer-relative timing was assessed by a self-report of looking “much older” or “much younger” than one's peers. We examined psychological (depressive symptoms, antisocial behavior), behavioral (number of sex partners, drug use, physical activity, screen time, sleep hours), and physical health (self-reported health, BMI) outcomes during adolescence and young adulthood in a series of sex-stratified regression analyses using survey weights and a comprehensive set of sociodemographic covariates. Results indicated that, overall, earlier pubertal timing (i.e., maturational timing and peer-relative timing) put both girls and boys at risk during adolescence, while later timing was protective. However, longitudinal models revealed mixed results. For instance, early maturational timing was associated with higher young adult BMI (girls: β = 0.139, p < .01; boys: β = 0.107, p < .01), but later timing for boys was associated with both risky (e.g., more screen time; β = 0.125, p < .05) and health promoting (e.g., more sleep; β = .296, p < .01) behaviors. Analysis of this holistic set of outcomes with sex differences in mind allows for more careful evidence-based recommendations for adolescent health promotion. Early or late puberty predicts health, but there is little longitudinal research. Perceived pubertal development relative to peers also predicts health outcomes. Links between pubertal timing and long-term health were more pervasive for girls. Adolescent psychological symptoms and health behaviors explain long-term links. Results point to the need for high-quality puberty education early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay T Hoyt
- Applied Developmental Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Li Niu
- Applied Developmental Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Mark C Pachucki
- Sociology & Computational Social Science Institute, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Natasha Chaku
- Applied Developmental Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, USA
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128
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Guhn M, Emerson SD, Mahdaviani D, Gadermann AM. Associations of Birth Factors and Socio-Economic Status with Indicators of Early Emotional Development and Mental Health in Childhood: A Population-Based Linkage Study. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2020; 51:80-93. [PMID: 31338644 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-019-00912-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Using a linked population-based database established on healthcare, socio-economic, and survey datasets in British Columbia, Canada, we examined how biological, socio-demographic, and socio-economic status (SES) factors at birth related to children's emotional development and mental health. One analysis examined teacher-rated anxiety, hyperactivity, and aggression for kindergarten children (Mage = 5.7; n = 134,094). Another analysis examined administrative healthcare records comprising of physician-assigned diagnostic codes for mental health conditions (conduct disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety disorder and depression) from ages 5 through 15 (n = 89,404). Various factors at birth, including gestational age, birthweight, and maternal demographics, were related to emotional development and mental health in childhood. Across outcomes, low SES indicated detrimental associations with various aspects of children's emotional development and mental health (e.g., adjusted odds of mental health conditions were 25-39% higher for children of low income families versus others). Findings reinforce evidence that poverty (reduction) is a primary public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Guhn
- Human Early Learning Partnership, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, 2206 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Scott D Emerson
- Human Early Learning Partnership, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, 2206 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Dorri Mahdaviani
- Human Early Learning Partnership, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, 2206 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Anne M Gadermann
- Human Early Learning Partnership, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, 2206 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
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129
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Probable Sleep Bruxism in Children and its Relationship with Harmful Oral Habits, Type of Crossbite and Oral Breathing. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020; 44:66-69. [PMID: 31995421 DOI: 10.17796/1053-4625-44.1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To establish the prevalence of Probable Sleep Bruxism (PSB) and its association with gender, breast or bottle-feeding, posterior and anterior crossbite, oral habits and oral breathing. Study Design: Consists of a cross-sectional study in which 151 children were submitted to a clinical oral examination for the evaluation of tooth wear, muscle discomfort and the presence of anterior and/or posterior crossbite. Parents/caregivers were asked about the frequency of teeth grinding during the child's sleep and the occurrence of harmful oral habits, as well as the type of childbirth and breastfeeding. Data were statistically analyzed through Chi-square or Fisher's exact tests at a 5% level of significance to determine an association among variables. Results: The prevalence of PSB was of 27.8% among the examined children. Among the analyzed variables, only oral breathing was statistically associated to PSB (p < 0.001), and it was verified that children with oral breathing are 2.71 times more likely to present sleep bruxism. Conclusions: The prevalence of PSB in schoolchildren was high and the disorder was associated with oral breathing. Thus, pediatric dentists have an important role in the diagnosis of sleep bruxism and in monitoring breathing-related disorders.
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130
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Disentangling genes, attachment, and environment: A systematic review of the developmental psychopathology literature on gene-environment interactions and attachment. Dev Psychopathol 2020; 32:357-381. [PMID: 30905328 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579419000142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The role of genetics in relation to attachment is of continued interest to developmental psychology. Recent research has attempted to disentangle genetic main effects, environmental effects, and gene and environment (G × E) interactions in the development of attachment security/insecurity and disorganization. We systematically reviewed associations between gene markers and attachment, including G × E interactions, identifying 27 eligible studies. Inconsistent results emerged for associations between both gene effects and G × E interactions on attachment organization. Where G × E interactions used attachment as the environmental factor in the interaction, we observed more consistent results for differential susceptibility of G × E interactions on offspring behavior. Small sample size and heterogeneity in measurement of environmental factors impacted on comparability of studies. From these results, we propose that the future of research into the role of genetic effects in attachment lies in further exploration of G × E interactions, particularly where attachment acts as an environmental factor impacting on other child developmental outcomes emerging from the caregiving environment, consistent with differential susceptibility approaches to developmental psychopathology. In addition, from a methodological perspective, establishing the role of gene markers in such models will require a shift toward contemporary genomics, including genome-wide analysis (including novel genes and chromosomal loci), and epigenetic individual variations.
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131
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Fliss MD, Baumgartner F, Delamater P, Marshall S, Poole C, Robinson W. Re-prioritizing traffic stops to reduce motor vehicle crash outcomes and racial disparities. Inj Epidemiol 2020; 7:3. [PMID: 32127046 PMCID: PMC6970293 DOI: 10.1186/s40621-019-0227-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Law enforcement traffic stops are one of the most common entryways to the US justice system. Conventional frameworks suggest traffic stops promote public safety by reducing dangerous driving practices and non-vehicular crime. Law enforcement agencies have wide latitude in enforcement, including prioritization of stop types: (1) safety (e.g. moving violation) stops, (2) investigatory stops, or (3) economic (regulatory and equipment) stops. In order to prevent traffic crash fatalities and reduce racial disparities, the police department of Fayetteville, North Carolina significantly re-prioritized safety stops. METHODS Annual traffic stop, motor vehicle crash, and crime data from 2002 to 2016 were combined to examine intervention (2013-2016) effects. Fayetteville was compared against synthetic control agencies built from 8 similar North Carolina agencies by weighted matching on pre-intervention period trends and comparison against post-intervention trends. RESULTS On average over the intervention period as compared to synthetic controls, Fayetteville increased both the number of safety stops + 121% (95% confidence interval + 17%, + 318%) and the relative proportion of safety stops (+ 47%). Traffic crash and injury outcomes were reduced, including traffic fatalities - 28% (- 64%, + 43%), injurious crashes - 23% (- 49%, + 16%), and total crashes - 13% (- 48%, + 21%). Disparity measures were reduced, including Black percent of traffic stops - 7% (- 9%, - 5%) and Black vs. White traffic stop rate ratio - 21% (- 29%, - 13%). In contrast to the Ferguson Effect hypothesis, the relative de-prioritization of investigatory stops was not associated with an increase in non-traffic crime outcomes, which were reduced or unchanged, including index crimes - 10% (- 25%, + 8%) and violent crimes - 2% (- 33%, + 43%). Confidence intervals were estimated using a different technique and, given small samples, may be asymmetrical. CONCLUSIONS The re-prioritization of traffic stop types by law enforcement agencies may have positive public health consequences both for motor vehicle injury and racial disparity outcomes while having little impact on non-traffic crime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Dolan Fliss
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 521 S Greensboro St, Carrboro, NC, 27510, USA.
| | - Frank Baumgartner
- Department of Political Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 235 E Cameron Ave, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Paul Delamater
- Department of Geography, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Carolina Hall, CB# 3220, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.,Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 123 W Franklin St, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA
| | - Steve Marshall
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 521 S Greensboro St, Carrboro, NC, 27510, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 170 Rosenau Hall, CB #7400
- 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Charles Poole
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 170 Rosenau Hall, CB #7400
- 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Whitney Robinson
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 123 W Franklin St, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 170 Rosenau Hall, CB #7400
- 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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132
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Schreier HMC, Kuras YI, McInnis CM, Thoma MV, St Pierre DG, Hanlin L, Chen X, Wang D, Goldblatt D, Rohleder N. Childhood Physical Neglect Is Associated With Exaggerated Systemic and Intracellular Inflammatory Responses to Repeated Psychosocial Stress in Adulthood. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:504. [PMID: 32581878 PMCID: PMC7290130 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiences of child maltreatment are associated with a host of adverse mental and physical health outcomes in adulthood. Altered reactivity to psychosocial stress exposure may partially explain known associations between early experiences of maltreatment and later life health. The present study focuses on examining whether experiences of child maltreatment are associated with physiological reactions to initial and repeated psychosocial stress in adulthood. To this end, 44 healthy adults (52% male, aged 18-65) completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire to provide information about exposure to child maltreatment and completed the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) on 2 consecutive days. Peripheral blood was collected prior to as well as 30 and 120 min following the TSST on each day. Plasma Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and gene expression of IL-6, IL-1β, nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB), and inhibitor of kB (IkB) were measured from each blood sample. Total CTQ scores were unrelated to plasma IL-6 and gene expression (ps > .10) but a history of childhood physical neglect was associated with increased interleukin-1β (β =.35; p =.02; R2 =.19) and nuclear factor-kB (β =.30; p =.046; R2 =.13) expression following initial stress. Following repeated exposure to the TSST, childhood physical neglect was associated with increased plasma IL-6 reactivity (β =.34; p =.02; R2 =.16) and increased expression of nuclear factor-kB (β =.31; p =.04; R2 =.08). Finally, childhood physical neglect was associated with decreased habituation following repeated exposure to the TSST. Other CTQ subscales were not related to plasma IL-6 and gene expression when considered individually. Results from this study are suggestive of a unique effect of childhood physical neglect on the physiological stress response following initial and repeated exposure to a common psychosocial stressor. This provides important directions for future research because the effect of childhood physical neglect on long-term neglect are not well understood and in need of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M C Schreier
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Yuliya I Kuras
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States.,Precision Neurology Program, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Myriam V Thoma
- Psychopathology and Clinical Intervention, Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Luke Hanlin
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States
| | - Xuejie Chen
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States
| | - Diana Wang
- Center for Economic and Social Research, Dornsife College of Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Dena Goldblatt
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Otolaryngology, Neuroscience and Physiology, and the Neuroscience Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nicolas Rohleder
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States.,Chair of Health Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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133
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Karatekin C, Ahluwalia R. Effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences, Stress, and Social Support on the Health of College Students. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2020; 35:150-172. [PMID: 27920360 DOI: 10.1177/0886260516681880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the study was to describe the nature of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) reported by undergraduates and to examine the effect of ACEs, perceived stress, and perceived social support on their health. Although respondents (N = 321) had parents with relatively high levels of education and indicated generally high levels of social support, results nevertheless showed a relatively high level of mental health problems and rates of ACEs that were similar to those in the general population in the state. Those with higher levels of ACEs had greater levels of stress and lower levels of social support. ACEs, social support, and stress explained more than half the variance in mental health scores, with stress making the greatest contribution. Despite the fact that we used different measures and an independent sample, findings generally replicated a previous study. Results point to a need to increase awareness of the association between ACEs and health on college campuses, to examine the effects of ACEs in more detail, and to design ACE-informed programs for this population.
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134
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Gagné M, Janus M, Muhajarine N, Gadermann A, Duku E, Milbrath C, Minh A, Forer B, Magee C, Guhn M. Disentangling the role of income in the academic achievement of migrant children. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2020; 85:102344. [PMID: 31789203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2019.102344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Poverty has a well-established association with poor developmental outcomes in children but is often found to be a weak predictor of outcomes for migrant children. Building on theory focused on the developmental competencies of minority children, the current study used a systematic and novel analytic approach to disentangle the relationship between income and developmental outcomes for different groups of migrant children. Utilizing a population-based cohort of children in British Columbia, Canada (N = 23,154), the study examined whether income differently predicted the kindergarten to Grade 7 (K-7) literacy and numeracy trajectories of migrant children (economic, family, and refugee groups), in comparison to non-migrants. By applying Group-Based Trajectory Modeling (GBTM), the study found that lower income was generally associated with lower K-7 literacy and numeracy achievement trajectories. The relationship between income and achievement did not differ for migrant children in comparison to non-migrant children, with the exception of one sub-group of high-achieving economic class migrant children, which appeared to be less impacted by low income levels. Follow-up binomial logistic regression analysis found that parental education levels at migration and English language ability predicted which migrant children would be high literacy and numeracy achievers despite low income. The results suggest that basic associations between poverty and the outcomes of migrant children mask an underlying complexity: For most migrant children, poverty was just as predictive of detrimental academic outcomes as it was for non-migrant children and being in the exceptional sub-group of high-achieving, low-income migrant children was partly accounted for by other protective factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Janus
- University of British Columbia, Canada; McMaster University, Canada
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135
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Gonzalez A, Oshri A. Introduction to the Special Issue on Understanding Neurobiological Implication of Maltreatment: From Preschool to Emerging Adulthood. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2019; 24:335-339. [PMID: 31426654 DOI: 10.1177/1077559519869842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Assaf Oshri
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, The Youth Development Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Neuroscience Faculty, Integrated Life Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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136
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Vaghri Z, Tessier Z, Whalen C. Refugee and Asylum-Seeking Children: Interrupted Child Development and Unfulfilled Child Rights. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 6:E120. [PMID: 31671545 PMCID: PMC6915556 DOI: 10.3390/children6110120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The 21st century phenomenon of "global displacement" is particularly concerning when it comes to children. Childhood is a critical period of accelerated growth and development. These processes can be negatively affected by the many stressors to which refugee and asylum-seeking children are subjected. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) is the most ratified human rights treaty in history, with 196 States Parties (SPs). The CRC provides a framework of 54 articles outlining government responsibilities to ensure the protection, promotion, and fulfillment of rights of all children within their jurisdictions. Among these are the rights of refugee and asylum-seeking children, declared under Article 22 of the CRC. Refugee and asylum-seeking children, similarly to all other children, are entitled to their rights under the CRC and do not forgo any right by virtue of moving between borders. The hosting governments, as SPs to the CRC, are the primary duty bearers to fulfill these rights for the children entering their country. This manuscript provides an overview of the health and developmental ramification of being displaced for refugee and asylum-seeking children. Then, an in-depth analysis of the provisions under Article 22 is presented and the responsibilities of SPs under this article are described. The paper provides some international examples of strengths and shortcomings relating to these responsibilities and closes with a few concluding remarks and recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziba Vaghri
- School of Public Health and Social Policy, Faculty of Human and Social Development, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.
| | - Zoë Tessier
- School of Public Health and Social Policy, Faculty of Human and Social Development, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.
| | - Christian Whalen
- Office of Child and Youth Advocate, Fredericton, NB E3B 5H1, Canada.
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137
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Abstract
Armed conflict regularly presents extremely adverse circumstances not only for combatants, but also for civilians. In fact, estimates from various wars over the past 70 years suggest that noncombatants comprise the majority of casualties. For survivors, war's effects are often embodied, leaving long-term effects on health and biology. Some of these effects, such as injuries and psychological trauma, are well known. Yet other effects may be subtle and may be elucidated by a developmental biological perspective. In early life, when growth rates are highest, conditions of war may have their greatest impact. Depending on local circumstances, a developing embryo, infant, or child growing in a place embroiled in armed conflict is likely to face—directly or indirectly—various stressors, including malnutrition, infectious disease, and/or psychological stress. Thus, the conditions of war and forced displacement may become embodied, getting under the skin for fundamental biological reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick F. Clarkin
- Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts 02125-3393, USA
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138
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Torche F. Early-Life Circumstances and Their Effects Over the Life Course. POPULATION RESEARCH AND POLICY REVIEW 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11113-019-09555-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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139
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Jenkins LM, Chiang JJ, Vause K, Hoffer L, Alpert K, Parrish TB, Wang L, Miller GE. Subcortical structural variations associated with low socioeconomic status in adolescents. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 41:162-171. [PMID: 31571360 PMCID: PMC7268024 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with a higher probability of multiple exposures (e.g., neighborhood violence, poor nutrition, housing instability, air pollution, and insensitive caregiving) known to affect structural development of subcortical brain regions that subserve threat and reward processing, however, few studies have examined the relationship between SES and such subcortical structures in adolescents. We examined SES variations in volume and surface morphometry of subcortical regions. The sample comprised 256 youth in eighth grade (mean age = 13.9 years), in whom high dimensional deformation mapping of structural 3T magnetic resonance imaging scans was performed. Vertex‐wise linear regression analyses examined associations between income to poverty ratio and surfaces of the hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens and pallidum, with the covariates age, pubertal status, and intracranial volume. Given sex differences in pubertal development and subcortical maturation at this age, the analyses were stratified by sex. Among males, who at this age average an earlier pubertal stage than females, the relationship between SES and local shape variation in subcortical regions was almost entirely positive. For females, the relationship between SES and local shape variation was negative. Racial identity was associated with SES in our sample, however supplementary analyses indicated that most of the associations between SES and subcortical structure were independent of it. Although these cross‐sectional results are not definitive, they are consistent with a scenario where low SES delays structural maturation of subcortical regions involved with threat and reward processing. Future longitudinal studies are needed to test this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne M Jenkins
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jessica J Chiang
- Department of, Psychology and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Katherine Vause
- Department of, Psychology and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lauren Hoffer
- Department of, Psychology and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kathryn Alpert
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Todd B Parrish
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Department Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gregory E Miller
- Department of, Psychology and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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140
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Gialamas A, Haag DG, Mittinty MN, Lynch J. Which time investments in the first 5 years of life matter most for children’s language and behavioural outcomes at school entry? Int J Epidemiol 2019; 49:548-558. [DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyz192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The ways children spend their time is one of the most valuable inputs for healthy child development. It is unknown which time investment yields the greatest return for children’s language and behavioural outcomes at school entry.
Methods
We used data from the first three waves (2004, 2006, 2008) of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (n = 4253). At every wave, parents completed 24-h time-use diaries on one randomly selected week and one weekend day. The amount of time children spent on 11 activities at ages 0–1, 2–3 and 4–5 years was analysed. Receptive vocabulary was assessed using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, and externalizing behaviours were measured by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, completed by parents and teachers at 4–5 years. To identify which time investment in the first 5 years of life mattered most for children’s outcomes, a new production function was developed. This production function was estimated using a log–log linear regression model.
Results
Relative to other time investments, time spent on educational activities at 2–3 years of age was the most important time investment for receptive vocabulary and behavioural outcomes at school entry. After adjusting for confounding, every 1 h invested in educational activities at 2–3 years was associated with a 0.95% [95% CI (confidence interval): 0.62, 1.28] increase in receptive vocabulary, and a −5.72% (95% CI: −7.71, −3.73) and −9.23% (95% CI: −12.26, −6.20) reduction in parent- and teacher-reported externalizing problem behaviours. Time invested in play was also important to both receptive vocabulary and behaviour. One hour invested in play at 2–3 and 4–5 years was associated with a 0.68% (95% CI: 0.38, 0.98) and 0.71% (95% CI: 0.39, 1.03) increase in children’s receptive vocabulary at school entry. In addition, time invested in play at 2–3 and 4–5 years was associated with reduced problem behaviours at school entry. In contrast, screen time at all ages was associated with poorer parent- and teacher-reported externalizing problem behaviours.
Conclusions
These results suggest that time invested in educational activities at 2–3 years of age yield the greatest return for children’s receptive vocabulary and behaviour at school entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Gialamas
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Dandara G Haag
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Murthy N Mittinty
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - John Lynch
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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141
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Diamond A, Lee C, Senften P, Lam A, Abbott D. Randomized control trial of Tools of the Mind: Marked benefits to kindergarten children and their teachers. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222447. [PMID: 31527919 PMCID: PMC6748407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The kindergarten program, Tools of the Mind (Tools), has been shown to improve executive functions (as assessed by laboratory measures) and academic performance. The objective here was to see if Tools can improve executive functions in the real world (in the classroom), academic outcomes not previously investigated, reduce bullying and peer ostracism, and increase teachers’ and students’ joy in being in the classroom. This first randomized controlled trial of Tools in Canada included 351 kindergarten children (mean age 5.2 years at entry; 51% female) in 18 public schools. Stratified randomization resulted in teachers and students in both groups being closely matched. Teachers in both groups received the same number of training hours and same funds for new materials. Outcome measures were pre and post standardized academic skill assessments and teacher online survey responses. This study replicated that Tools improves reading and shows for the first time that it improves writing (far exceeding levels the school districts had seen before), self-control and attention-regulation in the real world (e.g., time on task without supervision), reduces teacher burnout and children being ostracized or excluded, and increases the joy students and teachers experience in school. By Spring, Tools teachers were still enthusiastic about teaching; control teachers were exhausted. These results were not only better than the control group but also better than Tools teachers experienced the year before Tools. Thus, children in a kindergarten curriculum that emphasized play, improving self-regulation, working together and helping one another, and hands-on learning performed better academically, showed less bullying and peer ostracism and more kindness and helping behavior than students in more traditional classes, and teacher enthusiasm for teaching soared. Tools reduced initial disparities separating children, schools, and teachers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Diamond
- Program in Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Chris Lee
- Program in Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Peter Senften
- Program in Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Andrea Lam
- Program in Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - David Abbott
- Program in Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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142
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Singletary B. What are the benefits of having a village? Effects of allomaternal care on communicative skills in early infancy. Infant Behav Dev 2019; 57:101361. [PMID: 31491616 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2019.101361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates whether exposure to allomaternal care (AMC-care for infants from individuals other than the mother) improves rates of communicative behaviors during late infancy by providing more opportunities to practice communicating with varied caregivers. Data were collected from 102 typically-developing infants aged 13-18 months and their mothers. AMC variables were collected using a current care questionnaire, structured 14-day diary, and longitudinal interview. Communicative behaviors were assessed through post hoc microcoding of in-lab administrations of the Early Social Communication Scales (ESCS), as well as additional microcoding of the Bayley III Screening Cognitive Subtest. Demographic covariates were also included. For each communicative behavior, backward model selection was used to determine the best fitting linear regression model. Results suggested that rates of turn-taking decreased with Household AMC (p < 0.008), but increased with two or more siblings present at home (p < 0.01). Conversely, rates of spontaneous giving increased with Household AMC (p < 0.003) regardless of the presence of siblings. Notably, exposure to more AMC was neither helpful nor harmful for many of the tested communicative behaviors, although the number of siblings present was significantly related to rates of following commands, as well as pointing and reaching. Ultimately, this study suggests that household level experiences with AMC, rather than formalized care, impact the development of some communicative behaviors during late infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt Singletary
- School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, 1009 East South Campus Dr., P.O. Box 210030, Tucson, AZ 85721-0030, United States.
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143
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Catherine NLA, Lever R, Sheehan D, Zheng Y, Boyle MH, McCandless L, Gafni A, Gonzalez A, Jack SM, Tonmyr L, Varcoe C, MacMillan HL, Waddell C. The British Columbia Healthy Connections Project: findings on socioeconomic disadvantage in early pregnancy. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1161. [PMID: 31438906 PMCID: PMC6704647 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7479-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Maternal exposure to socioeconomic disadvantage increases the risk of child injuries and subsequent child developmental and mental health problems — particularly for young mothers. To inform early intervention planning, this research therefore aimed to describe the health and social adversities experienced by a cohort of girls and young women in early pregnancy in British Columbia (BC), Canada. Methods Participants were recruited for the BC Healthy Connections Project (BCHCP), a randomized controlled trial examining the effectiveness of Nurse-Family Partnership, a home visitation program, in improving child and maternal outcomes. Baseline data were collected from 739 participants on trial entry. Participants were selected on the basis of preparing to parent for the first time and experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage. Analyses involved descriptive statistics and age-group comparisons. Results Most participants reported having low income (84%), having limited education (52%) and being single (91%) at trial entry. Beyond these eligibility criteria, other health and social adversities included: housing instability (52%); severe anxiety or depression (47%); other diagnosed mental disorders (22%); prenatal nicotine and cannabis use (27 and 21%); physical health problems (20%); child maltreatment when younger (56%); and intimate partner violence recently (50%). As well, few (29%) had received income assistance entitlements. More than two thirds (70%) were experiencing four or more forms of adversity. Age-group differences were observed for cognitive functioning, being single, low income, limited education, psychological distress and service use (p-value ≤0.05). Conclusions This cohort was selected on the basis of socioeconomic disadvantage. Yet all participants were experiencing substantial added adversities — at higher rates than other Canadians. Furthermore, despite Canada’s public programs, these pregnant girls and young women were not being adequately reached by social services. Our study adds new data to inform early intervention planning, suggesting that unacceptably high levels of socioeconomic disadvantage exist for some young British Columbians. Therefore greater health and social supports and services are warranted for these young mothers and their children. Trial registration Registered August 24, 2012 with ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01672060. Active not recruiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L A Catherine
- Children's Health Policy Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Room 2431, 515 West Hastings Street, Vancouver, BC, V6B 5K3, Canada.
| | - Rosemary Lever
- Children's Health Policy Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Room 2431, 515 West Hastings Street, Vancouver, BC, V6B 5K3, Canada
| | - Debbie Sheehan
- Children's Health Policy Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Room 2431, 515 West Hastings Street, Vancouver, BC, V6B 5K3, Canada
| | - Yufei Zheng
- Children's Health Policy Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Room 2431, 515 West Hastings Street, Vancouver, BC, V6B 5K3, Canada
| | - Michael H Boyle
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Amiram Gafni
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Gonzalez
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan M Jack
- School of Nursing, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lil Tonmyr
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colleen Varcoe
- School of Nursing, University of BC, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Harriet L MacMillan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences and of Pediatrics, Offord Centre for Child Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charlotte Waddell
- Children's Health Policy Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Room 2431, 515 West Hastings Street, Vancouver, BC, V6B 5K3, Canada
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144
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Decomposing the effects of childhood adversity on later-life depression among Europeans: a comparative analysis by gender. AGEING & SOCIETY 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0144686x19000977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe aims of the present study are twofold: first, to examine the importance of socio-economic disadvantage, adverse experiences and poor health in childhood on later-life depression by sex and, second, to discern the direct and indirect effects of childhood circumstances using a decomposition technique. Data are derived from Waves 2 and 3 of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). The methods involve use of logistic regression models and a decomposition approach. The findings indicate that childhood socio-economic status (SES) for both genders and cognitive function for men have only a significant direct effect, consistent with the critical period model. Childhood health for men and poor parental mental health for women are nearly fully mediated by adulthood and later-life circumstances, a fact in line with the pathway model. Poor childhood health, parental excessive alcohol consumption and cognitive function for women and adverse experiences for men have both significant direct and indirect effects, consistent with both models. Mediating factors include poor adulthood and later-life health, socio-economic adversity and stress; adulthood and later-life SES mediate early life health and adverse experiences more strongly for men, whereas stress seems to mediate early life adverse experiences to a greater extent among women. Intervening policies should address childhood adversity while considering the differential vulnerability of men and women.
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145
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Dea C, Gauvin L, Fournier M, Goldfeld S. Does Place Matter? An International Comparison of Early Childhood Development Outcomes between the Metropolitan Areas of Melbourne, Australia and Montreal, Canada. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16162915. [PMID: 31416243 PMCID: PMC6720425 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16162915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is strong consensus about the importance of early childhood development (ECD) for improving population health and closing the health inequity gap. Environmental features and public policies across sectors and jurisdictions are known to influence ECD. International comparisons provide valuable opportunities to better understand the impact of these ecological determinants on ECD. This study compared ECD outcomes between metropolitan Melbourne (Australia) and Montreal (Canada), and contrasted disparities across demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Methods: Population wide surveys using the Early Development Instrument (EDI) were conducted among 4–6 years-old children in both Montreal and Melbourne in 2012, measuring five domains of ECD: 1-Physical Health/Well-Being (PHYS); 2-Social Competence (SOC); 3-Emotional Maturity (EMOT); 4-Language/Cognitive Development (COGN); and 5-Communication Skills/General Knowledge (COMM). Descriptive analyses of summary EDI indicators and domain indicators (including median scores and interquartile ranges) were compared between metropolitan areas, using their respective 95% confident intervals (CIs). Analyses were performed using Stata software (v14). Results: The proportion of children developmentally vulnerable in at least one domain of ECD was 26.8% (95% CIs: 26.2, 27.3) in Montreal vs. 19.2% (95% CIs: 18.8, 19.5) in Melbourne. The Melbourne advantage was greatest for EMOT and COGN (11.5% vs. 6.9%; 13.0% vs. 5.8%). In both Montreal and Melbourne, boys, immigrants, children not speaking the language of the majority at home, and those living in the most deprived areas were at greater risk of being developmentally vulnerable. Relative risks as a function of home language and area-level deprivation subgroups were smaller in Montreal than in Melbourne. Conclusion: This study shows that Melbourne’s children globally experience better ECD outcomes than Montreal’s children, but that inequity gaps are greater in Melbourne for language and area-level deprivation subgroups. Further research is warranted to identify the environmental factors, policies, and programs that account for these observed differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Dea
- Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, École de santé publique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3N 1X9, Canada
- Direction Régionale de Santé Publique, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et Services Sociaux du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, QC H2L 1M3, Canada
| | - Lise Gauvin
- Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, École de santé publique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3N 1X9, Canada
- Health Innovation and Evaluation Hub, Centre de recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Michel Fournier
- Direction Régionale de Santé Publique, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et Services Sociaux du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, QC H2L 1M3, Canada
| | - Sharon Goldfeld
- Centre for Community Child Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, & Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3052, Australia.
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146
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Alvarado SE. The indelible weight of place: Childhood neighborhood disadvantage, timing of exposure, and obesity across adulthood. Health Place 2019; 58:102159. [PMID: 31280141 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
I use 28 (1986-2014) years of restricted geocoded NLSY tract-level data and find positive associations between exposure to childhood neighborhood disadvantage and adult obesity and BMI among individuals growing up and entering adulthood during the rise of obesity in the United States. Sibling fixed effects and cousin fixed effects models partially address unobserved confounding nested in the nuclear as well as extended family. Furthermore, exposure to neighborhood disadvantage in adolescence is most salient, providing insight into when policy intervention may be most effective. Results are robust to alternative specifications for neighborhood disadvantage, ages of exposure, and to alternative sampling strategies.
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147
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Heise L, Greene ME, Opper N, Stavropoulou M, Harper C, Nascimento M, Zewdie D. Gender inequality and restrictive gender norms: framing the challenges to health. Lancet 2019; 393:2440-2454. [PMID: 31155275 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(19)30652-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gender is not accurately captured by the traditional male and female dichotomy of sex. Instead, it is a complex social system that structures the life experience of all human beings. This paper, the first in a Series of five papers, investigates the relationships between gender inequality, restrictive gender norms, and health and wellbeing. Building upon past work, we offer a consolidated conceptual framework that shows how individuals born biologically male or female develop into gendered beings, and how sexism and patriarchy intersect with other forms of discrimination, such as racism, classism, and homophobia, to structure pathways to poor health. We discuss the ample evidence showing the far-reaching consequences of these pathways, including how gender inequality and restrictive gender norms impact health through differential exposures, health-related behaviours and access to care, as well as how gender-biased health research and health-care systems reinforce and reproduce gender inequalities, with serious implications for health. The cumulative consequences of structured disadvantage, mediated through discriminatory laws, policies, and institutions, as well as diet, stress, substance use, and environmental toxins, have triggered important discussions about the role of social injustice in the creation and maintenance of health inequities, especially along racial and socioeconomic lines. This Series paper raises the parallel question of whether discrimination based on gender likewise becomes embodied, with negative consequences for health. For decades, advocates have worked to eliminate gender discrimination in global health, with only modest success. A new plan and new political commitment are needed if these global health aspirations and the wider Sustainable Development Goals of the UN are to be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Heise
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | | | - Neisha Opper
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maria Stavropoulou
- Programme on Gender Equality and Social Inclusion, Overseas Development Institute, London, UK
| | - Caroline Harper
- Programme on Gender Equality and Social Inclusion, Overseas Development Institute, London, UK
| | - Marcos Nascimento
- Programa de Posgraduação em Saúde da Criança e da Mulher, Instituto Fernandes Figueira-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Debrework Zewdie
- School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
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148
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Uy JP, Goldenberg D, Tashjian SM, Do KT, Galván A. Physical home environment is associated with prefrontal cortical thickness in adolescents. Dev Sci 2019; 22:e12834. [DOI: 10.1111/desc.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica P. Uy
- Department of Psychology University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles California
| | - Diane Goldenberg
- Department of Psychology University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles California
| | - Sarah M. Tashjian
- Department of Psychology University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles California
| | - Kathy T. Do
- Department of Psychology University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles California
| | - Adriana Galván
- Department of Psychology University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles California
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149
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Pinto Pereira SM, Stein Merkin S, Seeman T, Power C. Understanding associations of early-life adversities with mid-life inflammatory profiles: Evidence from the UK and USA. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 78:143-152. [PMID: 30682500 PMCID: PMC6941353 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In two cohorts, we aimed to establish associations between early-life adversities and adult inflammation, and whether adult (a) adiposity or (b) socioeconomic disadvantage are key intermediaries. METHODS In both cohorts (N = 7661, 1958 British birth cohort; N = 1255, MIDUS), information was used on adult inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen and (MIDUS only) interleukin-6 (IL-6)), adiposity and socioeconomic disadvantage, and early-life adversities (neglect, emotional neglect, physical, psychological, sexual abuse and childhood disadvantage). RESULTS Early-life adversities varied from 1.6% (sexual abuse, 1958 cohort) to 14.3% (socioeconomic disadvantage, MIDUS). Across the two cohorts, associations were consistent for physical abuse, e.g. 16.3%(3.01,29.7) and 17.0%(-16.4,50.3) higher CRP in the 1958 cohort and MIDUS respectively. Associations attenuated after accounting for adult adiposity, e.g. physical abuse (1958 cohort) and sexual abuse (MIDUS, non-white participants) associations were abolished. Some associations attenuated after adjustment for adult socioeconomic disadvantage; e.g. 1958 cohort neglect-CRP associations reduced from 23.2%(13.7,32.6) to 17.7%(8.18,27.2). Across the cohorts, no associations were found for psychological abuse or emotional neglect; associations for childhood socioeconomic disadvantage were inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS Specific early-life adversities are associated with adult inflammation; adiposity is a likely intermediary factor. Weight reduction and obesity prevention may offset pro-inflammatory related adult disease among those who experienced early-life adversities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal M Pinto Pereira
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
| | - Sharon Stein Merkin
- Division of Geriatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Teresa Seeman
- Division of Geriatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chris Power
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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150
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Adams CD, Blacksher E, Burke W. The Precautionary Principle for Shift-Work Research and Decision-Making. Public Health Ethics 2019; 12:44-53. [PMID: 30891097 PMCID: PMC6415719 DOI: 10.1093/phe/phy005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Shift work (working outside of 6:00 AM to 6:00 PM) is a fixture of our 24-hour economy, with approximately 18 per cent of workers in the USA engaging in shift work, many overnight. Since shift work has been linked to an increased risk for an array of serious maladies, including cardiometabolic disorders and cancer, and is done disproportionately by the poor and by minorities, shift work is a highly prevalent economic and occupational health disparity. Here we draw primarily on the state of science around shift work and breast cancer to argue that shift work represents a public health threat serious enough to warrant a precautionary stance. We use the precautionary principle to advance our case and view it as a moral compass for shift work research, empowering public health to cast shift work within the domain of health disparities deserving action despite scientific uncertainty. With the precautionary principle, we call for a deliberative decision-making process and formation of a broad shift work research collaboration to protect the health of many millions who work at night.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charleen D Adams
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) & School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol
| | - Erika Blacksher
- Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington
| | - Wylie Burke
- Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington
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