101
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Gumà A, Díaz-Sáez F, Camps M, Zorzano A. Neuregulin, an Effector on Mitochondria Metabolism That Preserves Insulin Sensitivity. Front Physiol 2020; 11:696. [PMID: 32655416 PMCID: PMC7324780 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Various external factors modulate the metabolic efficiency of mitochondria. This review focuses on the impact of the growth factor neuregulin and its ErbB receptors on mitochondria and their relationship with several physiopathological alterations. Neuregulin is involved in the differentiation of heart, skeletal muscle, and the neuronal system, among others; and its deficiency is deleterious for the health. Information gathered over the last two decades suggests that neuregulin plays a key role in regulating the mitochondrial oxidative machinery, which sustains cell survival and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gumà
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Díaz-Sáez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Camps
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Zorzano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
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102
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Bone marrow adipose tissue is a unique adipose subtype with distinct roles in glucose homeostasis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3097. [PMID: 32555194 PMCID: PMC7303125 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16878-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) comprises >10% of total adipose mass, yet unlike white or brown adipose tissues (WAT or BAT) its metabolic functions remain unclear. Herein, we address this critical gap in knowledge. Our transcriptomic analyses revealed that BMAT is distinct from WAT and BAT, with altered glucose metabolism and decreased insulin responsiveness. We therefore tested these functions in mice and humans using positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT) with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose. This revealed that BMAT resists insulin- and cold-stimulated glucose uptake, while further in vivo studies showed that, compared to WAT, BMAT resists insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation. Thus, BMAT is functionally distinct from WAT and BAT. However, in humans basal glucose uptake in BMAT is greater than in axial bones or subcutaneous WAT and can be greater than that in skeletal muscle, underscoring the potential of BMAT to influence systemic glucose homeostasis. These PET/CT studies characterise BMAT function in vivo, establish new methods for BMAT analysis, and identify BMAT as a distinct, major adipose tissue subtype.
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103
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Sun L, Goh HJ, Govindharajulu P, Sun L, Henry CJ, Leow MKS. A Feedforward Loop within the Thyroid-Brown Fat Axis Facilitates Thermoregulation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9661. [PMID: 32541662 PMCID: PMC7296032 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66697-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) control brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation and differentiation, but their subsequent homeostatic response following BAT activation remains obscure. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between cold- and capsinoids-induced BAT activation and TH changes between baseline and 2 hours post-intervention. Nineteen healthy subjects underwent 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography (18F-FDG PET) and whole-body calorimetry (WBC) after 2 hours of cold exposure (~14.5 °C) or capsinoids ingestion (12 mg) in a crossover design. Standardized uptake values (SUV-mean) of the region of interest and energy expenditure (EE) were measured. Plasma free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were measured before and 2 hours after each intervention. Subjects were divided into groups based on the presence (n = 12) or absence (n = 7) of BAT after cold exposure. 12 of 19 subjects were classified as BAT-positive. Subjects with BAT had higher baseline FT3 concentration, baseline FT3/FT4 ratio compared with subjects without BAT. Controlling for body fat percentage, FT3 concentration at baseline was associated with EE change from baseline after cold exposure (P = 0.037) and capsinoids (P = 0.047). Plasma FT4 level significantly increased associated with reciprocal decline in TSH after acute cold exposure and capsinoids independently of subject and treatment status. Circulating FT3 was higher in BAT-positive subjects and was a stronger predictor of EE changes after cold exposure and capsinoids in healthy humans. BAT activation elevates plasma FT4 acutely and may contribute towards augmentation of thermogenesis via a positive feedback response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Sun
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hui Jen Goh
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Priya Govindharajulu
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lei Sun
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christiani Jeyakumar Henry
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Melvin Khee-Shing Leow
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore. .,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore. .,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, Singapore. .,Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH), Singapore, Singapore.
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104
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Gordon DM, Neifer KL, Hamoud ARA, Hawk CF, Nestor-Kalinoski AL, Miruzzi SA, Morran MP, Adeosun SO, Sarver JG, Erhardt PW, McCullumsmith RE, Stec DE, Hinds TD. Bilirubin remodels murine white adipose tissue by reshaping mitochondrial activity and the coregulator profile of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:9804-9822. [PMID: 32404366 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of lipid-burning pathways in the fat-storing white adipose tissue (WAT) is a promising strategy to improve metabolic health and reduce obesity, insulin resistance, and type II diabetes. For unknown reasons, bilirubin levels are negatively associated with obesity and diabetes. Here, using mice and an array of approaches, including MRI to assess body composition, biochemical assays to measure bilirubin and fatty acids, MitoTracker-based mitochondrial analysis, immunofluorescence, and high-throughput coregulator analysis, we show that bilirubin functions as a molecular switch for the nuclear receptor transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα). Bilirubin exerted its effects by recruiting and dissociating specific coregulators in WAT, driving the expression of PPARα target genes such as uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1) and adrenoreceptor β 3 (Adrb3). We also found that bilirubin is a selective ligand for PPARα and does not affect the activities of the related proteins PPARγ and PPARδ. We further found that diet-induced obese mice with mild hyperbilirubinemia have reduced WAT size and an increased number of mitochondria, associated with a restructuring of PPARα-binding coregulators. We conclude that bilirubin strongly affects organismal body weight by reshaping the PPARα coregulator profile, remodeling WAT to improve metabolic function, and reducing fat accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren M Gordon
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA.,Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research (CeDER), University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Kari L Neifer
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Abdul-Rizaq Ali Hamoud
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Charles F Hawk
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrea L Nestor-Kalinoski
- Advanced Microscopy and Imaging Center, Department of Surgery, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Scott A Miruzzi
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael P Morran
- Advanced Microscopy and Imaging Center, Department of Surgery, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Samuel O Adeosun
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Cardiorenal and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Sarver
- Center for Drug Design and Development (CD3), Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Paul W Erhardt
- Center for Drug Design and Development (CD3), Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, University of Toledo College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Robert E McCullumsmith
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA.,ProMedica, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - David E Stec
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Cardiorenal and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Terry D Hinds
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA .,Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research (CeDER), University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
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105
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The kallikrein-kinin pathway as a mechanism for auto-control of brown adipose tissue activity. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2132. [PMID: 32358539 PMCID: PMC7195474 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is known to secrete regulatory factors in response to thermogenic stimuli. Components of the BAT secretome may exert local effects that contribute to BAT recruitment and activation. Here, we found that a thermogenic stimulus leads to enhanced secretion of kininogen (Kng) by BAT, owing to induction of kininogen 2 (Kng2) gene expression. Noradrenergic, cAMP-mediated signals induce KNG2 expression and release in brown adipocytes. Conversely, the expression of kinin receptors, that are activated by the Kng products bradykinin and [Des-Arg9]-bradykinin, are repressed by thermogenic activation of BAT in vivo and of brown adipocytes in vitro. Loss-of-function models for Kng (the circulating-Kng-deficient BN/Ka rat) and bradykinin (pharmacological inhibition of kinin receptors, kinin receptor-null mice) signaling were coincident in showing abnormal overactivation of BAT. Studies in vitro indicated that Kng and bradykinin exert repressive effects on brown adipocyte thermogenic activity by interfering the PKA/p38 MAPK pathway of control of Ucp1 gene transcription, whereas impaired kinin receptor expression enhances it. Our findings identify the kallikrein–kinin system as a relevant component of BAT thermogenic regulation that provides auto-regulatory inhibitory signaling to BAT. Brown adipose tissue, known produce heat by metabolizing fat, is also secretes molecules capable of communicating with other organs. Here the authors show that brown adipose tissue secretes kininogen, a component of heat system regulation, that provides auto-regulatory inhibitory signaling in brown adipose tissue.
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106
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Whole transcriptome analysis and validation of metabolic pathways in subcutaneous adipose tissues during FGF21-induced weight loss in non-human primates. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7287. [PMID: 32350364 PMCID: PMC7190698 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64170-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) induces weight loss in mouse, monkey, and human studies. In mice, FGF21 is thought to cause weight loss by stimulating thermogenesis, but whether FGF21 increases energy expenditure (EE) in primates is unclear. Here, we explore the transcriptional response and gene networks active in adipose tissue of rhesus macaques following FGF21-induced weight loss. Genes related to thermogenesis responded inconsistently to FGF21 treatment and weight loss. However, expression of gene modules involved in triglyceride (TG) synthesis and adipogenesis decreased, and this was associated with greater weight loss. Conversely, expression of innate immune cell markers was increased post-treatment and was associated with greater weight loss. A lipogenesis gene module associated with weight loss was evaluated by testing the function of member genes in mice. Overexpression of NRG4 reduced weight gain in diet-induced obese mice, while overexpression of ANGPTL8 resulted in elevated TG levels in lean mice. These observations provide evidence for a shifting balance of lipid storage and metabolism due to FGF21-induced weight loss in the non-human primate model, and do not fully recapitulate increased EE seen in rodent and in vitro studies. These discrepancies may reflect inter-species differences or complex interplay of FGF21 activity and counter-regulatory mechanisms.
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107
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Christian M. Elucidation of the roles of brown and brite fat genes: GPR120 is a modulator of brown adipose tissue function. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:1201-1205. [PMID: 32144819 PMCID: PMC8650997 DOI: 10.1113/ep087877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
New Findings What is the topic of this review? Activation of brown adipose tissue with G protein‐coupled receptors as key druggable targets as a strategy to increase energy consumption and reduce fat mass. What advances does it highlight? GPR120 is a fatty acid receptor highly expressed in brown adipose tissue. Its activation by selective ligands increases brown adipose tissue activity. This is mediated by changes in mitochondrial dynamics resulting in increased O2 consumption leading to enhanced nutrient uptake and a reduction in fat mass.
Abstract The identification of druggable targets to stimulate brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a strategy to combat obesity due to this highly metabolically active tissue utilising thermogenesis to burn fat. Upon cold exposure BAT is activated by the sympathetic nervous system via β3‐adrenergic receptors. Determination of additional receptors expressed by brown, white and brite (brown‐in‐white) fat can lead to new pharmacological treatments to activate BAT. GPR120 is a G protein‐coupled fatty acid receptor that is highly expressed in BAT and further increases in response to cold. Activation of this receptor with the selective agonist TUG‐891 acutely increases fat oxidation and reduces fat mass in mice. The effects are coincident with increased BAT activity and enhanced nutrient uptake. TUG‐891 stimulation of brown adipocytes induces intracellular Ca2+ release which results in elevated O2 consumption as well as mitochondrial depolarisation and fission. Thus, activation of GPR120 in BAT with ligands such as TUG‐891 is a promising strategy to increase fat consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Christian
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
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108
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Shamsi F, Xue R, Huang TL, Lundh M, Liu Y, Leiria LO, Lynes MD, Kempf E, Wang CH, Sugimoto S, Nigro P, Landgraf K, Schulz T, Li Y, Emanuelli B, Kothakota S, Williams LT, Jessen N, Pedersen SB, Böttcher Y, Blüher M, Körner A, Goodyear LJ, Mohammadi M, Kahn CR, Tseng YH. FGF6 and FGF9 regulate UCP1 expression independent of brown adipogenesis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1421. [PMID: 32184391 PMCID: PMC7078224 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15055-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) plays a central role in energy dissipation in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Using high-throughput library screening of secreted peptides, we identify two fibroblast growth factors (FGF), FGF6 and FGF9, as potent inducers of UCP1 expression in adipocytes and preadipocytes. Surprisingly, this occurs through a mechanism independent of adipogenesis and involves FGF receptor-3 (FGFR3), prostaglandin-E2 and interaction between estrogen receptor-related alpha, flightless-1 (FLII) and leucine-rich-repeat-(in FLII)-interacting-protein-1 as a regulatory complex for UCP1 transcription. Physiologically, FGF6/9 expression in adipose is upregulated by exercise and cold in mice, and FGF9/FGFR3 expression in human neck fat is significantly associated with UCP1 expression. Loss of FGF9 impairs BAT thermogenesis. In vivo administration of FGF9 increases UCP1 expression and thermogenic capacity. Thus, FGF6 and FGF9 are adipokines that can regulate UCP1 through a transcriptional network that is dissociated from brown adipogenesis, and act to modulate systemic energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Shamsi
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Ruidan Xue
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian Lian Huang
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Morten Lundh
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Luiz O Leiria
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Center of Research of Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Matthew D Lynes
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Elena Kempf
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Chih-Hao Wang
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Satoru Sugimoto
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Pasquale Nigro
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Kathrin Landgraf
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tim Schulz
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany
| | - Yiming Li
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Brice Emanuelli
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Niels Jessen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Steen Bønløkke Pedersen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Yvonne Böttcher
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Akershus Universitetssykehus, Lørenskog, Norway
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Nephrology), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antje Körner
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Laurie J Goodyear
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Moosa Mohammadi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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109
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Hu J, Wang Z, Tan BK, Christian M. Dietary polyphenols turn fat “brown”: A narrative review of the possible mechanisms. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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110
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Nicoletti CF, Pinhel MS, Noronha NY, Jácome A, Crujeiras AB, Nonino CB. Association of MFSD3 promoter methylation level and weight regain after gastric bypass: Assessment for 3 y after surgery. Nutrition 2020; 70:110499. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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111
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Tutunchi H, Ostadrahimi A, Hosseinzadeh-Attar MJ, Miryan M, Mobasseri M, Ebrahimi-Mameghani M. A systematic review of the association of neuregulin 4, a brown fat-enriched secreted factor, with obesity and related metabolic disturbances. Obes Rev 2020; 21:e12952. [PMID: 31782243 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuregulin 4 (Nrg4), a novel brown fat-enriched hormone, plays a key role in the modulation of glucose and lipid metabolism and energy balance. Recent data have demonstrated that the expression of Nrg4 is substantially down-regulated in mouse and human obesity, making its regulatory aspect intriguing. Because of the close relationship between Nrg4, obesity, and associated metabolic diseases, this systematic review aimed to assess the association of Nrg4 with obesity and related metabolic disturbances, emphasizing its possible mechanisms of action in these disorders. We searched PubMed/Medline, ScienceDirect, Scopus, EMBASE, ProQuest, and Google Scholar up until June 2019. The evidence reviewed here indicates that Nrg4 may contribute to the prevention of obesity and related metabolic complications by elevating brown adipose tissue activity, increasing the expression of thermogenic markers, decreasing the expression of lipogenic/adipogenic genes, exacerbating white adipose tissue browning, increasing the number of brite/beige adipocytes, promoting hepatic fat oxidation and ketogenesis, inducing neurite outgrowth, enhancing blood vessels in adipose tissue, increasing the circulatory levels of healthy adipokines, and improving glucose homeostasis. Thus, Nrg4 appears to be a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of obesity and associated metabolic complications. However, prospective cohort studies are warranted to confirm these outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helda Tutunchi
- Nutrition Research Center, Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Ostadrahimi
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mahsa Miryan
- Nutrition Research Center, Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Majid Mobasseri
- Endocrine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehrangiz Ebrahimi-Mameghani
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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112
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Aquaglyceroporins Are Differentially Expressed in Beige and White Adipocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020610. [PMID: 31963489 PMCID: PMC7014209 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Browning of white adipocytes has been proposed as a powerful strategy to overcome metabolic complications, since brown adipocytes are more catabolic, expending energy as a heat form. However, the biological pathways involved in the browning process are still unclear. Aquaglyceroporins are a sub-class of aquaporin water channels that also permeate glycerol and are involved in body energy homeostasis. In the adipose tissue, aquaporin-7 (AQP7) is the most representative isoform, being crucial for white adipocyte fully differentiation and glycerol metabolism. The altered expression of AQP7 is involved in the onset of obesity and metabolic disorders. Herein, we investigated if aquaglyceroporins are implicated in beige adipocyte differentiation, similar to white cells. Thus, we optimized a protocol of murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes browning that displayed increased beige and decreased white adipose tissue features at both gene and protein levels and evaluated aquaporin expression patterns along the differentiation process together with cellular lipid content. Our results revealed that AQP7 and aquaporin-9 (AQP9) expression was downregulated throughout beige adipocyte differentiation compared to white differentiation, which may be related to the beige physiological role of heat production from oxidative metabolism, contrasting with the anabolic/catabolic lipid metabolism requiring glycerol gateways occurring in white adipose cells.
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113
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Lu H, Ye Z, Zhai Y, Wang L, Liu Y, Wang J, Zhang W, Luo W, Lu Z, Chen J. QKI regulates adipose tissue metabolism by acting as a brake on thermogenesis and promoting obesity. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e47929. [PMID: 31868295 PMCID: PMC6944952 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201947929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue controls numerous physiological processes, and its dysfunction has a causative role in the development of systemic metabolic disorders. The role of posttranscriptional regulation in adipose metabolism has yet to be fully understood. Here, we show that the RNA-binding protein quaking (QKI) plays an important role in controlling metabolic homeostasis of the adipose tissue. QKI-deficient mice are resistant to high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obesity. Additionally, QKI depletion increased brown fat energy dissipation and browning of subcutaneous white fat. Adipose tissue-specific depletion of QKI in mice enhances cold-induced thermogenesis, thereby preventing hypothermia in response to cold stimulus. Further mechanistic analysis reveals that QKI is transcriptionally induced by the cAMP-cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) axis and restricts adipose tissue energy consumption by decreasing stability, nuclear export, and translation of mRNAs encoding UCP1 and PGC1α. These findings extend our knowledge of the significance of posttranscriptional regulation in adipose metabolic homeostasis and provide a potential therapeutic target to defend against obesity and its related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanyu Lu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Healththe Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational EnvironmentSchool of Public HealthFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Zichen Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer BiologyDepartment of PharmacogenomicsSchool of PharmacyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Yue Zhai
- Department of Cell BiologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer BiologyDepartment of PharmacogenomicsSchool of PharmacyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Healththe Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational EnvironmentSchool of Public HealthFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Jiye Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Healththe Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational EnvironmentSchool of Public HealthFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Wenbin Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Healththe Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational EnvironmentSchool of Public HealthFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Wenjing Luo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Healththe Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational EnvironmentSchool of Public HealthFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Zifan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer BiologyDepartment of PharmacogenomicsSchool of PharmacyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Jingyuan Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Healththe Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational EnvironmentSchool of Public HealthFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
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114
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Alpha-Linolenic Acid-Enriched Butter Promotes Fatty Acid Remodeling and Thermogenic Activation in the Brown Adipose Tissue. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12010136. [PMID: 31947716 PMCID: PMC7019653 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Supplementation with n-3 long-chain (LC) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is known to promote thermogenesis via the activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT). Agricultural products that are biofortified with α-linolenic acid (ALA), the precursor of n-3 LC PUFA, have been launched to the market, but their impact on BAT function is unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ALA-biofortified butter on lipid metabolism and thermogenic functions in the BAT. C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet containing ALA-biofortified butter (n3Bu, 45% calorie from fat) for ten weeks in comparison with the isocaloric high-fat diets prepared from conventional butter or margarine. The intake of n3Bu significantly reduced the whitening of BAT and increased the thermogenesis in response to acute-cold treatment. Also, n3Bu supplementation is linked with the remodeling of BAT by promoting bioconversion into n-3 LC PUFA, FA elongation and desaturation, and mitochondrial biogenesis. Taken together, our results support that ALA-biofortified butter is a novel source of n-3 PUFA, which potentiates the BAT thermogenic function.
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115
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Zouhar P, Rakipovski G, Bokhari MH, Busby O, Paulsson JF, Conde-Frieboes KW, Fels JJ, Raun K, Andersen B, Cannon B, Nedergaard J. UCP1-independent glucose-lowering effect of leptin in type 1 diabetes: only in conditions of hypoleptinemia. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318:E72-E86. [PMID: 31743040 PMCID: PMC6985793 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00253.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The possibility to use leptin therapeutically for lowering glucose levels in patients with type 1 diabetes has attracted interest. However, earlier animal models of type 1 diabetes are severely catabolic with very low endogenous leptin levels, unlike most patients with diabetes. Here, we aim to test glucose-lowering effects of leptin in novel, more human-like murine models. We examined the glucose-lowering potential of leptin in diabetic models of two types: streptozotocin-treated mice and mice treated with the insulin receptor antagonist S961. To prevent hypoleptinemia, we used combinations of thermoneutral temperature and high-fat feeding. Leptin fully normalized hyperglycemia in standard chow-fed streptozotocin-treated diabetic mice. However, more humanized physiological conditions (high-fat diets or thermoneutral temperatures) that increased adiposity - and thus also leptin levels - in the diabetic mice abrogated the effects of leptin, i.e., the mice developed leptin resistance also in this respect. The glucose-lowering effect of leptin was not dependent on the presence of the uncoupling protein-1 and was not associated with alterations in plasma insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1, food intake or corticosterone but fully correlated with decreased plasma glucagon levels and gluconeogenesis. An important implication of these observations is that the therapeutic potential of leptin as an additional treatment in patients with type 1 diabetes is probably limited. This is because such patients are treated with insulin and do not display low leptin levels. Thus, the potential for a glucose-lowering effect of leptin would already have been attained with standard insulin therapy, and further effects on blood glucose level through additional leptin cannot be anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Zouhar
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology CAS, Prague, the Czech Republic
| | | | - Muhammad Hamza Bokhari
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oliver Busby
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Kirsten Raun
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | | | - Barbara Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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116
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Müller S, Perdikari A, Dapito DH, Sun W, Wollscheid B, Balaz M, Wolfrum C. ESRRG and PERM1 Govern Mitochondrial Conversion in Brite/Beige Adipocyte Formation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:387. [PMID: 32595605 PMCID: PMC7304443 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
When exposed to cold temperatures, mice increase their thermogenic capacity by an expansion of brown adipose tissue mass and the formation of brite/beige adipocytes in white adipose tissue depots. However, the process of the transcriptional changes underlying the conversion of a phenotypic white to brite/beige adipocytes is only poorly understood. By analyzing transcriptome profiles of inguinal adipocytes during cold exposure and in mouse models with a different propensity to form brite/beige adipocytes, we identified ESRRG and PERM1 as modulators of this process. The production of heat by mitochondrial uncoupled respiration is a key feature of brite/beige compared to white adipocytes and we show here that both candidates are involved in PGC1α transcriptional network to positively regulate mitochondrial capacity. Moreover, we show that an increased expression of ESRRG or PERM1 supports the formation of brown or brite/beige adipocytes in vitro and in vivo. These results reveal that ESRRG and PERM1 are early induced in and important regulators of brite/beige adipocyte formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Müller
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Life Science Zurich Graduate School, Molecular Life Sciences Program, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aliki Perdikari
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dianne H. Dapito
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wenfei Sun
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Wollscheid
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Miroslav Balaz
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Christian Wolfrum
| | - Christian Wolfrum
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Miroslav Balaz
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117
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Yan P, Zhang Z, Miao Y, Xu Y, Zhu J, Wan Q. Changes of circulating neuregulin 4 and its relationship with 25-hydroxy vitamin D and other diabetic vascular complications in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2020; 12:42. [PMID: 32477429 PMCID: PMC7236347 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-020-00550-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuregulin 4 (Nrg4) is a novel neurotrophic adipokine associated with the development of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), however, the pathological mechanism remains poorly understood. The purpose of our study was to investigate the association of circulating Nrg4 with DPN and 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D], a multifunctional secosteroid hormone that regulates other neurotrophic factors and adipokines gene expression, and other diabetic vascular complications. METHODS Circulating Nrg4 levels were measured with an ELISA kit in 164 newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (nT2DM) patients. The relationship between circulating Nrg4 and DPN and other parameters was analyzed. RESULTS Circulating Nrg4 levels were significantly lower in nT2DM patients with DPN than those without, and subjects in the highest quartile of circulating Nrg4 had significantly lower vibration perception threshold (VPT), the prevalence of DPN, the proportion of persons with VPT > 25 V, and significantly higher circulating 25(OH)D (all P < 0.01). Moreover, circulating Nrg4 was positively and independently associated with 25(OH)D, and was negatively with VPT (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05), but showed no associations with the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease, diabetic nephropathy, and diabetic retinopathy (all P > 0.05). Additionally,the prevalence of DPN and risk of DPN development were progressively decreased with increasing circulating Nrg4 quartiles, independently of potential confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that decreased levels of circulating Nrg4 might lead to the development of DPN through its close interaction with circulating 25(OH)D not with other diabetic vascular complications. Further prospective studies are needed to identify our findings in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pijun Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000 China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Department of General Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000 China
| | - Ying Miao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000 China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000 China
| | - Jianhua Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000 China
| | - Qin Wan
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000 China
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118
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Ledonne A, Mercuri NB. On the Modulatory Roles of Neuregulins/ErbB Signaling on Synaptic Plasticity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010275. [PMID: 31906113 PMCID: PMC6981567 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuregulins (NRGs) are a family of epidermal growth factor-related proteins, acting on tyrosine kinase receptors of the ErbB family. NRGs play an essential role in the development of the nervous system, since they orchestrate vital functions such as cell differentiation, axonal growth, myelination, and synapse formation. They are also crucially involved in the functioning of adult brain, by directly modulating neuronal excitability, neurotransmission, and synaptic plasticity. Here, we provide a review of the literature documenting the roles of NRGs/ErbB signaling in the modulation of synaptic plasticity, focusing on evidence reported in the hippocampus and midbrain dopamine (DA) nuclei. The emerging picture shows multifaceted roles of NRGs/ErbB receptors, which critically modulate different forms of synaptic plasticity (LTP, LTD, and depotentiation) affecting glutamatergic, GABAergic, and DAergic synapses, by various mechanisms. Further, we discuss the relevance of NRGs/ErbB-dependent synaptic plasticity in the control of brain processes, like learning and memory and the known involvement of NRGs/ErbB signaling in the modulation of synaptic plasticity in brain’s pathological conditions. Current evidence points to a central role of NRGs/ErbB receptors in controlling glutamatergic LTP/LTD and GABAergic LTD at hippocampal CA3–CA1 synapses, as well as glutamatergic LTD in midbrain DA neurons, thus supporting that NRGs/ErbB signaling is essential for proper brain functions, cognitive processes, and complex behaviors. This suggests that dysregulated NRGs/ErbB-dependent synaptic plasticity might contribute to mechanisms underlying different neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Ledonne
- Department of Experimental Neuroscience, Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, no 64, 00143 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +3906-501703160; Fax: +3906-501703307
| | - Nicola B. Mercuri
- Department of Experimental Neuroscience, Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, no 64, 00143 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier no 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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119
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Reynés B, van Schothorst EM, Keijer J, Palou A, Oliver P. Effects of cold exposure revealed by global transcriptomic analysis in ferret peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19985. [PMID: 31882687 PMCID: PMC6934835 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56354-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal studies, mostly performed in rodents, show the beneficial anti-obesity effects of cold studies. This is due to thermogenic activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT), a tissue also recently discovered in adult humans. Studies in humans, however, are hampered by the accessibility of most tissues. In contrast, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) are accessible and share the expression profile of different sets of genes with other tissues, including those that reflect metabolic responses. Ferrets are an animal model physiologically closer to humans than rodents. Here, we investigated the effects on ferrets of one-week acclimation to 4 °C by analysing the PBMC transcriptome. Cold exposure deeply affected PBMC gene expression, producing a widespread down-regulation of genes involved in different biological pathways (cell cycle, gene expression regulation/protein synthesis, immune response, signal transduction, and genes related to extracellular matrix/cytoskeleton), while thermogenic and glycogenolysis-related processes were increased. Results obtained in PBMC reflected those of adipose tissue, but hardly those of the liver. Our study, using ferret as a model, reinforce PBMC usefulness as sentinel biological material for cold-exposure studies in order to deepen our understanding of the general and specific pathways affected by cold acclimation. This is relevant for future development of therapies to be used clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bàrbara Reynés
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics and Obesity group), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andreu Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics and Obesity group), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain.
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain.
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Paula Oliver
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics and Obesity group), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
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Rouhiainen A, Kulesskaya N, Mennesson M, Misiewicz Z, Sipilä T, Sokolowska E, Trontti K, Urpa L, McEntegart W, Saarnio S, Hyytiä P, Hovatta I. The bradykinin system in stress and anxiety in humans and mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19437. [PMID: 31857655 PMCID: PMC6923437 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55947-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological research in mice and human genetic analyses suggest that the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) may regulate anxiety. We examined the role of the KKS in anxiety and stress in both species. In human genetic association analysis, variants in genes for the bradykinin precursor (KNG1) and the bradykinin receptors (BDKRB1 and BDKRB2) were associated with anxiety disorders (p < 0.05). In mice, however, neither acute nor chronic stress affected B1 receptor gene or protein expression, and B1 receptor antagonists had no effect on anxiety tests measuring approach-avoidance conflict. We thus focused on the B2 receptor and found that mice injected with the B2 antagonist WIN 64338 had lowered levels of a physiological anxiety measure, the stress-induced hyperthermia (SIH), vs controls. In the brown adipose tissue, a major thermoregulator, WIN 64338 increased expression of the mitochondrial regulator Pgc1a and the bradykinin precursor gene Kng2 was upregulated after cold stress. Our data suggests that the bradykinin system modulates a variety of stress responses through B2 receptor-mediated effects, but systemic antagonists of the B2 receptor were not anxiolytic in mice. Genetic variants in the bradykinin receptor genes may predispose to anxiety disorders in humans by affecting their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Rouhiainen
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Natalia Kulesskaya
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marie Mennesson
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zuzanna Misiewicz
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tessa Sipilä
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ewa Sokolowska
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kalevi Trontti
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lea Urpa
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - William McEntegart
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi Saarnio
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petri Hyytiä
- Department of Pharmacology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Iiris Hovatta
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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121
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Wang Y, Huang S, Yu P. Association between circulating neuregulin4 levels and diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis of observational studies. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225705. [PMID: 31815951 PMCID: PMC6901220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuregulin 4 (Nrg4) was proven as a brown fat-enriched secreted factor that can regulate glucose and lipid metabolism. However, the association between circulating Nrg4 levels and diabetes mellitus (DM) in human remains unclear. We conducted a meta-analysis to investigate association of circulating Nrg4 with DM. METHODS Observational studies comparing circulating Nrg4 levels in diabetes patients and health controls were included. Circulating Nrg4, correlation coefficients of clinical indices and circulating Nrg4 were pooled by meta-analysis. RESULTS Seven studies were included. The pooled results indicated there were no significant difference in the circulating Nrg4 between diabetes patients and controls (SMD = 0.18, 95%CI = -0.06 to 0.42, P = 0.143). However, diabetes patients had higher circulating Nrg4 than their controls in cross-sectional studies (SMD = 0.55, 95%CI = 0.36 to 0.73, P<0.001). None of the renal function and metabolic syndrome markers were correlated with circulating Nrg4, whereas the HbA1c and BMI were positively correlated (rs = 0.09, 95%CI = 0.03 to 0.16, P = 0.005; rs = 0.20, 95%CI = 0.07 to 0.34, P = 0.003; respectively). CONCLUSION Our findings suggested circulating Nrg4 may play a role in in the development of DM in cross-sectional studies and circulating Nrg4 might be associated with imbalance in glucose metabolism and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Tianjn Medical University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjn Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuai Huang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Tianjn Medical University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjn Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin, China
| | - Pei Yu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Tianjn Medical University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjn Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin, China
- * E-mail:
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Attia ABE, Balasundaram G, Moothanchery M, Dinish U, Bi R, Ntziachristos V, Olivo M. A review of clinical photoacoustic imaging: Current and future trends. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2019; 16:100144. [PMID: 31871888 PMCID: PMC6911900 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2019.100144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (or optoacoustic imaging) is an upcoming biomedical imaging modality availing the benefits of optical resolution and acoustic depth of penetration. With its capacity to offer structural, functional, molecular and kinetic information making use of either endogenous contrast agents like hemoglobin, lipid, melanin and water or a variety of exogenous contrast agents or both, PAI has demonstrated promising potential in a wide range of preclinical and clinical applications. This review provides an overview of the rapidly expanding clinical applications of photoacoustic imaging including breast imaging, dermatologic imaging, vascular imaging, carotid artery imaging, musculoskeletal imaging, gastrointestinal imaging and adipose tissue imaging and the future directives utilizing different configurations of photoacoustic imaging. Particular emphasis is placed on investigations performed on human or human specimens.
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Key Words
- AR-PAM, acoustic resolution-photoacoustic microscopy
- Clinical applications
- DAQ, data acquisition
- FOV, field-of-view
- Hb, deoxy-hemoglobin
- HbO2, oxy-hemoglobin
- LED, light emitting diode
- MAP, maximum amplitude projection
- MEMS, microelectromechanical systems
- MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
- MSOT, multispectral optoacoustic tomography
- OCT, optical coherence tomography
- OR-PAM, optical resolution-photoacoustic microscopy
- Optoacoustic mesoscopy
- Optoacoustic tomography
- PA, photoacoustic
- PAI, photoacoustic imaging
- PAM, photoacoustic microscopy
- PAT, photoacoustic tomography
- Photoacoustic imaging
- Photoacoustic microscopy
- RSOM, raster-scanning optoacoustic mesoscopy
- SBH-PACT, single breath hold photoacoustic computed tomography system
- US, ultrasound
- sO2, saturation
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohesh Moothanchery
- Laboratory of Bio-optical Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - U.S. Dinish
- Laboratory of Bio-optical Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Renzhe Bi
- Laboratory of Bio-optical Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Malini Olivo
- Laboratory of Bio-optical Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore
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123
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Conditionally immortalized brown preadipocytes can switch between proliferative and differentiated states. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:158511. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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124
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Catalina MOS, Redondo PC, Granados MP, Cantonero C, Sanchez-Collado J, Albarran L, Lopez JJ. New Insights into Adipokines as Potential Biomarkers for Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:4119-4144. [PMID: 29210636 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666171205162248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A large number of studies have been focused on investigating serum biomarkers associated with risk or diagnosis of type-2 diabetes mellitus. In the last decade, promising studies have shown that circulating levels of adipokines could be used as a relevant biomarker for diabetes mellitus progression as well as therapeutic future targets. Here, we discuss the possible use of recently described adipokines, including apelin, omentin-1, resistin, FGF-21, neuregulin-4 and visfatin, as early biomarkers for diabetes. In addition, we also include recent findings of other well known adipokines such as leptin and adiponectin. In conclusion, further studies are needed to clarify the pathophysiological significance and clinical value of these biological factors as potential biomarkers in type-2 diabetes and related dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro C Redondo
- Department of Physiology (Cell Physiology Research Group), University of Extremadura, 10003-Caceres, Spain
| | - Maria P Granados
- Aldea Moret's Medical Center, Extremadura Health Service, 10195-Caceres, Spain
| | - Carlos Cantonero
- Department of Physiology (Cell Physiology Research Group), University of Extremadura, 10003-Caceres, Spain
| | - Jose Sanchez-Collado
- Department of Physiology (Cell Physiology Research Group), University of Extremadura, 10003-Caceres, Spain
| | - Letizia Albarran
- Department of Physiology (Cell Physiology Research Group), University of Extremadura, 10003-Caceres, Spain
| | - Jose J Lopez
- Department of Physiology (Cell Physiology Research Group), University of Extremadura, 10003-Caceres, Spain
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125
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Abstract
The Special Issue “Pathogenetic and Therapeutic Significance of Adipokines in Diabetes” focused on adipokines as shared diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for both obesity and type 2 diabetes. Experts discussed the pathological role of adipokines in their studies associated with diabetes. It provided new insights into the role of adipokines in diabetes. In this commentary and review, these studies will be summarized and the novel roles of adipokines will be discussed. This will also confirm the role of adipokines as biomarkers for diagnosis and prediction, and as therapeutic targets of diabetes and its related pathogenic phenomena.
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126
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Quesada-López T, Gavaldà-Navarro A, Morón-Ros S, Campderrós L, Iglesias R, Giralt M, Villarroya F. GPR120 controls neonatal brown adipose tissue thermogenic induction. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E742-E750. [PMID: 31361546 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00081.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive induction of thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) is essential for the survival of mammals after birth. We show here that G protein-coupled receptor protein 120 (GPR120) expression is dramatically induced after birth in mouse BAT. GPR120 expression in neonatal BAT is the highest among GPR120-expressing tissues in the mouse at any developmental stage tested. The induction of GPR120 in neonatal BAT is caused by postnatal thermal stress rather than by the initiation of suckling. GPR120-null neonates were found to be relatively intolerant to cold: close to one-third did not survive at 21°C, but all such pups survived at 25°C. Heat production in BAT was significantly impaired in GPR120-null pups. Deficiency in GPR120 did not modify brown adipocyte morphology or the anatomical architecture of BAT, as assessed by electron microscopy, but instead impaired the expression of uncoupling protein-1 and the fatty acid oxidation capacity of neonatal BAT. Moreover, GPR120 deficiency impaired fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) gene expression in BAT and reduced plasma FGF21 levels. These results indicate that GPR120 is essential for neonatal adaptive thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Quesada-López
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine and Institut de Biomedicina, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aleix Gavaldà-Navarro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine and Institut de Biomedicina, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Madrid, Spain
| | - Samantha Morón-Ros
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine and Institut de Biomedicina, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Campderrós
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine and Institut de Biomedicina, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roser Iglesias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine and Institut de Biomedicina, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Giralt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine and Institut de Biomedicina, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine and Institut de Biomedicina, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Madrid, Spain
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127
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Cheng Y, Jiang L, Keipert S, Zhang S, Hauser A, Graf E, Strom T, Tschöp M, Jastroch M, Perocchi F. Prediction of Adipose Browning Capacity by Systematic Integration of Transcriptional Profiles. Cell Rep 2019; 23:3112-3125. [PMID: 29874595 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation and recruitment of thermogenic cells in human white adipose tissues ("browning") can counteract obesity and associated metabolic disorders. However, quantifying the effects of therapeutic interventions on browning remains enigmatic. Here, we devise a computational tool, named ProFAT (profiling of fat tissue types), for quantifying the thermogenic potential of heterogeneous fat biopsies based on prediction of white and brown adipocyte content from raw gene expression datasets. ProFAT systematically integrates 103 mouse-fat-derived transcriptomes to identify unbiased and robust gene signatures of brown and white adipocytes. We validate ProFAT on 80 mouse and 97 human transcriptional profiles from 14 independent studies and correctly predict browning capacity upon various physiological and pharmacological stimuli. Our study represents the most exhaustive comparative analysis of public data on adipose biology toward quantification of browning after personalized medical intervention. ProFAT is freely available and should become increasingly powerful with the growing wealth of transcriptomics data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Cheng
- Gene Center, Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany; Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München and German National Diabetes Center (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Li Jiang
- Gene Center, Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany; Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München and German National Diabetes Center (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Keipert
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München and German National Diabetes Center (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Shuyue Zhang
- Gene Center, Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany; Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München and German National Diabetes Center (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Hauser
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Graf
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tim Strom
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München and German National Diabetes Center (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Jastroch
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München and German National Diabetes Center (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Fabiana Perocchi
- Gene Center, Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany; Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München and German National Diabetes Center (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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128
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Abstract
Severe sepsis and septic shock are the biggest cause of mortality in critically ill patients. Obesity today is one of the world's greatest health challenges. Little is known about the extent of involvement of the white adipose tissue (WAT) in sepsis and how it is being modified by obesity. We sought to explore the involvement of the WAT in sepsis. We hypothesize that sepsis induces browning of the WAT and that obesity alters the response of WAT to sepsis. Six-week-old C57BL/6 mice were randomized to a high-fat diet to induce obesity (obese group) or control diet (nonobese group). After 6 to 11 weeks of feeding, polymicrobial sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Mice were sacrificed at 0, 18, and 72 h after CLP and epididymal WAT (eWAT), inguinal WAT, and brown adipose tissue (BAT) harvested. Both types of WAT were processed for light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy to assess for morphological changes in both obese and nonobese mice. Tissues were processed for immunohistochemistry, image analyses, and molecular analyses. BATs were used as a positive control. Nonobese mice have an extensive breakdown of the unilocular lipid droplet and smaller adipocytes in WAT compared with obese mice after sepsis. Neutrophil infiltration increases in eWAT in nonobese mice after sepsis but not in obese mice. Nonobese septic mice have an increase in mitochondrial density compared with obese septic mice. Furthermore, nonobese septic mice have an increase in uncoupling protein-1 expression. Although the WAT of nonobese mice have multiple changes characteristic of browning during sepsis, these changes are markedly blunted in obesity.
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129
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Lee JH, Park A, Oh KJ, Lee SC, Kim WK, Bae KH. The Role of Adipose Tissue Mitochondria: Regulation of Mitochondrial Function for the Treatment of Metabolic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194924. [PMID: 31590292 PMCID: PMC6801758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
: Mitochondria play a key role in maintaining energy homeostasis in metabolic tissues, including adipose tissues. The two main types of adipose tissues are the white adipose tissue (WAT) and the brown adipose tissue (BAT). WAT primarily stores excess energy, whereas BAT is predominantly responsible for energy expenditure by non-shivering thermogenesis through the mitochondria. WAT in response to appropriate stimuli such as cold exposure and β-adrenergic agonist undergoes browning wherein it acts as BAT, which is characterized by the presence of a higher number of mitochondria. Mitochondrial dysfunction in adipocytes has been reported to have strong correlation with metabolic diseases, including obesity and type 2 diabetes. Dysfunction of mitochondria results in detrimental effects on adipocyte differentiation, lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, oxidative capacity, and thermogenesis, which consequently lead to metabolic diseases. Recent studies have shown that mitochondrial function can be improved by using thiazolidinedione, mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, and dietary natural compounds; by performing exercise; and by controlling caloric restriction, thereby maintaining the metabolic homeostasis by inducing adaptive thermogenesis of BAT and browning of WAT. In this review, we focus on and summarize the molecular regulation involved in the improvement of mitochondrial function in adipose tissues so that strategies can be developed to treat metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ho Lee
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Anna Park
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Jin Oh
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sang Chul Lee
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Won Kon Kim
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Kwang-Hee Bae
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
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130
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Funcke JB, Scherer PE. Beyond adiponectin and leptin: adipose tissue-derived mediators of inter-organ communication. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1648-1684. [PMID: 31209153 PMCID: PMC6795086 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r094060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The breakthrough discoveries of leptin and adiponectin more than two decades ago led to a widespread recognition of adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. Many more adipose tissue-secreted signaling mediators (adipokines) have been identified since then, and much has been learned about how adipose tissue communicates with other organs of the body to maintain systemic homeostasis. Beyond proteins, additional factors, such as lipids, metabolites, noncoding RNAs, and extracellular vesicles (EVs), released by adipose tissue participate in this process. Here, we review the diverse signaling mediators and mechanisms adipose tissue utilizes to relay information to other organs. We discuss recently identified adipokines (proteins, lipids, and metabolites) and briefly outline the contributions of noncoding RNAs and EVs to the ever-increasing complexities of adipose tissue inter-organ communication. We conclude by reflecting on central aspects of adipokine biology, namely, the contribution of distinct adipose tissue depots and cell types to adipokine secretion, the phenomenon of adipokine resistance, and the capacity of adipose tissue to act both as a source and sink of signaling mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Bernd Funcke
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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131
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Abstract
Adaptive thermogenesis is a catabolic process that consumes energy-storing molecules and expends that energy as heat in response to environmental changes. This process occurs primarily in brown and beige adipose tissue. Thermogenesis is regulated by many factors, including lipid derived paracrine and endocrine hormones called lipokines. Recently, technologic advances for identifying new lipid biomarkers of thermogenic activity have shed light on a diverse set of lipokines that act through different pathways to regulate energy expenditure. In this review, we highlight a few examples of lipokines that regulate thermogenesis. The biosynthesis, regulation, and effects of the thermogenic lipokines in several families are reviewed, including oloeylethanolamine, endocannabinoids, prostaglandin E2, and 12,13-diHOME. These thermogenic lipokines present potential therapeutic targets to combat states of excess energy storage, such as obesity and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Lynes
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sean D Kodani
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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132
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Blüher M. Neuregulin 4: A "Hotline" Between Brown Fat and Liver. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2019; 27:1555-1557. [PMID: 31479202 PMCID: PMC6790571 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The discovery that functional brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult humans is inversely related to body fat mass and may reflect metabolic health has stimulated adipose tissue research to explore activation of BAT as a potential target for antiobesity treatments. In addition to the capacity of BAT to increase energy expenditure and glucose and lipid uptake, BAT secretes factors that may contribute to the regulation of whole-body metabolism. Among signals released from BAT, neuregulin 4 (NRG4) has been recently identified as an endocrine factor that may link the activation of BAT to protection against diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis. NRG4 was shown to directly reduce lipogenesis in hepatocytes, and it could indirectly activate BAT via sympathetic neurons or via inducing brown adipocyte-like signatures in white adipocytes in a paracrine manner. However, the potential relevance of NRG4 as a diagnostic tool or target for the treatment of obesity-related diseases remains to be explored.
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133
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Farrell PJ, Zopf CJ, Huang HJ, Balakrishna D, Holub C, Bilakovics J, Fanjul A, Matuszkiewicz J, Plonowski A, Rolzin P, Banerjee U, Ermolieff J, Cheruvallath ZS, McBride C, Bartkowski D, Mazur C, Pachori A, Larson CJ. Using Target Engagement Biomarkers to Predict Clinical Efficacy of MetAP2 Inhibitors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 371:299-308. [PMID: 31537613 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.259028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Target-engagement pharmacodynamic (PD) biomarkers are valuable tools in the prioritization of drug candidates, especially for novel, first-in-class mechanisms whose robustness to alter disease outcome is unknown. Methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2) is a cytosolic metalloenzyme that cleaves the N-terminal methionine from nascent proteins. Inhibition of MetAP2 leads to weight loss in obese rodents, dogs and humans. However, there is a need to develop efficacious compounds that specifically inhibit MetAP2 with an improved safety profile. The objective of this study was to identify a PD biomarker for selecting potent, efficacious compounds and for predicting clinical efficacy that would result from inhibition of MetAP2. Here we report the use of NMet14-3-3γ for this purpose. Treatment of primary human cells with MetAP2 inhibitors resulted in an approx. 10-fold increase in NMet14-3-3γ levels. Furthermore, treatment of diet-induced obese mice with these compounds reduced body weight (approx. 20%) and increased NMet14-3-3γ (approx. 15-fold) in adipose tissues. The effects on target engagement and body weight increased over time and were dependent on dose and administration frequency of compound. The relationship between compound concentration in plasma, NMet14-3-3γ in tissue, and reduction of body weight in obese mice was used to generate a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic-efficacy model for predicting efficacy of MetAP2 inhibitors in mice. We also developed a model for predicting weight loss in humans using a target engagement PD assay that measures inhibitor-bound MetAP2 in blood. In summary, MetAP2 target engagement biomarkers can be used to select efficacious compounds and predict weight loss in humans. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The application of target engagement pharmacodynamic biomarkers during drug development provides a means to determine the dose required to fully engage the intended target and an approach to connect the drug target to physiological effects. This work exemplifies the process of using target engagement biomarkers during preclinical research to select new drug candidates and predict clinical efficacy. We determine concentration of MetAP2 antiobesity compounds needed to produce pharmacological activity in primary human cells and in target tissues from an appropriate animal model and establish key relationships between pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and efficacy, including the duration of effects after drug administration. The biomarkers described here can aid decision-making in early clinical trials of MetAP2 inhibitors for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J Farrell
- Biological Sciences (P.J.F., H.-J.H., De.B., C.H., J.B., A.F., J.M., A.Pl., P.R., U.B., J.E., C.J.L.), Chemistry (Z.S.C., C.Mc.), and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (Da.B.), Takeda California, San Diego, California; Modeling and Simulation, Takeda Boston, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.J.Z.); and Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital Campus, Orlando, Florida (C.Ma., A.Pa.)
| | - Christopher J Zopf
- Biological Sciences (P.J.F., H.-J.H., De.B., C.H., J.B., A.F., J.M., A.Pl., P.R., U.B., J.E., C.J.L.), Chemistry (Z.S.C., C.Mc.), and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (Da.B.), Takeda California, San Diego, California; Modeling and Simulation, Takeda Boston, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.J.Z.); and Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital Campus, Orlando, Florida (C.Ma., A.Pa.)
| | - Huey-Jing Huang
- Biological Sciences (P.J.F., H.-J.H., De.B., C.H., J.B., A.F., J.M., A.Pl., P.R., U.B., J.E., C.J.L.), Chemistry (Z.S.C., C.Mc.), and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (Da.B.), Takeda California, San Diego, California; Modeling and Simulation, Takeda Boston, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.J.Z.); and Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital Campus, Orlando, Florida (C.Ma., A.Pa.)
| | - Deepika Balakrishna
- Biological Sciences (P.J.F., H.-J.H., De.B., C.H., J.B., A.F., J.M., A.Pl., P.R., U.B., J.E., C.J.L.), Chemistry (Z.S.C., C.Mc.), and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (Da.B.), Takeda California, San Diego, California; Modeling and Simulation, Takeda Boston, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.J.Z.); and Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital Campus, Orlando, Florida (C.Ma., A.Pa.)
| | - Corine Holub
- Biological Sciences (P.J.F., H.-J.H., De.B., C.H., J.B., A.F., J.M., A.Pl., P.R., U.B., J.E., C.J.L.), Chemistry (Z.S.C., C.Mc.), and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (Da.B.), Takeda California, San Diego, California; Modeling and Simulation, Takeda Boston, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.J.Z.); and Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital Campus, Orlando, Florida (C.Ma., A.Pa.)
| | - James Bilakovics
- Biological Sciences (P.J.F., H.-J.H., De.B., C.H., J.B., A.F., J.M., A.Pl., P.R., U.B., J.E., C.J.L.), Chemistry (Z.S.C., C.Mc.), and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (Da.B.), Takeda California, San Diego, California; Modeling and Simulation, Takeda Boston, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.J.Z.); and Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital Campus, Orlando, Florida (C.Ma., A.Pa.)
| | - Andrea Fanjul
- Biological Sciences (P.J.F., H.-J.H., De.B., C.H., J.B., A.F., J.M., A.Pl., P.R., U.B., J.E., C.J.L.), Chemistry (Z.S.C., C.Mc.), and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (Da.B.), Takeda California, San Diego, California; Modeling and Simulation, Takeda Boston, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.J.Z.); and Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital Campus, Orlando, Florida (C.Ma., A.Pa.)
| | - Jennifer Matuszkiewicz
- Biological Sciences (P.J.F., H.-J.H., De.B., C.H., J.B., A.F., J.M., A.Pl., P.R., U.B., J.E., C.J.L.), Chemistry (Z.S.C., C.Mc.), and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (Da.B.), Takeda California, San Diego, California; Modeling and Simulation, Takeda Boston, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.J.Z.); and Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital Campus, Orlando, Florida (C.Ma., A.Pa.)
| | - Artur Plonowski
- Biological Sciences (P.J.F., H.-J.H., De.B., C.H., J.B., A.F., J.M., A.Pl., P.R., U.B., J.E., C.J.L.), Chemistry (Z.S.C., C.Mc.), and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (Da.B.), Takeda California, San Diego, California; Modeling and Simulation, Takeda Boston, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.J.Z.); and Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital Campus, Orlando, Florida (C.Ma., A.Pa.)
| | - Paul Rolzin
- Biological Sciences (P.J.F., H.-J.H., De.B., C.H., J.B., A.F., J.M., A.Pl., P.R., U.B., J.E., C.J.L.), Chemistry (Z.S.C., C.Mc.), and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (Da.B.), Takeda California, San Diego, California; Modeling and Simulation, Takeda Boston, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.J.Z.); and Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital Campus, Orlando, Florida (C.Ma., A.Pa.)
| | - Urmi Banerjee
- Biological Sciences (P.J.F., H.-J.H., De.B., C.H., J.B., A.F., J.M., A.Pl., P.R., U.B., J.E., C.J.L.), Chemistry (Z.S.C., C.Mc.), and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (Da.B.), Takeda California, San Diego, California; Modeling and Simulation, Takeda Boston, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.J.Z.); and Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital Campus, Orlando, Florida (C.Ma., A.Pa.)
| | - Jacques Ermolieff
- Biological Sciences (P.J.F., H.-J.H., De.B., C.H., J.B., A.F., J.M., A.Pl., P.R., U.B., J.E., C.J.L.), Chemistry (Z.S.C., C.Mc.), and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (Da.B.), Takeda California, San Diego, California; Modeling and Simulation, Takeda Boston, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.J.Z.); and Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital Campus, Orlando, Florida (C.Ma., A.Pa.)
| | - Zacharia S Cheruvallath
- Biological Sciences (P.J.F., H.-J.H., De.B., C.H., J.B., A.F., J.M., A.Pl., P.R., U.B., J.E., C.J.L.), Chemistry (Z.S.C., C.Mc.), and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (Da.B.), Takeda California, San Diego, California; Modeling and Simulation, Takeda Boston, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.J.Z.); and Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital Campus, Orlando, Florida (C.Ma., A.Pa.)
| | - Christopher McBride
- Biological Sciences (P.J.F., H.-J.H., De.B., C.H., J.B., A.F., J.M., A.Pl., P.R., U.B., J.E., C.J.L.), Chemistry (Z.S.C., C.Mc.), and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (Da.B.), Takeda California, San Diego, California; Modeling and Simulation, Takeda Boston, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.J.Z.); and Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital Campus, Orlando, Florida (C.Ma., A.Pa.)
| | - Darian Bartkowski
- Biological Sciences (P.J.F., H.-J.H., De.B., C.H., J.B., A.F., J.M., A.Pl., P.R., U.B., J.E., C.J.L.), Chemistry (Z.S.C., C.Mc.), and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (Da.B.), Takeda California, San Diego, California; Modeling and Simulation, Takeda Boston, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.J.Z.); and Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital Campus, Orlando, Florida (C.Ma., A.Pa.)
| | - Crystal Mazur
- Biological Sciences (P.J.F., H.-J.H., De.B., C.H., J.B., A.F., J.M., A.Pl., P.R., U.B., J.E., C.J.L.), Chemistry (Z.S.C., C.Mc.), and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (Da.B.), Takeda California, San Diego, California; Modeling and Simulation, Takeda Boston, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.J.Z.); and Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital Campus, Orlando, Florida (C.Ma., A.Pa.)
| | - Alok Pachori
- Biological Sciences (P.J.F., H.-J.H., De.B., C.H., J.B., A.F., J.M., A.Pl., P.R., U.B., J.E., C.J.L.), Chemistry (Z.S.C., C.Mc.), and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (Da.B.), Takeda California, San Diego, California; Modeling and Simulation, Takeda Boston, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.J.Z.); and Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital Campus, Orlando, Florida (C.Ma., A.Pa.)
| | - Christopher J Larson
- Biological Sciences (P.J.F., H.-J.H., De.B., C.H., J.B., A.F., J.M., A.Pl., P.R., U.B., J.E., C.J.L.), Chemistry (Z.S.C., C.Mc.), and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (Da.B.), Takeda California, San Diego, California; Modeling and Simulation, Takeda Boston, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.J.Z.); and Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital Campus, Orlando, Florida (C.Ma., A.Pa.)
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134
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Xu Z, You W, Zhou Y, Chen W, Wang Y, Shan T. Cold-induced lipid dynamics and transcriptional programs in white adipose tissue. BMC Biol 2019; 17:74. [PMID: 31530289 PMCID: PMC6749700 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-019-0693-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In mammals, cold exposure induces browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) and alters WAT gene expression and lipid metabolism to boost adaptive thermogenesis and maintain body temperature. Understanding the lipidomic and transcriptomic profiles of WAT upon cold exposure provides insights into the adaptive changes associated with this process. Results Here, we applied mass spectrometry and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to provide a comprehensive resource for describing the lipidomic or transcriptome profiles in cold-induced inguinal WAT (iWAT). We showed that short-term (3-day) cold exposure induces browning of iWAT, increases energy expenditure, and results in loss of body weight and fat mass. Lipidomic analysis shows that short-term cold exposure leads to dramatic changes of the overall composition of lipid classes WAT. Notably, cold exposure induces significant changes in the acyl-chain composition of triacylglycerols (TAGs), as well as the levels of glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids in iWAT. RNA-seq and qPCR analysis suggests that short-term cold exposure alters the expression of genes and pathways involved in fatty acid elongation, and the synthesis of TAGs, sphingolipids, and glycerophospholipids. Furthermore, the cold-induced lipid dynamics and gene expression pathways in iWAT are contrary to those previously observed in metabolic syndrome, neurodegenerative disorders, and aging, suggesting beneficial effects of cold-induced WAT browning on health and lifespan. Conclusion We described the significant alterations in the composition of glyphospholipids, glycerolipids, and sphingolipids and expression of genes involved in thermogenesis, fatty acid elongation, and fatty acid metabolism during the response of iWAT to short-term cold exposure. We also found that some changes in the levels of specific lipid species happening after cold treatment of iWAT are negatively correlated to metabolic diseases, including obesity and T2D. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12915-019-0693-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziye Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wenjing You
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yanbing Zhou
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wentao Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Tizhong Shan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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135
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Marques-Oliveira GH, Silva TM, Valadares HMS, Raposo HF, Carolino RDOG, Garófalo MAR, Anselmo-Franci JA, do Carmo Kettelhut I, de Oliveira HCF, Chaves VE. Identification of Suitable Reference Genes for Quantitative Gene Expression Analysis in Innervated and Denervated Adipose Tissue from Cafeteria Diet-Fed Rats. Lipids 2019; 54:231-244. [PMID: 31025715 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies show that cafeteria diet increases body adiposity, plasma insulin levels, and sympathetic activity to brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT) of Wistar rats, leading to rapid and progressive changes in the metabolic profile. The identification of suitable reference genes that are not affected by the experimental conditions is a critical step in accurate normalization of the reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), a commonly used assay to elucidate changes in the gene expression profile. In the present study, the effects of the cafeteria diet and sympathetic innervation on the gene expression of adrenoceptor beta 3 (Adrb3) from BAT and WAT were assessed using one of the most stable and one of the least stable genes as normalizers. Rats were fed the cafeteria diet and on the 17th day, interscapular BAT or retroperitoneal WAT was denervated and, 7 days after surgery, the contralateral innervated tissue was used as control. Ten reference genes were evaluated (18S, B2m, Actb, CypA, Gapdh, Hprt1, Rpl32, Tbp, Ubc, and Ywhaz) and ranked according to their stability using the following algorithms: geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and comparative delta threshold cycle (ΔC t ) method. According to the algorithms employed, the normalization of Adrb3 expression by the least stable genes produced opposite results compared with the most stable genes and literature data. In cafeteria and control diet-fed rats, the three most stable genes were Hprt1, Tbp, and Rpl32 for interscapular BAT and Tbp, B2m, and Hprt1 for retroperitoneal WAT, while the least stable genes were 18S, Actb, and Gapdh for both tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleuber Henrique Marques-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Avenue Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, 35.501-296, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thaís Marques Silva
- Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Avenue Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, 35.501-296, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Helder Magno Silva Valadares
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetic, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Avenue Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, 35.501-296, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Helena Fonseca Raposo
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Monteiro Lobato Street, 255, 13.083-862, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ruither de Oliveira Gomes Carolino
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, Ribeirão Preto Dentristy School, University of São Paulo, Avenue of Café s/n, 14.040-904, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Antonieta Rissato Garófalo
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Avenue of Café s/n, 14.040-904, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Janete Aparecida Anselmo-Franci
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, Ribeirão Preto Dentristy School, University of São Paulo, Avenue of Café s/n, 14.040-904, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isis do Carmo Kettelhut
- Departments of Biochemistry-Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Avenueof Café s/n, 14.040-904, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena Coutinho Franco de Oliveira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Monteiro Lobato Street, 255, 13.083-862, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valéria Ernestânia Chaves
- Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Avenue Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, 35.501-296, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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136
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Liang X, Pan J, Cao C, Zhang L, Zhao Y, Fan Y, Li K, Tao C, Wang Y. Transcriptional Response of Subcutaneous White Adipose Tissue to Acute Cold Exposure in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163968. [PMID: 31443159 PMCID: PMC6720191 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Beige adipose tissue has been considered to have potential applications in combating obesity and its related metabolic diseases. However, the mechanisms of acute cold-stimulated beige formation still remain largely unknown. Here, transcriptional analysis of acute cold-stimulated (4 °C for 4 h) subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT) was conducted to determine the molecular signatures that might be involved in beige formation. Histological analysis confirmed the appearance of beige adipocytes in acute cold-treated sWAT. The RNA-sequencing data revealed that 714 genes were differentially expressed (p-value < 0.05 and fold change > 2), in which 221 genes were upregulated and 493 genes were downregulated. Gene Ontology (GO) analyses showed that the upregulated genes were enriched in the GO terms related to lipid metabolic process, fatty acid metabolic process, lipid oxidation, fatty acid oxidation, etc. In contrast, downregulated genes were assigned the GO terms of regulation of immune response, regulation of response to stimulus, defense response, etc. The expressions of some browning candidate genes were validated in cold-treated sWAT and 3T3-L1 cell browning differentiation. In summary, our results illustrated the transcriptional response of sWAT to acute cold exposure and identified the genes, including Acad11, Cyp2e1, Plin5, and Pdk2, involved in beige adipocyte formation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Jianfei Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Chunwei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Lilan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Yiping Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Kui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Cong Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China.
| | - Yanfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China.
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137
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Paramo B, Wyatt S, Davies AM. Neuregulin-4 Is Required for the Growth and Elaboration of Striatal Medium Spiny Neuron Dendrites. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2019; 78:725-734. [PMID: 31225596 PMCID: PMC6640913 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlz046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Medium spiny neurons (MSNs) comprise the vast majority of neurons in the striatum. Changes in the exuberant dendrites of these widely connected neurons are associated with a multitude of neurological conditions and are caused by a variety of recreational and medicinal drugs. However, we have a poor understanding of the physiological regulators of dendrite growth and elaboration of this clinically important population of neurons. Here, we show that MSN dendrites are markedly smaller and less branched in neonatal mice that possess a homozygous null mutation in the neuregulin-4 gene (Nrg4-/-) compared with wild type (Nrg4+/+) littermates. Nrg4-/- mice also had a highly significant reduction in MSN dendrite spine number in neonates and adults. The striking stunted dendrite arbor phenotype of MSNs observed in Nrg4-/- neonates was replicated in MSNs cultured from Nrg4-/- embryos and was completely rescued by soluble recombinant neuregulin-4. MSNs cultured from wild type mice coexpressed NRG4 and its receptor ErbB4. Our findings show that NRG4 is a major novel regulator of dendritic growth and arborization and spine formation in the striatum and suggest that it exerts its effects by an autocrine/paracrine mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Paramo
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sean Wyatt
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Alun M Davies
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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138
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Yoneshiro T, Wang Q, Tajima K, Matsushita M, Maki H, Igarashi K, Dai Z, White PJ, McGarrah RW, Ilkayeva OR, Deleye Y, Oguri Y, Kuroda M, Ikeda K, Li H, Ueno A, Ohishi M, Ishikawa T, Kim K, Chen Y, Sponton CH, Pradhan RN, Majd H, Greiner VJ, Yoneshiro M, Brown Z, Chondronikola M, Takahashi H, Goto T, Kawada T, Sidossis L, Szoka FC, McManus MT, Saito M, Soga T, Kajimura S. BCAA catabolism in brown fat controls energy homeostasis through SLC25A44. Nature 2019; 572:614-619. [PMID: 31435015 PMCID: PMC6715529 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1503-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA; valine, leucine and isoleucine) supplementation is often beneficial to energy expenditure; however, increased circulating levels of BCAA are linked to obesity and diabetes. The mechanisms of this paradox remain unclear. Here we report that, on cold exposure, brown adipose tissue (BAT) actively utilizes BCAA in the mitochondria for thermogenesis and promotes systemic BCAA clearance in mice and humans. In turn, a BAT-specific defect in BCAA catabolism attenuates systemic BCAA clearance, BAT fuel oxidation and thermogenesis, leading to diet-induced obesity and glucose intolerance. Mechanistically, active BCAA catabolism in BAT is mediated by SLC25A44, which transports BCAAs into mitochondria. Our results suggest that BAT serves as a key metabolic filter that controls BCAA clearance via SLC25A44, thereby contributing to the improvement of metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yoneshiro
- UCSF Diabetes Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Qiang Wang
- UCSF Diabetes Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kazuki Tajima
- UCSF Diabetes Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Hiroko Maki
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Kaori Igarashi
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Zhipeng Dai
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Phillip J White
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Robert W McGarrah
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Olga R Ilkayeva
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yann Deleye
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yasuo Oguri
- UCSF Diabetes Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mito Kuroda
- UCSF Diabetes Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kenji Ikeda
- UCSF Diabetes Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Huixia Li
- UCSF Diabetes Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ayano Ueno
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Maki Ohishi
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Takamasa Ishikawa
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Kyeongkyu Kim
- UCSF Diabetes Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yong Chen
- UCSF Diabetes Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carlos Henrique Sponton
- UCSF Diabetes Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rachana N Pradhan
- UCSF Diabetes Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Homa Majd
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vanille Juliette Greiner
- UCSF Diabetes Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Momoko Yoneshiro
- UCSF Diabetes Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zachary Brown
- UCSF Diabetes Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maria Chondronikola
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Haruya Takahashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Goto
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
| | - Teruo Kawada
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
| | - Labros Sidossis
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Francis C Szoka
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael T McManus
- UCSF Diabetes Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Masayuki Saito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Shingo Kajimura
- UCSF Diabetes Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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139
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Sato T, Minatsuki S. Neuregulin-4, an Adipokine, as a Residual Risk Factor of Atherosclerotic Coronary Artery Disease. Int Heart J 2019; 60:1-3. [PMID: 30686800 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.18-654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuyuki Sato
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Shun Minatsuki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
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140
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Adipose Tissue-Derived Signatures for Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: Adipokines, Batokines and MicroRNAs. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8060854. [PMID: 31208019 PMCID: PMC6617388 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8060854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
: Obesity is one of the main risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It is closely related to metabolic disturbances in the adipose tissue that primarily functions as a fat reservoir. For this reason, adipose tissue is considered as the primary site for initiation and aggravation of obesity and T2DM. As a key endocrine organ, the adipose tissue communicates with other organs, such as the brain, liver, muscle, and pancreas, for the maintenance of energy homeostasis. Two different types of adipose tissues-the white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT)-secrete bioactive peptides and proteins, known as "adipokines" and "batokines," respectively. Some of them have beneficial anti-inflammatory effects, while others have harmful inflammatory effects. Recently, "exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs)" were identified as novel adipokines, as adipose tissue-derived exosomal miRNAs can affect other organs. In the present review, we discuss the role of adipose-derived secretory factors-adipokines, batokines, and exosomal miRNA-in obesity and T2DM. It will provide new insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in disturbances of adipose-derived factors and will support the development of adipose-derived factors as potential therapeutic targets for obesity and T2DM.
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141
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Abstract
In the midst of an obesity epidemic, the promotion of brown adipose tissue (BAT) function and the browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) have emerged as promising therapeutic targets to increase energy expenditure and counteract weight gain. Despite the fact that the thermogenic potential of bone fide BAT in rodents is several orders of magnitudes higher than white fat containing brite/beige adipocytes, WAT browning represents a particularly intriguing concept in humans given the extreme amount of excess WAT in obese individuals. In addition, the clear distinction between classic brown and beige fat that has been proposed in mice does not exist in humans. In fact, studies of human BAT biopsies found controversial results suggesting both classic brown and beige characteristics. Irrespective of the true ‘color’, accumulating evidence suggests the induction of thermogenic adipocytes in human WAT depots in response to specific stimuli, highlighting that WAT browning may occur in both, mice and humans. These observations also emphasize the great plasticity of human fat depots and raise important questions about the metabolic properties of thermogenically active adipose tissue in humans and the potential therapeutic implications. We will first review the cellular and molecular aspects of selected adipose tissue browning concepts that have been identified in mouse models with emphasis on neuronal factors, the microbiome, immune cells and several hormones. We will also summarize the evidence for adipose tissue browning in humans including some experimental pharmacologic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten T Herz
- Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian W Kiefer
- Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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142
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Zhang W, Xu L, Luo T, Zhao B, Wu F, Li X. Immune-related gene expression profiles of hypothermia adipocytes: Implications for Bell's palsy. Oral Dis 2019; 25:1652-1663. [PMID: 31127963 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify immune-related gene expression profiles of adipocytes under low temperatures with RNA sequencing as a model for Bell's palsy implications. METHODS Adipocytes were harvested from the white adipose tissue of male Sprague-Dawley rats and cultured under different acute-grade cold exposure conditions of 30, 20, and 10°C, and their genomes were sequenced for RNA sequencing analysis. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were validated with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS In total, 55 (35 upregulated and 20 downregulated), 121 (76 upregulated and 45 downregulated), and 92 (64 upregulated and 28 downregulated) DEGs were identified under 30, 20, and 10°C compared with the control, respectively. KEGG and GO analysis revealed that the DEGs were considerably enriched in immune-related pathways (leukocyte transendothelial migration and platelet activation) and infection (bacterial invasion of epithelial cells and Salmonella infection). The levels of key inflammatory chemokines (CSF1, CXCL1, CCL2, and CCL7) were enhanced after cold exposure. CONCLUSION These findings broaden our understanding of the immune responses to cold exposure in adipocytes. The molecular profiles of adipocyte immune function will help clarify the potential mechanism impacting myelin, which might contribute to the development of strategies to control Bell's palsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Zhang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Lei Xu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Tingting Luo
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Feng Wu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xianqi Li
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan
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143
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Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide MOTS-c Increases Adipose Thermogenic Activation to Promote Cold Adaptation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102456. [PMID: 31109005 PMCID: PMC6567243 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cold exposure stress causes hypothermia, cognitive impairment, liver injury, and cardiovascular diseases, thereby increasing morbidity and mortality. Paradoxically, cold acclimation is believed to confer metabolic improvement to allow individuals to adapt to cold, harsh conditions and to protect them from cold stress-induced diseases. However, the therapeutic strategy to enhance cold acclimation remains less studied. Here, we demonstrate that the mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c efficiently promotes cold adaptation. Following cold exposure, the improvement of adipose non-shivering thermogenesis facilitated cold adaptation. MOTS-c, a newly identified peptide, is secreted by mitochondria. In this study, we observed that the level of MOTS-c in serum decreased after cold stress. MOTS-c treatment enhanced cold tolerance and reduced lipid trafficking to the liver. In addition, MOTS-c dramatically upregulated brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic gene expression and increased white fat “browning”. This effect might have been mediated by MOTS-c-activated phosphorylation of the ERK signaling pathway. The inhibition of ERK signaling disturbed the up-regulatory effect of MOTS-c on thermogenesis. In summary, our results indicate that MOTS-c treatment is a potential therapeutic strategy for defending against cold stress by increasing the adipose thermogenesis via the ERK pathway.
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144
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Mafra FFP, Macedo MM, Orphão JDNP, Lopes AV, Teixeira CDB, Gattai PP, Torres-Silva R, Nascimento FD, Lopes-Martins RÁB. Laser Photobiomodulation 904 nm Promotes Inhibition of Hormone-Sensitive Lipase Activity in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes Differentiated Cells. PHOTOBIOMODULATION PHOTOMEDICINE AND LASER SURGERY 2019; 37:66-69. [PMID: 31050926 DOI: 10.1089/photob.2018.4515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: The lipid metabolism is essential for maintaining the body's energy responses. Laser photobiomodulation triggers many important cellular effects, but these effects on lipid metabolism are not well described. In this study, we analyzed the laser photobiomodulation in the hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) activity, a key enzyme in the triglycerides (TAG) hydrolysis in adipose tissue 3T3-L1. Methods: Cells were submitted to the differentiation protocol in adipose cells, irradiated with 1, 2, and 3J with laser (904 nm-60 mw-laser diode) and incubated for 4 h after irradiation. Results: The response of laser photobiomodulation was able to trigger an inhibition of HSL activity (control = 0.057 ± 0.0008; 1J = 0.050 ± 0.0003; 2J = 0.0477 ± 0.002; 3J = 0.051 ± 0.002; p = 0.0003 against the control), but no modulation was observed in TAG levels into the medium (control = 26.5856 ± 0.52; 1J = 26.5856 ± 0.52; 2J = 27.2372 ± 1.41; 3J = 25.9991 ± 0.1303; p = 0.18). Conclusions: This is the first study of HSL activity modulation with laser radiation, suggesting that photobiomodulation can influence adipose tissue metabolism and open a new field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando F P Mafra
- 1 Technology Research Center, University of Mogi das Cruzes-UMC , Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil
| | - Michel M Macedo
- 1 Technology Research Center, University of Mogi das Cruzes-UMC , Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil
| | - Juliana do N P Orphão
- 1 Technology Research Center, University of Mogi das Cruzes-UMC , Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil
| | - Arthur Vecchi Lopes
- 1 Technology Research Center, University of Mogi das Cruzes-UMC , Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro P Gattai
- 2 Molecular Biology Laboratory, Renal Division, Medicine Department, Federal University of São Paulo-UNIFESP , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Romildo Torres-Silva
- 1 Technology Research Center, University of Mogi das Cruzes-UMC , Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil
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145
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Zhou J, Poudel A, Chandramani-Shivalingappa P, Xu B, Welchko R, Li L. Liraglutide induces beige fat development and promotes mitochondrial function in diet induced obesity mice partially through AMPK-SIRT-1-PGC1-α cell signaling pathway. Endocrine 2019; 64:271-283. [PMID: 30535743 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-018-1826-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is produced to induce postprandial insulin secretion. Liraglutide, a full agonist of the GLP-1 receptor, has a protective effect on weight gain in obese subjects. Brown adipose tissue plays a major role in the control of energy balance and is known to be involved in the weight loss regulated by liraglutide. The putative anti-obesity properties of liraglutide and the cell signaling pathways involved were examined. METHODS Four groups of C57/BL6 mice fed with chow or HFHS diet were injected with either liraglutide or vehicle for four weeks. Western blotting was used to analyze protein expression. RESULTS Liraglutide significantly attenuated the weight gain in mice fed with HFHS diet and was associated with significant reductions of epididymal fat and inguinal fat mass. Furthermore, liraglutide significantly upregulated the expression of brown adipose-specific markers in perigonadal fat in association with upregulation of AMPK-SIRT-1-PGC1-α cell signaling. However, elevation of brown fat markers in skeletal muscle was only observed in HFHS diet fed mice after liraglutide treatment, and AMPK-SIRT-1 cell signaling is not involved in this process. CONCLUSIONS the anti-obesity effect of liraglutide occurs through adaptive thermogenesis and may act through different cell signaling pathways in fat and skeletal muscle tissue. Liraglutide induces beige fat development partially through the AMPK-SIRT-1-PGC1-α cell signaling pathway. Therefore, liraglutide is a potential medication for obesity prevention and in targeting pre-diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Zhou
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA
| | - Anil Poudel
- Department of Physician Assistant, College of Health Professions, Central Michigan University MI, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA
| | | | - Biao Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Ryan Welchko
- Department of Physician Assistant, College of Health Professions, Central Michigan University MI, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA
| | - Lixin Li
- Department of Physician Assistant, College of Health Professions, Central Michigan University MI, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA.
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146
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Sun L, Lin JD. Function and Mechanism of Long Noncoding RNAs in Adipocyte Biology. Diabetes 2019; 68:887-896. [PMID: 31010880 PMCID: PMC6477904 DOI: 10.2337/dbi18-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The last two decades have witnessed an explosion of interest in adipocyte biology, coinciding with the upsurge of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Now we have new perspectives on the distinct developmental origins of white, brown, and beige adipocytes and their role in metabolic physiology and disease. Beyond fuel metabolism, adipocytes communicate with the immune system and other tissues by releasing diverse paracrine and endocrine factors to orchestrate adipose tissue remodeling and maintain systemic homeostasis. Significant progress has been made in delineating the regulatory networks that govern different aspects of adipocyte biology. Here we provide an overview on the emerging role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the regulation of adipocyte development and metabolism and discuss the implications of the RNA-protein regulatory interface in metabolic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Sun
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Jiandie D Lin
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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147
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Fat Grafting into Younger Recipients Improves Volume Retention in an Animal Model. Plast Reconstr Surg 2019; 143:1067-1075. [PMID: 30730498 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000005483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soft-tissue deficits associated with various craniofacial anomalies can be addressed by fat grafting, although outcomes remain unpredictable. Furthermore, consensus does not exist for timing of these procedures. Whereas some advocate approaching soft-tissue reconstruction after the underlying skeletal foundation has been corrected, other studies have suggested that earlier grafting may exploit a younger recipient niche that is more conducive to fat graft survival. As there is a dearth of research investigating effects of recipient age on fat graft volume retention, this study compared the effectiveness of fat grafting in younger versus older animals through a longitudinal, in vivo analysis. METHODS Human lipoaspirate from three healthy female donors was grafted subcutaneously over the calvaria of immunocompromised mice. Volume retention over 8 weeks was evaluated using micro-computed tomography at three experimental ages: 3 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year. Histologic examination was performed on explanted grafts to evaluate graft health and vascularity. Recipient-site vascularity was also evaluated by confocal microscopy. RESULTS The greatest retention of fat graft volume was noted in the youngest group compared with both older groups (p < 0.05) at 6 and 8 weeks after grafting. Histologic and immunohistochemical analyses revealed that improved retention in younger groups was associated with greater fat graft integrity and more robust vascularization. CONCLUSION The authors' study provides evidence that grafting fat into a younger recipient site correlates with improved volume retention over time, suggesting that beginning soft-tissue reconstruction with fat grafting in patients at an earlier age may be preferable to late correction.
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148
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Wang W, Zhang Y, Yang C, Wang Y, Shen J, Shi M, Wang B. Transplantation of neuregulin 4-overexpressing adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells ameliorates insulin resistance by attenuating hepatic steatosis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:565-578. [PMID: 30935234 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219839643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Due to high-fat and high-sugar diets accompanied by sedentary lifestyles, diabetes has become a global epidemic. Literature findings suggest a potential therapeutic effect of Nrg4 on treating obesity-related metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes (T2D). Adipose tissue-derived MSCs (ADSCs) were used in our study as they are abundant and can be harvested with minimally invasive procedures. In the end, our study reveals that ADSC transplantation improves glucose tolerance and metabolic balance in HFD-fed mice by multiple mechanisms, including upregulating GLUT4 expression and suppressing inflammation. More importantly, our study shows that Nrg4 overexpression could improve the efficacy of ADSCs in ameliorating insulin resistance (IR) and other obesity-related metabolic disorders, given the function of Nrg4 in attenuating hepatic lipogenesis. It would provide a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of obesity, IR, and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyue Wang
- 1 Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
- *These authors contributed equally to this paper
| | - Yuxiang Zhang
- 1 Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
- *These authors contributed equally to this paper
| | - Chengcan Yang
- 1 Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Yanni Wang
- 2 Department of Oral Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Jiahui Shen
- 1 Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Meilong Shi
- 1 Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Bing Wang
- 1 Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
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149
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Guilherme A, Henriques F, Bedard AH, Czech MP. Molecular pathways linking adipose innervation to insulin action in obesity and diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2019; 15:207-225. [PMID: 30733616 PMCID: PMC7073451 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue comprises adipocytes and many other cell types that engage in dynamic crosstalk in a highly innervated and vascularized tissue matrix. Although adipose tissue has been studied for decades, it has been appreciated only in the past 5 years that extensive arborization of nerve fibres has a dominant role in regulating the function of adipose tissue. This Review summarizes the latest literature, which suggests that adipocytes signal to local sensory nerve fibres in response to perturbations in lipolysis and lipogenesis. Such adipocyte signalling to the central nervous system causes sympathetic output to distant adipose depots and potentially other metabolic tissues to regulate systemic glucose homeostasis. Paracrine factors identified in the past few years that mediate such adipocyte-neuron crosstalk are also reviewed. Similarly, immune cells and endothelial cells within adipose tissue communicate with local nerve fibres to modulate neurotransmitter tone, blood flow, adipocyte differentiation and energy expenditure, including adipose browning to produce heat. This understudied field of neurometabolism related to adipose tissue biology has great potential to reveal new mechanistic insights and potential therapeutic strategies for obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adilson Guilherme
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Felipe Henriques
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Alexander H Bedard
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Michael P Czech
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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150
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Abstract
Bell’s palsy is the most common condition involving a rapid and unilateral onset of peripheral paresis/paralysis of the seventh cranial nerve. It affects 11.5–53.3 per 100,000 individuals a year across different populations. Bell’s palsy is a health issue causing concern and has an extremely negative effect on both patients and their families. Therefore, diagnosis and prompt cause determination are key for early treatment. However, the etiology of Bell’s palsy is unclear, and this affects its treatment. Thus, it is critical to determine the causes of Bell’s palsy so that targeted treatment approaches can be developed and employed. This article reviews the literature on the diagnosis of Bell’s palsy and examines possible etiologies of the disorder. It also suggests that the diagnosis of idiopathic facial palsy is based on exclusion and is most often made based on five factors including anatomical structure, viral infection, ischemia, inflammation, and cold stimulation responsivity.
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