101
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Koehler K, De Souza MJ, Williams NI. Less-than-expected weight loss in normal-weight women undergoing caloric restriction and exercise is accompanied by preservation of fat-free mass and metabolic adaptations. Eur J Clin Nutr 2016; 71:365-371. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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102
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Kravitz AV, O'Neal TJ, Friend DM. Do Dopaminergic Impairments Underlie Physical Inactivity in People with Obesity? Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:514. [PMID: 27790107 PMCID: PMC5063846 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with physical inactivity, which exacerbates the negative health consequences of obesity. Despite a wide consensus that people with obesity should exercise more, there are few effective methods for increasing physical activity in people with obesity. This lack is reflected in our limited understanding of the cellular and molecular causes of physical inactivity in obesity. We hypothesize that impairments in dopamine signaling contribute to physical inactivity in people with obesity, as in classic movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease. Here, we review two lines of evidence supporting this hypothesis: (1) chronic exposure to obesogenic diets has been linked to impairments in dopamine synthesis, release, and receptor function, particularly in the striatum, and (2) striatal dopamine is necessary for the proper control of movement. Identifying the biological determinants of physical inactivity may lead to more effective strategies for increasing physical activity in people with obesity, as well as improve our understanding of why it is difficult for people with obesity to alter their levels of physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexxai V Kravitz
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney DiseasesBethesda, MD, USA; National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug AbuseBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Timothy J O'Neal
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Danielle M Friend
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Bethesda, MD, USA
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103
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Abstract
Weight management for athletes and active individuals is unique because of their high daily energy expenditure; thus, the emphasis is usually placed on changing the diet side of the energy balance equation. When dieting for weight loss, active individuals also want to preserve lean tissue, which means that energy restriction cannot be too severe or lean tissue is lost. First, this brief review addresses the issues of weight management in athletes and active individuals and factors to consider when determining a weight-loss goal. Second, the concept of dynamic energy balance is reviewed, including two mathematical models developed to improve weight-loss predictions based on changes in diet and exercise. These models are now available on the Internet. Finally, dietary strategies for weight loss/maintenance that can be successfully used with active individuals are given. Emphasis is placed on teaching the benefits of consuming a low-ED diet (e.g., high-fiber, high-water, low-fat foods), which allows for the consumption of a greater volume of food to increase satiety while reducing energy intake. Health professionals and sport dietitians need to understand dynamic energy balance and be prepared with effective and evidence-based dietary approaches to help athletes and active individuals achieve their body-weight goals.
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104
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Drenowatz C, Hand GA, Sagner M, Shook RP, Burgess S, Blair SN. The Prospective Association between Different Types of Exercise and Body Composition. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 47:2535-41. [PMID: 25970664 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite the widely accepted benefits of exercise on chronic disease risk, controversy remains on the role of exercise in weight loss. This study examined the effect of different exercise types on measures of adiposity across different fat categories. METHODS A total of 348 young adults (49% male; 28 ± 4 yr), participating in an ongoing observational study provided valid data over a period of 12 months. Fat mass (FM) and lean mass (LM) were measured via dual x-ray absorptiometry every 3 months. Percent body fat was calculated and used to differentiate between normal-fat, "overfat," and obese participants. At each measurement time point, participants reported engagement (min·wk) in aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, and other forms of exercise. RESULTS Most participants (93%) reported some exercise participation during the observation period. Total exercise or specific exercise types did not significantly affect subsequent body mass index after adjusting for sex, ethnicity, age, and baseline values of adiposity and exercise. Resistance exercise affected LM (P < 0.01) and FM (P < 0.01), whereas aerobic exercise only affected FM (P < 0.01). Any exercise type positively affected LM in normal-fat participants (P < 0.04). In overfat and obese participants, FM was reduced with increasing resistance exercise (P ≤ 0.02) but not with aerobic exercise (P ≥ 0.09). Additionally adjusting for objectively assessed total physical activity level did not change these results. CONCLUSIONS Despite the limited effects on body mass index, exercise was associated with beneficial changes in body composition. Exercise increased LM in normal-fat participants and reduced FM in overfat and obese adults. Adults with excess body fat may benefit particularly from resistance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Drenowatz
- 1Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC; 2Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; 3European Society of Lifestyle Medicine, Paris, FRANCE; 4Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA; 5College of Nursing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC; and 6Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
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105
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Koehler K, Williams NI, Mallinson RJ, Southmayd EA, Allaway HCM, De Souza MJ. Low resting metabolic rate in exercise-associated amenorrhea is not due to a reduced proportion of highly active metabolic tissue compartments. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E480-7. [PMID: 27382033 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00110.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exercising women with menstrual disturbances frequently display a low resting metabolic rate (RMR) when RMR is expressed relative to body size or lean mass. However, normalizing RMR for body size or lean mass does not account for potential differences in the size of tissue compartments with varying metabolic activities. To explore whether the apparent RMR suppression in women with exercise-associated amenorrhea is a consequence of a lower proportion of highly active metabolic tissue compartments or the result of metabolic adaptations related to energy conservation at the tissue level, RMR and metabolic tissue compartments were compared among exercising women with amenorrhea (AMEN; n = 42) and exercising women with eumenorrheic, ovulatory menstrual cycles (OV; n = 37). RMR was measured using indirect calorimetry and predicted from the size of metabolic tissue compartments as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Measured RMR was lower than DEXA-predicted RMR in AMEN (1,215 ± 31 vs. 1,327 ± 18 kcal/day, P < 0.001) but not in OV (1,284 ± 24 vs. 1,252 ± 17, P = 0.16), resulting in a lower ratio of measured to DEXA-predicted RMR in AMEN (91 ± 2%) vs. OV (103 ± 2%, P < 0.001). AMEN displayed proportionally more residual mass (P < 0.001) and less adipose tissue (P = 0.003) compared with OV. A lower ratio of measured to DXA-predicted RMR was associated with lower serum total triiodothyronine (ρ = 0.38, P < 0.001) and leptin (ρ = 0.32, P = 0.004). Our findings suggest that RMR suppression in this population is not the result of a reduced size of highly active metabolic tissue compartments but is due to metabolic and endocrine adaptations at the tissue level that are indicative of energy conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Koehler
- Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Nancy I Williams
- Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Rebecca J Mallinson
- Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Emily A Southmayd
- Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Heather C M Allaway
- Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Mary Jane De Souza
- Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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106
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Hume DJ, Yokum S, Stice E. Low energy intake plus low energy expenditure (low energy flux), not energy surfeit, predicts future body fat gain. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 103:1389-96. [PMID: 27169833 PMCID: PMC4880998 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.127753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a paucity of studies that have prospectively tested the energy surfeit theory of obesity with the use of objectively estimated energy intake and energy expenditure in humans. An alternative theory is that homeostatic regulation of body weight is more effective when energy intake and expenditure are both high (high energy flux), implying that low energy flux should predict weight gain. OBJECTIVE We aimed to examine the predictive relations of energy balance and energy flux to future weight gain and tested whether results were replicable in 2 independent samples. DESIGN Adolescents (n = 154) and college-aged women (n = 75) underwent 2-wk objective doubly labeled water, resting metabolic rate, and percentage of body fat measures at baseline. Percentage of body fat was measured annually for 3 y of follow-up for the adolescent sample and for 2 y of follow-up for the young adult sample. RESULTS Low energy flux, but not energy surfeit, predicted future increases in body fat in both studies. Furthermore, high energy flux appeared to prevent fat gain in part because it was associated with a higher resting metabolic rate. CONCLUSION Counter to the energy surfeit model of obesity, results suggest that increasing energy expenditure may be more effective for reducing body fat than caloric restriction, which is currently the treatment of choice for obesity. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02084836.
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Affiliation(s)
- David John Hume
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; and
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107
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Hunter GR, Fisher G, Neumeier WH, Carter SJ, Plaisance EP. Exercise Training and Energy Expenditure following Weight Loss. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 47:1950-7. [PMID: 25606816 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to determine the effects of aerobic or resistance training on activity-related energy expenditure (AEE; kcal·d(-1)) and physical activity index (activity-related time equivalent (ARTE)) following weight loss. It was hypothesized that weight loss without exercise training would be accompanied by decreases in AEE, ARTE, and nontraining physical activity energy expenditure (nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)) and that exercise training would prevent decreases in free-living energy expenditure. METHODS One hundred forty premenopausal women had an average weight loss of 25 lb during a diet (800 kcal·d(-1)) of furnished food. One group aerobically trained 3 times per week (40 min·d(-1)), another group resistance-trained 3 times per week (10 exercises/2 sets × 10 repetitions), and the third group did not exercise. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was used to measure body composition, indirect calorimetry was used to measure resting energy expenditure (REE) and walking energy expenditure, and doubly labeled water was used to measure total energy expenditure (TEE). AEE, ARTE, and nontraining physical activity energy expenditure (NEAT) were calculated. RESULTS TEE, REE, and NEAT all decreased following weight loss for the no-exercise group, but not for aerobic and resistance trainers. Only REE decreased in the two exercise groups. Resistance trainers increased ARTE. HR and oxygen uptake while walking on the flat and up a grade were consistently related to TEE, AEE, NEAT, and ARTE. CONCLUSIONS Exercise training prevents a decrease in energy expenditure, including free-living energy expenditure separate from exercise training, following weight loss. Resistance training increases physical activity, whereas economy/ease of walking is associated with increased TEE, AEE, NEAT, and ARTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary R Hunter
- 1Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; and 2Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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108
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Faulconbridge LF, Ruparel K, Loughead J, Allison KC, Hesson LA, Fabricatore AN, Rochette A, Ritter S, Hopson RD, Sarwer DB, Williams NN, Geliebter A, Gur RC, Wadden TA. Changes in neural responsivity to highly palatable foods following roux-en-Y gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy, or weight stability: An fMRI study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:1054-60. [PMID: 27112067 PMCID: PMC4866595 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This prospective, observational fMRI study examined changes over time in blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) response to high- and low-calorie foods (HCF and LCF) in bariatric surgery candidates and weight-stable controls. METHODS Twenty-two Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) participants, 18 vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) participants, and 19 weight-stable controls with severe obesity underwent fMRI before and 6 months after surgery/baseline. BOLD signal change in response to images of HCF vs. LCF was examined in a priori regions of interest. RESULTS RYGB and VSG participants lost 23.6% and 21.1% of initial weight, respectively, at 6 months, and controls gained 1.0%. Liking ratings for HCF decreased significantly in the RYGB and VSG groups but remained stable in the control group. BOLD response in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to HCF (vs. LCF) declined significantly more at 6 months in RYGB compared to control participants but not in VSG participants. Changes in fasting ghrelin correlated positively with changes in VTA BOLD signal in both RYGB and VSG but not in control participants. CONCLUSIONS Results implicate the VTA as a critical site for modulating postsurgical changes in liking of highly palatable foods and suggest ghrelin as a potential substrate requiring further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy F Faulconbridge
- Center for Weight and Eating Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kosha Ruparel
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James Loughead
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kelly C Allison
- Center for Weight and Eating Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Louise A Hesson
- Center for Weight and Eating Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony N Fabricatore
- Center for Weight and Eating Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amber Rochette
- Center for Weight and Eating Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Scott Ritter
- Center for Weight and Eating Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ryan D Hopson
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David B Sarwer
- Center for Weight and Eating Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Noel N Williams
- Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Program, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Allan Geliebter
- Mount Sinai St Luke's Hospital and Touro College and University System, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas A Wadden
- Center for Weight and Eating Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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109
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Camps SGJA, Verhoef SPM, Westerterp KR. Physical activity and weight loss are independent predictors of improved insulin sensitivity following energy restriction. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:291-6. [PMID: 26813523 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of physical activity and the joint effect with sleep duration on insulin sensitivity (IS) during energy restriction followed by weight maintenance were determined. METHODS One hundred and two subjects (28 males) (mean ± SD age: 40 ± 9 years; BMI: 31.9 ± 3.0 kg/m(2) ) followed a very-low-energy diet for 8 weeks, followed by a 44-week period of weight maintenance. Body composition (three-compartment model based on body weight, total body water, and body volume), physical activity (accelerometry), sleep (questionnaire, Epworth Sleepiness Scale), and fasting plasma insulin and glucose concentrations were assessed before the diet and at 8, 20, and 52 weeks after the start. RESULTS Compared to baseline, IS was improved significantly after 8 weeks (P < 0.001) and was higher after 20 weeks (P < 0.001) and 52 weeks (P < 0.05). After 8, 20, and 52 weeks, 23% (P < 0.01), 19% (P < 0.05), and 13% (P < 0.05), respectively, of the variance in IS improvement was explained by weight loss percentage and change in physical activity counts. CONCLUSIONS Maintaining daily physical activity during energy restriction is as important as weight loss itself in the improvement of IS; there was no additional effect of change in sleep duration. During weight maintenance, improved IS is maintained better if physical activity returns to baseline or higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan G J A Camps
- Department of Human Biology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne P M Verhoef
- Department of Human Biology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas R Westerterp
- Department of Human Biology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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110
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Larson-Meyer DE, Schueler J, Kyle E, Austin KJ, Hart AM, Alexander BM. Do Lactation-Induced Changes in Ghrelin, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1, and Peptide YY Influence Appetite and Body Weight Regulation during the First Postpartum Year? J Obes 2016; 2016:7532926. [PMID: 27313876 PMCID: PMC4893568 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7532926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether fasting and meal-induced appetite-regulating hormones are altered during lactation and associated with body weight retention after childbearing, we studied 24 exclusively breastfeeding women (BMI = 25.2 ± 3.6 kg/m(2)) at 4-5 weeks postpartum and 20 never-pregnant controls (BMI = 24.0 ± 3.1 kg/m(2)). Ghrelin, PYY, GLP-1, and appetite ratings were measured before/and 150 minutes after a standardized breakfast and 60 minutes after an ad libitum lunch. Body weight/composition were measured at 6 and 12 months. Fasting and area under-the-curve responses for appetite-regulating hormones did not differ between lactating and control groups; ghrelinacyl, however, tended to track higher after the standardized breakfast in lactating women and was higher (p < 0.05) after the ad libitum lunch despite a 24% higher energy intake (p < 0.05). By 12 months, lactating women lost 5.3 ± 2.2 kg (n = 18), whereas control women (n = 15) remained weight stable (p = 0.019); fifteen of the lactating women returned to within ±2.0 kg of prepregnancy weight but three retained >6.0 kg. The retainers had greater (p < 0.05) postmeal ghrelin rebound responses following breakfast. Overall these studies do not support the hypothesis that appetite-regulating hormones are altered during lactation and associated with postpartum weight retention. Altered ghrelin responses, however, deserve further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Enette Larson-Meyer
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences (Human Nutrition), University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
- *D. Enette Larson-Meyer:
| | - Jessica Schueler
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences (Human Nutrition), University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
- St. Charles Medical Center, Bend, OR 97701, USA
| | - Erin Kyle
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences (Human Nutrition), University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
- Department of Campus Recreation, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Kathleen J. Austin
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Ann Marie Hart
- School of Nursing, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
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111
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Physiological adaptations following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and the identification of targets for bariatric mimetic pharmacotherapy. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2015; 25:23-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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112
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Song LLT, Venkataraman K, Gluckman P, Chong YS, Chee MWL, Khoo CM, Leow MK, Lee YS, Tai ES, Khoo EYH. Smaller size of high metabolic rate organs explains lower resting energy expenditure in Asian-Indian Than Chinese men. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 40:633-8. [PMID: 26568151 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Singapore, the obesity prevalence is disproportionately higher in the Asian-Indians and Malays than the Chinese. Lower resting energy expenditure (REE) may be a contributory factor. OBJECTIVE We explored the association between ethnicity and REE in Chinese, Asian-Indian and Malay men living in Singapore and determined the influence of body composition, mass/volume of high metabolic rate organs, represented by brain volume and trunk fat-free mass (FFM), and physical activity on ethnic differences. DESIGN Two hundred and forty-four men from Singapore (n=100 Chinese, 70 Asian-Indians and 74 Malays), aged 21-40 years and body mass index of 18.5-30.0 kg m(-2), were recruited in this cross-sectional study. REE was assessed by indirect calorimetry and body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Brain volume was measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Physical activity was assessed by the Singapore Prospective Study Program Physical Activity Questionnaire. RESULTS REE was significantly lower in Asian-Indians compared with that in Chinese after adjusting for body weight. FFM (total, trunk and limb) and total fat mass were important predictors of REE across all ethnic groups. Brain volume was positively associated with REE only in Malays. Moderate and vigorous physical activity was positively associated with REE only in Asian-Indians and Malays. The difference in REE between Asian-Indians and Chinese was attenuated but remained statistically significant after adjustment for total FFM (59±20 kcal per day), fat mass (67±20 kcal per day) and brain volume (54±22 kcal per day). The association between REE and ethnicity was no longer statistically significant after total FFM was replaced by trunk FFM (which includes heart, liver, kidney and spleen) but not when it was replaced by limb FFM (skeletal muscle). CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated a lower REE in Asian-Indians compared with Chinese who may contribute to the higher rates of obesity in the former. This difference could be accounted for by differences in metabolically active organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L T Song
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - K Venkataraman
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - P Gluckman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore
| | - Y S Chong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - M-W L Chee
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - C M Khoo
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore.,Division of Endocrinology, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - M-Ks Leow
- Office of Clinical Sciences, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Y S Lee
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore.,Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - E S Tai
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore.,Division of Endocrinology, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - E Y H Khoo
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Endocrinology, National University Health System, Singapore
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113
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Drenowatz C, Jakicic JM, Blair SN, Hand GA. Differences in correlates of energy balance in normal weight, overweight and obese adults. Obes Res Clin Pract 2015; 9:592-602. [PMID: 25863984 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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114
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Camps SGJA, Verhoef SPM, Roumans N, Bouwman FG, Mariman ECM, Westerterp KR. Weight loss-induced changes in adipose tissue proteins associated with fatty acid and glucose metabolism correlate with adaptations in energy expenditure. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2015; 12:37. [PMID: 26500687 PMCID: PMC4619469 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-015-0034-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Energy restriction causes adaptations in energy expenditure (total-,TEE; resting-,REE; activity induced-,AEE). Objective To determine if changes in the levels of proteins involved in adipocyte glucose and fatty acid metabolism as indicators for energy deficiency are related to adaptations in energy expenditure during weight loss. Methods Forty-eight healthy subjects (18 men, 30 women), mean ± SD age 42 ± 8 y and BMI 31.4 ± 2.8 kg/m2, followed a very low energy diet for 8 wk. Protein levels of fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), fructose-bisphosphate aldolase C (AldoC) and short chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HADHsc) (adipose tissue biopsy, western blot), TEE (doubly labeled water), REE (ventilated hood), and AEE were assessed before and after the 8-wk diet. Results There was a positive correlation between the decrease in AldoC and the decrease in TEE (R = 0.438, P < 0.01) and the decrease change in AEE (R = 0.439, P < 0.01). Furthermore, there was a negative correlation between the increases in HADHsc and the decrease in REE (R = 0.343, P < 0.05). Conclusion The decrease in AldoC correlated with the decrease in AEE, which may be explained by a decreased glycolytic flux. Additionally, the change in HADHsc, a crucial enzyme for a step in beta-oxidation, correlated with the adaptation in REE. Trial registration Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT01015508 at clinicaltrials.gov
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan G J A Camps
- Department of Human Biology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne P M Verhoef
- Department of Human Biology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nadia Roumans
- Department of Human Biology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Freek G Bouwman
- Department of Human Biology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin C M Mariman
- Department of Human Biology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas R Westerterp
- Department of Human Biology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Camps SGJA, Verhoef SPM, Westerterp KR. Leptin and energy restriction induced adaptation in energy expenditure. Metabolism 2015; 64:1284-90. [PMID: 26169472 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diet-induced weight loss is accompanied by adaptive thermogenesis, i.e. a disproportional reduction of resting energy expenditure (REE) a decrease in physical activity and increased movement economy. OBJECTIVE To determine if energy restriction induced adaptive thermogenesis and adaptations in physical activity are related to changes in leptin concentrations. METHODS Eighty-two healthy subjects (23 men, 59 women), mean ± SD age 41 ± 8 years and BMI 31.9 ± 3.0 kg/m(2), followed a very low energy diet for 8 weeks with measurements before and after the diet. Leptin concentrations were determined from fasting blood plasma. Body composition was assessed with a three-compartment model based on body weight, total body water (deuterium dilution) and body volume (BodPod). REE was measured (REEm) with a ventilated hood and predicted (REEp) from measured body composition. Adaptive thermogenesis was calculated as REEm/REEp. Parameters for the amount of physical activity were total energy expenditure expressed as a multiple of REEm (PAL), activity-induced energy expenditure divided by body weight (AEE/kg) and activity counts measured by a tri-axial accelerometer. Movement economy was calculated as AEE/kg (MJ/kg/d) divided by activity counts (Mcounts/d). RESULTS Subjects lost on average 10.7 ± 4.1% body weight (P<0.001). Leptin decreased from 26.9 ± 14.3 before to 13.9 ± 11.3 μg/l after the diet (P<0.001). REEm/REEp after the diet (0.963 ± 0.08) was related to changes in leptin levels (R(2)=0.06; P<0.05). There was no significant correlation between changes in leptin concentrations and changes in amount of physical activity. Movement economy changed from 0.036 ± 0.011 J/kg/count to 0.028 ± 0.010 J/kg/count and was correlated to the changes in leptin concentrations (R(2)=0.07; P<0.05). CONCLUSION During energy restriction, the decrease in leptin explains part of the variation in adaptive thermogenesis. Changes in leptin are not related to the amount of physical activity but could partly explain the increased movement economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan G J A Camps
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Sanne P M Verhoef
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas R Westerterp
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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TRIFFONI-MELO AT, SUEN VMM, RESENDE CMM, BRAGA CBM, DIEZ-GARCIA RW. Resting energy expenditure adaptation after short-term caloric restriction in morbidly obese women. REV NUTR 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1415-52732015000500005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Objective:The objective of this study was to describe changes in the resting energy expenditure, substrate oxidation rate, and body composition in morbidly obese women subjected to short-term caloric restriction. Methods:This was a prospective study that included ten obese women with body mass index greater than 40 kg/m2 and aged between 20-50 years. The participants were hospitalized for eight days and received a controlled conventional low-calorie diet, 1200 kcal/day, for seven days. Body weight, body mass index, abdominal circumference, body composition, resting energy expenditure, and substrate oxidation rate were evaluated at the beginning and at the end of the study. Results:A significant reduction in body weight (p=0.005), body mass index (p=0.005), abdominal circumference (p=0.005), fat mass (p=0.005) and fat-free mass (p=0.008) was observed at the end of the study. There was an average reduction in resting energy expenditure of approximately 124 kcal/day (5%). Substrate oxidation rate did not show statistically significant changes. There was a positive correlation only between body weight reduction and fat-free mass reduction (r=0.753; p=0.012). Conclusion:There was an adaptive response of the resting energy expenditure with short-term energy restriction in morbidly obese women with a 5% reduction in resting energy expenditure and a positive correlation between weight loss and the fat-free mass, which indicates the influence of fat-free mass on the decrease in resting energy expenditure. Therefore, short-term caloric restriction in morbidly obese women led to a decrease in resting energy expenditure and fat-free mass, which suggests a rapid adaptation of energy expenditure.
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117
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Drenowatz C. Reciprocal Compensation to Changes in Dietary Intake and Energy Expenditure within the Concept of Energy Balance. Adv Nutr 2015; 6:592-9. [PMID: 26374181 PMCID: PMC4561833 DOI: 10.3945/an.115.008615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
An imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure is the primary etiology for excess weight gain. Increased energy expenditure via exercise and energy restriction via diet are commonly used approaches to induce weight loss. Such behavioral interventions, however, have generally resulted in a smaller than expected weight loss, which in part has been attributed to compensatory adaptations in other components contributing to energy balance. Current research points to a loose coupling between energy intake and energy expenditure on a daily basis, and evidence for long-term adaptations has been inconsistent. The lack of conclusive evidence on compensatory adaptations in response to alterations in energy balance can be attributed to differences in intervention type and study population. Physical activity (PA) levels may be reduced in response to aerobic exercise but not in response to resistance exercise. Furthermore, athletic and lean adults have been shown to increase their energy intake in response to exercise, whereas no such response was observed in obese adults. There is also evidence that caloric restriction is associated with a decline in PA. Generally, humans seem to be better equipped to defend against weight loss than avoid weight gain, but results also show a large individual variability. Therefore, individual differences rather than group means should be explored to identify specific characteristics of "compensators" and "noncompensators." This review emphasizes the need for more research with simultaneous measurements of all major components contributing to energy balance to enhance the understanding of the regulation of energy balance, which is crucial to address the current obesity epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Drenowatz
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
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118
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Siervo M, Faber P, Lara J, Gibney ER, Milne E, Ritz P, Lobley GE, Elia M, Stubbs RJ, Johnstone AM. Imposed rate and extent of weight loss in obese men and adaptive changes in resting and total energy expenditure. Metabolism 2015; 64:896-904. [PMID: 25908563 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Weight loss (WL) is associated with a decrease in total and resting energy expenditure (EE). We aimed to investigate whether (1) diets with different rate and extent of WL determined different changes in total and resting EE and if (2) they influenced the level of adaptive thermogenesis, defined as the decline in total or resting EE not accounted by changes in body composition. METHODS Three groups of six, obese men participated in a total fast for 6 days to achieve a 5% WL and a very low calorie (VLCD, 2.5 MJ/day) for 3 weeks or a low calorie (LCD, 5.2 MJ/day) diet for 6 weeks to achieve a 10% WL. A four-component model was used to measure body composition. Indirect calorimetry was used to measure resting EE. Total EE was measured by doubly labelled water (VLCD, LCD) and 24-hour whole-body calorimetry (fasting). RESULTS VLCD and LCD showed a similar degree of metabolic adaptation for total EE (VLCD = -6.2%; LCD = -6.8%). Metabolic adaptation for resting EE was greater in the LCD (-0.4 MJ/day, -5.3%) compared to the VLCD (-0.1 MJ/day, -1.4%) group. Resting EE did not decrease after short-term fasting and no evidence of adaptive thermogenesis (+0.4 MJ/day) was found after 5% WL. The rate of WL was inversely associated with changes in resting EE (n = 30, r = 0.-42, p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS The rate of WL did not appear to influence the decline in total EE in obese men after 10% WL. Approximately 6% of this decline in total EE was explained by mechanisms of adaptive thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Siervo
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle on Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK.
| | - Peter Faber
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, AB21 9SB, UK
| | - Jose Lara
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle on Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Eileen R Gibney
- School of Agriculture, Food, Science and Veterinary Medicine, Agriculture and Food Science Centre, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Eric Milne
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, AB21 9SB, UK
| | - Patrick Ritz
- UTNC, Hôpital Larrey, 1, Avenue du Pr. Jean Poulhès TSA 50032, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Gerald E Lobley
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, AB21 9SB, UK
| | - Marinos Elia
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Southampton General Hospital, Mailpoint 113, West Wing, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - R James Stubbs
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, AB21 9SB, UK
| | - Alexandra M Johnstone
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, AB21 9SB, UK
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Probst Y, Zammit G. Predictors for Reporting of Dietary Assessment Methods in Food-based Randomized Controlled Trials over a Ten-year Period. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.816653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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120
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Chung LM, Fong SS, Law QP, Ma AW, Chow LP, Chung JW. Theoretical examination of behavioural feedback in the application of teledietetics to weight reduction. J Telemed Telecare 2015. [PMID: 26199274 DOI: 10.1177/1357633x15595557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Behavioural feedback can be attained through electronic self-monitoring with teledietetics. This study examined the theoretical framework of the theory of planned behaviour, which suggests that behavioural feedback contributes to the intention to initiate and maintain weight loss. METHODS A quasi-experiment involving adults aged 20-50 years with a body mass index greater than 23 kg/m(2) was conducted. The experimental group (EG) comprised 25 participants who used electronic dietary records for self-monitoring. The control group (CG) comprised 25 participants who used paper-format dietary records for self-monitoring. Data pertaining to the theory of planned behaviour were obtained using a self-administered questionnaire. After an initial measurement, each participant's body weight was measured again at Week 12 and at Week 24, following a 12-week observation period. Hierarchical regression analyses of planned behaviour components were conducted for each power to predict the participants' intentions to lose 10% of their body weight. Logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the odds ratio of intention, perceived behavioural control (PBC) and the group effect (CG vs EG) for predicting the initiation and maintenance of 10% weight loss. RESULTS At Week 12, the odds ratios for intention, the PBC and the group effect were 2.154, 0.330 and 0.654, respectively, and those at Week 24 were 3.255, 0.499 and 24.592, respectively. The group effect contributed significantly to weight-loss maintenance at Week 24. DISCUSSION Behavioural feedback through electronic self-monitoring improved the intention to achieve weight-loss maintenance, which may indicate the importance of behaviour reflection in weight-loss maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa My Chung
- Department of Health and Physical Education, Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong
| | - Shirley Sm Fong
- Institute of Human Performance, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Queenie Ps Law
- Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, Tung Wah College, Hong Kong
| | - Ada Ww Ma
- Department of Health and Physical Education, Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong
| | - Lina Py Chow
- Department of Health and Physical Education, Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong
| | - Joanne Wy Chung
- Department of Health and Physical Education, Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong
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121
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Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery Increases Respiratory Quotient and Energy Expenditure during Food Intake. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129784. [PMID: 26098889 PMCID: PMC4476618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The mechanisms determining long-term weight maintenance after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) remain unclear. Cross sectional studies have suggested that enhanced energy expenditure (EE) may play a significant role and the aim of this study was to reveal the impact of RYGB on each major component constituting total EE. Design Six obese female subjects, without other co-morbidities, were assessed before and at 10 days, 3 and 20 months after RYGB. Indirect calorimetry in a metabolic chamber was used to assess 24h EE at each study visit. Other measurements included body composition by DEXA, gut hormone profiles and physical activity (PA) using high sensitivity accelerometers. Results Median Body Mass Index decreased from 41.1 (range 39.1-44.8) at baseline to 28 kg/m2 (range 22.3-30.3) after 20 months (p<0.05). Lean tissue decreased from 55.9 (range 47.5-59.3) to 49.5 (range 41.1-54.9) kg and adipose tissue from 61 (range 56-64.6) to 27 (range 12-34.3) kg (both p<0.05). PA over 24h did not change after surgery whereas 24h EE and basal metabolic rate (BMR) decreased. EE after a standard meal increased after surgery when adjusted for total tissue (p<0.05). After an initial drop, RQ (respiratory quotient) had increased at 20 months, both as measured during 24h and after food intake (p<0.05). Conclusion RYGB surgery up-regulates RQ and EE after food intake resulting in an increased contribution to total EE over 24h when corrected for total tissue.
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122
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Sainsbury A, Evans IR, Wood RE, Seimon RV, King NA, Hills AP, Byrne NM. Effect of a 4-week weight maintenance diet on circulating hormone levels: implications for clinical weight loss trials. Clin Obes 2015; 5:79-86. [PMID: 25645138 DOI: 10.1111/cob.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The majority of weight loss studies fail to standardize conditions such as diet and exercise via a weight maintenance period prior to commencement of the trial. This study aimed to determine whether a weight stabilization period is necessary to establish stable baseline hormone concentrations. Fifty-one obese male participants with a body mass index of 30-40 kg m(-2) and aged 25-54 years underwent 4 weeks on an energy balance diet that was designed to achieve weight stability. Blood samples were collected in the fasting state at commencement and completion of the 4-week period, and circulating concentrations of 18 commonly measured hormones were determined. During the 4-week weight maintenance period, participants achieved weight stability within -1.5 ± 0.2 kg (-1.4 ± 0.2%) of their initial body weight. Significant reductions in serum insulin (by 18 ± 6.5%) and leptin (by 21 ± 6.0%) levels occurred, but no significant changes were observed for gut-derived appetite-regulating hormones (ghrelin and peptide YY), nor thyroid, adrenal, gonadal or somatotropic hormones. There were no significant correlations between the change in body weight and the change in circulating concentrations of insulin or leptin over the 4-week period, indicating that the observed changes were not due to weight loss, albeit significant negative correlations were observed between the changes in body weight and plasma ghrelin and peptide YY levels. This study demonstrates the need for baseline weight maintenance periods to stabilize serum levels of insulin and leptin in studies specifically investigating effects on these parameters in the obese. However, this does not apply to circulating levels of gut-derived appetite-regulating hormones (ghrelin and peptide YY), nor thyroid, adrenal, gonadal or somatotropic hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sainsbury
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia; Neuroscience Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
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Spring B, King A, Pagoto S, Van Horn L, Fisher J. Fostering multiple healthy lifestyle behaviors for primary prevention of cancer. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2015; 70:75-90. [PMID: 25730716 PMCID: PMC4626078 DOI: 10.1037/a0038806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The odds of developing cancer are increased by specific lifestyle behaviors (tobacco use, excess energy and alcohol intakes, low fruit and vegetable intake, physical inactivity, risky sexual behaviors, and inadequate sun protection) that are established risk factors for developing cancer. These behaviors are largely absent in childhood, emerge and tend to cluster over the life span, and show an increased prevalence among those disadvantaged by low education, low income, or minority status. Even though these risk behaviors are modifiable, few are diminishing in the population over time. We review the prevalence and population distribution of these behaviors and apply an ecological model to describe effective or promising healthy lifestyle interventions targeted to the individual, the sociocultural context, or environmental and policy influences. We suggest that implementing multiple health behavior change interventions across these levels could substantially reduce the prevalence of cancer and the burden it places on the public and the health care system. We note important still-unresolved questions about which behaviors can be intervened upon simultaneously in order to maximize positive behavioral synergies, minimize negative ones, and effectively engage underserved populations. We conclude that interprofessional collaboration is needed to appropriately determine and convey the value of primary prevention of cancer and other chronic diseases.
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Cassani RSL, Fassini PG, Silvah JH, Lima CMM, Marchini JS. Impact of weight loss diet associated with flaxseed on inflammatory markers in men with cardiovascular risk factors: a clinical study. Nutr J 2015; 14:5. [PMID: 25577201 PMCID: PMC4326402 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-14-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Flaxseed has received attention for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant role. The present study hypothesizes if flaxseed added to a weight loss diet could improve the lipid and metabolic profiles and decrease risk factors related to cardiovascular disease. Methods In a prospective, single blinded 42 days protocol, subjects were allocated into two groups with low carbohydrates intake: GriceLC (35% of carbohydrate and 60g of raw rice powder per day) and GflaxLC (32% of carbohydrate and 60g of flaxseed powder per day). Blood pressure, anthropometric measures and serum levels of isoprostane, C-reactive protein, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, glucose, lipidic profile, uric acid, adiponectin, leptin and insulin were measured at baseline and at the end of interventions. Serum and urinary enterodiol and enterolactione were also measured. Results A total of 27 men with cardiovascular risk factors were evaluated, with mean age of 33 ± 10 years to GriceLC and 40 ± 9 years to GflaxLC. Both groups experienced weight loss and systolic blood pressure reduction. A decrease in inflammatory markers (CRP and TNF-α) was observed after flaxseed intake (mean decrease of 25% and 46% for GflaxLC respectively). All groups also showed improvement in levels of total cholesterol, LDL-c, uric acid and adiponectin. Only GflaxLC group showed a decrease in triglyceride levels. Conclusion This study suggests that flaxseed added to a weight loss diet could be an important nutritional strategy to reduce inflammation markers such as CRP and TNF-α. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02132728. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1475-2891-14-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Priscila Giacomo Fassini
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Nutrition, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900 Bairro Monte Alegre, CEP: 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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125
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Duarte LC, Speakman JR. Low resting metabolic rate is associated with greater lifespan because of a confounding effect of body fatness. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 36:9731. [PMID: 25502004 PMCID: PMC4262579 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-014-9731-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A negative association between resting metabolic rate (RMR) and lifespan is the cornerstone of the rate of living and free-radical damage theories of aging. Empirical studies supporting a negative association of RMR to lifespan may arise from the correlation between RMR and both daily energy expenditure (DEE) and thermoregulatory activity energy expenditure (TAEE). We screened 540 female mice for higher and lower DEE and measured RMR in the resulting 324 (60 %). We then selected 92 mice in which there was no link between residual from the regression of RMR against body mass (BM) and residual of DEE against BM to separate the effects of these traits. Lifespan was not significantly related to body mass, DEE and TAEE, but significantly negatively related to RMR. Fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) were both significantly positively related to RMR. After removing the effect of FFM on RMR, the association between RMR and lifespan remained significantly negative; however, after statistically removing the effect of FM on RMR, the significant association between RMR and lifespan disappeared. We conclude that the negative association between RMR and lifespan is primarily due to the effect of FM, with FM positively related to both RMR and mortality and hence RMR negatively to lifespan. In 40 additional screened mice, greater FM was also associated with greater oxidative damage to DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza C. Duarte
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland AB24 2TZ UK
| | - John R. Speakman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland AB24 2TZ UK
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Apolzan JW, Bray GA, Smith SR, de Jonge L, Rood J, Han H, Redman LM, Martin CK. Effects of weight gain induced by controlled overfeeding on physical activity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 307:E1030-7. [PMID: 25294214 PMCID: PMC4254990 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00386.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It is unclear whether physical activity changes following long-term overfeeding and in response to different dietary protein intakes. Twenty-five (16 males, 9 females) healthy adults (18-35 yr) with BMI ranging from 19 to 30 kg/m(2) enrolled in this inpatient study. In a parallel group design, participants were fed 140% of energy needs, with 5, 15, or 25% of energy from protein, for 56 days. Participants wore an RT3 accelerometer for at least 59 days throughout baseline and during overfeeding and completed 24-h whole room metabolic chamber assessments at baseline and on days 1, 14, and 56 of overfeeding and on day 57, when the baseline energy intake was consumed, to measure percent of time active and spontaneous physical activity (SPA; kcal/day). Changes in activity were also assessed by doubly labeled water (DLW). From accelerometry, vector magnitude (VM), a weight-independent measure of activity, and activity energy expenditure (AEE) increased with weight gain during overfeeding. AEE remained increased after adjusting for changes in body composition. Activity-related energy expenditure (AREE) from DLW and percent activity and SPA in the metabolic chamber increased with overfeeding, but SPA was no longer significant after adjusting for change in body composition. Change in VM and AEE were positively correlated with weight gain; however, change in activity was not affected by protein intake. Overfeeding produces an increase in physical activity and in energy expended in physical activity after adjusting for changes in body composition, suggesting that increased activity in response to weight gain might be one mechanism to support adaptive thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Apolzan
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - George A Bray
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Steven R Smith
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Lilian de Jonge
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Jennifer Rood
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Hongmei Han
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Leanne M Redman
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Corby K Martin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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127
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Smyers ME, Bachir KZ, Britton SL, Koch LG, Novak CM. Physically active rats lose more weight during calorie restriction. Physiol Behav 2014; 139:303-13. [PMID: 25449411 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Daily physical activity shows substantial inter-individual variation, and low physical activity is associated with obesity and weight gain. Elevated physical activity is also associated with high intrinsic aerobic capacity, which confers considerable metabolic health benefits. Rats artificially selected for high intrinsic aerobic capacity (high-capacity runners, HCR) are more physically active than their low-capacity counterparts (low-capacity runners, LCR). To test the hypothesis that physical activity counters metabolic thriftiness, we measured physical activity and weight loss during three weeks of 50% calorie restriction (CR) in the HCR and LCR rat lines. At baseline, HCR ate more and were more active than LCR; this was seen in male rats, where LCR are considerably heavier than HCR, as well as in a set of female rats where body weight did not differ between the lines, demonstrating that this effect is consistent across sex and not secondary to body weight. We show for the first time that HCR lose more weight than LCR relative to baseline. Physical activity levels declined throughout CR, and this was more pronounced in HCR than in LCR, yet some aspects of activity remained elevated in HCR relative to LCR even during CR. This is consistent with the idea that low physical activity contributes to metabolic thriftiness during food restriction, allowing LCR to defend body mass, particularly lean mass. This has implications for physical activity during diet-induced weight loss, the genetic underpinnings of individual differences in weight loss during a diet, and the potential evolutionary opposition between metabolic thriftiness and aerobic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Smyers
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA.
| | - Kailey Z Bachir
- College of Health Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Steven L Britton
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lauren G Koch
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Colleen M Novak
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
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128
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review new putative mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of a disturbed energy balance in cancer cachexia, which can lead to novel targets for clinical cachexia management. In the context of rapid developments in tumour treatment with potential systemic consequences, this article reviews recent data on energy requirements. Furthermore, we focus on new insights in brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity and reward processing in the brain in relation to the cachexia process. RECENT FINDINGS Nearly no new data have been published on energy requirements of cancer patients in the light of comprehensive new therapies in oncology. New developments, such as the introduction of staging with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET-computed tomography scanning, led to the observation that BAT activation may contribute to impaired energy balance in cancer cachexia. Animal and human data to date provide an indication that BAT activation indeed occurs, but its quantitative impact on the degree of cachexia is controversial. The peripheral and central nervous system is known to influence satiation, with a possible role for impaired food reward processing in the brain. To date, there are limited confirmatory data, but this is an interesting new area to explore for better understanding and treating cancer-induced anorexia. SUMMARY The multimodal approach to counteract cancer cachexia should expand its targets to BAT and food reward processing in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith de Vos-Geelen
- aDepartment of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands bDepartment of Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom cDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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129
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Does the method of weight loss effect long-term changes in weight, body composition or chronic disease risk factors in overweight or obese adults? A systematic review. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109849. [PMID: 25333384 PMCID: PMC4198137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differences in biological changes from weight loss by energy restriction and/or exercise may be associated with differences in long-term weight loss/regain. OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of weight loss method on long-term changes in weight, body composition and chronic disease risk factors. DATA SOURCES PubMed and Embase were searched (January 1990-October 2013) for studies with data on the effect of energy restriction, exercise (aerobic and resistance) on long-term weight loss. Twenty articles were included in this review. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Primary source, peer reviewed randomized trials published in English with an active weight loss period of >6 months, or active weight loss with a follow-up period of any duration, conducted in overweight or obese adults were included. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS Considerable heterogeneity across trials existed for important study parameters, therefore a meta-analysis was considered inappropriate. Results were synthesized and grouped by comparisons (e.g. diet vs. aerobic exercise, diet vs. diet + aerobic exercise etc.) and study design (long-term or weight loss/follow-up). RESULTS Forty percent of trials reported significantly greater long-term weight loss with diet compared with aerobic exercise, while results for differences in weight regain were inconclusive. Diet+aerobic exercise resulted in significantly greater weight loss than diet alone in 50% of trials. However, weight regain (∼ 55% of loss) was similar in diet and diet+aerobic exercise groups. Fat-free mass tended to be preserved when interventions included exercise.
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130
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Abstract
The hyperphagia, low sympathetic nervous system tone, and decreased circulating concentrations of bioactive thyroid hormones that are common to states of congenital leptin deficiency and hypoleptinemia following and during weight loss suggest that the major physiological function of leptin is to signal states of negative energy balance and decreased energy stores. In weight-reduced humans, these phenotypes together with pronounced hypometabolism and increased parasympathetic nervous system tone create the optimal circumstance for weight regain. Based on the weight loss induced by leptin administration in states of leptin deficiency (obese) and observed similarity of phenotypes in states of congenital and dietary-induced states of hypoleptinemia (reduced obese), it has been suggested that exogenous leptin could potentially be useful in initiating, promoting, and sustaining weight reduction. However, the responses of human beings to exogenous leptin administration are dependent not only on extant energy stores but also on energy balance. Leptin administration to humans at usual weight has little, if any, effect on body weight while leptin administration during weight loss mitigates hunger, especially if given in supraphysiological doses during severe caloric restriction. Leptin repletion is most effective following weight loss by dietary restriction. In this state of weight stability but reduced energy stores, leptin at least partially reverses many of the metabolic, autonomic, neuroendocrine, and behavioral adaptations that favor weight regain. The major physiological function of leptin is to signal states of negative energy balance and decreased energy stores. Leptin, and pharmacotherapies affecting leptin signaling pathways, is likely to be most useful in sustaining weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rosenbaum
- Division of Molecular GeneticsDepartments of Pediatrics and Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, Russ Berrie Medical Science Pavilion, 6th Floor, 1150 St Nicholas Avenue, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Rudolph L Leibel
- Division of Molecular GeneticsDepartments of Pediatrics and Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, Russ Berrie Medical Science Pavilion, 6th Floor, 1150 St Nicholas Avenue, New York, New York 10032, USA
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131
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Ferrannini E, Rosenbaum M, Leibel RL. The threshold shift paradigm of obesity: evidence from surgically induced weight loss. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 100:996-1002. [PMID: 25099551 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.090167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high prevalence of obesity has called attention to the near-intractable problem of sustained weight reduction and its underlying mechanisms. With diet-induced weight loss, achieved body weight is closely related to initial body weight. OBJECTIVE The objective was to compare the relation between initial and achieved body mass index (BMI) in patients treated with diet-induced weight loss or bariatric surgery. DESIGN We analyzed data from a cohort of 223 healthy individuals who lost a mean (±SD) of 5 ± 3 kg body weight over 3 y by diet (diet group) and data from 182 obese individuals [BMI (in kg/m(2)) ≥35] who had lost an average of 47 ± 17 kg 1 y after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (a restrictive procedure; n = 71) or biliopancreatic diversion (a malabsorptive procedure; n = 111) (surgery group). RESULTS In the diet group, final BMI was strongly related to initial BMI (r = 0.96, P < 0.0001). By multivariate analysis, the decrease in BMI at 3 y was age independent and was predicted only by initial BMI and sex (both P < 0.0001). Strikingly, final BMI was also strongly related to initial BMI (r = 0.67, P < 0.0001) in the surgery group, irrespective of the type of operation. The surgically induced decrease in BMI was predicted by age (P = 0.0002) and initial BMI (P < 0.0001). In 110 surgery patients, serum leptin concentrations decreased from 39 ± 16 to 10 ± 5 ng/mL after surgery (P < 0.0001) and were correlated with BMI both before and after surgery, but the slope of the relation was significantly (P < 0.01) flatter after surgery. CONCLUSION The strong predictivity of initial BMI for achieved BMI observed even when voluntary control of energy intake is interfered with through diverse anatomical rearrangements of the gastrointestinal tract supports the concept of a weight "threshold" paradigm: in the obese, anabolic responses are triggered by adiposity-related signals at a higher threshold, which leads to defense of a higher body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ele Ferrannini
- From the Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa School of Medicine, Pisa, Italy (EF), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Molecular Genetics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (MR and RLL)
| | - Michael Rosenbaum
- From the Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa School of Medicine, Pisa, Italy (EF), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Molecular Genetics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (MR and RLL)
| | - Rudolph L Leibel
- From the Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa School of Medicine, Pisa, Italy (EF), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Molecular Genetics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (MR and RLL)
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132
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Johannsen DL, Tchoukalova Y, Tam CS, Covington JD, Xie W, Schwarz JM, Bajpeyi S, Ravussin E. Effect of 8 weeks of overfeeding on ectopic fat deposition and insulin sensitivity: testing the "adipose tissue expandability" hypothesis. Diabetes Care 2014; 37:2789-97. [PMID: 25011943 PMCID: PMC4170127 DOI: 10.2337/dc14-0761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The presence of large subcutaneous adipocytes in obesity has been proposed to be linked with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes through the "adipose tissue expandability" hypothesis, which holds that large adipocytes have a limited capacity for expansion, forcing lipids to be stored in nonadipose ectopic depots (skeletal muscle, liver), where they interfere with insulin signaling. This hypothesis has, however, been largely formulated by cross-sectional findings and to date has not been prospectively demonstrated in the development of insulin resistance in humans. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Twenty-nine men (26.8 ± 5.4 years old; BMI 25.5 ± 2.3 kg/m(2)) were fed 40% more than their baseline requirement for 8 weeks. Before and after overfeeding, insulin sensitivity was determined using a two-step hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Intrahepatic lipid (IHL) and intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) were measured by (1)H-MRS and abdominal fat by MRI. Subcutaneous abdominal adipose and skeletal muscle tissues were collected to measure adipocyte size and markers of tissue inflammation. RESULTS Subjects gained 7.6 ± 2.1 kg (55% fat) and insulin sensitivity decreased 18% (P < 0.001) after overfeeding. IHL increased 46% from 1.5% to 2.2% (P = 0.002); however, IMCL did not change. There was no association between adipocyte size and ectopic lipid accumulation. Despite similar weight gain, subjects with smaller fat cells at baseline had a greater decrease in insulin sensitivity, which was linked with upregulated skeletal muscle tissue inflammation. CONCLUSIONS In experimental substantial weight gain, the presence of larger adipocytes did not promote ectopic lipid accumulation. In contrast, smaller fat cells were associated with a worsened metabolic response to overfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Charmaine S Tam
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA Charles Perkins Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Wenting Xie
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Jean-Marc Schwarz
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA
| | - Sudip Bajpeyi
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
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133
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Abstract
The changing pattern of obesity-related disease has created a need for a greater range of weight management options for the increasing number of people for whom weight loss and maintenance cannot be addressed by conventional dietary methods. Formula diet weight loss programmes [very low-calorie diets (VLCDs) (400-800 kcal/day) and low-calorie diets (LCDs) (800-1200 kcal/day)] can deliver weight loss at rates of 1-2 kg/week. This rate of weight loss can result in 10-20 kg weight loss in 8-12 weeks. Many health benefits associated with weight reduction seem to require between 10 and 20 kg weight loss. Formula diet programmes can result in weight loss, reduction of liver volume and reduction of visceral fat before bariatric surgery; weight loss before knee joint replacement surgery has also been shown. The benefit of pre-operative weight loss is still under investigation and such practices before bariatric surgery are variable in surgical units across the UK. Weight loss with formula diet in obesity-associated conditions where inflammation is an important component, such as osteoarthritis and psoriasis, has been demonstrated. Maintenance of about 10% of initial bodyweight loss, with symptom improvement in elderly obese people with knee osteoarthritis, has been shown over a period of 4 years. In obese people with psoriasis, weight loss with skin improvement has been maintained for 1 year. Clinical trials are currently underway to examine the merits of an initial weight loss with formula diet in pre-diabetes, in early type 2 diabetes and in insulin-treated type 2 diabetes. Rapid initial weight loss can result in rapid symptom improvement, such as reduced joint pain in osteoarthritis, improved sleep quality in obstructive sleep apnoea, reduced shortness of breath on exertion, reduced peripheral oedema and rapid improvement in metabolic control in diabetes, all changes that are highly motivating and conducive towards compliance. There is also some evidence for improved vitamin D status and maintained bone health in elderly obese people with osteoarthritis but more research is needed. Rapid initial weight loss was feared to be followed by rapid weight regain. However, provided initial weight loss is delivered in parallel with an intense education programme about nutrition, cooking, shopping and lifestyle for long-term maintenance; and where long-term support is provided, subsequent weight maintenance after VLCDs and LCDs has been shown to be possible. A recent literature review identified high-protein diets, obesity drugs and partial use of formula meal replacements as methods which can result in statistically significantly greater weight maintenance after initial weight loss with VLCDs or LCDs. Anxiety about serious adverse side effects seems to be unfounded although users need to be aware of both minor and more serious, though very infrequent, adverse events, such as gallstones and gallbladder disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Leeds
- Diabetes and Endocrinology, Central Middlesex HospitalLondon, UK
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of CopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of SurreyUK
- Parker Institute, Frederiksberg HospitalCopenhagen, Denmark
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134
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Gilmore LA, Ravussin E, Bray GA, Han H, Redman LM. An objective estimate of energy intake during weight gain using the intake-balance method. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 100:806-12. [PMID: 25057153 PMCID: PMC4135491 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.087122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estimates of energy intake (EI) in humans have limited validity. OBJECTIVE The objective was to test the accuracy and precision of the intake-balance method to estimate EI during weight gain induced by overfeeding. DESIGN In 2 studies of controlled overfeeding (1 inpatient study and 1 outpatient study), baseline energy requirements were determined by a doubly labeled water study and caloric titration to weight maintenance. Overfeeding was prescribed as 140% of baseline energy requirements for 56 d. Changes in weight, fat mass (FM), and fat-free mass (FFM) were used to estimate change in energy stores (ΔES). Overfeeding EI was estimated as the sum of baseline energy requirements, thermic effect of food, and ΔES. The estimated overfeeding EI was then compared with the actual EI consumed in the metabolic chamber during the last week of overfeeding. RESULTS In inpatient individuals, calculated EI during overfeeding determined from ΔES in FM and FFM was (mean ± SD) 3461 ± 848 kcal/d, which was not significantly (-29 ± 273 kcal/d or 0.8%; limits of agreement: -564, 505 kcal/d; P = 0.78) different from the actual EI provided (3490 ± 729 kcal/d). Estimated EI determined from ΔES in weight closely estimated actual intake (-7 ± 193 kcal/d or 0.2%; limits of agreement: -386, 370 kcal/d; P = 0.9). In free-living individuals, estimated EI during overfeeding determined from ΔES in FM and FFM was 4123 ± 500 kcal/d and underestimated actual EI (4286 ± 488 kcal/d; -162 ± 301 kcal or 3.8%; limits of agreement: -751, 427 kcal/d; P = 0.003). Estimated EI determined from ΔES in weight also underestimated actual intake (-159 ± 270 kcal/d or 3.7%; limits of agreement: -688, 370 kcal/d; P = 0.001). CONCLUSION The intake-balance method can be used to estimate EI during a period of weight gain as a result of 40% overfeeding in individuals who are inpatients or free-living with only a slight underestimate of actual EI by 0.2-3.8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Anne Gilmore
- From the Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Eric Ravussin
- From the Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - George A Bray
- From the Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Hongmei Han
- From the Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Leanne M Redman
- From the Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
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135
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Carbone JW, Pasiakos SM, Vislocky LM, Anderson JM, Rodriguez NR. Effects of short-term energy deficit on muscle protein breakdown and intramuscular proteolysis in normal-weight young adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 39:960-8. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of short-term energy deficit (ED) on direct measures of muscle proteolysis and the intracellular mechanisms by which muscle proteins are degraded at rest and following aerobic exercise are not well described. This study evaluated the effects of a short-term diet-induced ED, on muscle fractional breakdown rate (FBR), intramuscular 26S proteasome activity, caspase-3 activation, and PSMA2 and MAFbx expression at rest, in the postabsorptive state, and following a single bout of moderate aerobic exercise (45 min at 65% peak oxygen uptake). Six men and 4 women participated in two 10-day diet interventions: weight maintenance (WM) followed by ED (80% estimated energy requirements). Dietary protein (1.5 g·kg−1·day−1) intake was constant for WM and ED. Mixed muscle FBR, proteasome activity, and intracellular proteolytic factor expression were measured using stable isotope methodology, fluorescent enzyme activity assays, and Western blotting, respectively. Overall, FBR and caspase-3 activation increased 60% and 11%, respectively, in response to ED (P < 0.05), but were not influenced by exercise. During ED, 26S proteasome α-subunit PSMA2 expression was 25% higher (P < 0.05) after exercise compared with rest. Exercise did not influence PSMA2 expression during WM, and MAFbx expression and 26S proteasome activity were not affected by ED or exercise. These data illustrate the effects of short-term, moderate ED on muscle protein degradation. In the context of skeletal muscle integrity during weight loss interventions, this work demonstrates a need for further investigations aimed at mitigating muscle loss associated with energy deficit imposed for intentional reduction of total body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Carbone
- School of Health Sciences, 312 Marshall Building, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA
| | - Stefan M. Pasiakos
- US Amy Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA
| | - Lisa M. Vislocky
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | | | - Nancy R. Rodriguez
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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136
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Sansbury BE, Hill BG. Regulation of obesity and insulin resistance by nitric oxide. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 73:383-99. [PMID: 24878261 PMCID: PMC4112002 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease and has quickly become a worldwide pandemic with few tangible and safe treatment options. Although it is generally accepted that the primary cause of obesity is energy imbalance, i.e., the calories consumed are greater than are utilized, understanding how caloric balance is regulated has proven a challenge. Many "distal" causes of obesity, such as the structural environment, occupation, and social influences, are exceedingly difficult to change or manipulate. Hence, molecular processes and pathways more proximal to the origins of obesity-those that directly regulate energy metabolism or caloric intake-seem to be more feasible targets for therapy. In particular, nitric oxide (NO) is emerging as a central regulator of energy metabolism and body composition. NO bioavailability is decreased in animal models of diet-induced obesity and in obese and insulin-resistant patients, and increasing NO output has remarkable effects on obesity and insulin resistance. This review discusses the role of NO in regulating adiposity and insulin sensitivity and places its modes of action into context with the known causes and consequences of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Sansbury
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Bradford G Hill
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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137
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Cummins TD, Holden CR, Sansbury BE, Gibb AA, Shah J, Zafar N, Tang Y, Hellmann J, Rai SN, Spite M, Bhatnagar A, Hill BG. Metabolic remodeling of white adipose tissue in obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 307:E262-77. [PMID: 24918202 PMCID: PMC4121575 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00271.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue metabolism is a critical regulator of adiposity and whole body energy expenditure; however, metabolic changes that occur in white adipose tissue (WAT) with obesity remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to understand the metabolic and bioenergetic changes occurring in WAT with obesity. Wild-type (C57BL/6J) mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) showed significant increases in whole body adiposity, had significantly lower V̇(O₂), V̇(CO₂), and respiratory exchange ratios, and demonstrated worsened glucose and insulin tolerance compared with low-fat-fed mice. Metabolomic analysis of WAT showed marked changes in lipid, amino acid, carbohydrate, nucleotide, and energy metabolism. Tissue levels of succinate and malate were elevated, and metabolites that could enter the Krebs cycle via anaplerosis were mostly diminished in high-fat-fed mice, suggesting altered mitochondrial metabolism. Despite no change in basal oxygen consumption or mitochondrial DNA abundance, citrate synthase activity was decreased by more than 50%, and responses to FCCP were increased in WAT from mice fed a high-fat diet. Moreover, Pgc1a was downregulated and Cox7a1 upregulated after 6 wk of HFD. After 12 wk of high-fat diet, the abundance of several proteins in the mitochondrial respiratory chain or matrix was diminished. These changes were accompanied by increased Parkin and Pink1, decreased p62 and LC3-I, and ultrastructural changes suggestive of autophagy and mitochondrial remodeling. These studies demonstrate coordinated restructuring of metabolism and autophagy that could contribute to the hypertrophy and whitening of adipose tissue in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Cummins
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine; Diabetes and Obesity Center
| | - Candice R Holden
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine; Diabetes and Obesity Center; Department of Physiology and Biophysics; and
| | - Brian E Sansbury
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine; Diabetes and Obesity Center; Department of Physiology and Biophysics; and
| | - Andrew A Gibb
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine; Diabetes and Obesity Center; Department of Physiology and Biophysics; and
| | - Jasmit Shah
- Diabetes and Obesity Center; Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Nagma Zafar
- Diabetes and Obesity Center; Department of Physiology and Biophysics; and
| | | | - Jason Hellmann
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine; Diabetes and Obesity Center
| | - Shesh N Rai
- Diabetes and Obesity Center; Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Matthew Spite
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine; Diabetes and Obesity Center; Department of Physiology and Biophysics; and
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine; Diabetes and Obesity Center; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Department of Physiology and Biophysics; and
| | - Bradford G Hill
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine; Diabetes and Obesity Center; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Department of Physiology and Biophysics; and
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138
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Abstract
With respect to clinical phenotype and pathophysiology, prediabetes is akin to diabetes. Prediabetes is prevalent in the global population, and those affected are at high risk of progression to overt diabetes, and also at risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Progression to diabetes can occur because of worsening insulin resistance, β-cell dysfunction, or both, but the timecourse can be non-linear and, therefore, unpredictable. Intervention-by lifestyle modification, glucose-lowering drugs, or a combination-can postpone deterioration of glucose control, but effects of intervention are variable and can be transient. Furthermore, to what extent interventions can reduce cardiovascular risk is uncertain. Lifestyle intervention mainly hinges on weight loss; as such, risk of failure in the long-term is high, and implementation at the community level is difficult. The ideal candidate for intervention is an individual with prediabetes-identified by targeted screening-with many well documented cardiovascular risk factors, and who is highly motivated to initiate and maintain multifactorial risk-control using a personalised mix of lifestyle-adaptation and pharmacological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ele Ferrannini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa School of Medicine, Pisa, Italy.
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139
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Kitsy A, Carney S, Vivar JC, Knight MS, Pointer MA, Gwathmey JK, Ghosh S. Effects of leucine supplementation and serum withdrawal on branched-chain amino acid pathway gene and protein expression in mouse adipocytes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102615. [PMID: 25050624 PMCID: PMC4106850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The essential branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), leucine, valine and isoleucine, are traditionally associated with skeletal muscle growth and maintenance, energy production, and generation of neurotransmitter and gluconeogenic precursors. Recent evidence from human and animal model studies has established an additional link between BCAA levels and obesity. However, details of the mechanism of regulation of BCAA metabolism during adipogenesis are largely unknown. We interrogated whether the expression of genes and proteins involved in BCAA metabolism are sensitive to the adipocyte differentiation process, and responsive to nutrient stress from starvation or BCAA excess. Murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were differentiated to adipocytes under control conditions and under conditions of L-leucine supplementation or serum withdrawal. RNA and proteins were isolated at days 0, 4 and 10 of differentiation to represent pre-differentiation, early differentiation and late differentiation stages. Expression of 16 BCAA metabolism genes was quantified by quantitative real-time PCR. Expression of the protein levels of branched-chain amino acid transaminase 2 (Bcat2) and branched-chain alpha keto acid dehydrogenase (Bckdha) was quantified by immunoblotting. Under control conditions, all genes displayed induction of gene expression during early adipogenesis (Day 4) compared to Day 0. Leucine supplementation resulted in an induction of Bcat2 and Bckdha genes during early and late differentiation. Western blot analysis demonstrated condition-specific concordance between gene and protein expression. Serum withdrawal resulted in undetectable Bcat2 and Bckdha protein levels at all timepoints. These results demonstrate that the expression of genes related to BCAA metabolism are regulated during adipocyte differentiation and influenced by nutrient levels. These results provide additional insights on how BCAA metabolism is associated with adipose tissue function and extends our understanding of the transcriptomic response of this pathway to variations in nutrient availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrazak Kitsy
- Division of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Skyla Carney
- Division of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Juan C. Vivar
- Division of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Megan S. Knight
- Division of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mildred A. Pointer
- Division of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Judith K. Gwathmey
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sujoy Ghosh
- Division of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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140
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Energy Balance at a Crossroads: Translating the Science into Action. J Acad Nutr Diet 2014; 114:1113-1119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Nicklas BJ, Gaukstern JE, Beavers KM, Newman JC, Leng X, Rejeski WJ. Self-monitoring of spontaneous physical activity and sedentary behavior to prevent weight regain in older adults. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:1406-12. [PMID: 24585701 PMCID: PMC4037357 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine whether adding a self-regulatory intervention (SRI) focused on self-monitoring of spontaneous physical activity (SPA) and sedentary behavior to a standard weight loss intervention improved maintenance of lost weight. METHODS Older (65-79 years), obese (BMI = 30-40 kg/m(2) ) adults (n = 48) were randomized to a 5-month weight loss intervention involving a hypocaloric diet (DIET) and aerobic exercise (EX) with or without the SRI to promote SPA and decrease sedentary behavior (SRI + DIET + EX compared with DIET + EX). Following the weight loss phase, both groups transitioned to self-selected diet and exercise behavior during a 5-month follow-up. Throughout the 10-months, the SRI + DIET + EX group utilized real-time accelerometer feedback for self-monitoring. RESULTS There was an overall group by time effect of the SRI (P < 0.01); DIET + EX lost less weight and regained more weight than SRI + DIET + EX. The average weight regain during follow-up was 1.3 kg less in the SRI + DIET + EX group. Individuals in this group maintained approximately 10% lower weight than baseline compared with those in the DIET + EX group whom maintained approximately 5% lower weight than baseline. CONCLUSIONS Addition of a SRI, designed to increase SPA and decrease sedentary behavior, to a standard weight loss intervention enhanced successful maintenance of lost weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J. Nicklas
- Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, J. Paul Sticht Center on Aging, Department of Internal Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157
| | - Jill E. Gaukstern
- Department of Health and Exercise Science at Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27106
| | - Kristen M. Beavers
- Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, J. Paul Sticht Center on Aging, Department of Internal Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157
| | - Jill C. Newman
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157
| | - Xiaoyan Leng
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157
| | - W. Jack Rejeski
- Department of Health and Exercise Science at Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27106
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142
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Melin A, Tornberg ÅB, Skouby S, Møller SS, Sundgot-Borgen J, Faber J, Sidelmann JJ, Aziz M, Sjödin A. Energy availability and the female athlete triad in elite endurance athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2014; 25:610-22. [PMID: 24888644 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The female athlete triad (Triad), links low energy availability (EA), with menstrual dysfunction (MD), and impaired bone health. The aims of this study were to examine associations between EA/MD and energy metabolism and the prevalence of Triad-associated conditions in endurance athletes. Forty women [26.2 ± 5.5 years, body mass index (BMI) 20.6 ± 2.0 kg/m(2), body fat 20.0 ± 3.0%], exercising 11.4 ± 4.5 h/week, were recruited from national teams and competitive clubs. Protocol included gynecological examination; assessment of bone health; indirect respiratory calorimetry; diet and exercise measured 7 days to assess EA; eating disorder (ED) examination; blood analysis. Subjects with low/reduced EA (< 45 kcal/kg FFM/day), had lower resting metabolic rate (RMR) compared with those with optimal EA [28.4 ± 2.0 kcal/kg fat-free mass (FFM)/day vs 30.5 ± 2.2 kcal/kg FFM/day, P < 0.01], as did subjects with MD compared with eumenorrheic subjects (28.6 ± 2.4 kcal/kg FFM/day vs 30.2 ± 1.8 kcal/kg FFM/day, P < 0.05). 63% had low/reduced EA, 25% ED, 60% MD, 45% impaired bone health, and 23% had all three Triad conditions. 53% had low RMR, 25% hypercholesterolemia, and 38% hypoglycemia. Conclusively, athletes with low/reduced EA and/or MD had lowered RMR. Triad-associated conditions were common in this group of athletes, despite a normal BMI range. The high prevalence of ED, MD, and impaired bone health emphasizes the importance of prevention, early detection, and treatment of energy deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Melin
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Å B Tornberg
- Department of Health Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Genetic & Molecular Epidemiology (GAME) Unit, Lund University Diabetes Center, Clinical Research Center, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - S Skouby
- Endocrinological and Reproductive Unit, Department of Ob/Gyn. Herlev Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - S S Møller
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - J Faber
- Endocrinological and Reproductive Unit, Department of Ob/Gyn. Herlev Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - J J Sidelmann
- Unit for Thrombosis Research, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - M Aziz
- Endocrinological and Reproductive Unit, Department of Ob/Gyn. Herlev Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - A Sjödin
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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143
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Tam CS, Covington JD, Bajpeyi S, Tchoukalova Y, Burk D, Johannsen DL, Zingaretti CM, Cinti S, Ravussin E. Weight gain reveals dramatic increases in skeletal muscle extracellular matrix remodeling. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:1749-57. [PMID: 24601694 PMCID: PMC4010691 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-4381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT In animal models of obesity, chronic inflammation and dysregulated extracellular matrix remodeling in adipose tissue leads to insulin resistance. Whether similar pathophysiology occurs in humans is not clear. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to test whether 10% weight gain induced by overfeeding triggers inflammation and extracellular matrix remodeling (gene expression, protein, histology) in skeletal muscle and sc adipose tissue in humans. We also investigated whether such remodeling was associated with an impaired metabolic response (hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp). DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, AND INTERVENTION Twenty-nine free-living males were fed 40% over their baseline energy requirements for 8 weeks. RESULTS Ten percent body weight gain prompted dramatic up-regulation of a repertoire of extracellular matrix remodeling genes in muscle and to a lesser degree in adipose tissue. The amount of extracellular matrix genes in the muscle were directly associated with the amount of lean tissue deposited during overfeeding. Despite weight gain and impaired insulin sensitivity, there was no change in local adipose tissue or systemic inflammation, but there was a slight increase in skeletal muscle inflammation. CONCLUSION We propose that skeletal muscle extracellular matrix remodeling is another feature of the pathogenic milieu associated with energy excess and obesity, which, if disrupted, may contribute to the development of metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charmaine S Tam
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (C.S.T., J.D.C., S.B., Y.T., D.B., D.L.J., E.R.), Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808; The Charles Perkins Centre and School of Biological Sciences (C.S.T.), University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006 New South Wales, Australia; Department of Kinesiology (S.B.), University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968; and Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine-Obesity Center (C.M.Z., S.C.), United Hospitals-University of Ancona, Ancona 60020, Italy
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144
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Calorie shifting diet versus calorie restriction diet: a comparative clinical trial study. Int J Prev Med 2014; 5:447-56. [PMID: 24829732 PMCID: PMC4018593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Finding new tolerable methods in weight loss has largely been an issue of interest for specialists. Present study compared a novel method of calorie shifting diet (CSD) with classic calorie restriction (CR) on weight loss in overweight and obese subjects. METHODS Seventy-four subjects (body mass index ≥25; 37) were randomized to 4 weeks control diet, 6 weeks CSD or CR diets, and 4 weeks follow-up period. CSD consisted of three phases each lasts for 2 weeks, 11 days calorie restriction which included four meals every day, and 4 h fasting between meals follow with 3 days self-selecting diet. CR subjects receive determined low calorie diet. Anthropometric and metabolic measures were assessed at different time points in the study. RESULTS Four weeks after treatment, significant weight, and fat loss started (6.02 and 5.15 kg) and continued for 1 month of follow-up (5.24 and 4.3 kg), which was correlated to the restricted energy intake (P < 0.05). During three CSD phases, resting metabolic rate tended to remain unchanged. The decrease in plasma glucose, total cholesterol, and triacylglycerol were greater among subjects on the CSD diet (P < 0.05). Feeling of hunger decreased and satisfaction increased among those on the CSD diet after 4 weeks (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The CSD diet was associated with a greater improvement in some anthropometric measures, Adherence was better among CSD subjects. Longer and larger studies are required to determine the long-term safety and efficacy of CSD diet.
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145
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Thomas DM, Gonzalez MC, Pereira AZ, Redman LM, Heymsfield SB. Time to correctly predict the amount of weight loss with dieting. J Acad Nutr Diet 2014; 114:857-861. [PMID: 24699137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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146
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Soeliman FA, Azadbakht L. Weight loss maintenance: A review on dietary related strategies. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2014; 19:268-75. [PMID: 24949037 PMCID: PMC4061651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight regain after weight loss is a common problem for all those obese or overweight who have had a recent weight loss. Different cures such as diet therapy, behavioral therapy, exercise or a mixture of them have been advised as solutions. The purpose of this review is to find the best diet or eating pattern to maintain a recent weight loss. MATERIALS AND METHODS WE SEARCHED IN PUBMED AND SCOPUS BY USING THE FOLLOWING KEY WORDS: Overweight, obesity, weight maintenance, weight regain, and diet therapy. Finally, we assessed 26 articles in the present article. RESULTS Meal replacement, low carbohydrate-low glycemic index (GI) diet, high protein intake, and moderate fat consumption have shown some positive effects on weight maintenance. However, the results are controversial. A Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH)-type diet seems helpful for weight maintenance although the need for more study has remained. Some special behaviors were associated with less weight regain, such as, not being awake late at night, drinking lower amount of sugar-sweetened beverages, and following a healthy pattern. Some special foods have been suggested for weight maintenance. However, the roles of specific foods are not confirmed. CONCLUSION Healthy diets recommend low carbohydrate, low GI, and moderate fat foods, but it is not clear whether they are useful in preventing weight gain. It seems that consuming fewer calories helps people to keep weight loss. Further research to find strategies in obesity management focusing on successful maintenance of weight loss is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Azizi Soeliman
- Food Security Research Center, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Leila Azadbakht
- Food Security Research Center, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Address for correspondence: Dr. Leila Azadbakht, Food Security Research Center, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 81745, Isfahan, Iran. E-mail:
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147
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DeLany JP, Kelley DE, Hames KC, Jakicic JM, Goodpaster BH. Effect of physical activity on weight loss, energy expenditure, and energy intake during diet induced weight loss. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:363-70. [PMID: 23804562 PMCID: PMC4896218 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Objective measurements of physical activity (PA), energy expenditure (EE) and energy intake can provide valuable information regarding appropriate strategies for successful sustained weight loss. DESIGN AND METHODS The total EE was examined by doubly labeled water, resting metabolic rate by indirect calorimetry, PA with activity monitors, and energy intake by the intake/balance technique in 116 severely obese undergoing intervention with diet alone (DO) or diet plus PA (D-PA). RESULTS Weight loss of 9.6 ± 6.8 kg resulted in decreased EE which was not minimized in the D-PA group. Comparing the highest and lowest quartiles of increase in PA revealed a lower decrease in TDEE (-122 ± 319 vs. -376 ± 305 kcal day⁻¹), elimination of the drop in AEE (83 ± 279 vs. -211 ± 284 kcal day⁻¹) and greater weight loss (13.0 ± 7.0 vs. 8.1 ± 6.3 kg). Increased PA was associated with greater adherence to energy restriction and maintenance of greater weight loss during months 7-12. CONCLUSION Noncompliance to prescribed PA in the DO and D-PA groups partially masked the effects of PA to increase weight loss and to minimize the reduced EE. Increased PA was also associated with improved adherence to prescribed caloric restriction. A strong recommendation needs to be made to improve interventions that promote PA within the context of behavioral weight loss interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P DeLany
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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148
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Ye J, Hao Z, Mumphrey MB, Townsend RL, Patterson LM, Stylopoulos N, Münzberg H, Morrison CD, Drucker DJ, Berthoud HR. GLP-1 receptor signaling is not required for reduced body weight after RYGB in rodents. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 306:R352-62. [PMID: 24430883 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00491.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Exaggerated GLP-1 and PYY secretion is thought to be a major mechanism in the reduced food intake and body weight after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Here, we use complementary pharmacological and genetic loss-of-function approaches to test the role of increased signaling by these gut hormones in high-fat diet-induced obese rodents. Chronic brain infusion of a supramaximal dose of the selective GLP-1 receptor antagonist exendin-9-39 into the lateral cerebral ventricle significantly increased food intake and body weight in both RYGB and sham-operated rats, suggesting that, while contributing to the physiological control of food intake and body weight, central GLP-1 receptor signaling tone is not the critical mechanism uniquely responsible for the body weight-lowering effects of RYGB. Central infusion of the selective Y2R-antagonist BIIE0246 had no effect in either group, suggesting that it is not critical for the effects of RYGB on body weight under the conditions tested. In a recently established mouse model of RYGB that closely mimics surgery and weight loss dynamics in humans, obese GLP-1R-deficient mice lost the same amount of body weight and fat mass and maintained similarly lower body weight compared with wild-type mice. Together, the results surprisingly provide no support for important individual roles of either gut hormone in the specific mechanisms by which RYGB rats settle at a lower body weight. It is likely that the beneficial effects of bariatric surgeries are expressed through complex mechanisms that require combination approaches for their identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Ye
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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149
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Lee EB, Mattson MP. The neuropathology of obesity: insights from human disease. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 127:3-28. [PMID: 24096619 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-013-1190-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, a pathologic state defined by excess adipose tissue, is a significant public health problem as it affects a large proportion of individuals and is linked with increased risk for numerous chronic diseases. Obesity is the result of fundamental changes associated with modern society including overnutrition and sedentary lifestyles. Proper energy homeostasis is dependent on normal brain function as the master metabolic regulator, which integrates peripheral signals, modulates autonomic outflow and controls feeding behavior. Therefore, many human brain diseases are associated with obesity. This review explores the neuropathology of obesity by examining brain diseases which either cause or are influenced by obesity. First, several genetic and acquired brain diseases are discussed as a means to understand the central regulation of peripheral metabolism. These diseases range from monogenetic causes of obesity (leptin deficiency, MC4R deficiency, Bardet-Biedl syndrome and others) to complex neurodevelopmental disorders (Prader-Willi syndrome and Sim1 deficiency) and neurodegenerative conditions (frontotemporal dementia and Gourmand's syndrome) and serve to highlight the central regulatory mechanisms which have evolved to maintain energy homeostasis. Next, to examine the effect of obesity on the brain, chronic neuropathologic conditions (epilepsy, multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease) are discussed as examples of obesity leading to maladaptive processes which exacerbate chronic disease. Thus, obesity is associated with multiple pathways including abnormal metabolism, altered hormonal signaling and increased inflammation which act in concert to promote downstream neuropathology. Finally, the effect of anti-obesity interventions is discussed in terms of brain structure and function. Together, understanding human diseases and anti-obesity interventions leads to insights into the bidirectional interaction between peripheral metabolism and central brain function, highlighting the need for continued clinicopathologic and mechanistic studies of the neuropathology of obesity.
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150
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The impact of dietary methionine restriction on biomarkers of metabolic health. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 121:351-76. [PMID: 24373243 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800101-1.00011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Calorie restriction without malnutrition, commonly referred to as dietary restriction (DR), results in a well-documented extension of life span. DR also produces significant, long-lasting improvements in biomarkers of metabolic health that begin to accrue soon after its introduction. The improvements are attributable in part to the effects of DR on energy balance, which limit fat accumulation through reduction in energy intake. Accumulation of excess body fat occurs when energy intake chronically exceeds the energy costs for growth and maintenance of existing tissue. The resulting obesity promotes the development of insulin resistance, disordered lipid metabolism, and increased expression of inflammatory markers in peripheral tissues. The link between the life-extending effects of DR and adiposity is the subject of an ongoing debate, but it is clear that decreased fat accumulation improves insulin sensitivity and produces beneficial effects on overall metabolic health. Over the last 20 years, dietary methionine restriction (MR) has emerged as a promising DR mimetic because it produces a comparable extension in life span, but surprisingly, does not require food restriction. Dietary MR also reduces adiposity but does so through a paradoxical increase in both energy intake and expenditure. The increase in energy expenditure fully compensates for increased energy intake and effectively limits fat deposition. Perhaps more importantly, the diet increases metabolic flexibility and overall insulin sensitivity and improves lipid metabolism while decreasing systemic inflammation. In this chapter, we describe recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms and effects of dietary MR and discuss the remaining obstacles to implementing MR as a treatment for metabolic disease.
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