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Kitessa SM, Abeywardena MY. Lipid-Induced Insulin Resistance in Skeletal Muscle: The Chase for the Culprit Goes from Total Intramuscular Fat to Lipid Intermediates, and Finally to Species of Lipid Intermediates. Nutrients 2016; 8:E466. [PMID: 27483311 PMCID: PMC4997379 DOI: 10.3390/nu8080466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeletal muscle is the largest organ in the body. It plays a particularly pivotal role in glucose homeostasis, as it can account for up to 40% of the body and for up to 80%-90% of insulin-stimulated glucose disposal. Hence, insulin resistance (IR) in skeletal muscle has been a focus of much research and review. The fact that skeletal muscle IR precedes β-cell dysfunction makes it an ideal target for countering the diabetes epidemic. It is generally accepted that the accumulation of lipids in the skeletal muscle, due to dietary lipid oversupply, is closely linked with IR. Our understanding of this link between intramyocellular lipids (IMCL) and glycemic control has changed over the years. Initially, skeletal muscle IR was related to total IMCL. The inconsistencies in this explanation led to the discovery that particular lipid intermediates are more important than total IMCL. The two most commonly cited lipid intermediates for causing skeletal muscle IR are ceramides and diacylglycerol (DAG) in IMCL. Still, not all cases of IR and dysfunction in glycemic control have shown an increase in either or both of these lipids. In this review, we will summarise the latest research results that, using the lipidomics approach, have elucidated DAG and ceramide species that are involved in skeletal muscle IR in animal models and human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soressa M Kitessa
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Kintore Avenue, Adelaide 5000, SA, Australia.
- Division of Livestock and Farming Systems, South Australian Research and Development Institute, J S Davies Bldg, Roseworthy Campus, GPO Box 397, Adelaide 5000, SA, Australia.
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102
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Affourtit C. Mitochondrial involvement in skeletal muscle insulin resistance: A case of imbalanced bioenergetics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2016; 1857:1678-93. [PMID: 27473535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle insulin resistance in obesity associates with mitochondrial dysfunction, but the causality of this association is controversial. This review evaluates mitochondrial models of nutrient-induced muscle insulin resistance. It transpires that all models predict that insulin resistance arises as a result of imbalanced cellular bioenergetics. The nature and precise origin of the proposed insulin-numbing molecules differ between models but all species only accumulate when metabolic fuel supply outweighs energy demand. This observation suggests that mitochondrial deficiency in muscle insulin resistance is not merely owing to intrinsic functional defects, but could instead be an adaptation to nutrient-induced changes in energy expenditure. Such adaptive effects are likely because muscle ATP supply is fully driven by energy demand. This market-economic control of myocellular bioenergetics offers a mechanism by which insulin-signalling deficiency can cause apparent mitochondrial dysfunction, as insulin resistance lowers skeletal muscle anabolism and thus dampens ATP demand and, consequently, oxidative ATP synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Affourtit
- School of Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, PL4 8AA Plymouth, UK.
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103
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Cleasby ME, Jamieson PM, Atherton PJ. Insulin resistance and sarcopenia: mechanistic links between common co-morbidities. J Endocrinol 2016; 229:R67-81. [PMID: 26931135 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) in skeletal muscle is a key defect mediating the link between obesity and type 2 diabetes, a disease that typically affects people in later life. Sarcopenia (age-related loss of muscle mass and quality) is a risk factor for a number of frailty-related conditions that occur in the elderly. In addition, a syndrome of 'sarcopenic obesity' (SO) is now increasingly recognised, which is common in older people and is applied to individuals that simultaneously show obesity, IR and sarcopenia. Such individuals are at an increased risk of adverse health events compared with those who are obese or sarcopenic alone. However, there are no licenced treatments for sarcopenia or SO, the syndrome is poorly defined clinically and the mechanisms that might explain a common aetiology are not yet well characterised. In this review, we detail the nature and extent of the clinical syndrome, highlight some of the key physiological processes that are dysregulated and discuss some candidate molecular pathways that could be implicated in both metabolic and anabolic defects in skeletal muscle, with an eye towards future therapeutic options. In particular, the potential roles of Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signalling, AMP-activated protein kinase, myostatin, urocortins and vitamin D are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Cleasby
- Department of Comparative Biomedical SciencesRoyal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Pauline M Jamieson
- Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceQueen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Philip J Atherton
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry MedicineUniversity of Nottingham, Medical School, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK
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Brandon AE, Stuart E, Leslie SJ, Hoehn KL, James DE, Kraegen EW, Turner N, Cooney GJ. Minimal impact of age and housing temperature on the metabolic phenotype of Acc2-/- mice. J Endocrinol 2016; 228:127-34. [PMID: 26668208 PMCID: PMC4906541 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An important regulator of fatty acid oxidation (FAO) is the allosteric inhibition of CPT-1 by malonyl-CoA produced by the enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 (ACC2). Initial studies suggested that deletion of Acc2 (Acacb) increased fat oxidation and reduced adipose tissue mass but in an independently generated strain of Acc2 knockout mice we observed increased whole-body and skeletal muscle FAO and a compensatory increase in muscle glycogen stores without changes in glucose tolerance, energy expenditure or fat mass in young mice (12-16 weeks). The aim of the present study was to determine whether there was any effect of age or housing at thermoneutrality (29 °C; which reduces total energy expenditure) on the phenotype of Acc2 knockout mice. At 42-54 weeks of age, male WT and Acc2(-/-) mice had similar body weight, fat mass, muscle triglyceride content and glucose tolerance. Consistent with younger Acc2(-/-) mice, aged Acc2(-/-) mice showed increased whole-body FAO (24 h average respiratory exchange ratio=0.95±0.02 and 0.92±0.02 for WT and Acc2(-/-) mice respectively, P<0.05) and skeletal muscle glycogen content (+60%, P<0.05) without any detectable change in whole-body energy expenditure. Hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp studies revealed no difference in insulin action between groups with similar glucose infusion rates and tissue glucose uptake. Housing Acc2(-/-) mice at 29 °C did not alter body composition, glucose tolerance or the effects of fat feeding compared with WT mice. These results confirm that manipulation of Acc2 may alter FAO in mice, but this has little impact on body composition or insulin action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E Brandon
- Diabetes and Metabolism DivisionGarvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, AustraliaSt Vincent's Clinical SchoolUniversity of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Medical SciencesUniversity of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Biotechnology and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Molecular Bioscience and Sydney Medical SchoolCharles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Diabetes and Metabolism DivisionGarvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, AustraliaSt Vincent's Clinical SchoolUniversity of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Medical SciencesUniversity of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Biotechnology and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Molecular Bioscience and Sydney Medical SchoolCharles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ella Stuart
- Diabetes and Metabolism DivisionGarvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, AustraliaSt Vincent's Clinical SchoolUniversity of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Medical SciencesUniversity of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Biotechnology and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Molecular Bioscience and Sydney Medical SchoolCharles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simon J Leslie
- Diabetes and Metabolism DivisionGarvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, AustraliaSt Vincent's Clinical SchoolUniversity of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Medical SciencesUniversity of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Biotechnology and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Molecular Bioscience and Sydney Medical SchoolCharles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kyle L Hoehn
- Diabetes and Metabolism DivisionGarvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, AustraliaSt Vincent's Clinical SchoolUniversity of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Medical SciencesUniversity of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Biotechnology and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Molecular Bioscience and Sydney Medical SchoolCharles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David E James
- Diabetes and Metabolism DivisionGarvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, AustraliaSt Vincent's Clinical SchoolUniversity of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Medical SciencesUniversity of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Biotechnology and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Molecular Bioscience and Sydney Medical SchoolCharles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Edward W Kraegen
- Diabetes and Metabolism DivisionGarvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, AustraliaSt Vincent's Clinical SchoolUniversity of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Medical SciencesUniversity of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Biotechnology and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Molecular Bioscience and Sydney Medical SchoolCharles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Diabetes and Metabolism DivisionGarvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, AustraliaSt Vincent's Clinical SchoolUniversity of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Medical SciencesUniversity of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Biotechnology and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Molecular Bioscience and Sydney Medical SchoolCharles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nigel Turner
- Diabetes and Metabolism DivisionGarvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, AustraliaSt Vincent's Clinical SchoolUniversity of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Medical SciencesUniversity of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Biotechnology and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Molecular Bioscience and Sydney Medical SchoolCharles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gregory J Cooney
- Diabetes and Metabolism DivisionGarvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, AustraliaSt Vincent's Clinical SchoolUniversity of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Medical SciencesUniversity of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Biotechnology and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Molecular Bioscience and Sydney Medical SchoolCharles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Diabetes and Metabolism DivisionGarvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, AustraliaSt Vincent's Clinical SchoolUniversity of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Medical SciencesUniversity of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Biotechnology and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaSchool of Molecular Bioscience and Sydney Medical SchoolCharles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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105
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Livingstone RS, Grunnet LG, Thomas N, Eapen A, Antonisamy B, Mohan VR, Spurgeon R, Frank ID, Bygbjerg IC, Vaag A. Are hepatic and soleus lipid content, assessed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy, associated with low birth weight or insulin resistance in a rural Indian population of healthy young men? Diabet Med 2016; 33:365-70. [PMID: 26172248 DOI: 10.1111/dme.12852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assess young healthy men from rural India, who had normal or low birth weights, using magnetic resonance spectroscopy to determine the potential differences in ectopic fat storage between birth weight groups, and to determine if ectopic fat storage was associated with insulin resistance in this population. METHODS A total of 54 lean men with normal birth weight and 49 lean men with low birth weight (age range 18-22 years) from rural India were recruited. All the men underwent anthropometry, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, a hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp and a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS The median (interquartile range) values for hepatic cellular lipids, intramyocellular lipids and extramyocellular lipids, measured using magnetic resonance spectroscopy were 0.76 (0.1-1.8)%, 1.27 (1.0-2.3)% and 1.89 (1.3-3.2)%, respectively, for the normal birth weight group and 0.4 (0.1-1.3)%, 1.38 (0.9-2.2)% and 2.07 (1.2-2.8)%, respectively, for the low birth weight group (P > 0.05). No difference in ectopic fat storage was observed between the low and normal birth weight groups, with or without adjustment for age and total fat percentage. Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance values were not associated with hepatic cellular, intramyocellular or extramyocellular lipid content in any of the groups. Total fat percentage was the only independent predictor of intramyocellular and extramyocellular lipid content. CONCLUSION Young and lean men from rural India with low birth weight were not observed to have ectopic fat storage in the liver or muscle, and the amount of liver and muscle fat was unrelated to insulin resistance. Older age and/or an urban affluent lifestyle may be required to show a potential role of ectopic fat storage on insulin resistance in Indian people with low or normal birth weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Livingstone
- Department of Radiology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India
| | - L G Grunnet
- Diabetes and Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Denmark
| | - N Thomas
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India
| | - A Eapen
- Department of Radiology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India
| | - B Antonisamy
- Department of Biostatistics, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India
| | - V R Mohan
- Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India
| | - R Spurgeon
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India
| | - I D Frank
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India
| | - I C Bygbjerg
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Vaag
- Diabetes and Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Denmark
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106
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Luo X, Wu J, Jing S, Yan LJ. Hyperglycemic Stress and Carbon Stress in Diabetic Glucotoxicity. Aging Dis 2016; 7:90-110. [PMID: 26816666 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2015.0702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes and its complications are caused by chronic glucotoxicity driven by persistent hyperglycemia. In this article, we review the mechanisms of diabetic glucotoxicity by focusing mainly on hyperglycemic stress and carbon stress. Mechanisms of hyperglycemic stress include reductive stress or pseudohypoxic stress caused by redox imbalance between NADH and NAD(+) driven by activation of both the polyol pathway and poly ADP ribose polymerase; the hexosamine pathway; the advanced glycation end products pathway; the protein kinase C activation pathway; and the enediol formation pathway. Mechanisms of carbon stress include excess production of acetyl-CoA that can over-acetylate a proteome and excess production of fumarate that can over-succinate a proteome; both of which can increase glucotoxicity in diabetes. For hyperglycemia stress, we also discuss the possible role of mitochondrial complex I in diabetes as this complex, in charge of NAD(+) regeneration, can make more reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the presence of excess NADH. For carbon stress, we also discuss the role of sirtuins in diabetes as they are deacetylases that can reverse protein acetylation thereby attenuating diabetic glucotoxicity and improving glucose metabolism. It is our belief that targeting some of the stress pathways discussed in this article may provide new therapeutic strategies for treatment of diabetes and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Luo
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; 2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi province, China, 341000
| | - Jinzi Wu
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Siqun Jing
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; 3 College of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China, 830046
| | - Liang-Jun Yan
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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107
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Ke JY, Cole RM, Hamad EM, Hsiao YH, Cotten BM, Powell KA, Belury MA. Citrus flavonoid, naringenin, increases locomotor activity and reduces diacylglycerol accumulation in skeletal muscle of obese ovariectomized mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 60:313-24. [PMID: 26573879 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Estrogen deficiency has been associated with central obesity, muscle loss and metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. This study assessed naringenin accumulation in tissues and investigated the hypothesis that naringenin reverses diet-induced metabolic disturbances in obese ovariectomized mice. METHODS AND RESULTS In study 1, we measured naringenin concentrations in plasma, liver, perigonadal and subcutaneous adipose tissues, and muscle of ovariectomized C57BL/6J female mice after 11 weeks of naringenin supplementation. Naringenin accumulated 5-12 times more in mice fed a 3% naringenin diet than in mice fed a 1% naringenin diet. In study 2, ovariectomized mice were fed a high-fat diet (60 kcal% fat) for 11 weeks and half of the mice were then supplemented with 3% naringenin for another 11 weeks. Dietary naringenin suppressed weight gain, lowered hyperglycemia and decreased intra-abdominal adiposity evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging. Naringenin-fed mice exhibited elevated locomotor activity monitored by infrared beam breaks, maintained muscle mass and reduced muscle diacylglycerol content. Real-time PCR analysis in muscle revealed decreased mRNA level for genes involved in de novo lipogenesis, lipolysis and triglyceride synthesis/storage. CONCLUSION Long-term 3% naringenin supplementation resulted in significant naringenin accumulation in plasma and tissues, associated with attenuated metabolic dysregulation and muscle loss in obese ovariectomized mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yu Ke
- Department of Human Sciences, Human Nutrition Program, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,The OSU Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rachel M Cole
- Department of Human Sciences, Human Nutrition Program, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Essam M Hamad
- Department of Dairy Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Yung-Hsuan Hsiao
- Department of Human Sciences, Human Nutrition Program, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Bradley M Cotten
- Department of Human Sciences, Human Nutrition Program, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,The OSU Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kimerly A Powell
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Martha A Belury
- Department of Human Sciences, Human Nutrition Program, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,The OSU Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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108
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Bosma M. Lipid droplet dynamics in skeletal muscle. Exp Cell Res 2015; 340:180-6. [PMID: 26515552 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The skeletal muscle is subjected to high mechanical and energetic demands. Lipid droplets are an important source of energy substrates for the working muscle. Muscle cells contain a variety of lipid droplets, which are fundamentally smaller than those found in adipocytes. This translates into a greater lipid droplet surface area serving as the interface for intracellular lipid metabolism. The skeletal muscle has a high plasticity, it is subjected to major remodeling following training and detraining. This coincides with adaptations in lipid droplet characteristics and dynamics. The majority of lipid droplets in skeletal muscle are located in the subsarcolemmal region or in-between the myofibrils, in close vicinity to mitochondria. The vastly organized nature of skeletal muscle fibers limits organelle mobility. The high metabolic rate and substrate turnover in skeletal muscle demands a strict coordination of intramyocellular lipid metabolism and LD dynamics, in which lipid droplet coat proteins play an important role. This review provides insights into the characteristics, diversity and dynamics of skeletal muscle lipid droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleen Bosma
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, P.O. Box 285, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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109
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Intake of Meals Containing High Levels of Carbohydrates or High Levels of Unsaturated Fatty Acids Induces Postprandial Dysmetabolism in Young Overweight/Obese Men. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:147196. [PMID: 26609520 PMCID: PMC4644820 DOI: 10.1155/2015/147196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Postprandial metabolic response depends on the meals' components and can be different in normal weight and obese people. However, there are some discrepancies between various reports. The aim of this study was to determine the metabolic response after intake of standardised meals with various fat and carbohydrate contents and to determine the differences among normal weight and overweight/obese individuals. The study group comprised 46 healthy men. The participants were divided into two groups and study was carried out using a crossover method. Group I received high- and normal-carbohydrate meals, whereas group II received high-carbohydrate and high-fat meals. Glucose, insulin, triglyceride, and free fatty acids levels were measured at fasting state and at 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 minutes after meal intake. Despite the lack of differences in glucose levels, insulin levels were higher among overweight/obese individuals after each meal. TG and FFA levels were higher after normal-carbohydrate and high-fat meals. Moreover, in overweight/obese young men after high-fat meal intake postprandial hypertriglyceridemia was observed, even if meals contained predominantly unsaturated fatty acids, and fasting triglycerides levels were in normal range. The conducted study showed that postprandial metabolic response depends not only on the meal macronutrient content but also on the current body mass index (BMI).
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110
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Saneyasu T, Kimura S, Kitashiro A, Tsuchii N, Tsuchihashi T, Inui M, Honda K, Kamisoyama H. Differential regulation of the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes with skeletal muscle type in growing chickens. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 189:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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111
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Vieira AKG, Soares VM, Bernardo AF, Neves FA, Mattos ABM, Guedes RM, Cortez E, Andrade DC, Lacerda-Miranda G, Garcia-Souza EP, Moura AS. Overnourishment during lactation induces metabolic and haemodynamic heart impairment during adulthood. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2015; 25:1062-1069. [PMID: 26315623 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM In this study, the effects of postnatal overfeeding on heart energy homoeostasis and cardiac haemodynamics in adult male Swiss mice were examined. METHODS AND RESULTS During the suckling period, the mice were divided into four groups of control or overfed pups in combination with baseline or ischaemia/reperfusion treatments (control group baseline, CGBL; overfed group baseline, OGBL; control group ischaemia/reperfusion, CGIR; and overfed group ischaemia/reperfusion, OGIR). End diastolic pressure (EDP), heart contraction speed (Max dP/dt), relaxation speed (Min dP/dt), isovolumetric relaxation time (Tau) and frequency by beats per minute (BPM) were measured. During baseline and ischaemia/reperfusion, key proteins such as AKT1, AKT2, AKT3, pAKT, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), pAMPK, insulin receptor beta (IRβ), protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), fatty acid binding protein (FABP), CD36, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1α) were studied. The expression of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) and uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) was studied as a marker of cardiac hypertrophy and energetic metabolism. Cardiac fibrosis was analyzed by quantifying collagen deposition, which is increased in the OGBL and OGIR groups compared with the control groups. CONCLUSIONS The OGBL group showed reduced EDP compared with the CGBL group and high Max dP/dt compared with the OGBL group. Ischaemia/reperfusion increased EDP and Min dP/dt in the intragroup comparison. By contrast, Tau and frequency were not significantly different among groups. The OGIR mice showed significant alterations in heart metabolism proteins, including AKT2, pAKT/AKT1, pAKT/AKT2, AMPK, pAMPK/AMPK, PTP1B, IRS1, FABP and CD36. Furthermore, alterations in ANP, BNP, CPT1 and UCP3 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression indicated hypertrophy and reduction in their efficiency, such that exclusive overnutrition in childhood induces a long-term effect on haemodynamics, metabolism and heart remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K G Vieira
- Laboratory of Physiology of Nutrition and Development, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - V M Soares
- Laboratory of Physiology of Nutrition and Development, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A F Bernardo
- Laboratory of Physiology of Nutrition and Development, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - F A Neves
- Laboratory of Physiology of Nutrition and Development, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A B M Mattos
- Laboratory of Physiology of Nutrition and Development, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R M Guedes
- Laboratory of Physiology of Nutrition and Development, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - E Cortez
- Laboratory of Cell Culture, Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - D C Andrade
- Laboratory of Cell Culture, Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - G Lacerda-Miranda
- Laboratory of Physiology of Nutrition and Development, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - E P Garcia-Souza
- Laboratory of Physiology of Nutrition and Development, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A S Moura
- Laboratory of Physiology of Nutrition and Development, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Tumova J, Andel M, Trnka J. Excess of free fatty acids as a cause of metabolic dysfunction in skeletal muscle. Physiol Res 2015; 65:193-207. [PMID: 26447514 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is often associated with metabolic impairments in peripheral tissues. Evidence suggests an excess of free fatty acids (FFA) as one factor linking obesity and related pathological conditions and the impact of FFA overload on skeletal muscle metabolism is described herein. Obesity is associated with dysfunctional adipose tissue unable to buffer the flux of dietary lipids. Resulting increased levels and fluxes of plasma FFA lead to ectopic lipid deposition and lipotoxicity. FFA accumulated in skeletal muscle are associated with insulin resistance and overall cellular dysfunction. Mechanisms supposed to be involved in these conditions include the Randle cycle, intracellular accumulation of lipid metabolites, inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction or mitochondrial stress. These mechanisms are described and discussed in the view of current experimental evidence with an emphasis on conflicting theories of decreased vs. increased mitochondrial fat oxidation associated with lipid overload. Since different types of FFA may induce diverse metabolic responses in skeletal muscle cells, this review also focuses on cellular mechanisms underlying the different action of saturated and unsaturated FFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tumova
- Department of Nutrition and Centre for Research on Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
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113
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Paterson M, Bell KJ, O’Connell SM, Smart CE, Shafat A, King B. The Role of Dietary Protein and Fat in Glycaemic Control in Type 1 Diabetes: Implications for Intensive Diabetes Management. Curr Diab Rep 2015; 15:61. [PMID: 26202844 PMCID: PMC4512569 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-015-0630-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A primary focus of the management of type 1 diabetes has been on matching prandial insulin therapy with carbohydrate amount consumed. However, even with the introduction of more flexible intensive insulin regimes, people with type 1 diabetes still struggle to achieve optimal glycaemic control. More recently, dietary fat and protein have been recognised as having a significant impact on postprandial blood glucose levels. Fat and protein independently increase the postprandial glucose excursions and together their effect is additive. This article reviews how the fat and protein in a meal impact the postprandial glycaemic response and discusses practical approaches to managing this in clinical practice. These insights have significant implications for patient education, mealtime insulin dose calculations and dosing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Paterson
- />Department of Paediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, John Hunter Children’s Hospital, Newcastle, NSW Australia
- />Hunter Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Rankin Park, NSW Australia
| | - Kirstine J. Bell
- />Hunter Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Rankin Park, NSW Australia
| | - Susan M. O’Connell
- />Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Carmel E. Smart
- />Department of Paediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, John Hunter Children’s Hospital, Newcastle, NSW Australia
- />Hunter Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Rankin Park, NSW Australia
| | - Amir Shafat
- />Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Bruce King
- />Department of Paediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, John Hunter Children’s Hospital, Newcastle, NSW Australia
- />Hunter Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Rankin Park, NSW Australia
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114
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Ahima RS, Park HK. Connecting Myokines and Metabolism. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2015; 30:235-45. [PMID: 26248861 PMCID: PMC4595346 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2015.30.3.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the largest organ of the body in non-obese individuals and is now considered to be an endocrine organ. Hormones (myokines) secreted by skeletal muscle mediate communications between muscle and liver, adipose tissue, brain, and other organs. Myokines affect muscle mass and myofiber switching, and have profound effects on glucose and lipid metabolism and inflammation, thus contributing to energy homeostasis and the pathogenesis of obesity, diabetes, and other diseases. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the biology of myokines and provide an assessment of their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rexford S Ahima
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, and the Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Hyeong Kyu Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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115
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Loro E, Seifert EL, Moffat C, Romero F, Mishra MK, Sun Z, Krajacic P, Anokye-Danso F, Summer RS, Ahima RS, Khurana TS. IL-15Rα is a determinant of muscle fuel utilization, and its loss protects against obesity. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 309:R835-44. [PMID: 26269523 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00505.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-15Rα is the widely expressed primary binding partner for IL-15. Because of the wide distribution in nonlymphoid tissues like skeletal muscle, adipose, or liver, IL-15/IL-15Rα take part in physiological and metabolic processes not directly related to immunity. In fast muscle, lack of IL-15Rα promotes an oxidative switch, with increased mitochondrial biogenesis and fatigue resistance. These effects are predicted to reproduce some of the benefits of exercise and, therefore, improve energy homeostasis. However, the direct effects of IL-15Rα on metabolism and obesity are currently unknown. We report that mice lacking IL-15Rα (IL-15Rα(-/-)) are resistant to diet-induced obesity (DIO). High-fat diet-fed IL-15Rα(-/-) mice have less body and liver fat accumulation than controls. The leaner phenotype is associated with increased energy expenditure and enhanced fatty acid oxidation by muscle mitochondria. Despite being protected against DIO, IL-15Rα(-/-) are hyperglycemic and insulin-resistant. These findings identify novel roles for IL-15Rα in metabolism and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Loro
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Erin L Seifert
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology and MitoCare Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cynthia Moffat
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology and MitoCare Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Freddy Romero
- Department of Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Manoj K Mishra
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Zheng Sun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Predrag Krajacic
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lewisburg, West Virginia; and
| | - Frederick Anokye-Danso
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ross S Summer
- Department of Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Rexford S Ahima
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tejvir S Khurana
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;
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116
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Obesity and kidney disease: differential effects of obesity on adipose tissue and kidney inflammation and fibrosis. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2015; 24:28-36. [PMID: 25470014 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide a perspective by investigating the potential cross-talk between the adipose tissue and the kidney during obesity. RECENT FINDINGS It is well established that excessive caloric intake contributes to organ injury. The associated increased adiposity initiates a cascade of cellular events that leads to progressive obesity-associated diseases such as kidney disease. Recent evidence has indicated that adipose tissue produces bioactive substances that contribute to obesity-related kidney disease, altering the renal function and structure. In parallel, proinflammatory processes within the adipose tissue can also lead to pathophysiological changes in the kidney during the obese state. SUMMARY Despite considerable efforts to better characterize the pathophysiology of obesity-related metabolic disease, there are still a lack of efficient therapeutic strategies. New strategies focused on regulating adipose function with respect to AMP-activated protein kinase activation, NADPH oxidase function, and TGF-β may contribute to reducing adipose inflammation that may also provide renoprotection.
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117
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Madison BN, Tavakoli S, Kramer S, Bernier NJ. Chronic cortisol and the regulation of food intake and the endocrine growth axis in rainbow trout. J Endocrinol 2015; 226:103-19. [PMID: 26101374 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To gain a better understanding of the mechanisms by which cortisol suppresses growth during chronic stress in fish, we characterized the effects of chronic cortisol on food intake, mass gain, the expression of appetite-regulating factors, and the activity of the GH/IGF axis. Fish given osmotic pumps that maintained plasma cortisol levels at ∼70 or 116 ng/ml for 34 days were sampled 14, 28 and 42 days post-implantation. Relative to shams, the cortisol treatments reduced food intake by 40-60% and elicited marked increases in liver leptin (lep-a1) and brain preoptic area (POA) corticotropin-releasing factor (crf) mRNA levels. The cortisol treatments also elicited 40-80% reductions in mass gain associated with increases in pituitary gh, liver gh receptor (ghr), liver igfI and igf binding protein (igfbp)-1 and -2 mRNA levels, reduced plasma GH and no change in plasma IGF1. During recovery, while plasma GH and pituitary gh, liver ghr and igfI gene expression did not differ between treatments, the high cortisol-treated fish had lower plasma IGF1 and elevated liver igfbp1 mRNA levels. Finally, the cortisol-treated fish had higher plasma glucose levels, reduced liver glycogen and lipid reserves, and muscle lipid content. Thus, our findings suggest that the growth-suppressing effects of chronic cortisol in rainbow trout result from reduced food intake mediated at least in part by increases in liver lep-a1 and POA crf mRNA, from sustained increases in hepatic igfbp1 expression that reduce the growth-promoting actions of the GH/IGF axis, and from a mobilization of energy reserves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry N Madison
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Sara Tavakoli
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Sarah Kramer
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Nicholas J Bernier
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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118
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Minami Y, Takaya R, Takitani K, Ishiro M, Okasora K, Niegawa T, Tamai H. Association of thyroid hormones with obesity and metabolic syndrome in Japanese children. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2015; 57:121-8. [PMID: 26388669 PMCID: PMC4566020 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.15-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with health consequences, and thyroid dysfunction may be an adaption to the increased energy expenditure in obesity. With the rising prevalence of obesity in childhood, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome may also increase. In the current study, we have shown gender differences in the association of thyroid hormones with obesity, and attempted to elucidate the relationship between thyroid hormones and anthropometric parameters and biochemical data in obese Japanese children. We analyzed anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, body composition, thyroid hormones, and lipid profiles in 283 obese children. The association between thyroid hormones and several parameters differed by gender. The free T3 to free T4 ratio (fT3/fT4) in boys was negatively associated with the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, whereas in girls, thyroid-stimulating hormone levels were positively correlated with levels of glucose, diastolic blood pressure, and non-high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and fT3/fT4 was positively correlated with uric acid levels. FT3/fT4 in boys with metabolic syndrome was relatively higher than in those without metabolic syndrome. The cause of gender differences is unknown. Therefore, further studies with larger sample sizes and a long-term follow-up period are needed to address the influence of thyroid hormones on various parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Minami
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Ryuzo Takaya
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Kimitaka Takitani
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Manabu Ishiro
- Department of Pediatrics, Saiseikai Suita Hospital, 1-2 Kawazonocho, Suita, Osaka 564-0013, Japan
| | - Keisuke Okasora
- Department of Pediatrics, Hirakata City Hospital, 2-14-1 Kinyahonmachi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1013, Japan
| | - Tomomi Niegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tamai
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
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119
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Jones N, Piasecka J, Bryant AH, Jones RH, Skibinski DOF, Francis NJ, Thornton CA. Bioenergetic analysis of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 182:69-80. [PMID: 26032049 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucocytes respond rapidly to pathogenic and other insults, with responses ranging from cytokine production to migration and phagocytosis. These are bioenergetically expensive, and increased glycolytic flux provides adenosine triphosphate (ATP) rapidly to support these essential functions. However, much of this work is from animal studies. To understand more clearly the relative role of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in human leucocytes, especially their utility in a translational research setting, we undertook a study of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNCs) bioenergetics. Glycolysis was essential during lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α production, as 2-deoxy-D-glucose decreased significantly the output of all three cytokines. After optimizing cell numbers and the concentrations of all activators and inhibitors, oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis profiles of fresh and cryopreserved/resuscitated MNCs were determined to explore the utility of MNCs for determining the bioenergetics health profile in multiple clinical settings. While the LPS-induced cytokine response did not differ significantly between fresh and resuscitated cells from the same donors, cryopreservation/resuscitation significantly affected mainly some measures of oxidative phosphorylation, but also glycolysis. Bioenergetics analysis of human MNCs provides a quick, effective means to measure the bioenergetics health index of many individuals, but cryopreserved cells are not suitable for such an analysis. The translational utility of this approach was tested by comparing MNCs of pregnant and non-pregnant women to reveal increased bioenergetics health index with pregnancy but significantly reduced basal glycolysis and glycolytic capacity. More detailed analysis of discrete leucocyte populations would be required to understand the relative roles of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation during inflammation and other immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Jones
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - J Piasecka
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - A H Bryant
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - R H Jones
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - D O F Skibinski
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Nigel J Francis
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - C A Thornton
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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Rodriguez-Araujo G, Nakagami H, Takami Y, Katsuya T, Akasaka H, Saitoh S, Shimamoto K, Morishita R, Rakugi H, Kaneda Y. Low alpha-synuclein levels in the blood are associated with insulin resistance. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12081. [PMID: 26159928 PMCID: PMC4498217 DOI: 10.1038/srep12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the protein alpha-synuclein (SNCA) have been linked to Parkinson's disease. We recently reported that non-mutated SNCA enhanced glucose uptake through the Gab1-PI3 kinase-Akt pathway and elucidated its effects on glucose regulation. Here, we examined the association of SNCA with insulin resistance (IR), a condition that is characterized by decreased tissue glucose uptake. Our observations include those from a population study as well as a SNCA-deficient mouse model, which had not previously been characterized in an IR scenario. In 1,152 patients, we found that serum SNCA levels were inversely correlated with IR indicators--body mass index, homeostatic model assessment for IR (HOMA-IR) and immunoreactive insulin (IRI)--and, to a lesser extent, with blood pressure and age. Additionally, SNCA-deficient mice displayed alterations in glucose and insulin responses during diet-induced IR. Moreover, during euglycemic clamp assessments, SNCA knock-out mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) showed severe IR in adipose tissues and skeletal muscle. These findings provide new insights into IR and diabetes and point to SNCA as a potential candidate for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yoichi Takami
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Katsuya
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Akasaka
- Sapporo Medical University Hospital, Second Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Shigeyuki Saitoh
- Sapporo Medical University Hospital, Second Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Kazuaki Shimamoto
- Sapporo Medical University Hospital, Second Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Ryuichi Morishita
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiromi Rakugi
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Schuchard J, Winkler M, Stölting I, Schuster F, Vogt FM, Barkhausen J, Thorns C, Santos RA, Bader M, Raasch W. Lack of weight gain after angiotensin AT1 receptor blockade in diet-induced obesity is partly mediated by an angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas-dependent pathway. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:3764-78. [PMID: 25906670 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonists induce weight loss; however, the mechanism underlying this phenomenon is unknown. The Mas receptor agonist angiotensin-(1-7) is a metabolite of angiotensin I and of angiotensin II . As an agonist of Mas receptors, angiotensin-(1-7) has beneficial cardiovascular and metabolic effects. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We investigated the anti-obesity effects of transgenically overexpressed angiotensin-(1-7) in rats. We secondly examined whether weight loss due to telmisartan (8 mg·kg(-1) ·d(-1) ) in diet-induced obese Sprague Dawley (SD) rats can be blocked when the animals were co-treated with the Mas receptor antagonist A779 (24 or 72 μg·kg(-1) ·d(-1) ). KEY RESULTS In contrast to wild-type controls, transgenic rats overexpressing angiotensin-(1-7) had 1.) diminished body weight when they were regularly fed with chow; 2.) were protected from developing obesity although they were fed with cafeteria diet (CD); 3.) showed a reduced energy intake that was mainly related to a lower CD intake; 5.) remained responsive to leptin despite chronic CD feeding; 6.) had a higher, strain-dependent energy expenditure, and 7.) were protected from developing insulin resistance despite CD feeding. Telmisartan-induced weight loss in SD rats was partially antagonized after a high, but not a low dose of A779. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Angiotensin-(1-7) regulated food intake and body weight and contributed to the weight loss after AT1 receptor blockade. Angiotensin-(1-7)-like agonists may be drug candidates for treating obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Schuchard
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Martina Winkler
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ines Stölting
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Franziska Schuster
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Florian M Vogt
- Department for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jörg Barkhausen
- Department for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christoph Thorns
- Department of Pathology, University Clinic Schleswig-Holstein, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Robson A Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Michael Bader
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Walter Raasch
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Naville D, Labaronne E, Vega N, Pinteur C, Canet-Soulas E, Vidal H, Le Magueresse-Battistoni B. Metabolic outcome of female mice exposed to a mixture of low-dose pollutants in a diet-induced obesity model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124015. [PMID: 25909471 PMCID: PMC4409066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pollutants are suspected to contribute to the etiology of obesity and related metabolic disorders. Apart from occupational exposure which concerns a subset of chemicals, humans are mostly exposed to a large variety of chemicals, all life-long and at low doses. Food ingestion is a major route of exposure and it is suggested that pollutants have a worsened impact when combined with a high-fat diet. In the experimental studies described herein, we aimed to add further evidence on the metabolic impact of food pollutants using a recently set up model in which mice are life-long fed a high-fat/high-sucrose diet (HFSD) with/without common food pollutants shown to exhibit metabolic disrupting activities. Specifically, this mixture comprised bisphenol A, dioxin, polychlorobiphenyl PCB153, and phthalate and was added in HFSD at doses resulting in mice exposure at the Tolerable Daily Intake dose range for each pollutant. We herein focused on the 7-week-old females which exhibited early signs of obesity upon HFSD feeding. We observed no signs of toxicity and no additional weight gain following exposure to the mixture but alleviated HFSD-induced glucose intolerance in the absence of alteration of gluconeogenesis and steatosis. It suggested that the observed metabolic improvement was more likely due to effects on muscle and/or adipose tissues rather than on the liver. Consistently, female mice exhibited enhanced lean/fat mass ratio and skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity. Moreover, expression levels of inflammatory markers were reduced in adipose tissue at 7 but enhanced at 12 weeks of age in agreement with the inverse alterations of glucose tolerance observed at these ages upon pollutant exposure in the HFSD-fed females. Collectively, these data suggest apparent biphasic effects of pollutants upon HFSD feeding along with obesity development. These effects were not observed in males and may depend on interactions between diet and pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Naville
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM U1060, Lyon-1 University, INRA UMR1397, INSA-Lyon, Oullins, France
| | - Emmanuel Labaronne
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM U1060, Lyon-1 University, INRA UMR1397, INSA-Lyon, Oullins, France
| | - Nathalie Vega
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM U1060, Lyon-1 University, INRA UMR1397, INSA-Lyon, Oullins, France
| | - Claudie Pinteur
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM U1060, Lyon-1 University, INRA UMR1397, INSA-Lyon, Oullins, France
| | - Emmanuelle Canet-Soulas
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM U1060, Lyon-1 University, INRA UMR1397, INSA-Lyon, Oullins, France
| | - Hubert Vidal
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM U1060, Lyon-1 University, INRA UMR1397, INSA-Lyon, Oullins, France
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Cruz-Garcia L, Sánchez-Gurmaches J, Monroy M, Gutiérrez J, Navarro I. Regulation of lipid metabolism and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in rainbow trout adipose tissue by lipolytic and antilipolytic endocrine factors. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2015; 51:86-95. [PMID: 25594950 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I on glycerol release and the regulation of IGF-I and IGF-II expression by GH in isolated rainbow trout adipocytes. Cells were also incubated with GH, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), or insulin to analyze the gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and lipid metabolism markers: hormone sensitive lipase, fatty acid synthase (FAS), and lipoprotein lipase. Complimentary in vivo experiments were performed by intraperitoneally administering insulin, TNFα, or lipopolysaccharide and subjecting the animals to fasting and refeeding periods. The results showed that IGF-I had an antilipolytic effect and GH had a lipolytic effect; the latter occurred independently of IGF modulation and in conjunction with a reduction in PPARα expression in adipocytes. The anabolic action of insulin was demonstrated through its upregulation of lipogenic genes such as lipoprotein lipase, FAS, and PPARγ, whereas GH, by contrast, inhibited FAS expression in adipose tissue. The gene transcription levels of PPARs changed differentially during fasting and refeeding, and the TNFα and/or lipopolysaccharide administration suggested that the regulation of PPARs helps maintain metabolic adipose tissue homeostasis in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cruz-Garcia
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - J Sánchez-Gurmaches
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - M Monroy
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - J Gutiérrez
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - I Navarro
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
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Tandelilin AAK, Hirase T, Hudoyo AW, Cheng J, Toyama K, Morisaki H, Morisaki T. AMPD1 regulates mTORC1-p70 S6 kinase axis in the control of insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle. BMC Endocr Disord 2015; 15:11. [PMID: 25887856 PMCID: PMC4520000 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-015-0010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin resistance triggered by excess fat is a key pathogenic factor that promotes type 2 diabetes. Understanding molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance may lead to the identification of a novel therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes. AMPD1, an isoform of AMP deaminase (AMPD), is suggested to play roles in the regulation of glucose metabolism through controlling AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation. We reported that the diet-induced insulin resistance was improved in AMPD1-deficient mice compared to wild type mice. To further delineate this observation, we studied changes of insulin signaling in skeletal muscle of wild type (WT) and AMPD1-deficient mice. METHODS Phosphorylation levels of kinases and expression levels of mTOR components were quantified by immunoblotting using protein extracts from tissues. The interaction between mTOR and Raptor was determined by immunoblotting of mTOR immunoprecipitates with anti-Raptor antibody. Gene expression was studied by quantitative PCR using RNA extracted from tissues. RESULTS Phosphorylation levels of AMPK, Akt and p70 S6 kinase in skeletal muscle were higher in AMPD1-deficient mice compared to WT mice after high fat diet challenge, while they did not show such difference in normal chow diet. Also, no significant changes in phosphorylation levels of AMPK, Akt or p70 S6 kinase were observed in liver and white adipose tissue between WT and AMPD1-deficient mice. The expression levels of mTOR, Raptor and Rictor tended to be increased by AMPD1 deficiency compared to WT after high fat diet challenge. AMPD1 deficiency increased Raptor-bound mTOR in skeletal muscle compared to WT after high fat diet challenge. Gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α and β, downstream targets of p70 S6 kinase, in skeletal muscles was not changed significantly by AMPD1 deficiency compared to the wild type after high fat diet challenge. CONCLUSION These data suggest that AMPD1 deficiency activates AMPK/Akt/mTORC1/p70 S6 kinase axis in skeletal muscle after high fat diet challenge, but not in normal chow diet. These changes may contribute to improve insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas A K Tandelilin
- Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565, Japan.
- Department of Molecular Imaging in Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Tetsuaki Hirase
- Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565, Japan.
| | - Athanasius W Hudoyo
- Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565, Japan.
- Department of Molecular Imaging in Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Jidong Cheng
- Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565, Japan.
- Present address: Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515031, P R China.
| | - Keiko Toyama
- Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565, Japan.
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Hiroko Morisaki
- Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565, Japan.
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Morisaki
- Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565, Japan.
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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Lee SR, Ko TH, Kim HK, Marquez J, Ko KS, Rhee BD, Han J. Influence of starvation on heart contractility and corticosterone level in rats. Pflugers Arch 2015; 467:2351-60. [PMID: 25784619 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-015-1701-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The physiological changes, including cardiac modification, that occur during starvation are not yet completely understood. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of a 2-week starvation period on heart contractility, muscle mass, and irisin and corticosterone levels in rats. Rats in the starved group showed a significant reduction in the body, heart, kidney, and muscle weight (n = 23, p < 0.05). Blood glucose, total protein, and albumin showed a 44, 17.5, and 10.3 % reduction, respectively (p < 0.05). Lipid reserves, such as total lipid, triglyceride, and free fatty acid, were also comparably reduced (p < 0.05). However, the bilirubin, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and creatine kinase levels were higher than in the control group (p < 0.05). The blood irisin level was unchanged, but the stress-related corticosterone level was significantly higher in the starved group. The differences observed in M-mode echocardiography were further compared with the body-weight-matched control group. Starvation reduced the left ventricle mass; however, this difference was not significant compared with the body-weight-matched group (p > 0.05). In the starvation group, the impairment of cardiac output was dependent on the reduction in stroke volume and heart rate. Starvation induced a severe reduction in ejection fraction and fractional shortening when compared with the body-weight-matched control group (p < 0.05). In summary, prolonged starvation, which leads to a deficiency of available nutrition, increases the stress-related corticosterone level, impairs the cardiac output, and is associated with changes in cardiac morphogeometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ryul Lee
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Bokji-Ro 57, Busanjin-gu, Busan, 614-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hee Ko
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Bokji-Ro 57, Busanjin-gu, Busan, 614-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Kyu Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Bokji-Ro 57, Busanjin-gu, Busan, 614-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Jubert Marquez
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Bokji-Ro 57, Busanjin-gu, Busan, 614-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Soo Ko
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Bokji-Ro 57, Busanjin-gu, Busan, 614-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Doo Rhee
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Bokji-Ro 57, Busanjin-gu, Busan, 614-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Han
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Bokji-Ro 57, Busanjin-gu, Busan, 614-735, Republic of Korea.
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The multifaceted factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in metabolism, immunity, and cancer. Arch Pharm Res 2015; 38:302-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-015-0559-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Cheng J, Morisaki H, Toyama K, Sugimoto N, Shintani T, Tandelilin A, Hirase T, Holmes EW, Morisaki T. AMPD1: a novel therapeutic target for reversing insulin resistance. BMC Endocr Disord 2014; 14:96. [PMID: 25511531 PMCID: PMC4274759 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6823-14-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin resistance is one of the hallmark manifestations of obesity and Type II diabetes and reversal of this pathogenic abnormality is an attractive target for new therapies for Type II diabetes. A recent report that metformin, a drug known to reverse insulin resistance, demonstrated in vitro the metformin can inhibit AMP deaminase (AMPD) activity. Skeletal muscle is one of the primary organs contributing to insulin resistance and that the AMPD1 gene is selectively expressed at high levels in skeletal muscle. METHODS Recognizing the background above, we asked if genetic disruption of the AMPD1 gene might ameliorate the manifestations of insulin resistance. AMPD1 deficient homozygous mice and control mice fed normal chow diet or a high-fat diet, and blood analysis, glucose tolerance test and insulin tolerance test were performed. Also, skeletal muscle metabolism and gene expression including nucleotide levels and activation of AMP activated protein kinase (AMP kinase) were evaluated in both conditions. RESULTS Disruption of the AMPD1 gene leads to a less severe state of insulin resistance, improved glucose tolerance and enhanced insulin clearance in mice fed a high fat diet. Given the central role of AMP kinase in insulin action, and its response to changes in AMP concentrations in the cell, we examined the skeletal muscle of the AMPD1 deficient mice and found that they have greater AMP kinase activity as evidenced by higher levels of phosphorylated AMP kinase. CONCLUSIONS Taken together these data suggest that AMPD may be a new drug target for the reversal of insulin resistance and the treatment of Type II diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jidong Cheng
- />Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan
- />Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515031 P. R. China
| | - Hiroko Morisaki
- />Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan
| | - Keiko Toyama
- />Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan
- />Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naomi Sugimoto
- />Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan
- />Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuya Shintani
- />Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan
- />Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Andreas Tandelilin
- />Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan
| | - Tetsuaki Hirase
- />Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan
| | - Edward W Holmes
- />Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Takayuki Morisaki
- />Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan
- />Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Talbot NA, Wheeler-Jones CP, Cleasby ME. Palmitoleic acid prevents palmitic acid-induced macrophage activation and consequent p38 MAPK-mediated skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 393:129-42. [PMID: 24973767 PMCID: PMC4148479 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and saturated fatty acid (SFA) treatment are both associated with skeletal muscle insulin resistance (IR) and increased macrophage infiltration. However, the relative effects of SFA and unsaturated fatty acid (UFA)-activated macrophages on muscle are unknown. Here, macrophages were treated with palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid or both and the effects of the conditioned medium (CM) on C2C12 myotubes investigated. CM from palmitic acid-treated J774s (palm-mac-CM) impaired insulin signalling and insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis, reduced Inhibitor κBα and increased phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase in myotubes. p38 MAPK inhibition or siRNA partially ameliorated these defects, as did addition of tumour necrosis factor-α blocking antibody to the CM. Macrophages incubated with both FAs generated CM that did not induce IR, while palmitoleic acid-mac-CM alone was insulin sensitising. Thus UFAs may improve muscle insulin sensitivity and counteract SFA-mediated IR through an effect on macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola A Talbot
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Caroline P Wheeler-Jones
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Mark E Cleasby
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK.
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The complement system in human cardiometabolic disease. Mol Immunol 2014; 61:135-48. [PMID: 25017306 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The complement system has been implicated in obesity, fatty liver, diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Complement factors are produced in adipose tissue and appear to be involved in adipose tissue metabolism and local inflammation. Thereby complement links adipose tissue inflammation to systemic metabolic derangements, such as low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia. Furthermore, complement has been implicated in pathophysiological mechanisms of diet- and alcohol induced liver damage, hyperglycaemia, endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis and fibrinolysis. In this review, we summarize current evidence on the role of the complement system in several processes of human cardiometabolic disease. C3 is the central component in complement activation, and has most widely been studied in humans. C3 concentrations are associated with insulin resistance, liver dysfunction, risk of the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and CVD. C3 can be activated by the classical, the lectin and the alternative pathway of complement activation; and downstream activation of C3 activates the terminal pathway. Complement may also be activated via extrinsic proteases of the coagulation, fibrinolysis and the kinin systems. Studies on the different complement activation pathways in human cardiometabolic disease are limited, but available evidence suggests that they may have distinct roles in processes underlying cardiometabolic disease. The lectin pathway appeared beneficial in some studies on type 2 diabetes and CVD, while factors of the classical and the alternative pathway were related to unfavourable cardiometabolic traits. The terminal complement pathway was also implicated in insulin resistance and liver disease, and appears to have a prominent role in acute and advanced CVD. The available human data suggest a complex and potentially causal role for the complement system in human cardiometabolic disease. Further, preferably longitudinal studies are needed to disentangle which aspects of the complement system and complement activation affect the different processes in human cardiometabolic disease.
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MacDonald LE, Alderman SL, Kramer S, Woo PTK, Bernier NJ. Hypoxemia-induced leptin secretion: a mechanism for the control of food intake in diseased fish. J Endocrinol 2014; 221:441-55. [PMID: 24741070 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is a potent anorexigen, but little is known about the physiological conditions under which this cytokine regulates food intake in fish. In this study, we characterized the relationships between food intake, O2-carrying capacity, liver leptin-A1 (lep-a1) gene expression, and plasma leptin-A1 in rainbow trout infected with a pathogenic hemoflagellate, Cryptobia salmositica. As lep gene expression is hypoxia-sensitive and Cryptobia-infected fish are anemic, we hypothesized that Cryptobia-induced anorexia is mediated by leptin. A 14-week time course experiment revealed that Cryptobia-infected fish experience a transient 75% reduction in food intake, a sharp initial drop in hematocrit and hemoglobin levels followed by a partial recovery, a transient 17-fold increase in lep-a1 gene expression, and a sustained increase in plasma leptin-A1 levels. In the hypothalamus, peak anorexia was associated with decreases in mRNA levels of neuropeptide Y (npy) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (cart), and increases in agouti-related protein (agrp) and pro-opiomelanocortin A2 (pomc). In contrast, in non-infected fish pair-fed to infected animals, lep-a1 gene expression and plasma levels did not differ from those of non-infected satiated fish. Pair-fed fish were also characterized by increases in hypothalamic npy and agrp, no changes in pomc-a2, and a reduction in cart mRNA expression. Finally, peak infection was characterized by a significant positive correlation between O2-carrying capacity and food intake. These findings show that hypoxemia, and not feed restriction, stimulates leptin-A1 secretion in Cryptobia-infected rainbow trout and suggest that leptin contributes to anorexia by inhibiting hypothalamic npy and stimulating pomc-a2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E MacDonald
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Sarah L Alderman
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Sarah Kramer
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Patrick T K Woo
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Nicholas J Bernier
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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Sakiyama S, Usuki T, Sakai H, Sakane F. Regulation of diacylglycerol kinase δ2 expression in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells by free fatty acids. Lipids 2014; 49:633-40. [PMID: 24852321 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-014-3912-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Decreased expression of diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) δ in skeletal muscles is closely related to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. However, the regulation of DGKδ expression is not well understood. In this study, we found that myristic acid (14:0) significantly increased DGKδ2 protein expression in a dose-dependent manner (EC(50) = 0.16 mM) in mouse C2C12 myotubes. In contrast, oleic [18:1(n-9)], eicosenoic [20:1(n-9)] and erucic [22:1(n-9)] acids markedly decreased DGKδ2 expression. Myristic acid slowly enhanced DGKδ2 expression at the transcription level. Therefore, DGKδ2 expression is positively regulated by the relatively short-chain saturated fatty acid myristic acid but attenuated by n-9 monounsaturated fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuka Sakiyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
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Schiano C, Casamassimi A, Vietri MT, Rienzo M, Napoli C. The roles of mediator complex in cardiovascular diseases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1839:444-51. [PMID: 24751643 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent treatment advances, an increase in cardiovascular diseases (CVD) mortality is expected for the next years. Mediator (MED) complex plays key roles in eukaryotic gene transcription. Currently, while numerous studies have correlated MED alterations with several diseases, like cancer or neurological disorders, fewer studies have investigated MED role in CVD initiation and progression. The first finding of MED involvement in these pathologies was the correlation of missense mutations in MED13L gene with transposition of the great arteries. Nowadays, also MED13 and MED15 have been associated with human congenital heart diseases and others could be added, like MED12 that is involved in early mouse development and heart formation. Interestingly, a missense mutation in MED30 gene causes a progressive cardiomyopathy in homozygous mice suggesting a potential role for this subunit also in human CVDs. Moreover, several subunits like MED1, MED13, MED14, MED15, MED23, MED25 and CDK8 exert important roles in glucose and lipid metabolism. Although these evidences derive from in vitro and animal model studies, they indicate that their deregulation may have a significant role in human CVD-related metabolic disorders. Finally, alternative transcripts of MED12, MED19 and MED30 are differently expressed in circulating endothelial progenitor cells thus suggesting they can play a role in the field of regenerative medicine. Overall, further functional studies exploring MED role in human CVD are warranted. The results could allow identifying novel biomarkers to use in combination with imaging techniques for early diagnosis; otherwise, they could be useful to develop targets for novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Schiano
- Institute of Diagnostic and Nuclear Development (SDN), IRCCS, Via E. Gianturco 113, 80143 Naples, Italy
| | - Amelia Casamassimi
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Teresa Vietri
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Rienzo
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Napoli
- Institute of Diagnostic and Nuclear Development (SDN), IRCCS, Via E. Gianturco 113, 80143 Naples, Italy; Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy; U.O.C. Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology [SIMT], Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology [LIT], Azienda Universitaria Policlinico (AOU), 1st School of Medicine, Second University of Naples, Piazza Miraglia 2, 80138 Naples, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaodong Guo
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, 1901 South 1st Street, Building 205, Temple, Texas 76504, USA Scott & White, Temple, Texas 76504, USA Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas 76504, USA
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