101
|
Kassman A, Wollter F, Eriksson M. The selective child welfare funnel. Children's exposure to violence and CWS investigations in Sweden. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 144:106356. [PMID: 37478732 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research indicates that child welfare services reach out to children exposed to violence unequally depending on the child's social background, living conditions and violence type. OBJECTIVE Based on the notion of selective recognition of vulnerability and risk, this study explores which children CWS pursue to a complete child welfare investigation. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING A register was set up including all children (n = 1764) between 7 and 12 years that were investigated for suspected exposure to violence by CWS in the municipality of the City of Stockholm, Sweden, in 2019. METHODS This cohort was systematically compared to demographic data and national self-report prevalence studies to explore possible biases regarding which children CWS investigates. Descriptive analysis, cluster analysis and logistic regressions were used. RESULTS The results confirm previous research that children exposed to violence have reduced access to material resources and inferior living conditions compared to non-exposed children. Physical abuse is more prevalent among boys of foreign backgrounds in stable, two-parent families residing in higher-status suburbs. Conversely, neglect is more common among children of Swedish backgrounds in low-income, single-parent households living in low-status suburbs. In comparison with self-reported prevalence studies, sexual and psychological abuse seem underrepresented in the study group, while neglect and violence in the family are relatively more frequently investigated compared to self-reported prevalence studies. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that CWS should develop its methods to reach certain vulnerable groups that are underrepresented for safeguarding and support, for example, girls exposed to sexual abuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Kassman
- Marie Cederschiöld University, Department of Social Sciences, Folkungagatan 127, Box 11189, SE-100 61 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Filip Wollter
- Marie Cederschiöld University, Department of Social Sciences, Folkungagatan 127, Box 11189, SE-100 61 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Maria Eriksson
- Marie Cederschiöld University, Department of Social Sciences, Folkungagatan 127, Box 11189, SE-100 61 Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Yoon S, Speyer R, Cordier R, Aunio P, Hakkarainen A. A Systematic Review on Evaluating Responsiveness of Parent- or Caregiver-Reported Child Maltreatment Measures for Interventions. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:2297-2318. [PMID: 35603524 PMCID: PMC10518736 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221093690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aims: Child maltreatment (CM) is a global public health and social problem, resulting in serious long-term health and socioeconomic consequences. As parents are the most common perpetrators of CM, parenting interventions are appropriate strategies to prevent CM. However, research on parenting interventions on CM has been hampered by lack of consensus on what measures are most responsive to detect a reduction in parental maltreating behaviours after parenting intervention. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the responsiveness of all current parent- or caregiver-reported CM measures. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in CINAHL, Embase, ERIC, PsycINFO, PubMed and Sociological Abstracts. The quality of studies and responsiveness of the measures were evaluated using the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) guidelines for systematic reviews of patient-reported outcome measures. Only measures developed and published in English were included. Studies reporting data on responsiveness of the included measures were selected. Results: Sixty-nine articles reported on responsiveness of 15 identified measures. The study quality was overall adequate. The responsiveness of the measures was overall insufficient or not reported; high-quality evidence on responsiveness was limited. Conclusions: Only the Physical Abuse subscale of the ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool for use in Trials (ICAST-Trial) can be recommended as most responsive for use in parenting interventions, with high-quality evidence supporting sufficient responsiveness. All other overall scales or subscales of the 15 included measures were identified as promising based on current data on responsiveness. Additional psychometric evidence is required before they can be recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangwon Yoon
- Department of Special Needs Education, Faculty of Education, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Renée Speyer
- Department of Special Needs Education, Faculty of Education, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Reinie Cordier
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Social Work, Education and Community Wellbeing, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Pirjo Aunio
- Department of Special Needs Education, Faculty of Education, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Education, Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | |
Collapse
|
103
|
Huang F, Wang Y, Yang J, Zhang F, Wang X, Xiang Y, Yang W, Zhou Y, Fan L, Du W. Pattern of lifestyle behaviors and associated risk of being bullied at schools: A latent class analysis of 25,379 adolescents in Jiangsu Province of China. Res Nurs Health 2023; 46:515-526. [PMID: 37525309 DOI: 10.1002/nur.22331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
School bullying is a worldwide problem. Although previous studies examined the association between different lifestyle behaviors and bullying victimization, the complex co-occurrence of these behaviors was not identified, and their association with the risk of being bullied remains unclear. We aimed to identify the behavioral patterns of adolescents and to explore their association with bullying victimization. This cross-sectional study employed data from the "Surveillance for Common Diseases and Health Risk Factors among Students" project implemented in Jiangsu Province of China in 2019, and a total of 25,379 school-enrolled students were included. We used a latent class analysis to identify behavioral patterns and a regression mixture model to explore various demographic characteristics, such as age, sex, and family structure in relation to bullying victimization across different patterns. We considered respondents having targeted behaviors, including smoking, alcohol consumption, illicit drug use, sugar consumption, no fruit consumption, low physical activity, electronic media use, and insufficient sleep. Four behavioral patterns were identified, including the "adolescents without apparent targeted behaviors" (19.65%), "substance and electronic media users" (12.76%), "typical electronic media users" (54.49%), and "typical substance users" (8.10%). The risk of being bullied was the highest in the "substance and electronic media users" (probability: 0.33), tripled that in "adolescents without apparent targeted behaviors" (odds ratio: 3.60, 95% confidence interval: 3.01-4.30). Risk of being bullied was reduced for those "substance and electronic media users" living with a nuclear family. Behavioral patterns and their association with being bullied differ between groups of school-aged adolescents. To better inform decision-making based on the current real-world findings, the implementation of bullying prevention programs could target specific behavioral patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health Promotion, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health Promotion, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fengyun Zhang
- Division of Child and Youth Health, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health Promotion, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yao Xiang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health Promotion, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenyi Yang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health Promotion, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yonglin Zhou
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health Promotion, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lijun Fan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Du
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Pearson I, Page S, Zimmerman C, Meinck F, Gennari F, Guedes A, Stöckl H. The Co-Occurrence of Intimate Partner Violence and Violence Against Children: A Systematic Review on Associated Factors in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:2097-2114. [PMID: 35481390 PMCID: PMC10486154 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221082943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Violence against women (VAW) and violence against children (VAC) are public health issues of global concern. Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a commonly occurring form of VAW and there is evidence to suggest that IPV and VAC frequently co-occur within the same families. This systematic literature review searched for studies published in any language between 1st January 2000 to 16th February 2021 and identified 33 studies that provided findings for co-occurring IPV and VAC in 24 low- and middle-income countries (PROSPERO: CRD42020180179). These studies were split into subgroups based on the types of co-occurring violence they present and meta-analyses were conducted to calculate pooled odds ratios (ORs) within these subgroups. Our results indicate a significant association between IPV and VAC, with all pooled ORs showing a significant positive association between the two. Almost half of the studies focused exclusively on co-occurrence between male-to-female IPV and female caregiver-to-child VAC; few authors reported on male caregiver-to-child violence. Only three studies identified risk factors for co-occurring IPV and VAC, and those that did suggested conflicting findings on the risks associated with maternal age, alcohol and drug use, and parental education level. We also found incongruity in the violence definitions and measurements used across studies. Future research should aim to develop more consistent definitions and measurements for co-occurrence and move beyond solely examining dyadic and unidirectional violence occurrence in families; this will allow us to better understand the interrelationships between these different forms of abuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Pearson
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sabrina Page
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Cathy Zimmerman
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Franziska Meinck
- School of Social and Political Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | - Heidi Stöckl
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Mohammadi H, Roochi MM, Heidar H, Garajei A, Dallband M, Sadeghi M, Fatahian R, Tadakamadla SK. A meta-analysis to evaluate the prevalence of maxillofacial trauma caused by various etiologies among children and adolescents. Dent Traumatol 2023; 39:403-417. [PMID: 37073864 DOI: 10.1111/edt.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Children and adolescents who are affected by trauma may have complications that are more serious and dangerous. Herein, a meta-analysis to evaluate the prevalence of maxillofacial trauma caused by various etiologies according to the geographic regions of the world among children and adolescents was conducted. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comprehensive search was performed in four databases of PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus from January 1, 2006 until July 7, 2021. To evaluate the quality of included articles, an adapted version of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used. The prevalence of maxillofacial trauma was estimated by event rates and 95% confidence intervals in relation to etiology and geographic region of study population. RESULTS Through search in the databases and the electronic sources, 3071 records were identified, and 58 studies were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. A total of 264,433 maxillofacial trauma cases were reported by all included studies. Globally, the overall prevalence of maxillofacial trauma was highest due to Road Traffic Crashes (RTC) (33.8%) followed by falls (20.7%), violence (9.9%), and sports (8.1%) in children/adolescents. The highest prevalence of maxillofacial trauma were observed in African population (48.3%) while trauma due to falls was most prevalent in Asian population (44.1%). Maxillofacial trauma due to violence (27.6%) and sports (13.3%) were highest in North Americans. CONCLUSION The findings demonstrate that RTC was the most prevalent etiology of maxillofacial trauma in the world. The prevalent causes of maxillofacial trauma differed between the regions of study population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hady Mohammadi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fellowship in Maxillofacial Trauma, Health Services, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mehrnoush Momeni Roochi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fellowship in Maxillofacial Trauma, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hosein Heidar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fellowship in Maxillofacial Trauma, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ata Garajei
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology and Reconstructive Surgery, The Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Dallband
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental School, Taleghani Hospital, Shahid Beheshti of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Sadeghi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Reza Fatahian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla
- Dentistry and Oral Health, Department of Rural Clinical Sciences, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Victoria, Bendigo, Australia
- Violet Vines Marshman Centre for Rural Health Research, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Victoria, Bendigo, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Li M, Gao T, Su Y, Zhang Y, Yang G, D'Arcy C, Meng X. The Timing Effect of Childhood Maltreatment in Depression: A Systematic Review and meta-Analysis. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:2560-2580. [PMID: 35608502 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221102558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although empirical evidence has confirmed the causal relationship between childhood maltreatment and depression, findings are inconsistent on the magnitude of the effect of age of exposure to childhood maltreatment on psychological development. This systematic review with meta-analysis aims to comprehensively synthesize the literature on the relationship between exposure age of maltreatment and depression and to quantitatively compare the magnitude of effect sizes across exposure age groups. Electronic databases and grey literature up to April 6th, 2022, were searched for English-language studies. Studies were included if they: 1) provided the information on exposure age; and 2) provided statistical indicators to examine the relationship between childhood maltreatment and depression. Fifty-eight articles met eligibility criteria and were included in meta-analyses. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on subtypes of maltreatment and measurements of depression. Any kind of maltreatment (correlation coefficient [r] = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.15-0.18), physical abuse (r =0.13, 95% CI = 0.10-0.15), sexual abuse (r = 0.18, 95% CI = 0.15-0.21), emotional abuse (r = 0.17, 95% CI=0.11-0.23), and neglect (r = 0.08, 95% CI=0.06-0.11) were associated with an increased risk of depression. Significant differential effects of maltreatment in depression were found across age groups of exposure to maltreatment (Q = 34.81, p < 0.001). Age of exposure in middle childhood (6-13 years) had the highest risk of depression, followed by late childhood (12-19 years) and early childhood (0-6 years). Implications of the findings provide robust evidence to support targeting victimized children of all ages and paying closer attention to those in middle childhood to effectively reduce the risk of depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muzi Li
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tingting Gao
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingying Su
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Yingzhe Zhang
- School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Guang Yang
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Carl D'Arcy
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Xiangfei Meng
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Brühl A, Ward CL, Lachman JM, Foran HM, Raleva M, Baban A, Heinrichs N. Co-Occurrence of Intimate Partner Violence Against Mothers and Maltreatment of Their Children With Behavioral Problems in Eastern Europe. Violence Against Women 2023; 29:2439-2463. [PMID: 37475529 PMCID: PMC10496420 DOI: 10.1177/10778012231188090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the co-occurrence of intimate partner violence (IPV) against mothers and their risk of perpetrating child maltreatment (CM) in North Macedonia, the Republic of Moldova, and Romania. Risk factors for IPV, CM, and their co-occurrence were identified. Two samples (N1 = 112, N2 = 701) of mothers with children with behavioral problems were assessed. IPV was reported by 64% of mothers, CM by 96%, and their co-occurrence by 63%. Mothers exposed to emotional IPV reported more physical and emotional CM. Mothers exposed to physical IPV reported more physical CM. Motheŕs own history of CM and offspring's behavior problems were associated with IPV and CM co-occurrence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Brühl
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Catherine L. Ward
- Department of Psychology and Safety and Violence Initiative, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Jamie M. Lachman
- Centre for Evidence-Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Heather M. Foran
- Department of Health Psychology, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Carinthia, Austria
| | - Marija Raleva
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, University of Skopje, Skopje,
North Macedonia
| | - Adriana Baban
- Department of Psychology, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj County, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Nina Heinrichs
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Thurston C, Murray AL, Franchino-Olsen H, Meinck F. Prospective longitudinal associations between adverse childhood experiences and adult mental health outcomes: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev 2023; 12:181. [PMID: 37777785 PMCID: PMC10541707 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-023-02330-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research cites a strong, dose-response relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and poor adult mental health outcomes including anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), self-harm, suicidality, and psychotic-like experiences. AIM To systematically investigate the existence and strength of association between ACEs and adult mental health outcomes in prospective longitudinal studies. The review will focus on the outcomes: anxiety, depression, PTSD, self-harm, suicidal ideation, and psychotic-like experiences. METHODS Twelve electronic databases will be searched: Embase, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, and Global Health through the OVID interface. ProQuest will be used to search Public Affairs Information Service (PAIS), Dissertations and Theses, Sociology Database (including Sociological Abstracts and Social Services Abstracts), PTSDpubs (formerly The Published International Literature on Traumatic Stress (PILOTS) Database) and Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts (ASSIA). CINAHL, World Health Organisation (WHO) Global Index Medicus, and WHO Violence Info will also be searched. Eligible studies will be double screened, assessed, and their data will be extracted. Any disagreement throughout these processes will be settled by a third reviewer. If enough studies meet the criteria and the methodological quality of each study is sufficient, a meta-analysis will be conducted. ANALYSIS A narrative synthesis of included studies and the associations between ACEs and adult mental health will be completed. If the number of studies included per mental health outcome is two or more, a multi-level meta-analysis will be completed using odds ratio effect sizes as outcomes. DISCUSSION This review will contribute to the existing body of literature supporting the long-term effects of ACEs on adult mental health. This review adds to previous reviews that have either synthesised cross-sectional associations between ACEs and mental health outcomes, synthesised longitudinal studies exploring the effect of ACEs on different physical and mental health outcomes or synthesised longitudinal studies exploring the effect of ACEs on the same mental health outcomes using different methods. This review aims to identify methodological weaknesses and knowledge gaps in current literature that can be addressed in future primary studies. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION This protocol has been registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021297882).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Thurston
- School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Chrystal Macmillan Building, 15a George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9LD, UK.
| | | | - Hannabeth Franchino-Olsen
- School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Chrystal Macmillan Building, 15a George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9LD, UK
| | - Franziska Meinck
- School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Chrystal Macmillan Building, 15a George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9LD, UK
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Humanities, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
ODACI H, TÜRKKAN T. Treatment Issues While Addressing Child Sexual Abuse: A Review. PSIKIYATRIDE GUNCEL YAKLASIMLAR - CURRENT APPROACHES IN PSYCHIATRY 2023. [DOI: 10.18863/pgy.1181095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Child sexual abuse is a traumatic life event that has social, psychological, political and cultural dimensions which is observed in many societies. Sexual abused children are at risk of developing behavioral, emotional, cognitive and physical health problems throughout their lives, and are especially vulnerable when their current condition is combined with other risk factors, such as poverty. In the relevant literature, it is reported that these children have a greater risk of having psychological problems and require treatment. There is evidence that psychotherapeutic treatments have beneficial effects, including ensuring the physical and emotional safety of victims, helping to relieve trauma symptoms, improving quality and functioning of life, and preventing recurrence of abuse. In this review, some of the most common treatment issues for sexual abused children are presented. The appropriateness of the treatment issues and proposed interventions addressed may vary for each victim. These treatment issues and interventions are designed not only to remedy any harm that may have occurred, but also to minimize the negative consequences of experiences of child abuse and prevent future recurrence of maltreatment.
Collapse
|
110
|
Tsunga L, Lake M, Halligan SL, Malcolm-Smith S, Hoffman N, Heron J, Zar H, Fraser A, Donald K, Stein DJ. Early Childhood Violence Exposure Patterns in The Drakenstein Child Health Study (DCHS). Wellcome Open Res 2023; 8:36. [PMID: 37781446 PMCID: PMC10534083 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18598.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Research has highlighted high rates of exposure to violence among South African youth. However, work to date has been largely cross-sectional, focused on violence exposure during the adolescence period, and has been limited to specific types of violence exposure. We examined violence exposure in South African preschool children between 3 and 6 years of age, capturing both direct and indirect forms of violence, and tested for potential sex differences across the several types of exposures. Methods: Lifetime direct and indirect exposure to domestic and community violence was measured by parental report when children were 3.5 years (N = 530), 4.5 years (N = 749) and 6 years of age (N= 417) in a South African birth cohort located in a peri-urban community. Results: There are three main findings. First, a large proportion of children (72%-75%) were reported as having been exposed to some form of direct or indirect violent experience in their homes or communities from a young age. Second, there was significant polyvictimization, with 49% of the children being exposed to more than one type of violence by age 6. Third, by 4.5 years of age, there was evidence that boys were more likely than girls to be exposed to domestic victimisation (28% vs. 17%) and polyvictimization (38% vs. 28%). Conclusions: These findings highlight the high levels of violence exposure in young South African children, particularly among boys, and the need for prevention at both the community and individual levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda Tsunga
- Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marilyn Lake
- Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Susan Malcolm-Smith
- ACSENT Laboratory Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nadia Hoffman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jon Heron
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Heather Zar
- Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- The SA-MRC Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Abigail Fraser
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kirsten Donald
- Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dan J. Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Biset G, Goshiye D, Gedamu S, Tsehay M. The effect of conflict on child and adolescent health in Amhara region, Ethiopia: Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:463. [PMID: 37710207 PMCID: PMC10500724 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04282-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, conflict become common phenomenon in the world affecting the lives of millions of children. Due the continued conflict in Ethiopia millions of children are suffering from extreme levels of violence, lack of basic humanitarian needs, and lack of health services. OBJECTIVE This study was designed to assess the effect of conflict on child and adolescent health in Amhara region, September 2022. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional study was employed among children agedd < 18 years in conflict affected areas of Amhara region. The sample size was determined using a single population proportion formula. Data was collected through face-to-face interviews of children or child legal guardians. Data was cleaned, verified, and entered into EpiData version 3.1 and analysis was done using SPSS version 24 statistical software. RESULT Seven hundred and ninety-eight children agedd less than 18 years were involved with a response rate of 94.33 percent. More than one thirds (276, 34.59%) of children were displaced due to the conflict. Three hundred and thirty one (41.48%) children get diseased with the majority didn't receive treatment. More than two thirds (557, 69.80%) of children had experienced violence of different types. One hundred and thirty four (41.23%) children had acute malnutrition with two third (66.42%) of them had severe acute malnutrition. CONCLUSION Conflict had deadly impacts on the lives of children and adolescents. It causes massive displacement, lack of basic humanitarian needs, extreme level of violence, hunger and malnutrition, and lack of health services. The government and other national and international humanitarian aids should give special attention to children living in war zone of Amhara region. In addition, rehabilitation services and resilience training should be designed and provided to children affected by the conflict.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gebeyaw Biset
- Department of Pediatric and Child Health Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, PO. Box 1145, Dessie, Ethiopia.
| | - Debrnesh Goshiye
- Department of Pediatric and Child Health Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, PO. Box 1145, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Sisay Gedamu
- Department of Adult Health Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Mekonnen Tsehay
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Miller L, Butera NM, Ellsberg M, Baird S. Polyvictimization and Adolescent Health and Well-Being in Ethiopia: The Mediating Role of Resilience. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6755. [PMID: 37754614 PMCID: PMC10530940 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20186755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Interpersonal violence is a pervasive experience affecting one billion children and adolescents annually, resulting in adverse health and well-being outcomes. Evidence suggests that polyvictimization, the experience of multiple forms of violence, is associated with more harmful consequences for adolescents than experiencing individual types of violence, although data from low-and middle-income countries are limited. This study analyzed data on over 4100 adolescents from the Gender and Adolescence, Global Evidence Study in Ethiopia to examine the association between polyvictimization and adolescent mental and physical health and the mediating role of resilience using linear regression and path analysis. We hypothesized that adolescents experiencing polyvictimization would experience worse mental and physical health than those experiencing no types or individual types of victimization, and that resilience would mediate these relationships. Half of sampled girls and over half of boys experienced polyvictimization. Among both sexes, polyvictimization was associated with worse mental but not worse physical health. Resilience mediated the association between polyvictimization and mental health among girls only. Strengthening resilience among girls may be an effective avenue for mitigating polyvictimization's negative mental health effects, but additional research and programming for preventing and identifying polyvictimized adolescents and linking them to care is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lior Miller
- Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA; (M.E.); (S.B.)
| | - Nicole M. Butera
- The Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA;
| | - Mary Ellsberg
- Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA; (M.E.); (S.B.)
- Global Women’s Institute, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Sarah Baird
- Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA; (M.E.); (S.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Martin M, Shenderovich Y, Caron EB, Smith JD, Siu G, Breitenstein SM. The Case for Assessing and Reporting on Facilitator Fidelity: Introducing the Fidelity of Implementation in Parenting Programs Guideline. GLOBAL IMPLEMENTATION RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 4:1-10. [PMID: 38371716 PMCID: PMC10873439 DOI: 10.1007/s43477-023-00092-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The sizeable body of evidence indicating that parenting programs have a positive impact on children and families highlights the potential public health benefits of their implementation on a large scale. Despite evidence and global attention, beyond the highly controlled delivery of parenting programs via randomized trials, little is known about program effectiveness or how to explain the poorer results commonly observed when implemented in community settings. Researchers, practitioners, and policymakers must work together to identify what is needed to spur adoption and sustainment of evidence-based parenting programs in real-world service systems and how to enhance program effectiveness when delivered via these systems. Collecting, analyzing, and using facilitator fidelity data is an important frontier through which researchers and practitioners can contribute. In this commentary, we outline the value of assessing facilitator fidelity and utilizing the data generated from these assessments; describe gaps in research, knowledge, and practice; and recommend directions for research and practice. In making recommendations, we describe a collaborative process to develop a preliminary guideline-the Fidelity of Implementation in Parenting Programs Guideline or FIPP-to use when reporting on facilitator fidelity. Readers are invited to complete an online survey to provide comments and feedback on the first draft of the guideline. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43477-023-00092-5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie Martin
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Community-University Partnership for the Study of Children, Youth and Families, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Yulia Shenderovich
- Wolfson Centre for Young People’s Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Centre for Development, Evaluation, Complexity and Implementation in Public Health Improvement (DECIPHER), School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - E. B. Caron
- Department of Psychology, University of Hartford, West Hartford, Connecticut USA
| | - Justin D. Smith
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah USA
| | - Godfrey Siu
- Child Health and Development Centre, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | |
Collapse
|
114
|
Perron-Tremblay R, Clément MÈ, Dubois-Comtois K. Fear of COVID-19 and parental violence: The mediating role of parental burnout and child perceived as difficult. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 143:106284. [PMID: 37352648 PMCID: PMC10267501 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a worldwide increase in the incidence of child abuse. Studies show that the pandemic context contributes to exacerbate several risk factors usually associated with the use of violent disciplinary practices. OBJECTIVE This study aims to better understand the role of parental burnout and child perceived as difficult as a parental stressor in the link between fear of COVID-19 and the use of parental violence (minor and severe physical violence and repeated psychological aggression). PARTICIPANTS The sample includes 467 mothers living in Québec (Canada) with a child aged 5 or less. METHOD An online questionnaire, administered one year after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Québec (March to May 2021), was used to measure parental violence, parental burnout, parental stress related to the perception of the child as difficult and fear of COVID-19. Serial mediation analyses were performed. RESULTS The main analyses confirmed the indirect association between fear of COVID-19 and the three forms of parental violence studied, through parental burnout and the child perceived as difficult. Unlike physical violence (minor and severe), the association between fear of COVID-19 and repeated psychological aggression is explained only by parental burnout. CONCLUSIONS This study has identified new mechanisms that allow a better understanding of processes underlying parental violence during the pandemic. It also shows that parental violence can also occur in low-risk families. It is crucial to develop strategies to prevent the use of violent disciplinary practices in future socio-health crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne Perron-Tremblay
- Département de psychologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Clément
- Université du Québec en Outaouais, Saint-Jérôme, Québec, J7Z 0B7, Canada
| | - Karine Dubois-Comtois
- Département de psychologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec, G9A 5H7, Canada; Hôpital en santé mentale Albert-Prévost, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Li Y, Shi DD, Wang Z. Adolescent nonpharmacological interventions for early-life stress and their mechanisms. Behav Brain Res 2023; 452:114580. [PMID: 37453516 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Those with a negative experience of psychosocial stress during the early stage of life not only have a high susceptibility of the psychiatric disorder in all phases of their life span, but they also demonstrate more severe symptoms and poorer response to treatment compared to those without a history of early-life stress. The interventions targeted to early-life stress may improve the effectiveness of treating and preventing psychiatric disorders. Brain regions associated with mood and cognition develop rapidly and own heightened plasticity during adolescence. So, manipulating nonpharmacological interventions in fewer side effects and higher acceptance during adolescence, which is a probable window of opportunity, may ameliorate or even reverse the constantly deteriorating impact of early-life stress. The present article reviews animal and people studies about adolescent nonpharmacological interventions for early-life stress. We aim to discuss whether those adolescent nonpharmacological interventions can promote individuals' psychological health who expose to early-life stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong-Dong Shi
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Institute of Psychological and Behavioral Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Rudgard WE, Obiesie S, Desmond C, Casale M, Cluver L. Assessing the cost-effectiveness of economic strengthening and parenting support for preventing violence against adolescents in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa: An economic modelling study using non-randomised data. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 3:e0001666. [PMID: 37590179 PMCID: PMC10434898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
There is limited evidence around the cost-effectiveness of interventions to reduce violence against children in low- and middle-income countries. We used a decision-analytic model to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of three intervention scenarios for reducing adolescent emotional, physical, and sexual abuse in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. The intervention scenarios were: 1) Community grant outreach to link households to South Africa's Child Support Grant (CSG) if they are eligible, but not receiving it; 2) Group-based parenting support; and 3) Group-based parenting support 'plus' linkage to the CSG. We estimated average cost-effectiveness ratios (ACERs) for intervention scenarios over a ten-year time horizon, and compared them to a South Africa-specific willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold (USD3390). Health effects were expressed in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) averted. Our model considered four combinations of routine service versus trial-based costing, and population-average versus high prevalence of violence. Under routine service costing, ACERs for grant outreach and parenting support were below the WTP threshold when considering a population-average prevalence of violence USD2850 (Lower: USD1840-Upper: USD10,500) and USD2620 (USD1520-USD9800) per DALY averted, respectively; and a high prevalence of violence USD1320 (USD908-USD5180) and USD1340 (USD758-USD4910) per DALY averted, respectively. The incremental cost-effectiveness of parenting support plus grant linkage relative to parenting support alone was USD462 (USD346-USD1610) and USD225 (USD150-USD811) per DALY averted at a population-average and high prevalence of violence, respectively. Under trial-based costing, only the ACER for grant outreach was below the WTP threshold when considering a high prevalence of violence USD2580 (USD1640-USD9370) per DALY averted. Confidence intervals for all ACERs crossed the WTP threshold. In conclusion, grant outreach and parenting support are likely to be cost-effective intervention scenarios for reducing violence against adolescents if they apply routine service costing and reach high risk groups. Combining parenting support with grant linkage is likely to be more cost-effective than parenting support alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William E. Rudgard
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sopuruchukwu Obiesie
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Desmond
- School of Economics and Finance, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Marisa Casale
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lucie Cluver
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Norazman TA, Yusoff S, Mohd Niza@Nizal H, Taib F. The Validity and Reliability of Malay Version Child Exposure to Domestic Violence Scale. Malays J Med Sci 2023; 30:175-192. [PMID: 37655138 PMCID: PMC10467596 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2023.30.4.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Domestic violence has a significant impact on growing children. However, existing evidence is limited and often under reported. Consequently, the Child Exposure to Domestic Violence (CEDV) scale has been developed for global use. This study aims to provide a cross-cultural translation, adaptation and validation of the CEDV based on Malay language. Methods CEDV scale was translated from the original English version to Malay. Content and face validity were examined before field-testing. The study comprised a cross sectional study using the Malay version of the CEDV (CEDV-M) scale conducted at a secondary school in Perlis, Malaysia and investigated 235 children aged 13 years old-16 years old using an online platform. The construct validity, internal consistency and stability of the tool were assessed. Results The CEDV-M scale's content and face validity both yielded a value exceeding 0.80. Furthermore, the tool demonstrated has good stability reliability, using the intra-class correlation value for all items ranging from 0.659 to 1.00. The exploratory factor analysis of the 36 items of the CEDV scale revealed possibilities of five or six factor domains. However, the five factor domains were most conceptually equivalent. Consequently, this study found that the CEDV-M scale is reliable with a total Cronbach's alpha of 0.87. Conclusion CEDV-M scale is a valid and reliable tool for measuring a child's experience of domestic violence. Future studies recommend confirmatory factor analysis and standard settings for scoring systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tina Azreen Norazman
- Department of Pediatric, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Department of Paediatric, Hospital Tuanku Fauziah, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Surini Yusoff
- Department of Pediatric, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | | | - Fahisham Taib
- Department of Pediatric, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Department of Paediatric, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Moss C, Smith SJ, Kim K, Hua N, Noronha N, Kavenagh M, Wekerle C. A global systematic scoping review of literature on the sexual exploitation of boys. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 142:106244. [PMID: 37244784 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual exploitation of children (SEC) is a widespread crime which impacts the child victim across developmental, health and well-being domains. As victims, boys have received much less clinical and research attention. While context-specific factors likely shape the SEC risk, under-recognized gender norms can deny boys' vulnerability. Professional failures to recognize and respond adequately to boys' sexual exploitation may prevent access to support. OBJECTIVE This systematic scoping review updates and broadens a previous review of literature addressing prevalence, victim/offender/facilitator characteristics, control mechanisms, as well as the health correlates and outcomes regarding sexual exploitation of boys. This review included international peer-reviewed and gray literature from 38 countries in 14 languages. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Studies from the years 2000 to 2022 that included samples of boys under age 18, or sex-disaggregated data for children under 18, were included. Case studies, systematic reviews, and those reporting on retrospective experiences by adults over 18 were excluded. A total of 254,744 boys were represented across 81 studies. METHODS A systematic scoping review considered qualitative and quantitative peer-reviewed publications from eight, English-language databases. English and non-English non-peer reviewed publications ('gray literature') was identified by both ECPAT International's global network of member organizations and citation chaining. RESULTS Overall, 81 peer-reviewed (n = 51) and gray literature (n = 30) documents from 38 countries were included. In total, 254,744 youth participated in peer-reviewed studies (N = 217,726) and gray literature (N = 37,018). General prevalence of sexual exploitation of boys was reported at up to 5 %, with higher rates noted in specifically vulnerable sub-populations (e.g., 10 %, trans youth; 26 %, street-connected youth). The literature indicates that sexual exploitation of boys is reported as occurring primarily between 12 and 18 years old. Multi-level factors are linked to SEC, including individual (e.g., disability status), relationship (e.g., child maltreatment, dating violence), community (e.g., community violence), and societal domains (e.g., discriminatory beliefs). SEC victimization is linked with youth mental and physical health concerns, particularly sexual health. Post-traumatic stress symptomatology or disorder was rarely evaluated. Evidence-based treatments were not available, which may be related to a lack of gender-based theoretical models for understanding SEC specifically. CONCLUSION The sexual exploitation of boys is a prevalent public health, child rights, and clinical issue. All young people experiencing sexual exploitation face sex- and gender-specific challenges, and this remains the case for boys with indications including family rejection, implicit community tolerance for abuse to service accessibility barriers. Actioning our duty to care for all children requires gender- and trauma-informed lenses. Ongoing surveillance of all forms of violence against children, with gender disaggregation, is essential for practice and policy advancement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Moss
- McMaster University, Department of Pediatrics, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Savanah Jordan Smith
- McMaster University, Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Katherine Kim
- University of Toronto, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicholas Hua
- McMaster University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Noella Noronha
- McMaster University, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Hamilton, ON, Canada; McMaster University, School of Interdisciplinary Science, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Christine Wekerle
- McMaster University, Department of Pediatrics, Hamilton, ON, Canada; McMaster University, Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Alharbi HF, Moussa FL. Knowledge and Attitude of Pediatric Nurses in Saudi Arabia Regarding Child Abuse. J Multidiscip Healthc 2023; 16:2057-2069. [PMID: 37492189 PMCID: PMC10364821 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s421210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Child abuse, especially when caused by the child's parents or caregivers, can be either physical, psychological, and/or sexual. Pediatric nurses should be able to identify cases of child abuse, provide appropriate care, and address the issue. Nurses' knowledge, attitudes in child abuse are essential in safeguarding the well-being and safety of those children. This study aimed to investigate pediatric nurses' knowledge and attitude about child abuse and actions taken to address such abuse. Methods Seventy pediatric nurses working in one educational hospital in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia participated in the study. This study followed a quantitative design. A self-administrative questionnaire was distributed to pediatric nurses. A convenience sampling was followed to include the nurses who met the criteria. An adopted validated questionnaire was used for collecting data about nurses' knowledge and attitudes regarding child abuse. The data was analyzed by SPSS with a descriptive analysis, independent t-tests or ANOVA test, and regression analysis. Results The descriptive results indicate that participants had adequate knowledge for identifying a child as a probable victim of child abuse. All participants agreed that an important role for nurses in managing and preventing child abuse is present. The study also indicated a favorable attitude of pediatric nurses toward child abuse. Linear regression analysis showed that nurses age between 31 and 40 years were positively associated with nurses' knowledge of child abuse, nurses with fewer years of experience and nurses with experience in dealing with a victim of child abuse had a more favorable attitude. Conclusion The study concludes that pediatric nurses have adequate knowledge and a positive attitude toward child abuse. Middle age was positively associated with nurses' knowledge of child abuse, while years of experience and experience in dealing with child abuse was inversely associated with nurses' attitude.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanan F Alharbi
- Department of Maternity and Child Health Nursing, College of Nursing, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatchima L Moussa
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, College of Nursing, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Nakamoto K, Tokuyama S. Stress-Induced Changes in the Endogenous Opioid System Cause Dysfunction of Pain and Emotion Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11713. [PMID: 37511469 PMCID: PMC10380691 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life stress, such as child abuse and neglect, and psychosocial stress in adulthood are risk factors for psychiatric disorders, including depression and anxiety. Furthermore, exposure to these stresses affects the sensitivity to pain stimuli and is associated with the development of chronic pain. However, the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of stress-induced depression, anxiety, and pain control remain unclear. Endogenous opioid signaling is reportedly associated with analgesia, reward, addiction, and the regulation of stress responses and anxiety. Stress alters the expression of various opioid receptors in the central nervous system and sensitivity to opioid receptor agonists and antagonists. μ-opioid receptor-deficient mice exhibit attachment disorders and autism-like behavioral expression patterns, while those with δ-opioid receptor deficiency exhibit anxiety-like behavior. In contrast, deficiency and antagonists of the κ-opioid receptor suppress the stress response. These findings strongly suggest that the expression and dysfunction of the endogenous opioid signaling pathways are involved in the pathogenesis of stress-induced psychiatric disorders and chronic pain. In this review, we summarize the latest basic and clinical research studies on the effects of endogenous opioid signaling on early-life stress, psychosocial stress-induced psychiatric disorders, and chronic pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Nakamoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | - Shogo Tokuyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Stark L, Meinhart M, Seff I, Gillespie A, Roa AH, Villaveces A. Associations between conflict violence, community violence, and household violence exposures among females in Colombia. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023:106341. [PMID: 37481346 PMCID: PMC10896229 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to protracted public violence is increasingly referenced as a risk factor for domestic violence, but limited quantitative evidence has demonstrated this association to date. This study analyzes associations in Colombia between lifetime experiences of external violence, including the Colombia civil conflict and community interpersonal violence, and experiences of household violence, including intimate partner and caregiver violence. METHODS AND FINDINGS We use the 2018 Colombia Violence Against Children and Youth Survey, employing multi-variable logistic regressions to determine the association between exposure to external violence and household violence victimization for females aged 13-24 (n = 1406). Adjusted models controlled for age, ever married, currently in school, and past 12-mo work experience and standard errors were adjusted to account for the multi-stage sampling design. Females who had ever witnessed community violence (39.23 %) faced increased risks of experiencing both physical violence (aOR = 2.81; 95 % CIs: 1.54-5.14; p < 0.001) and emotional violence (aOR: 2.48; 95 % CIs: 1.29-4.75; p < 0.01) from caregivers. Females who had ever witnessed internal conflict (15.99 %) had a greater likelihood of experiencing emotional violence from caregivers (aOR: 5.24; 95 % CIs: 1.86-14.76; p < 0.01) as well as physical violence perpetrated by intimate partners (aOR: 3.31; 95 % CIs: 1.22-8.95; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the connection between exposure to community violence and internal conflict and household violence victimization among adolescent and young adult females in Colombia. Findings build the evidence base for more holistic and coordinated policy and programming efforts and foreground the need to identify and support vulnerable populations across socioecological domains in contexts of chronic violence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Stark
- Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | | | - Ilana Seff
- Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alli Gillespie
- Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Arturo Harker Roa
- School of Government at the Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | |
Collapse
|
122
|
Bähr C, Taylor LK. Growing up amid conflict: Implications of the Developmental Peacebuilding Model. ADVANCES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR 2023; 65:199-234. [PMID: 37481298 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acdb.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, 420 million children are affected by conflict and over half of all children experience violence every year. Thus, youth are unarguably affected by war and settings of persisting societal violence. Despite often being conceptualized as either powerless victims or violent perpetrators, recent advances in research and international policy recognize young people as key change agents in transforming adverse settings into positive environments. Framed by the Developmental Peacebuilding Model, this paper focuses on predictors, outcomes and intervention points within the family for youth peacebuilding. Recent advances of family-based interventions in diverse, non-WEIRD samples will be highlighted. Rooted in existing knowledge, we conclude with concrete suggestions on how to use secondary data to investigate youth peacebuilding across the globe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celia Bähr
- Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
123
|
Kanagasabai U, Valleau C, Cain M, Chevalier MS, Hegle J, Patel P, Benevides R, Trika JB, Angumua C, Mpingulu M, Ferdinand K, Sida F, Galloway K, Kambona C, Oluoch P, Msungama W, Katengeza H, Correia D, Duffy M, Cossa RMV, Coomer R, Ayo A, Ukanwa C, Tuyishime E, Dladla S, Drummond J, Magesa D, Kitalile J, Apondi R, Okuku J, Chisenga T, Cham HJ. Understanding Gender-Based Violence Service Delivery in CDC-Supported Health Facilities: 15 Sub-Saharan African Countries, 2017-2021. AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR AIDS EDUCATION 2023; 35:39-51. [PMID: 37406144 DOI: 10.1521/aeap.2023.35.suppa.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Gender-based violence (GBV) is a complex issue deeply rooted in social structures, making its eradication challenging. GBV increases the risk of HIV transmission and is a barrier to HIV testing, care, and treatment. Quality clinical services for GBV, which includes the provision of HIV postexposure prophylaxis (PEP), vary, and service delivery data are lacking. We describe GBV clinical service delivery in 15 countries supported by the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Through a descriptive statistical analysis of PEPFAR Monitoring, Evaluation, and Reporting (MER) data, we found a 252% increase in individuals receiving GBV clinical services, from 158,691 in 2017 to 558,251 in 2021. PEP completion was lowest (15%) among 15-19-year-olds. Understanding GBV service delivery is important for policy makers, program managers, and providers to guide interventions to improve the quality of service delivery and contribute to HIV epidemic control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Udhayashankar Kanagasabai
- Division of Global HIV and TB, Center for Global Health (CGH), U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta Georgia
| | | | - Meagan Cain
- Division of Global HIV and TB, Center for Global Health (CGH), U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta Georgia
| | - Michelle S Chevalier
- Division of Global HIV and TB, Center for Global Health (CGH), U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta Georgia
| | - Jennifer Hegle
- Division of Global HIV and TB, Center for Global Health (CGH), U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta Georgia
| | - Pragna Patel
- Division of Global HIV and TB, Center for Global Health (CGH), U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta Georgia
| | - Regina Benevides
- Division of Global HIV and TB, Center for Global Health (CGH), U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta Georgia
| | - Joseph B Trika
- The following authors are affiliated with the respective country offices of the Division of Global HIV and TB, CGH, CDC: Joseph B. Trika (Cote d'Ivoire), Carrine Angumua (Cameroon), Minlangu Mpingulu (Democratic Republic of Congo), Fikirte Sida (Ethiopia), Katelyn Galloway (Eswatini), Caroline Kambona and Patricia Oluoch (Kenya), Wezi Msungama (Malawi), Della Correia, and Meghan Duffy (Mozambique), Rachel Coomer (Namibia), Adeola Ayo (Nigeria), Elysee Tuyishime (Rwanda), Sibongile Dladla, and Jennifer Drummond (South Africa), Daniel Magesa, and Jane Kitalile (Tanzania), Rose Apondi (Uganda), and Jackson Okuku (Zambia)
| | - Carrine Angumua
- The following authors are affiliated with the respective country offices of the Division of Global HIV and TB, CGH, CDC: Joseph B. Trika (Cote d'Ivoire), Carrine Angumua (Cameroon), Minlangu Mpingulu (Democratic Republic of Congo), Fikirte Sida (Ethiopia), Katelyn Galloway (Eswatini), Caroline Kambona and Patricia Oluoch (Kenya), Wezi Msungama (Malawi), Della Correia, and Meghan Duffy (Mozambique), Rachel Coomer (Namibia), Adeola Ayo (Nigeria), Elysee Tuyishime (Rwanda), Sibongile Dladla, and Jennifer Drummond (South Africa), Daniel Magesa, and Jane Kitalile (Tanzania), Rose Apondi (Uganda), and Jackson Okuku (Zambia)
| | - Minlangu Mpingulu
- The following authors are affiliated with the respective country offices of the Division of Global HIV and TB, CGH, CDC: Joseph B. Trika (Cote d'Ivoire), Carrine Angumua (Cameroon), Minlangu Mpingulu (Democratic Republic of Congo), Fikirte Sida (Ethiopia), Katelyn Galloway (Eswatini), Caroline Kambona and Patricia Oluoch (Kenya), Wezi Msungama (Malawi), Della Correia, and Meghan Duffy (Mozambique), Rachel Coomer (Namibia), Adeola Ayo (Nigeria), Elysee Tuyishime (Rwanda), Sibongile Dladla, and Jennifer Drummond (South Africa), Daniel Magesa, and Jane Kitalile (Tanzania), Rose Apondi (Uganda), and Jackson Okuku (Zambia)
| | - Kamanga Ferdinand
- The following authors are affiliated with their respective country's Ministry of Health: Kamanga Ferdinand (Democratic Republic of Congo), Hans Katengeza (Malawi), Raquel Maria Violeta Cossa (Mozambique), Chioma Ukanwa (Nigeria), and Tina Chisenga (Zambia)
| | - Fikirte Sida
- The following authors are affiliated with the respective country offices of the Division of Global HIV and TB, CGH, CDC: Joseph B. Trika (Cote d'Ivoire), Carrine Angumua (Cameroon), Minlangu Mpingulu (Democratic Republic of Congo), Fikirte Sida (Ethiopia), Katelyn Galloway (Eswatini), Caroline Kambona and Patricia Oluoch (Kenya), Wezi Msungama (Malawi), Della Correia, and Meghan Duffy (Mozambique), Rachel Coomer (Namibia), Adeola Ayo (Nigeria), Elysee Tuyishime (Rwanda), Sibongile Dladla, and Jennifer Drummond (South Africa), Daniel Magesa, and Jane Kitalile (Tanzania), Rose Apondi (Uganda), and Jackson Okuku (Zambia)
| | - Katelyn Galloway
- The following authors are affiliated with the respective country offices of the Division of Global HIV and TB, CGH, CDC: Joseph B. Trika (Cote d'Ivoire), Carrine Angumua (Cameroon), Minlangu Mpingulu (Democratic Republic of Congo), Fikirte Sida (Ethiopia), Katelyn Galloway (Eswatini), Caroline Kambona and Patricia Oluoch (Kenya), Wezi Msungama (Malawi), Della Correia, and Meghan Duffy (Mozambique), Rachel Coomer (Namibia), Adeola Ayo (Nigeria), Elysee Tuyishime (Rwanda), Sibongile Dladla, and Jennifer Drummond (South Africa), Daniel Magesa, and Jane Kitalile (Tanzania), Rose Apondi (Uganda), and Jackson Okuku (Zambia)
| | - Caroline Kambona
- The following authors are affiliated with the respective country offices of the Division of Global HIV and TB, CGH, CDC: Joseph B. Trika (Cote d'Ivoire), Carrine Angumua (Cameroon), Minlangu Mpingulu (Democratic Republic of Congo), Fikirte Sida (Ethiopia), Katelyn Galloway (Eswatini), Caroline Kambona and Patricia Oluoch (Kenya), Wezi Msungama (Malawi), Della Correia, and Meghan Duffy (Mozambique), Rachel Coomer (Namibia), Adeola Ayo (Nigeria), Elysee Tuyishime (Rwanda), Sibongile Dladla, and Jennifer Drummond (South Africa), Daniel Magesa, and Jane Kitalile (Tanzania), Rose Apondi (Uganda), and Jackson Okuku (Zambia)
| | - Patricia Oluoch
- The following authors are affiliated with the respective country offices of the Division of Global HIV and TB, CGH, CDC: Joseph B. Trika (Cote d'Ivoire), Carrine Angumua (Cameroon), Minlangu Mpingulu (Democratic Republic of Congo), Fikirte Sida (Ethiopia), Katelyn Galloway (Eswatini), Caroline Kambona and Patricia Oluoch (Kenya), Wezi Msungama (Malawi), Della Correia, and Meghan Duffy (Mozambique), Rachel Coomer (Namibia), Adeola Ayo (Nigeria), Elysee Tuyishime (Rwanda), Sibongile Dladla, and Jennifer Drummond (South Africa), Daniel Magesa, and Jane Kitalile (Tanzania), Rose Apondi (Uganda), and Jackson Okuku (Zambia)
| | - Wezi Msungama
- The following authors are affiliated with the respective country offices of the Division of Global HIV and TB, CGH, CDC: Joseph B. Trika (Cote d'Ivoire), Carrine Angumua (Cameroon), Minlangu Mpingulu (Democratic Republic of Congo), Fikirte Sida (Ethiopia), Katelyn Galloway (Eswatini), Caroline Kambona and Patricia Oluoch (Kenya), Wezi Msungama (Malawi), Della Correia, and Meghan Duffy (Mozambique), Rachel Coomer (Namibia), Adeola Ayo (Nigeria), Elysee Tuyishime (Rwanda), Sibongile Dladla, and Jennifer Drummond (South Africa), Daniel Magesa, and Jane Kitalile (Tanzania), Rose Apondi (Uganda), and Jackson Okuku (Zambia)
| | - Hans Katengeza
- The following authors are affiliated with their respective country's Ministry of Health: Kamanga Ferdinand (Democratic Republic of Congo), Hans Katengeza (Malawi), Raquel Maria Violeta Cossa (Mozambique), Chioma Ukanwa (Nigeria), and Tina Chisenga (Zambia)
| | - Della Correia
- The following authors are affiliated with the respective country offices of the Division of Global HIV and TB, CGH, CDC: Joseph B. Trika (Cote d'Ivoire), Carrine Angumua (Cameroon), Minlangu Mpingulu (Democratic Republic of Congo), Fikirte Sida (Ethiopia), Katelyn Galloway (Eswatini), Caroline Kambona and Patricia Oluoch (Kenya), Wezi Msungama (Malawi), Della Correia, and Meghan Duffy (Mozambique), Rachel Coomer (Namibia), Adeola Ayo (Nigeria), Elysee Tuyishime (Rwanda), Sibongile Dladla, and Jennifer Drummond (South Africa), Daniel Magesa, and Jane Kitalile (Tanzania), Rose Apondi (Uganda), and Jackson Okuku (Zambia)
| | - Meghan Duffy
- The following authors are affiliated with the respective country offices of the Division of Global HIV and TB, CGH, CDC: Joseph B. Trika (Cote d'Ivoire), Carrine Angumua (Cameroon), Minlangu Mpingulu (Democratic Republic of Congo), Fikirte Sida (Ethiopia), Katelyn Galloway (Eswatini), Caroline Kambona and Patricia Oluoch (Kenya), Wezi Msungama (Malawi), Della Correia, and Meghan Duffy (Mozambique), Rachel Coomer (Namibia), Adeola Ayo (Nigeria), Elysee Tuyishime (Rwanda), Sibongile Dladla, and Jennifer Drummond (South Africa), Daniel Magesa, and Jane Kitalile (Tanzania), Rose Apondi (Uganda), and Jackson Okuku (Zambia)
| | - Raquel Maria Violeta Cossa
- The following authors are affiliated with their respective country's Ministry of Health: Kamanga Ferdinand (Democratic Republic of Congo), Hans Katengeza (Malawi), Raquel Maria Violeta Cossa (Mozambique), Chioma Ukanwa (Nigeria), and Tina Chisenga (Zambia)
| | - Rachel Coomer
- The following authors are affiliated with the respective country offices of the Division of Global HIV and TB, CGH, CDC: Joseph B. Trika (Cote d'Ivoire), Carrine Angumua (Cameroon), Minlangu Mpingulu (Democratic Republic of Congo), Fikirte Sida (Ethiopia), Katelyn Galloway (Eswatini), Caroline Kambona and Patricia Oluoch (Kenya), Wezi Msungama (Malawi), Della Correia, and Meghan Duffy (Mozambique), Rachel Coomer (Namibia), Adeola Ayo (Nigeria), Elysee Tuyishime (Rwanda), Sibongile Dladla, and Jennifer Drummond (South Africa), Daniel Magesa, and Jane Kitalile (Tanzania), Rose Apondi (Uganda), and Jackson Okuku (Zambia)
| | - Adeola Ayo
- The following authors are affiliated with the respective country offices of the Division of Global HIV and TB, CGH, CDC: Joseph B. Trika (Cote d'Ivoire), Carrine Angumua (Cameroon), Minlangu Mpingulu (Democratic Republic of Congo), Fikirte Sida (Ethiopia), Katelyn Galloway (Eswatini), Caroline Kambona and Patricia Oluoch (Kenya), Wezi Msungama (Malawi), Della Correia, and Meghan Duffy (Mozambique), Rachel Coomer (Namibia), Adeola Ayo (Nigeria), Elysee Tuyishime (Rwanda), Sibongile Dladla, and Jennifer Drummond (South Africa), Daniel Magesa, and Jane Kitalile (Tanzania), Rose Apondi (Uganda), and Jackson Okuku (Zambia)
| | - Chioma Ukanwa
- The following authors are affiliated with their respective country's Ministry of Health: Kamanga Ferdinand (Democratic Republic of Congo), Hans Katengeza (Malawi), Raquel Maria Violeta Cossa (Mozambique), Chioma Ukanwa (Nigeria), and Tina Chisenga (Zambia)
| | - Elysee Tuyishime
- The following authors are affiliated with the respective country offices of the Division of Global HIV and TB, CGH, CDC: Joseph B. Trika (Cote d'Ivoire), Carrine Angumua (Cameroon), Minlangu Mpingulu (Democratic Republic of Congo), Fikirte Sida (Ethiopia), Katelyn Galloway (Eswatini), Caroline Kambona and Patricia Oluoch (Kenya), Wezi Msungama (Malawi), Della Correia, and Meghan Duffy (Mozambique), Rachel Coomer (Namibia), Adeola Ayo (Nigeria), Elysee Tuyishime (Rwanda), Sibongile Dladla, and Jennifer Drummond (South Africa), Daniel Magesa, and Jane Kitalile (Tanzania), Rose Apondi (Uganda), and Jackson Okuku (Zambia)
| | - Sibongile Dladla
- The following authors are affiliated with the respective country offices of the Division of Global HIV and TB, CGH, CDC: Joseph B. Trika (Cote d'Ivoire), Carrine Angumua (Cameroon), Minlangu Mpingulu (Democratic Republic of Congo), Fikirte Sida (Ethiopia), Katelyn Galloway (Eswatini), Caroline Kambona and Patricia Oluoch (Kenya), Wezi Msungama (Malawi), Della Correia, and Meghan Duffy (Mozambique), Rachel Coomer (Namibia), Adeola Ayo (Nigeria), Elysee Tuyishime (Rwanda), Sibongile Dladla, and Jennifer Drummond (South Africa), Daniel Magesa, and Jane Kitalile (Tanzania), Rose Apondi (Uganda), and Jackson Okuku (Zambia)
| | - Jennifer Drummond
- The following authors are affiliated with the respective country offices of the Division of Global HIV and TB, CGH, CDC: Joseph B. Trika (Cote d'Ivoire), Carrine Angumua (Cameroon), Minlangu Mpingulu (Democratic Republic of Congo), Fikirte Sida (Ethiopia), Katelyn Galloway (Eswatini), Caroline Kambona and Patricia Oluoch (Kenya), Wezi Msungama (Malawi), Della Correia, and Meghan Duffy (Mozambique), Rachel Coomer (Namibia), Adeola Ayo (Nigeria), Elysee Tuyishime (Rwanda), Sibongile Dladla, and Jennifer Drummond (South Africa), Daniel Magesa, and Jane Kitalile (Tanzania), Rose Apondi (Uganda), and Jackson Okuku (Zambia)
| | - Daniel Magesa
- The following authors are affiliated with the respective country offices of the Division of Global HIV and TB, CGH, CDC: Joseph B. Trika (Cote d'Ivoire), Carrine Angumua (Cameroon), Minlangu Mpingulu (Democratic Republic of Congo), Fikirte Sida (Ethiopia), Katelyn Galloway (Eswatini), Caroline Kambona and Patricia Oluoch (Kenya), Wezi Msungama (Malawi), Della Correia, and Meghan Duffy (Mozambique), Rachel Coomer (Namibia), Adeola Ayo (Nigeria), Elysee Tuyishime (Rwanda), Sibongile Dladla, and Jennifer Drummond (South Africa), Daniel Magesa, and Jane Kitalile (Tanzania), Rose Apondi (Uganda), and Jackson Okuku (Zambia)
| | - Jane Kitalile
- The following authors are affiliated with the respective country offices of the Division of Global HIV and TB, CGH, CDC: Joseph B. Trika (Cote d'Ivoire), Carrine Angumua (Cameroon), Minlangu Mpingulu (Democratic Republic of Congo), Fikirte Sida (Ethiopia), Katelyn Galloway (Eswatini), Caroline Kambona and Patricia Oluoch (Kenya), Wezi Msungama (Malawi), Della Correia, and Meghan Duffy (Mozambique), Rachel Coomer (Namibia), Adeola Ayo (Nigeria), Elysee Tuyishime (Rwanda), Sibongile Dladla, and Jennifer Drummond (South Africa), Daniel Magesa, and Jane Kitalile (Tanzania), Rose Apondi (Uganda), and Jackson Okuku (Zambia)
| | - Rose Apondi
- The following authors are affiliated with the respective country offices of the Division of Global HIV and TB, CGH, CDC: Joseph B. Trika (Cote d'Ivoire), Carrine Angumua (Cameroon), Minlangu Mpingulu (Democratic Republic of Congo), Fikirte Sida (Ethiopia), Katelyn Galloway (Eswatini), Caroline Kambona and Patricia Oluoch (Kenya), Wezi Msungama (Malawi), Della Correia, and Meghan Duffy (Mozambique), Rachel Coomer (Namibia), Adeola Ayo (Nigeria), Elysee Tuyishime (Rwanda), Sibongile Dladla, and Jennifer Drummond (South Africa), Daniel Magesa, and Jane Kitalile (Tanzania), Rose Apondi (Uganda), and Jackson Okuku (Zambia)
| | - Jackson Okuku
- The following authors are affiliated with the respective country offices of the Division of Global HIV and TB, CGH, CDC: Joseph B. Trika (Cote d'Ivoire), Carrine Angumua (Cameroon), Minlangu Mpingulu (Democratic Republic of Congo), Fikirte Sida (Ethiopia), Katelyn Galloway (Eswatini), Caroline Kambona and Patricia Oluoch (Kenya), Wezi Msungama (Malawi), Della Correia, and Meghan Duffy (Mozambique), Rachel Coomer (Namibia), Adeola Ayo (Nigeria), Elysee Tuyishime (Rwanda), Sibongile Dladla, and Jennifer Drummond (South Africa), Daniel Magesa, and Jane Kitalile (Tanzania), Rose Apondi (Uganda), and Jackson Okuku (Zambia)
| | - Tina Chisenga
- The following authors are affiliated with their respective country's Ministry of Health: Kamanga Ferdinand (Democratic Republic of Congo), Hans Katengeza (Malawi), Raquel Maria Violeta Cossa (Mozambique), Chioma Ukanwa (Nigeria), and Tina Chisenga (Zambia)
| | - Haddi J Cham
- Division of Global HIV and TB, Center for Global Health (CGH), U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Miedema SS, Chiang L, Annor FB, Achia T. Cross-time comparison of adverse childhood experience patterns among Kenyan youth: Violence Against Children and Youth Surveys, 2010 and 2019. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 141:106153. [PMID: 37120969 PMCID: PMC10538442 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are a global public health concern. Many children experience multiple ACEs. Patterning of multiple ACEs may change over time. OBJECTIVE To assess latent classes of ACEs among male and female youth in Kenya and evaluate whether ACEs latent classes changed between surveys conducted in 2010 and 2019. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING We used data from Kenya Violence Against Children and Youth Survey, a repeated nationally representative survey of male and female youth aged 13-24: 2010 (nf = 1227; nm = 1456) and 2019 (nf = 1344; nm = 788). METHODS Latent class analysis was used to estimate clustering of seven ACEs: orphanhood, experiencing physical intimate partner violence, physical violence by a parent/caregiver, physical violence by an adult community member, forced first sex, emotional (EV) and sexual violence (SV), stratified by sex and time. RESULTS For females in 2010, identified classes included (1) SV only, (2) household and community physical violence (PV), EV and SV, (3) household and community PV only, (4) low ACEs, and (5) EV only. In 2019, classes included (1) SV only, (2) household and community PV only, and (3) low ACEs. Among males in 2010, the four-class model included (1) household and community PV with EV, (2) low ACEs, (3) household and community PV with SV, and (4) household and community PV only. In 2019, identified classes included (1) orphanhood and SV, (2) orphanhood and PV, (3) low ACEs, and (4) household and community PV only. For both males and females, across the two survey years, some classes demonstrated continuity (low ACEs and caregiver and community PV for both males and females, and SV for females). Orphanhood emerged as relevant to the ACEs latent class structure in 2019 compared to 2010 among males. CONCLUSION Prevalence and changes in latent classes between 2010 and 2019 can point toward priority areas and subgroups for violence prevention and response in Kenya.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Spaid Miedema
- Field Epidemiology and Prevention Branch, Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States.
| | - Laura Chiang
- Field Epidemiology and Prevention Branch, Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States
| | - Francis B Annor
- Field Epidemiology and Prevention Branch, Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States
| | - Thomas Achia
- Division of Global HIV and TB, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Jocson RM, Alampay LP, Lachman JM, Maramba DHA, Melgar ME, Ward CL, Madrid BJ, Gardner F. Pre-post Mixed Methods Study of a Parent and Teen Support Intervention to Prevent Violence Against Adolescents in the Philippines. J Adolesc Health 2023; 73:102-109. [PMID: 37086250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examines the feasibility of a culturally adapted parenting intervention (MaPa Teens) within the national cash transfer system to reduce violence against adolescents, the first such program in the Philippines. METHODS Thirty caregiver-adolescent dyads who were beneficiaries of a government conditional cash transfer program participated in a pilot of a locally adapted version of the Parenting for Lifelong Health for Parents and Teens program. Primary outcomes of reducing child maltreatment and associated risk factors were evaluated using a single-group, pre-post design. Focus group discussions explored the perceptions of participants and facilitators regarding program acceptability and feasibility. RESULTS Significant and moderate reductions were reported in overall child maltreatment and physical abuse (caregiver and adolescent reports) and in emotional abuse (adolescent report). There were significant reductions in neglect, attitudes supporting punishment, parenting stress, parental and adolescent depressive symptoms, parent-child relationship problems, and significant improvement in parental efficacy in managing child behavior. Adolescents reported reduced behavior problems, risk behavior, and witnessing of family violence. Participants valued learning skills using a collaborative approach, sustained their engagement between sessions through text messages and phone calls, and appreciated the close interaction with caring and skilled facilitators. Program areas of improvement included addressing barriers to attendance, increasing adolescent engagement, and revising the sexual health module. DISCUSSION The study provides preliminary support for the effectiveness and feasibility of the program in reducing violence against Filipino adolescents. Findings suggest potential adaptations of the program, and that investment in more rigorous testing using a randomized controlled trial would be worthwhile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosanne M Jocson
- National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Liane Peña Alampay
- Department of Psychology, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Jamie M Lachman
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Marika E Melgar
- Department of Psychology, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Catherine L Ward
- Department of Psychology and Safety and Violence Initiative, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Bernadette J Madrid
- Child Protection Unit, Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | - Frances Gardner
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Kanagasabai U, Aholou T, Chevalier MS, Tobias JL, Okuku J, Shiraishi RW, Sheneberger R, Pande YC, Chifuwe C, Mamane LE, Njika G, Obongo C, Thorsen VC. Reaching Youth Through Faith Leaders: Evaluation of the Faith Matters! Initiative. AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR AIDS EDUCATION 2023; 35:82-99. [PMID: 37406142 PMCID: PMC11075127 DOI: 10.1521/aeap.2023.35.suppa.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Faith leaders can be uniquely positioned to guide and support young people on health issues, particularly HIV/AIDS and sexual violence. Faith Matters!, a 2-day training workshop for faith leaders, was delivered in September 2021 in Zambia. Sixty-six faith leaders completed a questionnaire at baseline, 64 at posttraining, and 59 at 3-month follow-up. Participants' knowledge, beliefs, and comfort communicating about HIV/AIDS and sexual violence were assessed. More faith leaders accurately identified common places where sexual violence occurs at the 3-month point compared to baseline: at church (2 vs. 22, p = .000), the fields (16 vs. 29, p = .004), parties (22 vs. 36, p = .001), and clubs (24 vs. 35, p = .034). More faith leaders stated that they engaged in conversations that supported people living with HIV (48 at baseline vs. 53, p = .049 at 3-month follow-up). These findings can inform future HIV/AIDS initiatives focusing on increasing the capacity among communities of faith.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Udhayashankar Kanagasabai
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis (TB), Center for Global Health (CGH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tiffiany Aholou
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis (TB), Center for Global Health (CGH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michelle S Chevalier
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis (TB), Center for Global Health (CGH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - James L Tobias
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis (TB), Center for Global Health (CGH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jackson Okuku
- Division of Global HIV & TB, CGH, CDC, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Ray W Shiraishi
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis (TB), Center for Global Health (CGH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | - Clifton Chifuwe
- Executive Director and Global Master Trainer at the Centre for Peace Research and Advocacy, Zambia
| | - Lauren Erickson Mamane
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis (TB), Center for Global Health (CGH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
- Office of the Director, CGH, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Chris Obongo
- Regional Measurement Specialist and Global Master Trainer at PATH, Kenya
| | - Viva C Thorsen
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis (TB), Center for Global Health (CGH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Yount KM, Comeau D, Blake SC, Sales J, Sacks M, Nicol H, Bergenfeld I, Kalokhe AS, Stein AD, Whitaker DJ, Parrott D, Van HTH. Consortium for violence prevention research, leadership training, and implementation for excellence (CONVERGE): a protocol to train science leaders in gender-based-violence and violence-against-children research for impact. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1181543. [PMID: 37469691 PMCID: PMC10352114 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1181543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gender-based violence (GBV) and violence against children (VAC) are two prevalent and highly interconnected global health challenges, yet data and research capacities to study these forms of violence and to generate evidence-based policies and programs remain limited. To address critical shortages in research capacity in Vietnam and to establish a model for other Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs), we are establishing CONVERGE-the Consortium for Violence Prevention Research, Implementation, and Leadership Training for Excellence. Methods Based on a needs assessment with partners in Vietnam, CONVERGE will provide a comprehensive research training program supporting 15 long-term, postdoctoral trainees with multi-disciplinary research training in GBV and VAC. We also will offer in-country trainings and short-courses to 40 short-term mid-career academic trainees and 60 short-term practitioner/stakeholder trainees over 5 years to build productive GBV and VAC academic, scientific, and practitioner networks. The CONVERGE training program has four components: (1) 14 h of virtual/in-person annual mentorship training to prepare research mentors and to create a pipeline of future mentors in Vietnam; (2) a one-month intensive research training for long-term postdoctoral fellows at Emory University; (3) a structured 17-month, in-country mentored research project for long-term trainees that results in a peer-reviewed manuscript and a subsequent grant submission; and, (4) week-long in-country intensive translational trainings on implementation science, advanced topics in leadership, and advanced topics in science dissemination. Opportunities for on-going virtual training and professional networking will be provided for CONVERGE trainees and mentors in Vietnam with other trainees and mentors of D43s focused on injury/violence prevention, D43s housed at Emory, and D43s with other institutions in Southeast Asia. To assess the reach, implementation, fidelity, and effectiveness of these four components, we will implement a rigorous, mixed-methods, multi-level evaluation strategy using process and outcome measures. Findings from the evaluation will be used to refine program components for future trainee and mentor cohorts and to assess long-term program impact. Discussion Led by Emory University in the US and Hanoi Medical University in Vietnam, CONVERGE represents leading institutions and experts from around the world, with a goal of providing mentorship opportunities for early-career scientists with an interest in violence prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M. Yount
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Dawn Comeau
- Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sarah C. Blake
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jessica Sales
- Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Michael Sacks
- Goizueta Business School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Hannah Nicol
- School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Irina Bergenfeld
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Aryeh D. Stein
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Dominic Parrott
- Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
128
|
Lansing AE, Romero NJ, Siantz E, Silva V, Center K, Casteel D, Gilmer T. Building trust: Leadership reflections on community empowerment and engagement in a large urban initiative. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1252. [PMID: 37380973 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15860-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trust is essential for healthy, reciprocal relationships; creating safe environments; engaging in transparent interactions; successfully negotiating power differentials; supporting equity and putting trauma informed approaches into practice. Less is known, however, about the ways that trust-building may be at the forefront of consideration during community capacity building efforts, what trust-building elements are perceived as essential for optimally engaging communities, and what practices might support these efforts. METHODS The present study examines an evolving understanding of trust-building over the course of 3 years, from qualitative data derived during interviews with nine agency leads from a large and diverse urban community, who are spearheading community-based partnerships to create more trauma-informed communities and foster resiliency. RESULTS Data reflected fourteen trust-building elements, captured by three themes: 1) Building relationships and engagement (e.g., behavioral practices such as meeting people "where they are at" and creating safe spaces), 2) Embodying core values of trustworthiness (e.g., traits such as being transparent and embodying benevolence), and 3) Sharing decision-making, championing autonomy, and addressing barriers to trust (e.g., collaborative practices such as creating a shared vision and goals and addressing systemic inequities). These trust-building elements are presented in the Community Circle of Trust-Building, which provides an accessible, visual format that can facilitate capacity building efforts within organizations and with the broader community; guide the selection of training opportunities that support healthy interpersonal relationships; and aid in the identification of relevant, supporting frameworks (e.g., health equity, trauma-informed practices, inclusive leadership models). CONCLUSIONS Community engagement and trust are essential for overall health and well-being, increasing equitable access to resources, and supporting an effective and connected citizenry. These data shed light on opportunities for trust-building and thoughtful engagement among agencies working directly with community members in large urban areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Lansing
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Sociology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Natalie J Romero
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Vivianne Silva
- Department of Education and Information Studies, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Kimberly Center
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Danielle Casteel
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Todd Gilmer
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
Fabbri C, Powell-Jackson T, Rodrigues K, De Filippo A, Kaemingk M, Torrats-Espinosa G, Leurent B, Shayo E, Barongo V, Devries KM. Understanding why EmpaTeach did not reduce teachers' use of violence in Nyarugusu Refugee Camp: A quantitative process evaluation of a school-based violence prevention intervention. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 3:e0001404. [PMID: 37315037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
EmpaTeach was the first intervention to address teacher violence to be tested in a humanitarian setting and the first to focus on reducing impulsive use of violence, but a cluster randomised trial found no evidence that the intervention was effective in reducing physical and emotional violence from teachers. We aimed to understand why. We conducted a quantitative process evaluation to describe the intervention implementation process (what was implemented and how); examine teachers' adoption of positive teaching practices (was the content of the intervention taken up by participants), and test mechanisms of impact underlying the program theory (how the intervention was supposed to produce change). Despite participation in the intervention activities and adoption of intervention-recommended strategies (classroom management and positive disciplinary methods), we show that teachers who used more positive discipline did not appear to use less violence; and teachers in intervention schools did not experience gains in intermediate outcomes such as empathy, growth mindset, self-efficacy or social support. Our findings suggest that the intervention did not work due to the failure of some key hypothesised mechanisms, rather than because of implementation challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Fabbri
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Katherine Rodrigues
- International Rescue Committee, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Michael Kaemingk
- Behavioral Insights Team, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | | | | | - Elizabeth Shayo
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Vivien Barongo
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Karen M Devries
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Nyandwi A, Munyanshongore C, Nyirazinyoye L, Ndola P, Perren-Klingler G. Correlates of emotional violence against children in Rwanda: Findings from a cross-sectional national survey. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286788. [PMID: 37310951 PMCID: PMC10263359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION National data on children affected by violence are critical in preventing violence against children. Rwanda conducted its first cross-sectional national survey on violence against children in 2015. This study used data from the Rwanda Survey to describe the profile of children affected by emotional violence (EV) and to assess factors associated with it in Rwanda. METHODS A sample of 1,110 children (618 boys and 492 girls) aged 13-17 from the Rwanda Survey was analysed. Weighted descriptive statistics were applied to describe the prevalence of EV and the profile of children affected by it. In addition, factors associated with EV were investigated using logistic regression. RESULTS Male children were more likely to experience EV than female children. Nine percent (8.87%, 95% CI [6.95-11.25]) of male children versus five percent (5.17%, 95% CI [3.79-7.03]) of female children reported having experienced EV in their lifetime. Seven percent (6.77%, 95% CI [5.15-8.84]) of male children versus four percent of female children (3.97%, 95% CI [2.83-5.54]) reported having experienced EV in the last twelve months before the survey. Fathers and mothers were the top two perpetrators of EV against children. Seventeen percent of male children (17.09%, 95% CI [11.06-25.47]) and 12 percent of female children (11.89%, 95% CI [6.97,19.55]) reported EV by their fathers. Mothers were responsible for nineteen percent (19.25%, 95% CI [12.94-27.65]) of EV reported by male children and eleven percent (10.78%, 95% CI [5.77-19.25]) of EV reported by female children. Female children (OR = 0.48, 95% CI [0.31-0.76]) and children with some trust in people from their communities (OR = 0.47, 95% CI [0.23-0.93]) were less likely to report EV. Factors associated with risk for EV were not attending school (OR = 1.80, 95% CI [1.10-2.92]), living with father only (OR = 2.96, 95% CI [1.21-7.85]), not feeling close to biological parents (OR = 7.18, 95% CI [2.12-24.37]), living in a larger household (OR = 1.81, 95% CI [1.03-3.19]), not having a friend (OR = 2.08, 95% CI [1.02-4.11]), and not feeling safe in the community (OR = 2.56, 95% CI [1.03-6.38]). CONCLUSION EV against children was pervasive in Rwanda, with parents topping the list of its perpetrators. Children from unsupportive socioeconomic family environments, i.e., children without a close relationship with biological parents, children not attending school, children living with their fathers only, children from larger households of five people and more, children without a friend, and children who reported not feeling safe in their communities, were identified as groups of children vulnerable to emotional violence in Rwanda. A family-centred approach, focusing on positive parenting and protecting vulnerable children, is needed to reduce emotional violence against children and the risk factors associated with it in Rwanda.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Prata Ndola
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | | |
Collapse
|
131
|
Ritterbusch AE, Liévano-Karim L, Budker R, Meyer SR, Boothby N, Mugumya F, Bangirana C, Opobo T, Ampumuza D, Bosco Apota J, Mbabazi C, Nabukenya C, Kayongo A, Ssembatya F. Child-led resistance in the streets of the global south: Decolonial perspectives of violence against children outside of family care. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 143:106278. [PMID: 37301111 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Violence against children (VAC) remains an urgent global dilemma and researchers and policymakers alike continue to work tirelessly to devise strategies aiming to end VAC. However, the perspectives and expertise of children themselves remain underrepresented in the drafting and implementation of these strategies against VAC. This paper draws attention to the marginalization of children living outside of family care and centers their perspective. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to characterize the forms of violence experienced by children living outside the family setting in Uganda, from the perspective of children themselves. The paper seeks to position the voicing of this perspective as a form of resistance against VAC from a decolonial perspective. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The participatory research process included a total of 94 participants in various urban study sites in Kampala, Uganda. METHODS The research team completed this qualitative study within a youth-driven participatory action research (YPAR) framework. Data collection techniques included interviews, focus groups, participatory visual methods and social cartography. RESULTS Children living outside of family care experience grave forms of emotional, physical and sexual violence. Child participants present survival strategies that can inform future research and policies on violence prevention practice. CONCLUSIONS The illustration of explicit violence outlined in this study represents a form of resistance children take against their perpetrators. The participatory youth researcher team urges future research and policy addressing VAC in Uganda to center these perspectives and expertise of children and adolescents in both programmatic and research initiatives aiming to end violence against children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Ritterbusch
- Luskin School of Public Affairs, UCLA, 337 Charles E Young Dr E, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States of America.
| | - Laura Liévano-Karim
- Luskin School of Public Affairs, UCLA, 337 Charles E Young Dr E, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States of America
| | - Rachel Budker
- David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States of America
| | - Sarah R Meyer
- Department of Population and Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168(th) St, New York, NY 10032, United States of America
| | - Neil Boothby
- Global Center for the Development of the Whole Child, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, United States of America
| | - Firminus Mugumya
- Makerere University, University Rd, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Clare Bangirana
- The AfriChild Center, Makerere University, Mary Stuart Rd, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Timothy Opobo
- The AfriChild Center, Makerere University, Mary Stuart Rd, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Doreen Ampumuza
- Makerere University, University Rd, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - John Bosco Apota
- Kyambogo University, Kyambogo Road, Kiwatule - Banda - Kyambogo Rd, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Cate Mbabazi
- The AfriChild Center, Makerere University, Mary Stuart Rd, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Adam Kayongo
- The AfriChild Center, Makerere University, Mary Stuart Rd, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fred Ssembatya
- The AfriChild Center, Makerere University, Mary Stuart Rd, Kampala, Uganda
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Rechenberg T, Schomerus G. The stronger and the weaker sex - gender differences in the perception of individuals who experienced physical and sexual violence in childhood. A scoping review. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 140:106131. [PMID: 36934639 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Violence against children is an issue of serious concern. Stigma impacts coping with childhood trauma. A central aspect regarding disclosing trauma and seeking help is the social perception of the victim and survivor's gender. OBJECTIVE This review aims to synthesize qualitative and quantitative research about the impact of the victim and survivor gender on the societal perceptions of individuals who have experienced sexual and/or physical violence in childhood. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING This review considered both society's and victims and survivors' perspectives on gender-linked perceptions concerning individuals with childhood trauma. METHODS The initial search was conducted in November 2021 and involved the databases Web of Science, PubMed, and PsychInfo. All studies, published in English or German, that reported study design, sample characteristics, and gender-linked perceptions of individuals with a history of sexual and/or physical violence in childhood were included. RESULTS A total of 10,373 studies were identified, of which 20 studies were eligible for review. Six studies reported no significant victim gender effect. However, when significant victim gender effects were present, males were characterized with considerably more stigmatizing attributes regarding the blame category while females were exposed to considerably more stigmatizing attributes regarding the harm category. CONCLUSIONS Females and males experience stigmatization reflecting typical stereotypes of femininity and masculinity. Thus, females are perceived as more vulnerable, more burdened, and with a higher need for security than males. Males are seen as more blameworthy and less trustworthy than females due to their presumed capability to physically resist or escape abuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresia Rechenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Georg Schomerus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Backhaus S, Leijten P, Jochim J, Melendez-Torres G, Gardner F. Effects over time of parenting interventions to reduce physical and emotional violence against children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine 2023; 60:102003. [PMID: 37251634 PMCID: PMC10209692 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Violence against children affects over one billion children globally. International organisations promote parenting interventions as a main strategy to reduce violence against children. Parenting interventions have therefore been implemented rapidly across the globe. Yet, evidence for their longer-term effects remains unclear. We integrated global evidence to estimate effects over time of parenting interventions to reduce physical and emotional violence against children. Methods In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched 26 databases and trial registries (14 non-English: Spanish, Chinese, Farsi, Russian, Thai) and conducted an extensive grey literature search up to August 01, 2022. We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of parenting interventions based on social learning theory for parents of children aged 2-10 years, without time or context restrictions. We critically appraised studies using Cochrane's Risk of Bias Tool. Data were synthesised using robust variance estimation meta-analyses. This study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42019141844. Findings We screened 44,411 records and included 346 RCTs. Sixty RCTs reported outcomes on physical or emotional violence. Trials were distributed across 22 countries (22% LMICs). Risk of bias was high for various domains. Outcome data ranged from 0 weeks to 2 years after the intervention, and was largely based on parent self-report. Parenting interventions reduced physical and emotional violent parenting behaviours immediately after the intervention (n = 42, k = 59; d = -0.46; 95% CI: -0.59, -0.33), at 1-6 months follow-up (n = 18, k = 31; d = -0.24; 95% CI: -0.37, -0.11) and at 7-24 months follow-up (n = 12, k = 19; d = -0.18; 95% CI: -0.34, -0.02), but effects were smaller over time. Interpretation Our findings suggest that parenting interventions can reduce physical and emotional violence against children. Effects are maintained up to 24 months follow-up, but with diminished effect sizes. With global policy interest and imminent importance, research beyond 2 years and how effects can be better sustained over time is urgently needed. Funding Student scholarship from the Economic Social Research Council, Clarendon, and Wolfson Isaiah Berlin Fund.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Backhaus
- Centre for Evidence-based Intervention, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, 32 Wellington Square, OX1 2ER, Oxford, UK
| | - Patty Leijten
- Research Institute Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, Postbus 15776, 1001 NG, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Janina Jochim
- Centre for Evidence-based Intervention, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, 32 Wellington Square, OX1 2ER, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Frances Gardner
- Centre for Evidence-based Intervention, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, 32 Wellington Square, OX1 2ER, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Silva BPD, Camargo DD. Professional practices in situations of child abuse: an integrative review. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2023; 28:1703-1715. [PMID: 37255147 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232023286.14022022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Child abuse is a problem that affects children all over the world. The present study therefore aimed to identify and analyze the main findings relating to professional practices for dealing with situations of child maltreatment in articles published in Brazil. To this end, we conducted an integrative literature review of articles published between 2017 and 2022 based on searches of the following databases: Google Scholar, SciELO Brasil, the periodicals database of the Agency for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), MEDLINE, the Virtual Health Library, and Electronic Journals in Psychology (PePSIC). A total of 24 publications were selected for the review after screening the titles and abstracts. The findings reveal several challenges to ensuring the protection of children caused by shortcomings in professional training, which have a negative influence on the identification and reporting of child maltreatment. The present study reveals the lack of priority given to the issue of child maltreatment in professional training and provides important inputs to inform future research on professional practices for dealing with child violence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beyle Pereira da Silva
- Universidade Tuiuti do Paraná. R. Wilsom Gomes Ramos 120, 401, bloco 3, Abranches. 82.220-510. Curitiba PR Brasil.
| | - Denise de Camargo
- Universidade Tuiuti do Paraná. R. Wilsom Gomes Ramos 120, 401, bloco 3, Abranches. 82.220-510. Curitiba PR Brasil.
| |
Collapse
|
135
|
Kovács-Tóth B, Oláh B, Kuritárné Szabó I, Fekete Z. Psychometric properties of the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire 10 item version (ACE-10) among Hungarian adolescents. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1161620. [PMID: 37275710 PMCID: PMC10235773 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1161620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Although a number of studies have been conducted since the 1995 initiation of the ACE study to map the effects of adverse childhood experiences, few studies have examined the psychometric properties of the individual versions of the ACE questionnaire. Aims The Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire 10 item version (ACE-10) has only been tested in a single study in an adult population, while its applicability in a particularly vulnerable population, the adolescents, has not been investigated yet. Our present study aims to address this gap in an adolescent sample of 792 subjects from a non-representative general population. Methods Besides demographic data, the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire 10 item version (ACE-10), the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), and the HBSC Symptom Checklist (HBSC-SCL) were employed. Results Our results showed acceptable internal consistency (ɵ = 0.86, α = 0.64) and adequate internal validity (r = 0.28-0.70, p < 0.001). In addition, proper concurrent criterion validity of the questionnaire was found when tested along the SDQ and HBSC-SCL items. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that the ACE-10 is suitable for assessing intrafamilial adverse childhood experiences in adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beáta Kovács-Tóth
- Department of Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Barnabás Oláh
- Department of Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Kuritárné Szabó
- Department of Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zita Fekete
- Department of Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Devries K, Cerna-Turoff I, Fabbri C, Turner E, Nyakuwa R, Nherera CM, Nhenga-Chakarisa T, Nengomasha BC, Moyo R. Exploring children's formal help-seeking behaviour for violence in Zimbabwe: analysis of national survey and routine service provider data. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e067818. [PMID: 37137561 PMCID: PMC10163484 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore knowledge of formal services and help-seeking behaviour for violence among Zimbabwean children aged 18 years and under. DESIGN We use cross-sectional data from the 2017 Zimbabwe Violence Against Children Survey (VACS), which is nationally representative and had a 72% response rate for female participants and 66% for males; and anonymised routine data from one of the largest child protection service providers' (Childline Zimbabwe) call database. SETTING Zimbabwe. PARTICIPANTS We analysed data from 13 to 18 year old participants in the 2017 VACS and pertaining to respondents aged 18 years and under from Childline Zimbabwe's call database. MEASURES/ANALYSIS We describe characteristics of children, and fit unadjusted and logistic regression models to estimate associations between selected characteristics and help-seeking knowledge and behaviours. RESULTS 1339 of 4622 children aged 13-18 years surveyed for the 2017 VACS in Zimbabwe (29.8%) reported experience of lifetime physical and/or sexual violence. Of these, 829 (57.3%) children did not know where to seek formal help, 364 (33.1%) children knew where to seek help but did not, and 139 (9.6%) children knew where to seek help and did seek help. Boys were more likely to know where to seek help, but girls were more likely to actually seek help. During the 6-month period when VACS survey data were being collected, Childline received 2177 calls where the main reason for the call was recorded as violence against someone aged 18 years or under. These 2177 calls contained more reports from girls and children in school, versus the national profile of children who had experienced violence. Few children who did not seek help reported not wanting services. Most children who did not seek help reported that they felt at fault or that their safety would be put at risk by disclosure. CONCLUSION Both awareness of services and help-seeking are gendered, suggesting that different strategies may be needed to support boys and girls to access the help they want. Childline in particular may be well placed to expand its outreach to boys and to receive more reports of school-related violence, and should consider efforts to reach out-of-school children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Devries
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ilan Cerna-Turoff
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Camilla Fabbri
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ellen Turner
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
137
|
Stewart SL, Vasudeva AS, Mistry D, Poss JW. The impact of child maltreatment on mental health outcome improvements among children and youth accessing community mental health care. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 139:106066. [PMID: 36791630 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although children with histories of maltreatment are more likely to engage with mental healthcare than non-maltreated children, few studies have examined the impact of maltreatment on children's mental health outcome improvement over time. OBJECTIVE The current study addresses this gap in the present literature by exploring the ways that histories of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse and exposure to domestic violence can influence children's improvement on mental health outcomes commonly associated with trauma. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING De-identified routine care data from 58 community mental health agencies across Ontario, Canada, representing 16,517 children was obtained. This data represented assessments that occurred between February 2015 and December 2021. METHODS General linear models were used to illustrate the effect of each trauma type on change scores computed between baseline and follow-up assessments of externalizing behaviours, risk of harm to others, depressive symptoms, risk of suicide and self-harm, and anxiety, while adjusting for baseline scores, inpatient status, time between assessments, and select demographic variables. RESULTS When the effects of each trauma type was considered separately, children without histories of trauma consistently showed greater improvement than those with that trauma across all mental health outcomes (0.07-0.44, p < 0.01). When all trauma types were considered together, sexual abuse was associated with some of the most significant negative impacts on children's mental health improvements. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight an urgent need for the implementation of standardized, evidence-based assessments that screen trauma histories of children accessing mental health supports and research examining the impact of trauma on children's treatment responsiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L Stewart
- Faculty of Education, University of Western Ontario, 1137 Western Rd, London, ON N6G 1G7, Canada
| | - Aadhiya S Vasudeva
- Faculty of Education, University of Western Ontario, 1137 Western Rd, London, ON N6G 1G7, Canada.
| | - Divya Mistry
- Faculty of Education, University of Western Ontario, 1137 Western Rd, London, ON N6G 1G7, Canada
| | - Jeffrey W Poss
- Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Frøyland LR, Andersen PL. Interpersonal Victimization During Childhood and Adolescence and Educational Attainment in Young Adulthood: A Latent Class Analysis Approach. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:6323-6345. [PMID: 36346174 PMCID: PMC10052399 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221130388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Previous research relates violent victimization early in life to a wide range of unfavorable outcomes in adulthood, among them a lack of educational attainment. A tendency to conduct separate investigations into violent victimization in different areas of life has so far hampered our understanding of both overall victimization processes and its outcomes. The present study overcomes this issue by investigating the cumulative burden of violent victimization during childhood and adolescence as well as the associations between victimization and educational attainment in young adulthood. The study uses a nationally representative sample of 18 to 19-year-old Norwegian students (n = 3,160) from the school-based UngVold 2007 survey, merged with information from official registers up to 2016 (age 27-28). Using latent class analysis (LCA), we combine retrospective accounts of experiences with parental, peer, and sexual violence during childhood and adolescence with educational attainment in young adulthood. The analyses reveal five classes of violent victimization: (1) non-victims (55.7%), (2) peer victims (16.6%), (3) victims of parental violence (14.5%), (4) victims witnessing domestic violence (5.6%), and (5) polyvictims (experiencing parental, peer, and/or sexual violence: 7.6%). They also show lower educational attainment in all groups reporting victimization through physical contact compared to non-victims, particularly among peer victims and polyvictims. Violence thus seems to impair educational attainment for a large share of the population. The identification of particularly lower education among the polyvictims also show the importance of considering the cumulative burden of violence when deciding on treatment needs and the design of help services for victims.
Collapse
|
139
|
Forbes B, Fosuah C, Tidwell B, Nitkin T, Davis T. Effects of a Nurturing Care Group behavior change program on child protection outcomes in Ghana: A controlled before and after trial. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 139:106067. [PMID: 36827866 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As part of an effort to rigorously apply behavioral science to child protection efforts, a behavior change model called Nurturing Care Groups (NCGs) was tested for effectiveness in changing child abuse and corporal punishment behaviors. OBJECTIVE The primary research question was to what degree NCGs could change child protection knowledge, attitudes, and practices among caregivers in a low-cost program with broad reach, which could feasibly be scaled. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The NCG project was implemented in two distinct ecological zones in Ghana, reaching 73,959 caregivers of children under 5 across 41 communities; while 20 communities were control sites with no NCG intervention. METHODS Stratified random sampling was used to select intervention area respondents. Cluster sampling was utilized in control areas, using the Probability Proportional to Size method. Standard measures were used to assess changes in practices of violence and abuse, stress experience and management, parenting techniques, and the household environment. Difference-in-difference linear regression was used to compare intervention and control results. RESULTS Intervention areas demonstrated statistically-significant and substantial changes in reported knowledge, attitudes and behaviors related to physical abuse and corporal punishment. Knowledge of negative impacts of stress on parenting, as well as stress reduction techniques increased in intervention areas, as did positive discipline and parenting practices. CONCLUSIONS The NCG model demonstrated important promising results for changing child protection behaviors in this descriptive study. Statistically-significant decreases in reported physical and psychological punishment and corresponding increases in reported positive discipline indicate that this may be an effective and low-cost intervention for child protection behavior change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bill Forbes
- World Vision International, 800 West Chestnut Avenue, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA.
| | - Cynthia Fosuah
- World Vision Ghana, No. 3 Kotei Robertson Road, North Industrial Area, North, Kaneshie, PMB, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Ben Tidwell
- World Vision United States, 300 I St NE, Washington, DC 20002, USA.
| | - Todd Nitkin
- World Vision International, 1 Roundwood Avenue Stockley Park Uxbridge, Middlesex UB11 1FG, UK.
| | - Tom Davis
- World Vision International, 1 Roundwood Avenue Stockley Park Uxbridge, Middlesex UB11 1FG, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Mathews B, Meinck F, Erskine HE, Tran N, Lee H, Kellard K, Pacella R, Scott JG, Finkelhor D, Higgins DJ, Thomas HJ, Haslam DM. Adaptation and validation of the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire-R2 for a national study of child maltreatment in Australia. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 139:106093. [PMID: 36805615 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To establish national prevalence of child maltreatment, reliable, valid and contextually appropriate measurement is needed. This paper outlines the refinement, adaptation and testing of child maltreatment sections of the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire (JVQ)-R2 for use in the Australian context. METHODS Three phases were undertaken: 1) Conceptual analysis of the five forms of child maltreatment (physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional or psychological abuse, neglect, and experience of domestic violence), item mapping and review, item development, and independent expert review; 2) Cognitive testing with members of the general population, and individuals who have experienced maltreatment; and 3) Pilot testing and quantitative psychometric assessment with a random sample of Australians aged 16-65+ years. RESULTS The final measure included a total of 17 child maltreatment screener items, assessing Physical Abuse (2 items), Sexual abuse (5 items (including 2 non-contact items and 3 contact items), Emotional Abuse (3 items), Neglect (3 items), and Experience of Domestic Violence (4 items). Screener items were also included on corporal punishment (1 item), and internet sexual victimization (2 items). The final 17-item revised JVQ had high face and conceptual validity and good internal reliability (α = 0.86 and Ω = 0.87). Test re-test reliability was moderate to high for individual screeners ranging from k = 0.45 to 0.89. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire-R2: Adapted Version (Australian Child Maltreatment Study) is a suitable instrument for assessing population-wide prevalence of maltreatment. It is congruent with conceptual models of maltreatment and shows good reliability and validity in this Australian sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Mathews
- School of Law, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA.
| | - Franziska Meinck
- School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa; OPTENTIA, Faculty of Humanities, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa
| | - Holly E Erskine
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Qld, Australia; School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Nam Tran
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Family over the Life Course, University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Ha Lee
- School of Law, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Karen Kellard
- Qualitative Research Unit. Social Research Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rosana Pacella
- Institute for Lifecourse Development, University of Greenwich, United Kingdom
| | - James G Scott
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Qld, Australia; QIMR Berghofer, Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Child and Youth Mental Health Service, Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - David Finkelhor
- Crimes Against Children Research Center, Department of Sociology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Daryl J Higgins
- Institute of Child Protection Studies, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia; Parenting and Family Support Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Hannah J Thomas
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Qld, Australia; QIMR Berghofer, Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Divna M Haslam
- School of Law, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; Institute of Child Protection Studies, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia; Parenting and Family Support Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
Kelsall NC, Sanchez SE, Rondon MB, Valeri L, Juvinao-Quintero D, Kirschbaum C, Koenen KC, Gelaye B. Association between trauma exposure and glucocorticosteroid concentration in hair during pregnancy. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2023; 151:106072. [PMID: 36893558 PMCID: PMC10095305 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic events, including child abuse and intimate partner violence, are highly prevalent among women of child-bearing age. These traumatic experiences may impact maternal and offspring physical and mental health. A proposed mechanism for these effects is maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation which can be measured using hair corticosteroid levels. AIMS This study aims to examine the association of child abuse and intimate partner violence exposure with HPA axis functioning, as measured by hair corticosteroid levels in a cohort of pregnant women. METHODS We included data from 1822 pregnant women (mean gestational age 17 weeks) attending a prenatal clinic in Lima, Peru. We extracted cortisol and cortisone concentrations from hair samples using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Each participant provided 6-cm hair samples: 3 cm hair segment closest to the scalp reflecting HCC in early pregnancy (first three months), and 3-6 cm from the scalp reflecting HCC in pre-pregnancy (three months prior to conception). Multivariable linear regression procedures were used to assess the association between maternal trauma exposure and hair corticosteroid levels. RESULTS Overall, women who experienced child abuse on average had higher levels of cortisol (p < 0.01) and cortisone (p < 0.0001) after adjustment for age, race, adult access to basic foods and hair treatments. For the hair segment reflecting early pregnancy, presence of child abuse was associated with a 0.120 log unit increase in cortisol and a 0.260 log unit increase in cortisone (p < 0.001). For the hair segment reflecting pre-pregnancy, a history of child abuse was associated with a 0.100 log unit increase in cortisol and a 0.180 log unit increase in cortisone (p < 0.01). Results also suggested an impact of intimate partner violence on HPA regulation; however, associations were not statistically significant after controlling for child abuse. CONCLUSIONS These results underscore the long-lasting impacts of exposure to adversity and trauma during early life. Our study findings will have implications for research investigating HPA axis function and long-term effects of violence on corticosteroid regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Clancy Kelsall
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Sixto E Sanchez
- Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Instituto de Investigación, Lima, Peru; Asociaciòn Civil Proyectos en Salud, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Linda Valeri
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Karestan C Koenen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bizu Gelaye
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; The Chester M. Pierce, M.D. Division of Global Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
142
|
Ayaya S, DeLong A, Embleton L, Ayuku D, Sang E, Hogan J, Kamanda A, Atwoli L, Makori D, Ott MA, Ombok C, Braitstein P. Prevalence, incidence and chronicity of child abuse among orphaned, separated, and street-connected children and adolescents in western Kenya: What is the impact of care environment? CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 139:104920. [PMID: 33485648 PMCID: PMC8289926 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of different types of care environment on orphaned and separated children and adolescents' (OSCA) experiences of abuse in sub-Saharan Africa is uncertain. OBJECTIVE Our two primary objectives were 1) to compare recent child abuse (physical, emotional, and sexual) between OSCA living in institutional environments and those in family-based care; and 2) to understand how recent child abuse among street-connected children and youth compared to these other vulnerable youth populations. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING This project followed a cohort of OSCA in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya (2009-2019). This analysis includes 2393 participants aged 18 years and below, 1017 from institutional environments, 1227 from family-based care, and 95 street-connected participants. METHODS The primary outcome of interest was recent abuse. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the odds of recent abuse at baseline, follow-up, and chronically for each abuse domain and adjusted odds ratios (AOR) between care environments, controlling for multiple factors. RESULTS In total, 47 % of OSCA reported ever experiencing any kind of recent abuse at baseline and 54 % in follow-up. Compared to those in family-based care, street-connected participants had a much higher reported prevalence of all types of recent abuse at baseline (AOR: 5.01, 95 % CI: 2.89, 9.35), in follow-up (AOR: 5.22, 95 % CI: 2.41, 13.98), and over time (AOR: 3.44, 95 % CI: 1.93, 6.45). OSCA in institutional care were no more likely than those in family-based care of reporting any recent abuse at baseline (AOR: 0.85 95 % CI: 0.59-1.17) or incident abuse at follow-up (AOR: 0.91, 95 % CI: 0.61-1.47). CONCLUSION OSCA, irrespective of care environment, reported high levels of recent physical, emotional, and sexual abuse. Street-connected participants had the highest prevalence of all kinds of abuse. OSCA living in institutional care did not experience more child abuse than those living in family-based care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Ayaya
- Department of Child Health and Paediatrics, Moi University, College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Eldoret, Kenya; Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Allison DeLong
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Lonnie Embleton
- Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - David Ayuku
- Department of Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences, College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Edwin Sang
- Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Joseph Hogan
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Lukoye Atwoli
- Department of Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences, College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Aga Khan University Medical College, East Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dominic Makori
- Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Mary A Ott
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Caroline Ombok
- Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Paula Braitstein
- Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya; Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Eldoret, Kenya.
| |
Collapse
|
143
|
Yang L, Jia FF, Lu XY, Jia CX. Internalizing and externalizing problems mediate the relationship between maltreatment and self-harm among UK adolescents. J Affect Disord 2023; 333:240-248. [PMID: 37084976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maltreatment is a significant predictive factor for self-harm in adolescents. Internalizing and externalizing problems are both common psychopathological issues in adolescents. This study aimed to look into the link between maltreatment and self-harm in a large sample of adolescents in the UK, as well as the mediating effects that internalizing and externalizing problems play in this link. METHODS Data were pulled from the UK Millennium Cohort Study, and a total of 8894 adolescents were included in this analysis. All variables were assessed by Questionnaires. Path analysis was performed to assess the mediating effects of internalizing and externalizing problems in the link between maltreatment and self-harm. RESULTS 23.4 % of samples reported self-harm incidents during the preceding 12 months. Emotional abuse and physical abuse were significantly related to self-harm, and adolescents who had experienced multiple forms of maltreatment were more prone to self-harm. Mediation analysis revealed that internalizing problems were the primary mediator in the link between emotional abuse and self-harm, with the mediation effect size being 0.29. Internalizing and externalizing problems performed similarly in the link between physical abuse and self-harm, with mediation effect sizes of 0.23 and 0.19, respectively. LIMITATIONS The majority of the data was gathered through self-reporting. CONCLUSIONS Emotional abuse and physical abuse were significant predictors of self-harm, and their links with self-harm were partially mediated via internalizing and externalizing problems. Better supervision of maltreatment, and timely intervention for both internalizing and externalizing problems, are critical in preventing self-harm among adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fei-Fei Jia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Xin-Yi Lu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Cun-Xian Jia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
144
|
Kisaakye P, Kafuko A, Bukuluki P. Lifetime violence and suicidal ideation among young women (18-24 years) in Uganda: Results from a population-based survey. Front Glob Womens Health 2023; 4:1063846. [PMID: 37139174 PMCID: PMC10150090 DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2023.1063846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Violence is a major global public health issue that threatens the physical and mental health of victims. Of particular concern is the increasing evidence which suggests that violence is strongly associated with suicidal behavior including ideation. Methods This study uses data from the 2015 Violence Against Children Survey (VACS). This study seeks to highlight the relationship between lifetime violence and suicidal ideation using a nationally representative sample of 1,795 young women (18-24 years) in Uganda. Results Results indicate that respondents who experienced lifetime sexual violence (aOR = 1.726; 95%CI = 1.304-2.287), physical violence (aOR = 1.930; 95%CI = 1.293-2.882) or emotional violence (aOR = 2.623; 95%CI = 1.988-3.459) were more likely to experience suicidal ideation. Respondents who were not married (aOR = 1.607; 95%CI = 1.040-2.484), not having too much trust with community members (aOR = 1.542; 95%CI = 1.024-2.320) or not having a close relationship with biological parents (aOR = 1.614; 95%CI = 1.230-2.119) were more likely to experience suicidal ideation. Respondents who did not engage in work in the past 12 months prior to the survey (aOR = 0.629; 95%CI = 0.433-0.913) were less likely to experience suicidal ideation. Conclusion The results can be used to inform policy and programming and for integration of mental health and psychosocial support in programming for prevention and response to violence against young women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kisaakye
- Department of Population Studies, School of Statistics and Planning, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Agatha Kafuko
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, School of Social Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Paul Bukuluki
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, School of Social Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| |
Collapse
|
145
|
Trucco EM, Fava NM, Villar MG, Kumar M, Sutherland MT. Social Isolation During the COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts the Link between Child Abuse and Adolescent Internalizing Problems. J Youth Adolesc 2023; 52:1313-1324. [PMID: 37067640 PMCID: PMC10108819 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-023-01775-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Collective traumas have a notable impact on adolescent well-being. While some youth face increased risk for mental health problems (e.g., those with maltreatment histories), many demonstrate resilience following traumatic events. One contributing factor to well-being following trauma is the degree to which one isolates from others. Accordingly, we examined the association between maltreatment and internalizing problems during the COVID-19 pandemic as moderated by social isolation. Among adolescents reporting pre-pandemic emotional abuse, those experiencing less isolation reported the lowest levels of anxiety symptoms. Among adolescents reporting pre-pandemic physical abuse, those experiencing less isolation reported the greatest levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms. The findings highlight a public health-oriented approach to youth well-being during collective trauma that extends beyond mitigating disease transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa M Trucco
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
- Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, AHC-1 Rm. 140, Miami, FL, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Nicole M Fava
- Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, AHC-1 Rm. 140, Miami, FL, USA
- Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Michelle G Villar
- Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, AHC-1 Rm. 140, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mari Kumar
- Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, AHC-1 Rm. 140, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Matthew T Sutherland
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
- Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, AHC-1 Rm. 140, Miami, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
146
|
Kutywayo A, Frade S, Chidumwa G, Mahuma T, Naidoo NP, Mullick S. Experiences of violence among female and male grade eight learners: baseline findings from the Girls Achieve Power (GAP Year) trial across three South African townships. Gates Open Res 2023. [DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.13276.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: South African adolescents experience disproportionally high rates of violence, with lifelong health, social and economic impacts. Few papers present risk factors associated with experiences of adolescent violence. Methods: A baseline cross-sectional survey was done (April 2017 – Sept 2018) with 3432 grade 8 learners in the Girls Achieve Power (GAP Year) trial from 26 high schools in three townships (Soweto and Tembisa, Gauteng and Khayelitsha, Western Cape). Collected data on lifetime experiences of different types of violence, perpetrators, and place of violence. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to enumerate experiences of, and factors associated with violence. Results: A total of 2383 respondents are included. Most (63.1%) were girls, 81.5% aged 12-14. In total 25.9% had ever experienced violence, higher among boys (p=<0.001). Physical violence was most common (35.7%), then psychological (21.8%), sexual (13.1%), neglect (10.6%), cyberbullying (7.6%), corporal punishment (6.5%) and economic abuse (4.8%). Boys experienced more physical violence (36.0%); girls experienced more psychological violence (22.2%). Gauteng had double the reports of sexual violence (18.4% vs 7.6%, p<0.001). Violence happened most at school (27.4%), followed by the park (19.8%) or their friends’ home (12.9%). Multivariate analysis showed that boys (aOR 1.68; 95% CV 1.32-2.14; p<0.001), those aged 15-17 years (aOR 1.41; 95% CV 1.04-1.89; p=0.025), those who ever used substances (aOR 1.90; 95% CI 1.9-2.28; p<0.001), and those who sometimes feel worthless (aOR 1.33; 95% CI 1.09-1.63, p=0.005) were at higher odds of ever experiencing violence. Those who had ever had sex were more likely to have ever experienced violence (aOR 1.42; 95% CI 1.10-1.83; p=0.008). Conclusion: Urgently need wider adoption, scaling, and sustaining of evidence-based primary violence prevention and structural interventions are required to reduce the high burden of adolescent violence. Stakeholders across the ecological model are needed to tackle harmful cultural norms that perpetuate violence.
Collapse
|
147
|
Collins S, Orth T, Brunton R, Dryer R. Child abuse and wellbeing: Examining the roles of self-compassion and fear of self. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 138:106089. [PMID: 36764171 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Childhood abuse is linked to poorer well-being, yet some survivors show no prolonged effect, suggesting multifinality. Men and women also differ in the experience and sequelae of abuse supporting gender-specific analyses. To assist in circumventing poor outcomes associated with child abuse, this study examined fear of self (FoS) and self-compassion (SC) as risk and protective factors between child abuse and well-being. METHOD Australian women (N = 1302, Mage = 47.28 [13.63]) completed an online assessment of childhood abuse, psychological distress, perceived quality of life, SC, FoS. Moderated-moderation examined the different abuses as predictors of psychological distress and quality of life (QoL) and FoS and SC as primary and secondary moderators, respectively. RESULTS Physical abuse did not predict psychological distress or QoL. FoS and SC were independent predictors of distress and QoL. Similarly, childhood sexual abuse was not found to predict distress or QoL. FoS and SC were independent predictors of distress and QoL. There was also an interaction between childhood sexual abuse and SC in predicting QoL. A moderated-moderation was found for the relationship between child sexual abuse and distress. Psychological abuse predicted distress and QoL, and FoS and SC both moderated this relationship. Moreover, a moderated-moderation was observed for the relationship between psychological abuse and QoL. CONCLUSIONS Greater FoS is associated with poorer outcomes for child abuse survivors; SC may mitigate this impact. Psychological abuse was the strongest predictor of well-being. Interventions that increase SC and raise awareness of psychological abuse and its impacts are needed.
Collapse
|
148
|
Rubens M, Bruenig D, Adams JAM, Suresh SM, Sathyanarayanan A, Haslam D, Shenk CE, Mathews B, Mehta D. Childhood maltreatment and DNA methylation: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 147:105079. [PMID: 36764637 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Child maltreatment (CM) encompasses sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse, neglect, and exposure to domestic and family violence. Epigenetic research investigating CM has focused on differential DNA methylation (DNAm) in genes associated with the stress response, but there has been limited evaluation of the specific effects of subtypes of CM. This systematic review of literature investigating DNAm associated with CM in non-clinical populations aimed to summarise the approaches currently used in research, how the type of maltreatment and age of exposure were encoded via methylation, and which genes have consistently been associated with CM. A total of fifty-four papers were eligible for review, including forty-one candidate gene studies, eight epigenome-wide association studies, and five studies with a mixed design. The ways in which the various forms of CM were conceptualised and measured varied between papers. Future studies would benefit from assessments that employ conceptually robust definitions of CM, and that capture important contextual information such as age of exposure and subtype of CM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie Rubens
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Dagmar Bruenig
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Jessica A M Adams
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Shruthi M Suresh
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Anita Sathyanarayanan
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Divna Haslam
- Australian Centre for Health Law Research, School of Law, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australia; Parenting and Family Support Centre, University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Chad E Shenk
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, USA
| | - Ben Mathews
- Australian Centre for Health Law Research, School of Law, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australia; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, USA
| | - Divya Mehta
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
149
|
Mehta D, Kelly AB, Laurens KR, Haslam D, Williams KE, Walsh K, Baker PRA, Carter HE, Khawaja NG, Zelenko O, Mathews B. Child Maltreatment and Long-Term Physical and Mental Health Outcomes: An Exploration of Biopsychosocial Determinants and Implications for Prevention. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2023; 54:421-435. [PMID: 34586552 PMCID: PMC8480117 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-021-01258-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Child maltreatment rates remain unacceptably high and rates are likely to escalate as COVID-related economic problems continue. A comprehensive and evidence-building approach is needed to prevent, detect and intervene where child maltreatment occurs. This review identifies key challenges in definitions, overviews the latest data on prevalence rates, reviews risk and protective factors, and examines common long-term mental health outcomes for children who experience maltreatment. The review takes a systems approach to child maltreatment outcomes through its focus on the overall burden of disease, gene-environment interactions, neurobiological mechanisms and social ecologies linking maltreatment to mental ill-health. Five recommendations relating to the accurate measurement of trends, research on brain structures and processes, improving the reach and impact of teleservices for detecting, preventing and treating child maladjustment, community-based approaches, and building population-focused multidisciplinary alliances and think tanks are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Divya Mehta
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
- Child Adversity, Mental Health and Resilience Theme, Centre for Child Health and Well-being, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Adrian B Kelly
- Child Adversity, Mental Health and Resilience Theme, Centre for Child Health and Well-being, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia.
- Centre for Inclusive Education, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia.
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- Child Adversity, Mental Health and Resilience Theme, Centre for Child Health and Well-being, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Inclusive Education, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Divna Haslam
- Child Adversity, Mental Health and Resilience Theme, Centre for Child Health and Well-being, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
- Parenting and Family Support Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kate E Williams
- Child Adversity, Mental Health and Resilience Theme, Centre for Child Health and Well-being, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
- School of Early Childhood and Inclusive Education, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Child & Family Studies, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kerryann Walsh
- Child Adversity, Mental Health and Resilience Theme, Centre for Child Health and Well-being, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
- School of Early Childhood and Inclusive Education, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Child & Family Studies, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Philip R A Baker
- Child Adversity, Mental Health and Resilience Theme, Centre for Child Health and Well-being, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Hannah E Carter
- Child Adversity, Mental Health and Resilience Theme, Centre for Child Health and Well-being, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nigar G Khawaja
- Child Adversity, Mental Health and Resilience Theme, Centre for Child Health and Well-being, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Oksana Zelenko
- Child Adversity, Mental Health and Resilience Theme, Centre for Child Health and Well-being, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ben Mathews
- Child Adversity, Mental Health and Resilience Theme, Centre for Child Health and Well-being, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
- School of Law, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| |
Collapse
|
150
|
Guedes Barbosa (in memoriam) G, Tavares AS, Nogueira RN, Costa LF. Violência Sexual contra Crianças e Adolescentes: Teoria Implícita. REVISTA PSICOLOGIA E SAÚDE 2023. [DOI: 10.20435/pssa.v14i4.1811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
O objetivo deste texto é identificar as teorias implícitas sobre a masculinidade e a vítima criança/adolescente, nos conteúdos de falas de homens adultos autores de ofensa sexual. Na violência sexual, o indivíduo que ofende supõe propriedades de suas vítimas a partir de suas próprias representações mentais. Trata-se de pesquisa documental realizada em uma instituição de atenção ao adulto ofensor sexual, com base no registro de duas intervenções grupais ocorridas em 2018 e 2019. Os resultados foram organizados e discutidos em sentidos que deram ênfase: na expressão da masculinidade, na relação com a mulher e com a criança/adolescente. Buscou-se dar visibilidade à construção das crenças e imposições de pensamento que são produzidas na vida social e familiar e que dão maior poder e dominação ao homem. Estes sentidos apontados indicam o gênero masculino como centro das relações e o gênero feminino submetido e dominado.
Collapse
|