101
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Fiorentino TV, Suraci E, De Vito F, Cimellaro A, Hribal ML, Sciacqua A, Andreozzi F, Luzza F, Sesti G. One-hour post-load hyperglycemia combined with HbA1c identifies individuals with augmented duodenal levels of sodium/glucose co-transporter 1. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2021; 181:109094. [PMID: 34662689 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Individuals with HbA1c-defined prediabetes (HbA1c 5.7-6.4%) and 1-hour post-load plasma glucose (1hPG) ≥ 155 mg/dl have an increased risk to develop type 2 diabetes (T2DM). T2DM is associated with a higher intestinal expression of sodium/glucose co-transporter 1 (SGLT-1) and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT-2). It is currently unsettled whether HbA1c-defined dysglycemic conditions combined to 1hPG ≥ 155 mg/dl are associated with changes in SGLT-1 and GLUT-2 duodenal abundance. METHODS SGLT-1 and GLUT-2 protein levels were assessed by western blot on duodenal mucosa biopsies of 57 individuals underwent an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. RESULTS Compared with the normal group (HbA1c < 5.7%), individuals with HbA1c-defined pre-diabetes and diabetes exhibit no significant change in duodenal SGLT-1 abundance. Conversely, duodenal GLUT-2 levels were progressively increased in subjects with prediabetes and diabetes. Stratifying participants according to HbA1c and 1hPG we found that amongst subjects with HbA1c-defined normal or prediabetes condition those having 1hPG ≥ 155 mg/dl displayed higher duodenal levels of SGLT-1 as compared to their counterparts with 1hPG < 155 mg/dl; in contrast to GLUT-2 levels, which were similar between normal and with prediabetes subjects, regardless of 1hPG value. CONCLUSION A value of 1hPG ≥ 155 mg/dl may identify a subset of individuals within HbA1c-defined glycemic categories having a higher duodenal abundance of SGLT-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Vanessa Fiorentino
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Evelina Suraci
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Francesca De Vito
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Antonio Cimellaro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Marta Letizia Hribal
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Angela Sciacqua
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Francesco Andreozzi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Francesco Luzza
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Giorgio Sesti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome-Sapienza, Rome 00189, Italy.
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102
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Involvement of Intestinal Goblet Cells and Changes in Sodium Glucose Transporters Expression: Possible Therapeutic Targets in Autistic BTBR T +Itpr3 tf/J Mice. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111328. [PMID: 34769857 PMCID: PMC8583041 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental syndrome with a complicated etiology and could be responsible for disrupted gastrointestinal tract microbiota. The aim of this work was to study intestinal samples from an autistic animal model (BTBR mouse strain) to better describe gastrointestinal alterations. We performed a morphological and biological evaluation of small intestine samples. In terms of morphology, we studied the goblet cells, cells of intestinal mucosal responsible for the production and maintenance of the protective mucous blanket. Alterations in their secretion may indicate an altered rate of mucus synthesis and this is one of the possible causes of gastrointestinal problems. In terms of biological evaluation, impaired regulation of glucose homeostasis regulated by sodium-glucose transporters has been suggested as an important component of obesity and associated comorbidities; therefore, this study analyzed the expression of sodium/glucose transporter-1 and -3 in BTBR mice to better define their role. We demonstrated that, in BTBR mice as compared to C57BL/6J (B6) strain animals: (1) The goblet cells had different protein content in their vesicles and apparently a larger number of Golgi cisternae; (2) the expression and level of sodium/glucose transporters were higher. These findings could suggest new possible targets in autism spectrum disorder to maintain mucus barrier function.
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103
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Burman A, Kaji I. Luminal Chemosensory Cells in the Small Intestine. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113712. [PMID: 34835968 PMCID: PMC8620795 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the small intestine's well-known function of nutrient absorption, the small intestine also plays a major role in nutrient sensing. Similar to taste sensors seen on the tongue, GPCR-coupled nutrient sensors are expressed throughout the intestinal epithelium and respond to nutrients found in the lumen. These taste receptors respond to specific ligands, such as digested carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The activation of nutrient sensors in the intestine allows for the induction of signaling pathways needed for the digestive system to process an influx of nutrients. Such processes include those related to glucose homeostasis and satiety. Defects in intestinal nutrient sensing have been linked to a variety of metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. Here, we review recent updates in the mechanisms related to intestinal nutrient sensors, particularly in enteroendocrine cells, and their pathological roles in disease. Additionally, we highlight the emerging nutrient sensing role of tuft cells and recent work using enteroids as a sensory organ model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreanna Burman
- Cell and Developmental Biology and Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
| | - Izumi Kaji
- Epithelial Biology Center and Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Correspondence:
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104
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Morrow NM, Hanson AA, Mulvihill EE. Distinct Identity of GLP-1R, GLP-2R, and GIPR Expressing Cells and Signaling Circuits Within the Gastrointestinal Tract. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:703966. [PMID: 34660576 PMCID: PMC8511495 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.703966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells directly integrate signals of nutrient content within the gut lumen with distant hormonal responses and nutrient disposal via the production and secretion of peptides, including glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2). Given their direct and indirect control of post-prandial nutrient uptake and demonstrated translational relevance for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, malabsorption and cardiometabolic disease, there is significant interest in the locally engaged circuits mediating these metabolic effects. Although several specific populations of cells in the intestine have been identified to express endocrine receptors, including intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and αβ and γδ T-cells (Glp1r+) and smooth muscle cells (Glp2r+), the definitive cellular localization and co-expression, particularly in regards to the Gipr remain elusive. Here we review the current state of the literature and evaluate the identity of Glp1r, Glp2r, and Gipr expressing cells within preclinical and clinical models. Further elaboration of our understanding of the initiating G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) circuits engaged locally within the intestine and how they become altered with high-fat diet feeding can offer insight into the dysregulation observed in obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadya M Morrow
- Energy Substrate Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Antonio A Hanson
- Energy Substrate Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Erin E Mulvihill
- Energy Substrate Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Montreal Diabetes Research Center CRCHUM-Pavillion R, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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105
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Berthoud HR, Morrison CD, Ackroff K, Sclafani A. Learning of food preferences: mechanisms and implications for obesity & metabolic diseases. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 45:2156-2168. [PMID: 34230576 PMCID: PMC8455326 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00894-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Omnivores, including rodents and humans, compose their diets from a wide variety of potential foods. Beyond the guidance of a few basic orosensory biases such as attraction to sweet and avoidance of bitter, they have limited innate dietary knowledge and must learn to prefer foods based on their flavors and postoral effects. This review focuses on postoral nutrient sensing and signaling as an essential part of the reward system that shapes preferences for the associated flavors of foods. We discuss the extensive array of sensors in the gastrointestinal system and the vagal pathways conveying information about ingested nutrients to the brain. Earlier studies of vagal contributions were limited by nonselective methods that could not easily distinguish the contributions of subsets of vagal afferents. Recent advances in technique have generated substantial new details on sugar- and fat-responsive signaling pathways. We explain methods for conditioning flavor preferences and their use in evaluating gut-brain communication. The SGLT1 intestinal sugar sensor is important in sugar conditioning; the critical sensors for fat are less certain, though GPR40 and 120 fatty acid sensors have been implicated. Ongoing work points to particular vagal pathways to brain reward areas. An implication for obesity treatment is that bariatric surgery may alter vagal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Rudolf Berthoud
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
| | - Christopher D Morrison
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Karen Ackroff
- Psychology Department, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Anthony Sclafani
- Psychology Department, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
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106
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Ohlsson B. Theories behind the effect of starch‑ and sucrose‑reduced diets on gastrointestinal symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome (Review). Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:732. [PMID: 34414452 PMCID: PMC8404103 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased amounts of starch and sugar have been added to the diet in the Western world during the last decades. Undigested carbohydrates lead to bacterial fermentation and gas production with diffusion of water, causing abdominal bloating, pain and diarrhea. Therefore, dietary advice is the first line of treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), a disease characterized by abdominal pain and altered bowel habits without any organic findings. Recently, a diet with a reduction of starch and sucrose led to a marked effect on gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. The mechanism is unknown, but three possible mechanisms are presented in the present review. First, functional variants of the enzyme sucrase‑isomaltase (SI) have been described in IBS. A subgroup of patients with IBS may thus suffer from partial SI deficiency with reduced digestion of starch and sucrose. Second, fructose absorption is less efficient than glucose absorption, which may lead to a physiological fructose malabsorption when ingesting high amounts of sucrose. A third mechanism is that high‑sugar diets causing hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and weight gain have led to painful neuropathy in animal models; whereas, improved metabolic control in humans has led to improvement of neuropathy. Starch‑ and sucrose‑reduced diets lead to decreased levels of C‑peptide, insulin, gastric inhibitory peptide, leptin and weight reduction. These metabolic changes may reduce the excitability of the hypersensitive nervous system often found in IBS and, thereby, lead to the reduced symptoms found after the diet. In conclusion, further studies are needed to investigate the pathophysiology behind development of symptoms after starch and sucrose intake, and the mechanisms behind symptom relief after reduced intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodil Ohlsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 20502 Malmö, Sweden
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107
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Vrhovac Madunić I, Karin-Kujundžić V, Madunić J, Šola IM, Šerman L. Endometrial Glucose Transporters in Health and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:703671. [PMID: 34552924 PMCID: PMC8450505 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.703671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy loss is a frequent occurrence during the peri-implantation period, when there is high glucose demand for embryonic development and endometrial decidualization. Glucose is among the most essential uterine fluid components required for those processes. Numerous studies associate abnormal glucose metabolism in the endometrium with a higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. The endometrium is incapable of synthesizing glucose, which thus must be delivered into the uterine lumen by glucose transporters (GLUTs) and/or the sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1). Among the 26 glucose transporters (14 GLUTs and 12 SGLTs) described, 10 (9 GLUTs and SGLT1) are expressed in rodents and 8 (7 GLUTs and SGLT1) in the human uterus. This review summarizes present knowledge on the most studied glucose transporters in the uterine endometrium (GLUT1, GLUT3, GLUT4, and GLUT8), whose data regarding function and regulation are still lacking. We present the recently discovered SGLT1 in the mouse and human endometrium, responsible for controlling glycogen accumulation essential for embryo implantation. Moreover, we describe the epigenetic regulation of endometrial GLUTs, as well as signaling pathways included in uterine GLUT’s expression. Further investigation of the GLUTs function in different endometrial cells is of high importance, as numerous glucose transporters are associated with infertility, polycystic ovary syndrome, and gestational diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Vrhovac Madunić
- Molecular Toxicology Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Valentina Karin-Kujundžić
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Centre of Excellence in Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Josip Madunić
- Biochemistry and Organic Analytical Chemistry Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ida Marija Šola
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Sisters of Charity University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ljiljana Šerman
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Centre of Excellence in Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
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108
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Shah N, Abdalla MA, Deshmukh H, Sathyapalan T. Therapeutics for type-2 diabetes mellitus: a glance at the recent inclusions and novel agents under development for use in clinical practice. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2021; 12:20420188211042145. [PMID: 34589201 PMCID: PMC8474306 DOI: 10.1177/20420188211042145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic, progressive, and multifaceted illness resulting in significant physical and psychological detriment to patients. As of 2019, 463 million people are estimated to be living with DM worldwide, out of which 90% have type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Over the years, significant progress has been made in identifying the risk factors for developing T2DM, understanding its pathophysiology and uncovering various metabolic pathways implicated in the disease process. This has culminated in the implementation of robust prevention programmes and the development of effective pharmacological agents, which have had a favourable impact on the management of T2DM in recent times. Despite these advances, the incidence and prevalence of T2DM continue to rise. Continuing research in improving efficacy, potency, delivery and reducing the adverse effect profile of currently available formulations is required to keep pace with this growing health challenge. Moreover, new metabolic pathways need to be targeted to produce novel pharmacotherapy to restore glucose homeostasis and address metabolic sequelae in patients with T2DM. We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar databases for recently included agents and novel medication under development for treatment of T2DM. We discuss the pathophysiology of T2DM and review how the emerging anti-diabetic agents target the metabolic pathways involved. We also look at some of the limiting factors to developing new medication and the introduction of unique methods, including facilitating drug delivery to bypass some of these obstacles. However, despite the advances in the therapeutic options for the treatment of T2DM in recent years, the industry still lacks a curative agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najeeb Shah
- Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust,
Hull, UK
- Department of Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology
& Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Brocklehurst
Building, 220-236 Anlaby Road, Hull, HU3 2RW, UK
| | - Mohammed Altigani Abdalla
- Department of Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology
& Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull,
UK
| | - Harshal Deshmukh
- University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and
Department of Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Hull York
Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and
Department of Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Hull York
Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
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Takahashi Y, Inoue Y, Kuze K, Sato S, Shimizu M, Kiyono H, Yamauchi Y, Sato R. Comparison of gene expression and activation of transcription factors in organoid-derived monolayer intestinal epithelial cells and organoids. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:2137-2144. [PMID: 34297057 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal organoids better represent in vivo intestinal properties than conventionally used established cell lines in vitro. However, they are maintained in three-dimensional culture conditions that may be accompanied by handling complexities. We characterized the properties of human organoid-derived two-dimensionally cultured intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) compared with those of their parental organoids. We found that the expression of several intestinal markers and functional genes were indistinguishable between monolayer IECs and organoids. We further confirmed that their specific ligands equally activate intestinal ligand-activated transcriptional regulators in a dose-dependent manner. The results suggest that culture conditions do not significantly influence the fundamental properties of monolayer IECs originating from organoids, at least from the perspective of gene expression regulation. This will enable their use as novel biological tools to investigate the physiological functions of the human intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Takahashi
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Inoue
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keitaro Kuze
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shintaro Sato
- Mucosal Vaccine Project, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Shimizu
- Nutri-Life Science Laboratory, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Division of Innate Immune Regulation, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccine, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Yamauchi
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Sato
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Nutri-Life Science Laboratory, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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110
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Exploring the Pleiotropic Genes and Therapeutic Targets Associated with Heart Failure and Chronic Kidney Disease by Integrating metaCCA and SGLT2 Inhibitors' Target Prediction. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:4229194. [PMID: 34540994 PMCID: PMC8443964 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4229194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Previous studies have shown that heart failure (HF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) have common genetic mechanisms, overlapping pathophysiological pathways, and therapeutic drug—sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. Methods The genetic pleiotropy metaCCA method was applied on summary statistics data from two independent meta-analyses of GWAS comprising more than 1 million people to identify shared variants and pleiotropic effects between HF and CKD. Targets of SGLT2 inhibitors were predicted by SwissTargetPrediction and DrugBank databases. To refine all genes, we performed using versatile gene-based association study 2 (VEGAS2) and transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) for HF and CKD, respectively. Gene enrichment and KEGG pathway analyses were used to explore the potential functional significance of the identified genes and targets. Results After metaCCA analysis, 4,624 SNPs and 1,745 genes were identified to be potentially pleiotropic in the univariate and multivariate SNP-multivariate phenotype analyses, respectively. 21 common genes were detected in both metaCCA and SGLT2 inhibitors' target prediction. In addition, 169 putative pleiotropic genes were identified, which met the significance threshold both in metaCCA analysis and in the VEGAS2 or TWAS analysis for at least one disease. Conclusion We identified novel variants associated with HF and CKD using effectively incorporating information from different GWAS datasets. Our analysis may provide new insights into HF and CKD therapeutic approaches based on the pleiotropic genes, common targets, and mechanisms by integrating the metaCCA method, TWAS and VEGAS2 analyses, and target prediction of SGLT2 inhibitors.
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111
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Wang B, Gong L, Zhou Y, Tang L, Zeng Z, Wang Q, Zou P, Yu D, Li W. Probiotic Paenibacillus polymyxa 10 and Lactobacillus plantarum 16 enhance growth performance of broilers by improving the intestinal health. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2021; 7:829-840. [PMID: 34466687 PMCID: PMC8384779 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
With the ever-growing strict prohibitions on antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in animal production, in-feed probiotics are becoming attractive alternatives to antibiotics in the poultry industry. To investigate the effects of Paenibacillus polymyxa 10 and Lactobacillus plantarum 16 on the growth performance and intestinal health of broilers, 540 male Cobb 500 broilers of 1 d old were randomly divided into 3 groups with 6 replicates per group and 30 chicks per replicate. Broilers were fed with either a basal diet or basal diets supplemented with 1 × 108 colony-forming units (CFU)/kg P. polymyxa 10 (BSC10) or L. plantarum 16 (Lac16) for 42 d. Results showed that Lac16 treatment improved (P < 0.05) the growth performance (body weight and feed conversion) of broilers at the starter phase, while BSC10 treatment slightly improved (P > 0.05) the growth performance of the starter phase broilers. The increased villus height (P < 0.05) at d 14, 21 and 42 and villus height to crypt depth ratio (P < 0.05) at d 14 and 21 were observed in the ileum of the 2 probiotic groups. Besides, transmission electron microscopy results showed that the 2 probiotics enhanced the intestinal epithelial barrier. Both probiotic treatments up-regulated (P < 0.05) the mRNA expression of fatty acid binding protein 1 (FABP1) and sodium-dependent glucose transporters-1 (SGLT-1) in the ileal mucosa of broilers at d 21. In addition, BSC10 and Lac16 treatments significantly (P < 0.05) increased the relative abundance of short-chain fatty acids-producing bacteria, such as Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Lachnospira and Coprococcu, and significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the relative abundance of enteric pathogens (Escherichia coli, Bacteroides fragilis and Shigella sonnei). Furthermore, the 2 probiotic treatments also increased the positive connection among the intestinal microbes and the carbohydrate metabolism-related pathways of the intestinal bacteria (P < 0.05), with decreasing (P < 0.05) nucleotides biosynthesis-related pathways of the intestinal bacteria. Overall, these results suggest that the 2 probiotics, especially Lac16, have a potential beneficial effect on the growth performance and intestinal health of starter phase broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baikui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Gong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanhao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zihan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Zou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongyou Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Weifen Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
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Bandyopadhyay I, Dave S, Rai A, Nampoothiri M, Chamallamudi MR, Kumar N. Oral semaglutide in the management of type 2 DM: Clinical status and comparative analysis. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 23:311-327. [PMID: 34468297 DOI: 10.2174/1389450122666210901125420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the incretin system, Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a hormone that inhibits the release of glucagon and regulates glucose-dependent insulin secretion. In type 2 diabetes, correcting the impaired incretin system using GLP-1 agonist is a well-defined therapeutic strategy. OBJECTIVES This review article aims to discuss the mechanism of action, key regulatory events, clinical trials for glycaemic control and comparative analysis of semaglutide with the second-line antidiabetic drugs. DESCRIPTION Semaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP 1) receptor agonist with enhanced glycaemic control in diabetes patients. In 2019, USFDA approved the first oral GLP-1 receptor agonist, semaglutide to be administered as a once-daily tablet. Further, recent studies highlight the ability of semaglutide to improve the glycaemic control in obese patients with a reduction in body weight. Still, in clinical practice, in type 2 DM treatment paradigm the impact of oral semaglutide remains unidentified. This review article discusses the mechanism of action, pharmacodynamics, key regulatory events, and clinical trials regarding glycaemic control. CONCLUSION The review highlights the comparative analysis of semaglutide with the existing second-line drugs for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus by stressing on its benefits and adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilora Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Sunny Dave
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Amita Rai
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Madhavan Nampoothiri
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Mallikarjuna Rao Chamallamudi
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
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Korfhage J, Skinner ME, Basu J, Greenson JK, Miller RA, Lombard DB. Canagliflozin increases intestinal adenoma burden in female Apc Min/+ mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 77:215-220. [PMID: 34448851 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glab254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The diabetes drug canagliflozin extends lifespan in male mice. Since malignant neoplasms are the major cause of death in most mouse strains, this observation suggests that canagliflozin might exert anti-neoplastic effects in male mice. Here, we treated a mouse neoplasia model, the adenoma-prone Apc Min/+ strain, with canagliflozin, to test the effects of this drug on intestinal tumor burden. Surprisingly, canagliflozin increased the total area of intestine involved by adenomas, an effect most marked in the distal intestine and in female mice. Immunohistochemical analysis suggested that canagliflozin may not influence adenoma growth via direct SGLT1/2 inhibition in neoplastic cells. Our results are most consistent with a model where canagliflozin aggravates adenoma development by altering the anatomic distribution of intestinal glucose absorption, as evidenced by increases in postprandial GLP-1 levels driven by delayed glucose absorption. We hypothesize that canagliflozin exacerbates adenomatosis in the Apc Min/+ model via complex, cell-non-autonomous mechanisms, and that sex differences in GLP-1 responses may in part underlie sexually dimorphic effects of this drug on lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Korfhage
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mary E Skinner
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jookta Basu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Joel K Greenson
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Richard A Miller
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Geriatrics Center and Paul F. Glenn Center for Biology of Aging Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David B Lombard
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Geriatrics Center and Paul F. Glenn Center for Biology of Aging Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI, USA
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Nuclear CoRepressors, NCOR1 and SMRT, are required for maintaining systemic metabolic homeostasis. Mol Metab 2021; 53:101315. [PMID: 34390859 PMCID: PMC8429965 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCOR1) and the silencing mediator of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone (SMRT, also known as NCOR2) play critical and specific roles in nuclear receptor action. NCOR1, both in vitro and in vivo specifically regulates thyroid hormone (TH) action in the context of individual organs such as the liver, and systemically in the context of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. In contrast, selective deletion of SMRT in the liver or globally has shown that it plays very little role in TH signaling. However, both NCOR1 and SMRT have some overlapping roles in hepatic metabolism and lipogenesis. Here, we determine the roles of NCOR1 and SMRT in global physiologic function and find if SMRT could play a compensatory role in the regulation of TH action, globally. Methods We used a postnatal deletion strategy to disrupt both NCOR1 and SMRT together in all tissues at 8–9 weeks of age in male and female mice. This was performed using a tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase (UBC-Cre-ERT2) to KO (knockout) NCOR1, SMRT, or NCOR1 and SMRT together. We used the same strategy to KO HDAC3 in male and female mice of the same age. Metabolic parameters, gene expression, and thyroid function tests were analyzed. Results Surprisingly, adult mice that acquired NCOR1 and SMRT deletion rapidly became hypoglycemic and hypothermic and perished within ten days of deletion of both corepressors. Postnatal deletion of either NCOR1 or SMRT had no impact on mortality. NCOR1/SMRT KO mice rapidly developed hepatosteatosis and mild elevations in liver function tests. Additionally, alterations in lipogenesis, beta oxidation, along with hepatic triglyceride and glycogen levels suggested defects in hepatic metabolism. The intestinal function was intact in the NCOR1/SMRT knockout (KO) mice. The KO of HDAC3 resulted in a distinct phenotype from the NCOR1/SMRT KO mice, whereas none of the HDAC3 KO mice succumbed after tamoxifen injection. Conclusions The KO of NCOR1 and SMRT rapidly leads to significant metabolic abnormalities that do not survive – including hypoglycemia, hypothermia, and weight loss. Hepatosteatosis rapidly developed along with alterations in hepatic metabolism suggesting a contribution to the dramatic phenotype from liver injury. Glucose production and absorption were intact in NCOR1/SMRT KO mice, demonstrating a multifactorial process leading to their demise. HDAC3 KO mice have a distinct phenotype from the NCOR1/SMRT KO mice—which implies that NCOR1/SMRT together regulate a critical pathway that is required for survival in adulthood and is separate from HDAC3. The knockout of corepressors NCoR1 and SMRT is rapidly lethal. Metabolic abnormalities observed include hypoglycemia and hypothermia. Hepatic glucose production and intestinal absorption is intact despite hypoglycemia. The lethal action of NCoR1/SMRT deletion is independent of HDAC3.
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A Role for SGLT-2 Inhibitors in Treating Non-diabetic Chronic Kidney Disease. Drugs 2021; 81:1491-1511. [PMID: 34363606 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-021-01573-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, inhibitors of the sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2 inhibitors) have been shown to have significant protective effects on the kidney and the cardiovascular system in patients with diabetes. This effect is also manifested in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and is minimally due to improved glycaemic control. Starting from these positive findings, SGLT2 inhibitors have also been tested in patients with non-diabetic CKD or heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Recently, the DAPA-CKD trial showed a significantly lower risk of CKD progression or death from renal or cardiovascular causes in a mixed population of patients with diabetic and non-diabetic CKD receiving dapagliflozin in comparison with placebo. In patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction, two trials (EMPEROR-Reduced and DAPA-HF) also found a significantly lower risk of reaching the secondary renal endpoint in those treated with an SGLT2 inhibitor in comparison with placebo. This also applied to patients with CKD. Apart from their direct mechanism of action, SGLT2 inhibitors have additional effects that could be of particular interest for patients with non-diabetic CKD. Among these, SGLT2 inhibitors reduce blood pressure and serum acid uric levels and can increase hemoglobin levels. Some safety issues should be further explored in the CKD population. SGLT2 inhibitors can minimally increase potassium levels, but this has not been shown by the CREDENCE trial. They also increase magnesium and phosphate reabsorption. These effects could become more significant in patients with advanced CKD and will need monitoring when these agents are used more extensively in the CKD population. Conversely, they do not seem to increase the risk of acute kidney injury.
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Sun EW, Iepsen EW, Pezos N, Lumsden AL, Martin AM, Schober G, Isaacs NJ, Rayner CK, Nguyen NQ, de Fontgalland D, Rabbitt P, Hollington P, Wattchow DA, Hansen T, Holm JC, Liou AP, Jackson VM, Torekov SS, Young RL, Keating DJ. A Gut-Intrinsic Melanocortin Signaling Complex Augments L-Cell Secretion in Humans. Gastroenterology 2021; 161:536-547.e2. [PMID: 33848536 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypothalamic melanocortin 4 receptors (MC4R) are a key regulator of energy homeostasis. Brain-penetrant MC4R agonists have failed, as concentrations required to suppress food intake also increase blood pressure. However, peripherally located MC4R may also mediate metabolic benefits of MC4R activation. Mc4r transcript is enriched in mouse enteroendocrine L cells and peripheral administration of the endogenous MC4R agonist, α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), triggers the release of the anorectic hormones Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) in mice. This study aimed to determine whether pathways linking MC4R and L-cell secretion exist in humans. DESIGN GLP-1 and PYY levels were assessed in body mass index-matched individuals with or without loss-of-function MC4R mutations following an oral glucose tolerance test. Immunohistochemistry was performed on human intestinal sections to characterize the mucosal MC4R system. Static incubations with MC4R agonists were carried out on human intestinal epithelia, GLP-1 and PYY contents of secretion supernatants were assayed. RESULTS Fasting PYY levels and oral glucose-induced GLP-1 secretion were reduced in humans carrying a total loss-of-function MC4R mutation. MC4R was localized to L cells and regulates GLP-1 and PYY secretion from ex vivo human intestine. α-MSH immunoreactivity in the human intestinal epithelia was predominantly localized to L cells. Glucose-sensitive mucosal pro-opiomelanocortin cells provide a local source of α-MSH that is essential for glucose-induced GLP-1 secretion in small intestine. CONCLUSION Our findings describe a previously unidentified signaling nexus in the human gastrointestinal tract involving α-MSH release and MC4R activation on L cells in an autocrine and paracrine fashion. Outcomes from this study have direct implications for targeting mucosal MC4R to treat human metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily W Sun
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Eva W Iepsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nektaria Pezos
- Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, Lifelong Health, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia; Adelaide Medical School and NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Amanda L Lumsden
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Alyce M Martin
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Gudrun Schober
- Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, Lifelong Health, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia; Adelaide Medical School and NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Nichole J Isaacs
- Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, Lifelong Health, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia; Adelaide Medical School and NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Christopher K Rayner
- Adelaide Medical School and NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Nam Q Nguyen
- Adelaide Medical School and NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Philippa Rabbitt
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Paul Hollington
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - David A Wattchow
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens-Christian Holm
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Pediatrics, Holbæk University Hospital, Holbæk, Denmark
| | - Alice P Liou
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - V Margaret Jackson
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Signe S Torekov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Richard L Young
- Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, Lifelong Health, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia; Adelaide Medical School and NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Damien J Keating
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia.
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Zhou L, Wang F, Song X, Shi M, Liang G, Zhang L, Huang F, Jiang G. 3-Deoxyglucosone reduces glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion at low glucose levels through down-regulation of SGLT1 expression in STC-1 cells. Arch Physiol Biochem 2021; 127:311-317. [PMID: 31291135 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2019.1638413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Sodium glucose co-transporter 1 (SGLT1) triggers low glucose-induced glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion. We reported that a two-week administration of 3-deoxyglucosone (3DG), an independent factor associated with the development of pre-diabetes, reduces basal GLP-1 secretion in rats. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effects of 3DG on GLP-1 secretion and SGLT1 pathway under low-glucose conditions in STC-1 cells. METHODS STC-1 cells were incubated with phloridzin or 3DG at 5.6 mM glucose. SGLT1 expression (by western blotting), GLP-1 and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels (by ELISA), and intracellular Ca2+ concentration (by Fluo-3/AM) were measured. RESULTS Phloridzin inhibited GLP-1 secretion. SGLT1 protein expression in STC-1 cells cultured in 5.6 mM glucose is higher than that in 25 mM glucose. Exposure to 3DG for 6 h reduced GLP-1 secretion, SGLT1 protein expression, and intracellular concentrations of cAMP and Ca2+. CONCLUSIONS 3DG reduces low glucose-induced GLP-1 secretion in part through reduction of SGLT1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhou
- Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiudao Song
- Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Min Shi
- Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Guoqiang Liang
- Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Lurong Zhang
- Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Fei Huang
- Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Guorong Jiang
- Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
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Wongon M, Limpeanchob N. Artocarpus lacucha Extract and Oxyresveratrol Inhibit Glucose Transporters in Human Intestinal Caco-2 Cells. PLANTA MEDICA 2021; 87:709-715. [PMID: 33511623 DOI: 10.1055/a-1324-3570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Reduction of intestinal glucose absorption might result from either delayed carbohydrate digestion or blockage of glucose transporters. Previously, oxyresveratrol was shown to inhibit α-glucosidase, but its effect on glucose transporters has not been explored. The present study aimed to assess oxyresveratrol-induced inhibition of the facilitative glucose transporter 2 and the active sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1. An aqueous extract of Artocarpus lacucha, Puag Haad, which is oxyresveratrol-enriched, was also investigated. Glucose transport was measured by uptake into Caco-2 cells through either glucose transporter 2 or sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 according to the culture conditions. Oxyresveratrol (40 to 800 µM) dose-dependently reduced glucose transport, which appeared to inhibit both glucose transporter 2 and sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1. Puag Haad at similar concentrations also inhibited these transporters but with greater efficacy. Oxyresveratrol and Puag Haad could help reduce postprandial hyperglycemic peaks, which are considered to be most damaging in diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matusorn Wongon
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Pharmacological Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Nanteetip Limpeanchob
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Pharmacological Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
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Mechanisms of Glucose Absorption in the Small Intestine in Health and Metabolic Diseases and Their Role in Appetite Regulation. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072474. [PMID: 34371983 PMCID: PMC8308647 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide prevalence of metabolic diseases such as obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes shows an upward trend in recent decades. A characteristic feature of these diseases is hyperglycemia which can be associated with hyperphagia. Absorption of glucose in the small intestine physiologically contributes to the regulation of blood glucose levels, and hence, appears as a putative target for treatment of hyperglycemia. In fact, recent progress in understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of glucose absorption in the gut and its reabsorption in the kidney helped to develop a new strategy of diabetes treatment. Changes in blood glucose levels are also involved in regulation of appetite, suggesting that glucose absorption may be relevant to hyperphagia in metabolic diseases. In this review we discuss the mechanisms of glucose absorption in the small intestine in physiological conditions and their alterations in metabolic diseases as well as their relevance to the regulation of appetite. The key role of SGLT1 transporter in intestinal glucose absorption in both physiological conditions and in diabetes was clearly established. We conclude that although inhibition of small intestinal glucose absorption represents a valuable target for the treatment of hyperglycemia, it is not always suitable for the treatment of hyperphagia. In fact, independent regulation of glucose absorption and appetite requires a more complex approach for the treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Luo Y, Yang S, Wu X, Takahashi S, Sun L, Cai J, Krausz KW, Guo X, Dias HB, Gavrilova O, Xie C, Jiang C, Liu W, Gonzalez FJ. Intestinal MYC modulates obesity-related metabolic dysfunction. Nat Metab 2021; 3:923-939. [PMID: 34211180 PMCID: PMC9944847 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00421-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
MYC is a transcription factor with broad biological functions, notably in the control of cell proliferation. Here, we show that intestinal MYC regulates systemic metabolism. We find that MYC expression is increased in ileum biopsies from individuals with obesity and positively correlates with body mass index. Intestine-specific reduction of MYC in mice improves high-fat-diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis. Mechanistically, reduced expression of MYC in the intestine promotes glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) production and secretion. Moreover, we identify Cers4, encoding ceramide synthase 4, catalysing de novo ceramide synthesis, as a MYC target gene. Finally, we show that administration of the MYC inhibitor 10058-F4 has beneficial effects on high-fat-diet-induced metabolic disorders, and is accompanied by increased GLP-1 and reduced ceramide levels in serum. This study positions intestinal MYC as a putative drug target against metabolic diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Luo
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shoumei Yang
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xuan Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Central Laboratory, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Shogo Takahashi
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lulu Sun
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jie Cai
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kristopher W Krausz
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xiaozhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Henrique B Dias
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Oksana Gavrilova
- Mouse Metabolism Core Laboratory, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cen Xie
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Changtao Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Central Laboratory, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Mita M, Sugawara I, Harada K, Ito M, Takizawa M, Ishida K, Ueda H, Kitaguchi T, Tsuboi T. Development of red genetically encoded biosensor for visualization of intracellular glucose dynamics. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 29:98-108.e4. [PMID: 34197723 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glucose is the main source of energy for organisms, and it is important to understand the spatiotemporal dynamics of intracellular glucose. Single fluorescent protein-based glucose indicators, named "Red Glifons" have been developed that apply to live-cell and dual-color imaging. These indicators exhibited more than 3-fold increase in fluorescence intensity in the presence of 10 mM glucose. The two Red Glifons developed have different half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) values for glucose (300 μM and 3,000 μM) and are able to monitor a wide range of glucose dynamics. Red Glifon combined with green indicators allowing visualization of the interplay between glucose and ATP, lactate, or pyruvate. Glucose influx in the pharyngeal muscle of Caenorhabditis elegans, enteroendocrine cells, and human iPS cell-derived cardiac myocytes was observed using the Red Glifons. Thus these red glucose indicators serve as a multi-color imaging toolkit for investigating complex interactions in energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Mita
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Izumi Sugawara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazuki Harada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Motoki Ito
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Mai Takizawa
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ishida
- Myoridge Co. Ltd., 46-29 Yoshidashimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ueda
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kitaguchi
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan.
| | - Takashi Tsuboi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan; Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Brierley DI, de Lartigue G. Reappraising the role of the vagus nerve in GLP-1-mediated regulation of eating. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:584-599. [PMID: 34185884 PMCID: PMC8714868 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we provide a focused review of the evidence for the roles of the vagus nerve in mediating the regulatory effects of peripherally and centrally produced GLP-1 on eating behaviour and energy balance. We particularly focus on recent studies which have used selective genetic, viral, and transcriptomic approaches to provide important insights into the anatomical and functional organisation of GLP-1-mediated gut-brain signalling pathways. A number of these studies have challenged canonical ideas of how GLP-1 acts in the periphery and the brain to regulate eating behaviour, with important implications for the development of pharmacological treatments for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel I Brierley
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Guillaume de Lartigue
- Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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123
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Lin H, Guan L, Meng L, Uzui H, Guo H. SGLT1 Knockdown Attenuates Cardiac Fibroblast Activation in Diabetic Cardiac Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:700366. [PMID: 34248645 PMCID: PMC8265780 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.700366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cardiac fibroblast (CF) activation is a hallmark feature of cardiac fibrosis in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Inhibition of the sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) attenuates cardiomyocyte apoptosis and delays the development of DCM. However, the role of SGLT1 in CF activation remains unclear. Methods: A rat model of DCM was established and treated with si‐SGLT1 to examine cardiac fibrosis. In addition, in vitro experiments were conducted to verify the regulatory role of SGLT1 in proliferation and collagen secretion in high-glucose– (HG–) treated CFs. Results: SGLT1 was found to be upregulated in diabetic cardiac tissues and HG-induced CFs. HG stimulation resulted in increased proliferation and migration, increased the expression of transforming growth factor-β1 and collagen I and collagen III, and increased phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2. These trends in HG-treated CFs were significantly reversed by si-SGLT1. Moreover, the overexpression of SGLT1 promoted CF proliferation and collagen synthesis and increased phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and ERK1/2. SGLT1 silencing significantly alleviated cardiac fibrosis, but had no effect on cardiac hypertrophy in diabetic hearts. Conclusion: These findings provide new information on the role of SGLT1 in CF activation, suggesting a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of DCM fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, China
| | - Le Guan
- Department of Radiology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, China
| | - Liping Meng
- Department of Cardiology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, China
| | - Hiroyasu Uzui
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hangyuan Guo
- College of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
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Takahashi Y, Matsunaga Y, Yoshida H, Shinya T, Sakaguchi R, Hatta H. High Carbohydrate Diet Increased Glucose Transporter Protein Levels in Jejunum but Did Not Lead to Enhanced Post-Exercise Skeletal Muscle Glycogen Recovery. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072140. [PMID: 34206627 PMCID: PMC8308400 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effect of dietary carbohydrate intake on post-exercise glycogen recovery. Male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were fed moderate-carbohydrate chow (MCHO, 50%cal from carbohydrate) or high-carbohydrate chow (HCHO, 70%cal from carbohydrate) for 10 days. They then ran on a treadmill at 25 m/min for 60 min and administered an oral glucose solution (1.5 mg/g body weight). Compared to the MCHO group, the HCHO group showed significantly higher sodium-D-glucose co-transporter 1 protein levels in the brush border membrane fraction (p = 0.003) and the glucose transporter 2 level in the mucosa of jejunum (p = 0.004). At 30 min after the post-exercise glucose administration, the skeletal muscle and liver glycogen levels were not significantly different between the two diet groups. The blood glucose concentration from the portal vein (which is the entry site of nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract) was not significantly different between the groups at 15 min after the post-exercise glucose administration. There was no difference in the total or phosphorylated states of proteins related to glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis in skeletal muscle. Although the high-carbohydrate diet significantly increased glucose transporters in the jejunum, this adaptation stimulated neither glycogen recovery nor glucose absorption after the ingestion of post-exercise glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Takahashi
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan; (Y.M.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (R.S.); (H.H.)
- Department of Sport Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1 Nishigaoka, Kita, Tokyo 115-0056, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-5963-0238
| | - Yutaka Matsunaga
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan; (Y.M.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (R.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Hiroki Yoshida
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan; (Y.M.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (R.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Terunaga Shinya
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan; (Y.M.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (R.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Ryo Sakaguchi
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan; (Y.M.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (R.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Hideo Hatta
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan; (Y.M.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (R.S.); (H.H.)
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125
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Staubach P, Koch AK, Langhorst J, Schreiber S, Röcken C, Helwig U. Expression of the fructose transporter GLUT5 in patients with fructose malabsorption. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2021; 59:531-539. [PMID: 34130330 DOI: 10.1055/a-1156-4386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with abdominal symptoms are frequently diagnosed with fructose malabsorption (FM). Fructose is absorbed by monosaccharide transporters located in the brush border of the human small intestine. The aim of this study was to investigate the histoanatomical distribution of the main fructose transporter GLUT5. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied 223 patients diagnosed with FM by a hydrogen breath test and grouped according to their response to a fructose-free diet. The control group were 42 healthy individuals and 29 patients with celiac disease (CD). The fructose breath test was done with 50 g fructose. The expression of Glut5 in duodenal biopsy specimens was studied by immunohistochemistry. The Kruskal-Wallis-test and Mann-Whitney U-test were used to carry out the statistical analysis. RESULTS The histoanatomical expression pattern of GLUT5 did not differ significantly between those patients with FM who responded completely to a fructose-free diet (n = 183) and healthy individuals (n = 42); nor did it correlate to H2 production measured in fructose breath testing. In patients with FM, the GLUT5 expression pattern did not differ between those individuals responding to a fructose-free diet and those who did not. However, GLUT5 expression pattern was significantly different in patients with CD (n = 29) compared to patients with FM and to healthy individuals (p = 0.009). CONCLUSION GLUT5 expression patterns are not be related to adult patients with FM. However, in secondary malabsorption, a decreased GLUT5 expression was found. Further investigation is needed to understand the essential factors in FM and the influence on functional gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Staubach
- Department of Pathology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Anna Katharina Koch
- Department of Internal and Integrative Medicine, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Jost Langhorst
- Department of Internal and Integrative Medicine, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Christoph Röcken
- Department of Pathology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Ulf Helwig
- Specialist Practice for Internal Medicine, Oldenburg, Oldenburg Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
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126
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Guo X, Lv J, Xi R. The specification and function of enteroendocrine cells in Drosophila and mammals: a comparative review. FEBS J 2021; 289:4773-4796. [PMID: 34115929 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) in both invertebrates and vertebrates derive from intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and are scattered along the digestive tract, where they function in sensing various environmental stimuli and subsequently secrete neurotransmitters or neuropeptides to regulate diverse biological and physiological processes. To fulfill these functions, EECs are specified into multiple subtypes that occupy specific gut regions. With advances in single-cell technology, organoid culture experimental systems, and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genomic editing, rapid progress has been made toward characterization of EEC subtypes in mammals. Additionally, studies of genetic model organisms-especially Drosophila melanogaster-have also provided insights about the molecular processes underlying EEC specification from ISCs and about the establishment of diverse EEC subtypes. In this review, we compare the regulation of EEC specification and function in mammals and Drosophila, with a focus on EEC subtype characterization, on how internal and external regulators mediate EEC subtype specification, and on how EEC-mediated intra- and interorgan communications affect gastrointestinal physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingting Guo
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaying Lv
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Rongwen Xi
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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127
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Changes in the transcriptional activity of the entero-insular axis genes in streptozotocin-induced diabetes and after the administration of TNF-α non-selective blockers. Endocr Regul 2021; 54:160-171. [PMID: 32857721 DOI: 10.2478/enr-2020-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to investigate the transcriptional activity of the GLP-1R, DPP-4, SGLT-1, INSR, and IGF-1R genes in GALT cells of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes in both untreated and treated with pentoxifylline, as a non-specific blocker of TNF-α. METHODS The expression of GLP-1R, DPP-4, SGLT-1, INSR, and IGF-1R genes in GALT cells of rats was studied by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS It was shown that the development of diabetes was accompanied by the decrease of GLP-1R and an increase of DPP-4 genes expression in rat ileum. The administration of pentoxifyl-line to diabetic animals led to an increase in the transcriptional activity of GLP-1R on the 4th week and decrease in transcriptional activity of DPP-4 on the 2nd and 4th weeks of the experiment. An increase in the normalized expression of SGLT-1 on the 4th week of the experimental diabetes was also noted, while the administration of pentoxifylline to diabetic animals did not lead to significant changes in this index. The transcriptional activity of the INSR and IGF-1R genes was reduced in diabetic rats and the administration of the non-specific TNF-α blocker - pentoxifylline led to a significant increase only for INSR gene in animals on the 4th week of the experimental diabetes. CONCLUSIONS The expression of incretins, glucose transporters, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. TNF-α) in immune cells may be used as markers of several autoimmune pathologies progression such as type 1 diabetes due to their effect on the balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory factors.
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128
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The Function of Gastrointestinal Hormones in Obesity-Implications for the Regulation of Energy Intake. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061839. [PMID: 34072172 PMCID: PMC8226753 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The global burden of obesity and the challenges of prevention prompted researchers to investigate the mechanisms that control food intake. Food ingestion triggers several physiological responses in the digestive system, including the release of gastrointestinal hormones from enteroendocrine cells that are involved in appetite signalling. Disturbed regulation of gut hormone release may affect energy homeostasis and contribute to obesity. In this review, we summarize the changes that occur in the gut hormone balance during the pre- and postprandial state in obesity and the alterations in the diurnal dynamics of their plasma levels. We further discuss how obesity may affect nutrient sensors on enteroendocrine cells that sense the luminal content and provoke alterations in their secretory profile. Gastric bypass surgery elicits one of the most favorable metabolic outcomes in obese patients. We summarize the effect of different strategies to induce weight loss on gut enteroendocrine function. Although the mechanisms underlying obesity are not fully understood, restoring the gut hormone balance in obesity by targeting nutrient sensors or by combination therapy with gut peptide mimetics represents a novel strategy to ameliorate obesity.
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129
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Kawano R, Okamura T, Hashimoto Y, Majima S, Senmaru T, Ushigome E, Asano M, Yamazaki M, Takakuwa H, Sasano R, Nakanishi N, Hamaguchi M, Fukui M. Erythritol Ameliorates Small Intestinal Inflammation Induced by High-Fat Diets and Improves Glucose Tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5558. [PMID: 34074061 PMCID: PMC8197374 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Erythritol, a sugar alcohol, is widely used as a substitute for sugar in diets for patients with diabetes or obesity. METHODS In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of erythritol on metabolic disorders induced by a high-fat diet in C57BL/6J mice, while focusing on changes in innate immunity. RESULTS Mice that were fed a high-fat diet and administered water containing 5% erythritol (Ery group) had markedly lower body weight, improved glucose tolerance, and markedly higher energy expenditure than the control mice (Ctrl group) (n = 6). Furthermore, compared with the Ctrl group, the Ery group had lesser fat deposition in the liver, smaller adipocytes, and significantly better inflammatory findings in the small intestine. The concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as acetic acid, propanoic acid, and butanoic acid, in the serum, feces, and white adipose tissue of the Ery group were markedly higher than those in the Ctrl group. In flow cytometry experiments, group 3 innate lymphoid cell (ILC3) counts in the lamina propria of the small intestine and ILC2 counts in the white adipose tissue of the Ery group were markedly higher than those in the Ctrl group. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses showed that the Il-22 expression in the small intestine of the Ery group was markedly higher than that in the Ctrl group. CONCLUSIONS Erythritol markedly decreased metabolic disorders such as diet-induced obesity, glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, and fat accumulation in the mouse liver by increasing SCFAs and modulating innate immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Adipocytes/cytology
- Adipocytes/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Animals
- Blood Glucose/drug effects
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Energy Metabolism/drug effects
- Erythritol/administration & dosage
- Erythritol/pharmacology
- Fatty Acids, Volatile/blood
- Fatty Acids, Volatile/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/genetics
- Glucose Intolerance/diet therapy
- Glucose Intolerance/metabolism
- Immunity, Innate/drug effects
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Inflammation/diet therapy
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Interleukins/genetics
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/drug effects
- Intestine, Small/immunology
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/enzymology
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mucous Membrane/drug effects
- Mucous Membrane/metabolism
- Obesity/drug therapy
- Obesity/genetics
- Obesity/metabolism
- Interleukin-22
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena Kawano
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (R.K.); (T.O.); (Y.H.); (S.M.); (T.S.); (E.U.); (M.A.); (M.Y.); (N.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Takuro Okamura
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (R.K.); (T.O.); (Y.H.); (S.M.); (T.S.); (E.U.); (M.A.); (M.Y.); (N.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Yoshitaka Hashimoto
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (R.K.); (T.O.); (Y.H.); (S.M.); (T.S.); (E.U.); (M.A.); (M.Y.); (N.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Saori Majima
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (R.K.); (T.O.); (Y.H.); (S.M.); (T.S.); (E.U.); (M.A.); (M.Y.); (N.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Takafumi Senmaru
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (R.K.); (T.O.); (Y.H.); (S.M.); (T.S.); (E.U.); (M.A.); (M.Y.); (N.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Emi Ushigome
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (R.K.); (T.O.); (Y.H.); (S.M.); (T.S.); (E.U.); (M.A.); (M.Y.); (N.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Mai Asano
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (R.K.); (T.O.); (Y.H.); (S.M.); (T.S.); (E.U.); (M.A.); (M.Y.); (N.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Masahiro Yamazaki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (R.K.); (T.O.); (Y.H.); (S.M.); (T.S.); (E.U.); (M.A.); (M.Y.); (N.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Hiroshi Takakuwa
- Agilent Technologies, Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Sales Department, Life Science and Applied Markets Group, Tokyo 192-8510, Japan;
| | | | - Naoko Nakanishi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (R.K.); (T.O.); (Y.H.); (S.M.); (T.S.); (E.U.); (M.A.); (M.Y.); (N.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Masahide Hamaguchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (R.K.); (T.O.); (Y.H.); (S.M.); (T.S.); (E.U.); (M.A.); (M.Y.); (N.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Michiaki Fukui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (R.K.); (T.O.); (Y.H.); (S.M.); (T.S.); (E.U.); (M.A.); (M.Y.); (N.N.); (M.F.)
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Effects of essential oil on growth performance, digestibility, immunity, and intestinal health in broilers. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101242. [PMID: 34174571 PMCID: PMC8242051 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EO) are concentrated hydrophobic liquids containing volatile aromatic compounds obtained from plants, which have properties as withdrawn antibiotic growth promoters. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of EO on growth performance, digestibility, immunity and intestinal health in broilers. A total of 500 1-day-old Arbor Acre broilers were randomly put into five groups with 10 replicate cages containing 10 birds each. Birds in the 5 groups were fed a basal diet (CON), and basal diet with 50, 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg EO (EO0.5, EO1, EO2 and EO4) for 42 d respectively. Birds were euthanized at 21d and 42 d, blood and tissue samples were collected. In the study, the digestibility of DM, GE and EE in groups with EO supplementation were significantly increased compared with CON group (P < 0.05). However, only EO2 and EO4 significantly increased the digestibility of CP compared with CON group (P < 0.05). In contrast to CON group, EO0.5 and EO1 in jejunum at 21 d, and EO1 in jejunum at 42 d markedly increased the activity of sucrase (P < 0.05). In addition, the level of SOD of EO2 and EO4 in serum at 21 d was significantly increased compared with CON group (P < 0.05). What's more, the concentration of intestinal mucosa SIgA in jejunum and ileum at 21 d of groups with EO supplementation was significantly increased compared with CON group (P < 0.05). Moreover, V/C in jejunum at 21 d of groups with EO supplementation, CD in jejunum at 42 d was also significantly increased to compare with CON group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the expression levels of critical genes associated with nutrient transportation (i.e., GLUT2, SGLT1, SLC38A, SLC79A and SLC27A4) and barrier function (TJP1) were quadratically and linearly up-regulated in jejunum and ileum with EO supplementation (P < 0.05). These results suggest that EO has a positive impact on growth, immunity and intestinal health in broilers, and 200 mg/kg of EO was recommended in broiler diet.
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NFAT5 Is Involved in GRP-Enhanced Secretion of GLP-1 by Sodium. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083951. [PMID: 33921209 PMCID: PMC8069329 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrin, secreted by G-cells, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), secreted by L-cells, may participate in the regulation of sodium balance. We studied the effect of sodium in mice in vivo and mouse ileum and human L-cells, on GLP-1 secretion, and the role of NFAT5 and gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) in this process. A high-sodium diet increases serum GLP-1 levels in mice. Increasing sodium concentration stimulates GLP-1 secretion from mouse ileum and L-cells. GRP enhances the high sodium-induced increase in GLP-1 secretion. High sodium increases cellular GLP-1 expression, while low and high sodium concentrations increase NFAT5 and GRPR expression. Silencing NFAT5 in L-cells abrogates the stimulatory effect of GRP on the high sodium-induced GLP-1 secretion and protein expression, and the sodium-induced increase in GRPR expression. GLP-1 and gastrin decrease the expression of Na+-K+/ATPase and increase the phosphorylation of sodium/hydrogen exchanger type 3 (NHE3) in human renal proximal tubule cells (hRPTCs). This study gives a new perspective on the mechanisms of GLP-1 secretion, especially that engendered by ingested sodium, and the ability of GLP-1, with gastrin, to decrease Na+-K+/ATPase expression and NHE3 function in hRPTCs. These results may contribute to the better utilization of current and future GLP-1-based drugs in the treatment of hypertension.
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Mbatha B, Khathi A, Sibiya N, Booysen I, Mangundu P, Ngubane P. Anti-hyperglycaemic effects of dioxidovanadium complex cis-[VO 2(obz)py] avert kidney dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male Sprague-Dawley rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 99:402-410. [PMID: 33759555 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2020-0278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite the success of antidiabetic drugs in alleviation of hyperglycaemia, diabetic complications, including renal dysfunction, continue to be a burden. This raises the need to seek alternative therapies that will alleviate these complications. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dioxidovanadium(V) complex cis-[VO2(obz)py] on renal function in diabetic rats. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were treated with cis-[VO2(obz)py] (40 mg·kg-1) twice every third day for five weeks. Diabetic untreated and insulin-treated rats served as the diabetic control and positive control, respectively. Blood glucose concentrations, water intake, urinary output, and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were monitored weekly for five weeks. Rats were then euthanized, and blood and kidney tissues were collected for biochemical analysis. Significant decreases in blood glucose concentrations, MAP, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and SGLT2 expression, as well as plasma angiotensin and aldosterone concentrations, were observed in the treated groups compared with the diabetic control. The complex also increased urinary glucose concentrations, antioxidant enzymes GPx and SOD concentrations, and decreased MDA concentrations and kidney injury molecule (KIM-1) concentrations. These findings suggest that the anti-hyperglycaemic effects of this vanadium complex may ameliorate kidney dysfunction in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonisiwe Mbatha
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Andile Khathi
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ntethelelo Sibiya
- Pharmacology Division, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Irvin Booysen
- School of Chemistry and Physics, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Patrick Mangundu
- School of Chemistry and Physics, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Phikelelani Ngubane
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Fujiwara Y, Yamane S, Harada N, Ikeguchi-Ogura E, Usui R, Nakamura T, Iwasaki K, Suzuki K, Yabe D, Hayashi Y, Inagaki N. Carbonic anhydrase 8 (CAR8) negatively regulates GLP-1 secretion from enteroendocrine cells in response to long-chain fatty acids. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G617-G626. [PMID: 33533304 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00312.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin secreted from enteroendocrine preproglucagon (PPG)-expressing cells (traditionally known as L cells) in response to luminal nutrients that potentiates insulin secretion. Augmentation of endogenous GLP-1 secretion might well represent a novel therapeutic target for diabetes treatment in addition to the incretin-associated drugs currently in use. In this study, we found that PPG cells substantially express carbonic anhydrase 8 (CAR8), which has been reported to inhibit inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) binding to the IP3 receptor and subsequent Ca2+ efflux from the endoplasmic reticulum in neuronal cells. In vitro experiments using STC-1 cells demonstrated that Car8 knockdown increases long-chain fatty acid (LCFA)-stimulated GLP-1 secretion. This effect was reduced in the presence of phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor; in addition, Car8 knockdown increased the intracellular Ca2+ elevation caused by α-linolenic acid, indicating that CAR8 exerts its effect on GLP-1 secretion via the PLC/IP3/Ca2+ pathway. Car8wdl null mutant mice showed significant increase in GLP-1 response to oral corn oil administration compared with that in wild-type littermates, with no significant change in intestinal GLP-1 content. These results demonstrate that CAR8 negatively regulates GLP-1 secretion from PPG cells in response to LCFAs, suggesting the possibility of augmentation of postprandial GLP-1 secretion by CAR8 inhibition.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study focused on the physiological significance of carbonic anhydrase 8 (CAR8) in GLP-1 secretion from enteroendocrine preproglucagon (PPG)-expressing cells. We found an inhibitory role of CAR8 in LCFA-induced GLP-1 secretion in vitro and in vivo, suggesting a novel therapeutic approach to diabetes and obesity through augmentation of postprandial GLP-1 secretion by CAR8 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Fujiwara
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamane
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Norio Harada
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eri Ikeguchi-Ogura
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryota Usui
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Nakamura
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kanako Iwasaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuyo Suzuki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yabe
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hayashi
- Department of Endocrinology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Yang M, Reimann F, Gribble FM. Chemosensing in enteroendocrine cells: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2021; 28:222-231. [PMID: 33449572 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) are scattered chemosensory cells in the intestinal epithelium that release hormones with a wide range of actions on intestinal function, food intake and glucose homeostasis. The mechanisms by which gut hormones are secreted postprandially, or altered by antidiabetic agents and surgical interventions are of considerable interest for future therapeutic development. RECENT FINDINGS EECs are electrically excitable and express a repertoire of G-protein coupled receptors that sense nutrient and nonnutrient stimuli, coupled to intracellular Ca2+ and cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Our knowledge of EEC function, previously developed using mouse models, has recently been extended to human cells. Gut hormone release in humans is enhanced by bariatric surgery, as well as by some antidiabetic agents including sodium-coupled glucose transporter inhibitors and metformin. SUMMARY EECs are important potential therapeutic targets. A better understanding of their chemosensory mechanisms will enhance the development of new therapeutic strategies to treat metabolic and gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Lee CB, Chae SU, Jo SJ, Jerng UM, Bae SK. The Relationship between the Gut Microbiome and Metformin as a Key for Treating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073566. [PMID: 33808194 PMCID: PMC8037857 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Metformin is the first-line pharmacotherapy for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, its mechanism of modulating glucose metabolism is elusive. Recent advances have identified the gut as a potential target of metformin. As patients with metabolic disorders exhibit dysbiosis, the gut microbiome has garnered interest as a potential target for metabolic disease. Henceforth, studies have focused on unraveling the relationship of metabolic disorders with the human gut microbiome. According to various metagenome studies, gut dysbiosis is evident in T2DM patients. Besides this, alterations in the gut microbiome were also observed in the metformin-treated T2DM patients compared to the non-treated T2DM patients. Thus, several studies on rodents have suggested potential mechanisms interacting with the gut microbiome, including regulation of glucose metabolism, an increase in short-chain fatty acids, strengthening intestinal permeability against lipopolysaccharides, modulating the immune response, and interaction with bile acids. Furthermore, human studies have demonstrated evidence substantiating the hypotheses based on rodent studies. This review discusses the current knowledge of how metformin modulates T2DM with respect to the gut microbiome and discusses the prospect of harnessing this mechanism in treating T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae Bin Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea; (C.B.L.); (S.U.C.); (S.J.J.)
| | - Soon Uk Chae
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea; (C.B.L.); (S.U.C.); (S.J.J.)
| | - Seong Jun Jo
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea; (C.B.L.); (S.U.C.); (S.J.J.)
| | - Ui Min Jerng
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju 26339, Korea;
| | - Soo Kyung Bae
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea; (C.B.L.); (S.U.C.); (S.J.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2164-4054
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Miyata KN, Zhang SL, Chan JS. The Rationale and Evidence for SGLT2 Inhibitors as a Treatment for Nondiabetic Glomerular Disease. GLOMERULAR DISEASES 2021; 1:21-33. [PMID: 36751486 PMCID: PMC9677741 DOI: 10.1159/000513659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Recent studies show that sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), originally approved for glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes, also exert renoprotective effects independently from effects on dysglycemia. Moreover, recent work indicates that SGLT2i treatment may be effective in patients with nondiabetic chronic kidney disease, including primary and secondary glomerular diseases. Summary SGLT2i lower blood glucose by blocking glucose resorption in the early renal proximal tubule through the glucose transporter, SGLT2, leading to enhanced urinary glucose excretion. Recent studies indicate that SGLT2i may have pleiotropic effects on cells other than proximal tubular cells. SGLT2i reduce the glomerular workload by decreasing the intraglomerular pressure, thus ameliorating hyperfiltration, if present, and may also decrease systemic blood pressure. SGLT2i may also act directly on endothelial cells, possibly via modulating the effects of adhesion molecules and reducing inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species. SGLT2i may have direct anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects on renal tubules. Some reports suggest direct protective effects on podocytes and mesangial cells as well. Here, we provide a review of the potential mechanisms of renoprotection, therapeutic utility, and potential side effects of SGLT2i in patients with nondiabetic glomerular diseases, based on data from studies carried out in cells, experimental animals, and humans. Key Messages SGLT2i may be a promising addition to the glomerular disease treatment armamentarium. However, it is unclear at what point of the natural history of specific glomerular diseases (whether this is immune or nonimmune mediated) SGLT2i can be beneficial. Additionally, further studies are needed to assess the long-term efficacy and safety of SGLT2i in patients with nondiabetic glomerular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana N. Miyata
- Département de Médecine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada,Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Shao-Ling Zhang
- Département de Médecine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - John S.D. Chan
- Département de Médecine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada,*John S.D. Chan, Département de Médecine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Tour Viger-Pavillon R, 900 Saint Denis Street, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9 (Canada),
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137
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Altered intestinal epithelial nutrient transport: an underappreciated factor in obesity modulated by diet and microbiota. Biochem J 2021; 478:975-995. [PMID: 33661278 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dietary nutrients absorbed in the proximal small intestine and assimilated in different tissues have a profound effect on overall energy homeostasis, determined by a balance between body's energy intake and expenditure. In obesity, altered intestinal absorption and consequently tissue assimilation of nutrients may disturb the energy balance leading to metabolic abnormalities at the cellular level. The absorption of nutrients such as sugars, amino acids and fatty acids released from food digestion require high-capacity transporter proteins expressed in the intestinal epithelial absorptive cells. Furthermore, nutrient sensing by specific transporters/receptors expressed in the epithelial enteroendocrine cells triggers release of gut hormones involved in regulating energy homeostasis via their effects on appetite and food intake. Therefore, the intestinal epithelial cells play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of obesity and associated complications. Over the past decade, gut microbiota has emerged as a key factor contributing to obesity via its effects on digestion and absorption of nutrients in the small intestine, and energy harvest from dietary fiber, undigested component of food, in the large intestine. Various mechanisms of microbiota effects on obesity have been implicated. However, the impact of obesity-associated microbiota on the intestinal nutrient transporters needs extensive investigation. This review marshals the limited studies addressing the altered structure and function of the gut epithelium in obesity with special emphasis on nutrient transporters and role of diet and microbiota. The review also discusses the thoughts and controversies and research gaps in this field.
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138
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Lu VB, Gribble FM, Reimann F. Nutrient-Induced Cellular Mechanisms of Gut Hormone Secretion. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030883. [PMID: 33803183 PMCID: PMC8000029 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract can assess the nutrient composition of ingested food. The nutrient-sensing mechanisms in specialised epithelial cells lining the gastrointestinal tract, the enteroendocrine cells, trigger the release of gut hormones that provide important local and central feedback signals to regulate nutrient utilisation and feeding behaviour. The evidence for nutrient-stimulated secretion of two of the most studied gut hormones, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), along with the known cellular mechanisms in enteroendocrine cells recruited by nutrients, will be the focus of this review. The mechanisms involved range from electrogenic transporters, ion channel modulation and nutrient-activated G-protein coupled receptors that converge on the release machinery controlling hormone secretion. Elucidation of these mechanisms will provide much needed insight into postprandial physiology and identify tractable dietary approaches to potentially manage nutrition and satiety by altering the secreted gut hormone profile.
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139
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Circulating GLP-1 Levels as a Potential Indicator of Metabolic Syndrome Risk in Adult Women. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030865. [PMID: 33800785 PMCID: PMC8001839 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), an incretin hormone, plays an important role in regulating glucose homeostasis. In this study, the applicability of circulating GLP-1 levels as an early indicator of metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk was examined. Women without diagnosed diseases were grouped according to their number of MetS risk factors (MetS RFs) (no RFs as Super-healthy, n = 61; one or two RFs as MetS risk carriers, n = 60; 3 ≤ RFs as MetS, n = 19). The circulating GLP-1 levels and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) scores were significantly higher in the MetS group than in the other two groups. The GLP-1 levels correlated positively with adiposity, HOMA-IR, blood pressure, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), but not with fasting glucose and lipid profiles, whose significances were maintained after adjustments for age, smoking and drinking habits, menopausal status, and total calorie intake. The GLP-1 levels also increased proportionally with the number of MetS RFs. In the MetS group, the GLP-1 levels were much higher in individuals with obesity (body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2). In conclusion, the circulating GLP-1 level may be applicable as a potential early indicator of MetS risk in women without diagnosed diseases. Further study with a large population is needed to confirm the conclusion.
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Fu M, Yu J, Chen Z, Tang Y, Dong R, Yang Y, Luo J, Hu S, Tu L, Xu X. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids improve glucose homeostasis by preventing NF-κB-mediated transcription of SGLT2 in renal tubular epithelial cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 523:111149. [PMID: 33387601 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) can regulate glucose homeostasis, but the specific mechanisms need further exploration. The sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) is highly expressed in diabetic kidneys, which further promotes renal reabsorption of glucose to respond to the hyperglycemic state of diabetes. Herein, whether EETs can be a latent inhibitor of SGLT2 to regulate glucose homeostasis in diabetic state needs to be elucidated. Our study demonstrated that EETs attenuated the glucose reabsorption via renal tubular epithelial cells in diabetic mice, which partly accounted for the beneficial effects of EETs on glucose homeostasis. Moreover, 14,15-EET suppressed SGLT2 expression in both diabetic kidney and renal tubular epithelial cells. Further, inhibition of NF-κB with BAY 11-7082 decreased insulin-induced SGLT2 expression while NF-κB overexpression reversed the above effects. In addition, 14,15-EET attenuated SGLT2 expression via inactivating NF-κB. Mechanistically, 14,15-EET attenuated NF-κB mediated SGLT2 transcription at the -1821/-1812 P65-binding site. These results showed that EETs ameliorated glucose homeostasis via preventing NF-κB-mediated transcription of SGLT2 in renal tubular epithelial cells, providing a unique therapeutic strategy for insulin resistance and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglu Fu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Division of Cardiology and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhihui Chen
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ying Tang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ruolan Dong
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Division of Endocrinology and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jinlan Luo
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Shuiqing Hu
- Division of Cardiology and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ling Tu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Xizhen Xu
- Division of Cardiology and Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Risdon S, Battault S, Romo-Romo A, Roustit M, Briand L, Meyer G, Almeda-Valdes P, Walther G. Sucralose and Cardiometabolic Health: Current Understanding from Receptors to Clinical Investigations. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:1500-1513. [PMID: 33578411 PMCID: PMC8321845 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The excess consumption of added sugar is consistently found to be associated with weight gain, and a higher risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, and stroke. In an effort to reduce the risk of cardiometabolic disease, sugar is frequently replaced by low- and null-calorie sweeteners (LCSs). Alarmingly, though, emerging evidence indicates that the consumption of LCSs is associated with an increase in cardiovascular mortality risk that is amplified in those who are overweight or obese. Sucralose, a null-caloric high-intensity sweetener, is the most commonly used LCS worldwide, which is regularly consumed by healthy individuals and patients with metabolic disease. To explore a potential causal role for sucralose in increased cardiovascular risk, this present review summarizes the preclinical and clinical data from current research detailing the effects of sucralose on systems controlling food intake, glucose homeostasis, and gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alonso Romo-Romo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, México
| | - Matthieu Roustit
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1042, Grenoble, France,Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Clinical Pharmacology, Inserm CIC1406, Grenoble, France
| | - Loic Briand
- AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CNRS, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Dijon, France
| | | | - Paloma Almeda-Valdes
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, México
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142
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Duca FA, Waise TMZ, Peppler WT, Lam TKT. The metabolic impact of small intestinal nutrient sensing. Nat Commun 2021; 12:903. [PMID: 33568676 PMCID: PMC7876101 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21235-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract maintains energy and glucose homeostasis, in part through nutrient-sensing and subsequent signaling to the brain and other tissues. In this review, we highlight the role of small intestinal nutrient-sensing in metabolic homeostasis, and link high-fat feeding, obesity, and diabetes with perturbations in these gut-brain signaling pathways. We identify how lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, initiate gut peptide release from the enteroendocrine cells through small intestinal sensing pathways, and how these peptides regulate food intake, glucose tolerance, and hepatic glucose production. Lastly, we highlight how the gut microbiota impact small intestinal nutrient-sensing in normal physiology, and in disease, pharmacological and surgical settings. Emerging evidence indicates that the molecular mechanisms of small intestinal nutrient sensing in metabolic homeostasis have physiological and pathological impact as well as therapeutic potential in obesity and diabetes. The gastrointestinal tract participates in maintaining metabolic homeostasis in part through nutrient-sensing and subsequent gut-brain signalling. Here the authors review the role of small intestinal nutrient-sensing in regulation of energy intake and systemic glucose metabolism, and link high-fat diet, obesity and diabetes with perturbations in these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A Duca
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. .,School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - T M Zaved Waise
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Canada
| | - Willem T Peppler
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tony K T Lam
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Canada. .,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. .,Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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143
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Abstract
SGLT2 inhibitors are antihyperglycemic drugs that protect kidneys and the heart of patients with or without type 2 diabetes and preserved or reduced kidney function from failing. The involved protective mechanisms include blood glucose-dependent and -independent mechanisms: SGLT2 inhibitors prevent both hyper- and hypoglycemia, with expectedly little net effect on HbA1C. Metabolic adaptations to induced urinary glucose loss include reduced fat mass and more ketone bodies as additional fuel. SGLT2 inhibitors lower glomerular capillary hypertension and hyperfiltration, thereby reducing the physical stress on the filtration barrier, albuminuria, and the oxygen demand for tubular reabsorption. This improves cortical oxygenation, which, together with lesser tubular gluco-toxicity, may preserve tubular function and glomerular filtration rate in the long term. SGLT2 inhibitors may mimic systemic hypoxia and stimulate erythropoiesis, which improves organ oxygen delivery. SGLT2 inhibitors are proximal tubule and osmotic diuretics that reduce volume retention and blood pressure and preserve heart function, potentially in part by overcoming the resistance to diuretics and atrial-natriuretic-peptide and inhibiting Na-H exchangers and sympathetic tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Vallon
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA;
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California 92161, USA
| | - Subodh Verma
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada;
- Departments of Surgery and Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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144
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Postprandial glucose-lowering effect of cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica DC) fruit juice in dysglycemic subjects with metabolic syndrome: An exploratory study. Food Res Int 2021; 142:110209. [PMID: 33773684 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica DC) is an ellagitannin-containing Myrtaceae fruit from Cerrado biome. This fruit seems to be a promising candidate for an adjuvant in glucose regulation in healthy subjects. However, it is not known whether cagaita juice would have the same effect on dysglycemic subjects with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Therefore, the present work aimed to evaluate the effect of cagaita fruit juice on postprandial glycemia in dysglycemic subjects with MetS, and whether cagaita ellagitannins could be metabolized to urolithins. To evaluate glycemic effects, two different meals were consumed by volunteers (n = 12) with a 1-week interval among them. The first one consisted of white bread (50 g) plus water (300 mL) as a control; the second one, white bread (50 g) plus clarified cagaita juice (300 mL). Bioavailability was assessed in 24 h urine, after the consumption of a single amount of 300 mL of cagaita juice by healthy (n = 16) and MetS subjects (n = 7). The results showed that dysglycemic subjects with MetS presented a 53% reduction of incremental area under the curve (iAUC) of glucose, 38% reduction of insulin, 78% reduction of GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide), and 58% reduction of C-peptide (p < 0.05), after the consumption of cagaita juice along with bread, in comparison to control water. However, both GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) and glucagon were not affected by cagaita juice ingestion. Concerning bioavailability, it was observed, for the first time, the metabolization of cagaita ellagitannins to urolithins by healthy and dysglycemic individuals with MetS, with a prevalence of metabotype B in both groups (44% and 42%, respectively), followed by metabotype A (37% and 29%, respectively), and metabotype 0 (19% and 29%, respectively).
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Abstract
Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a peptide hormone from the intestinal tract, plays a central role in the coordination of postprandial glucose homeostasis through actions on insulin secretion, food intake and gut motility. GLP-1 forms the basis for a variety of current drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity, as well as new agents currently being developed. Here, we provide a concise overview of the core physiology of GLP-1 secretion and action, and the role of the peptide in human health, disease and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Gribble
- Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Frank Reimann
- Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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146
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Primec M, Škorjanc D, Langerholc T, Mičetić-Turk D, Gorenjak M. Specific Lactobacillus probiotic strains decrease transepithelial glucose transport through GLUT2 downregulation in intestinal epithelial cell models. Nutr Res 2021; 86:10-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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147
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Ferté L, Marino A, Battault S, Bultot L, Van Steenbergen A, Bol A, Cumps J, Ginion A, Koepsell H, Dumoutier L, Hue L, Horman S, Bertrand L, Beauloye C. New insight in understanding the contribution of SGLT1 in cardiac glucose uptake: evidence for a truncated form in mice and humans. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H838-H853. [PMID: 33416451 PMCID: PMC8082801 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00736.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Although sodium glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) has been identified as one of the major SGLT isoforms expressed in the heart, its exact role remains elusive. Evidence using phlorizin, the most common inhibitor of SGLTs, has suggested its role in glucose transport. However, phlorizin could also affect classical facilitated diffusion via glucose transporters (GLUTs), bringing into question the relevance of SGLT1 in overall cardiac glucose uptake. Accordingly, we assessed the contribution of SGLT1 in cardiac glucose uptake using the SGLT1 knockout mouse model, which lacks exon 1. Glucose uptake was similar in cardiomyocytes isolated from SGLT1-knockout (Δex1KO) and control littermate (WT) mice either under basal state, insulin, or hyperglycemia. Similarly, in vivo basal and insulin-stimulated cardiac glucose transport measured by micro-PET scan technology did not differ between WT and Δex1KO mice. Micromolar concentrations of phlorizin had no impact on glucose uptake in either isolated WT or Δex1KO-derived cardiomyocytes. However, higher concentrations (1 mM) completely inhibited insulin-stimulated glucose transport without affecting insulin signaling nor GLUT4 translocation independently from cardiomyocyte genotype. Interestingly, we discovered that mouse and human hearts expressed a shorter slc5a1 transcript, leading to SGLT1 protein lacking transmembrane domains and residues involved in glucose and sodium bindings. In conclusion, cardiac SGLT1 does not contribute to overall glucose uptake, probably due to the expression of slc5a1 transcript variant. The inhibitory effect of phlorizin on cardiac glucose uptake is SGLT1-independent and can be explained by GLUT transporter inhibition. These data open new perspectives in understanding the role of SGLT1 in the heart.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Ever since the discovery of its expression in the heart, SGLT1 has been considered as similar as the intestine and a potential contributor to cardiac glucose transport. For the first time, we have demonstrated that a slc5a1 transcript variant is present in the heart that has no significant impact on cardiac glucose handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ferté
- Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alice Marino
- Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sylvain Battault
- Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurent Bultot
- Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne Van Steenbergen
- Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne Bol
- Center of Molecular Imaging, Radiotherapy and Oncology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julien Cumps
- Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Audrey Ginion
- Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hermann Koepsell
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius von Sachs Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Laure Dumoutier
- Médecine Expérimentale, Institut de Duve, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Louis Hue
- Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Institut de Duve, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Horman
- Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc Bertrand
- Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christophe Beauloye
- Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Division of Cardiology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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148
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Glucose absorption regulation and mechanism of the compounds in Lilium lancifolium Thunb on Caco-2 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 149:112010. [PMID: 33493636 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the Caco-2 cell was used to study the glucose absorption regulation and mechanism of kaempferol, caffeic acid and quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactoside in Lilium lancifolium Thunb in vitro. Glucose oxidase-peroxidase (GOD-POD) method was used to measure glucose consumption in supernatant. The fluorescent D-glucose analog (2-NBDG) was used as a tracer probe to study the changes in the fluorescence intensity of 2-NBDG uptake by Caco-2 cells with an inverted fluorescence microscope. Western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR were used to detect the protein expression and mRNA transcription of SGLT1 and GLUT2. The results showed that caffeic acid and quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactoside could significantly promote the absorption of glucose by normal Caco-2 cells compared with the control group (P < 0.001). Both caffeic acid and quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactoside could significantly promote the uptake of glucose tracer 2-NBDG on Caco-2 cells. Caffeic acid and quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactoside could significantly promote SGLT1 and GLUT2 protein expression levels and mRNA transcription (P < 0.001, P < 0.01, P < 0.05). The mechanism might be related to the promotion of SGLT1 and GLUT2 protein expression levels and mRNA transcription.
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149
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Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an enterohormone with a key role in several processes controlling body homeostasis, including glucose homeostasis and food intake regulation. It is secreted by the intestinal cells in response to nutrients, such as glucose, fat and amino acids. In the present review, we analyse the effect of protein on GLP-1 secretion and clearance. We review the literature on the GLP-1 secretory effects of protein and protein hydrolysates, and the mechanisms through which they exert these effects. We also review the studies on protein from different sources that has inhibitory effects on dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4), the enzyme responsible for GLP-1 inactivation, with particular emphasis on specific sources and treatments, and the gaps there still are in knowledge. There is evidence that the protein source and the hydrolytic processing applied to them can influence the effects on GLP-1 signalling. The gastrointestinal digestion of proteins, for example, significantly changes their effectiveness at modulating this enterohormone secretion in both in vivo and in vitro studies. Nevertheless, little information is available regarding human studies and more research is required to understand their potential as regulators of glucose homeostasis.
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150
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Kong H, Yu L, Gu Z, Li C, Cheng L, Hong Y, Li Z. An Innovative Short-Clustered Maltodextrin as Starch Substitute for Ameliorating Postprandial Glucose Homeostasis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:354-367. [PMID: 33350823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dietary starch is usually associated with elevated postprandial glycemic response. This is a potential risk factor of type 2 diabetes. Here, a 1,4-α-glucan branching enzyme (GBE) was employed to reassemble α-1,4 and α-1,6 glycosidic bonds in starch molecules. Structural characterization showed that GBE-catalyzed molecular reassembly created an innovative short-clustered maltodextrin (SCMD), which showed a dense internal framework along with shortened external chains. Such short-clustered molecules obstructed digestive enzymes attack and displayed dramatically reduced digestibility. Therefore, SCMD was served as a dietary starch substitute to improve postprandial glucose homeostasis. A 22.3% decrease in glycemic peak was therefore detected in ICR mice following SCMD intake (10.7 mmol/L), compared with that in the control (13.8 mmol/L). Moreover, an attenuated insulin response (40.5% lower than that in control) to SCMD intake was regarded suitable for diabetes management. These novel discoveries demonstrate that enzymatically rebuilding starch molecules may be a meaningful strategy for diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haocun Kong
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Luxi Yu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhengbiao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Caiming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Li Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yan Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhaofeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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